Tohi v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs
[2021] FCAFC 125
•16 July 2021
FEDERAL COURT OF AUSTRALIA
Tohi v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs [2021] FCAFC 125
Appeal from: Tohi v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs [2020] FCA 1223 File number: NSD 1072 of 2020 Judgment of: KATZMANN, DERRINGTON AND O’BRYAN JJ Date of judgment: 16 July 2021 Catchwords: MIGRATION LAW – decision of the Administrative Appeals Tribunal not to revoke mandatory cancellation of visa under s 501CA(4) of the Migration Act 1958 (Cth) –whether Tribunal erred in formation of state of satisfaction for the purpose of s 501CA(4) – whether primary considerations stated in Ministerial Direction 79 were mandatory considerations in forming state of satisfaction – whether mandatory considerations included best interests of appellant’s child – whether best interests of child raised in representations pursuant to s 501CA(3) – whether best interests of child clearly arose during hearing before Tribunal – whether Tribunal considered the best interests of the appellant’s child – whether material before Tribunal on which consideration could occur – the migration status of the child consequent upon the cancellation of the appellant’s visa and the revocation of the cancellation –whether Minister advanced legally erroneous submissions to Tribunal as to migration status of the child – whether erroneous submissions material to the Tribunal’s decision –whether Tribunal failed to perform its statutory duty to consider the best interests of the appellant’s child as a primary consideration – appeal dismissed
STAUTORY INTERPRETATION – meaning of s 140(3) of the Migration Act 1958 (Cth) – whether s 140(3) applicable to the cancellation of a visa pursuant to s 501
PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE – application for leave to raise new ground of review on appeal – whether adequate explanation provided for failure to raise ground of review before primary judge – whether proposed new ground has sufficient merit – leave granted
Legislation: Acts Interpretation Act 1901 (Cth) s 15AA
Australian Citizenship Act 2007 (Cth) s 12(1)(b)
Migration Act1958 (Cth) ss 78(1), 128, 133A, 133C, 133F, 134, 137J, 137L, 137N, 140(1), 140(2), 140(3), 140(4)(b), 486D, 499(1), 499(2A), 501(3), 501(3A), 501A(3), 501C, 501CA(3A), 501CA(4), 501CA(5), 501CA(6)
Migration Amendment (Character and General Visa Cancellation) Act 2014 (Cth)
Migration Legislation Amendment (Overseas Students) Act 2000 (Cth)
Migration Legislation Amendment (Strengthening of Provisions Relating to Character and Conduct) Act 1998 (Cth)
Migration Legislation Amendment Act1994 (Cth)
Migration Reform Act1992 (Cth)
Migration Regulations 1994 (Cth) Schedule 2 cl 444.511
United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. Opened for signature 20 November 1989. 1577 UNTS 3. (entered into force 2 September 1990)
Cases cited: AAD16 v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection [2018] FCA 1433
AAM15 v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection (2015) 231 FCR 452
Alcan (NT) Alumina Pty Ltd v Commissioner of Territory Revenue (Northern Territory) (2009) 239 CLR 27
Ali v Minister for Home Affairs (2020) 278 FCR 627
Baker v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship [2012] FCAFC 145
BCR16 v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection (2017) 248 FCR 456
BLX16 v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection [2019] FCAFC 176
Carrascalao v Minister for Immigration and Border Immigration and Border Protection (2017) 252 FCR 352
Chevron USA Inc v National Resources Defence Council Inc 467 US 837 (1984)
Corporation of the City of Enfield v Development Assessment Commission (2000) 199 CLR 135
Coulton v Holcombe (1986) 162 CLR 1
CSZ15 v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection [2017] FCA 706
DKN20 v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs [2021] FCAFC 97
DKT16 v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection [2019] FCAFC 208
DXQ16 v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs [2020] FCA 1184
EXV17 v Minister For Home Affairs [2018] FCA 1780
Gaspar v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection [2016] FCA 1166; 153 ALD 338
GBV18 v Minister for Home Affairs (2020) 274 FCR 202
Guclukol v Minister for Home Affairs (2020) 279 FCR 611
Guclukol v Minister for Home Affairs (2020) 279 FCR 611
Gupta v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection (2017) 255 FCR 486
H v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs (2004) 63 ALD 43
HZCP v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection (2019) 273 FCR 121
Independent Commission Against Corruption v Cunneen (2015) 256 CLR 1
Leota v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs [2020] FCA 1120
Lesianawai v Minister for Immigration [2012] FCA 897; 131 ALD 27
Maharjan v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection (2017) 258 FCR 1
Marzano v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection (2017) 250 FCR 548
MBJY v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs [2021] FCAFC 11
Minister for Home Affairs v Buadromo (2018) 267 FCR 320
Minister for Home Affairs v Omar (2019) 272 FCR 589
Minister for Immigration and Border Protection v WZARH (2015) 256 CLR 326
Minister for Immigration and Citizenship v SZIAI [2009] HCA 39; 259 ALR 429
Minister for Immigration and Citizenship v SZMDS (2010) 240 CLR 611
Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v Teoh (1995) 183 CLR 273
Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs v Eshetu (1999) 197 CLR 611
Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs v CTB19 [2020] FCAFC 166
Minister of State for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v Teoh (1995) 183 CLR 273
NABE v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs (No 2) (2004) 144 FCR 1
NAJT v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs (2005) 147 FCR 51
Nweke v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship [2012] FCA 266; 126 ALD 501
NWQR v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs [2021] FCAFC 30
Project Blue Sky Inc v Australian Broadcasting Authority (1998) 194 CLR 355
Raibevu v Minister for Home Affairs [2020] FCAFC 35
Re Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs; Ex parte Applicant S20/2002 (2003) 77 ALJR 1165
ReMinister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs; Ex parte Lam (2003) 214 CLR 1
Rokobatani v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs (1999) 90 FCR 583
Sami v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship [2013] FCAFC 128; 139 ALD 1
SGBB v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs (2003) 199 ALR 364
Sillars v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs [2020] FCA 1313
Singh v Minister for Home Affairs (2020) 274 FCR 506
Singh v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection (2018) 261 FCR 556
Spruill v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship [2012] FCA 1401; 135 ALD 45
SZQYM v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs [2020] FCA 779
SZWCO v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection [2016] FCA 51
Taylor v The Owners – Strata Plan No 11564 (2014) 253 CLR 531
Uelese v Minister for Immigration (2015) 256 CLR 203
Vaitaiki v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1998) 150 ALR 608
Viane v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection (2018) 263 FCR 531
VUAX v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs (2004) 238 FCR 588
Wan v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs (2001) 107 FCR 133
Water Board v Moustakas (1988) 180 CLR 491
Ye v Crown Limited [2004] FCAFC 8
YNQY v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection [2017] FCA 1466
Division: General Division Registry: New South Wales National Practice Area: Administrative and Constitutional Law and Human Rights Number of paragraphs: 192 Date of hearing: 11 February 2021 Date of last submission/s: 2 March 2021 Counsel for the Appellant: Mr D Hooke SC and Mr S Lawrence Solicitor for the Appellant: Blair Criminal Lawyers Counsel for the First Respondent: Mr N Wood Solicitor for the First Respondent: Sparke Helmore ORDERS
NSD 1072 of 2020 BETWEEN: STANLEY TOHI
Appellant
AND: MINISTER FOR IMMIGRATION, CITIZENSHIP, MIGRANT SERVICES AND MULTICULTURAL AFFAIRS
First Respondent
ADMINISTRATIVE APPEALS TRIBUNAL
Second Respondent
ORDER MADE BY:
KATZMANN, DERRINGTON AND O’BRYAN JJ
DATE OF ORDER:
16 JULY 2021
THE COURT ORDERS THAT:
1.The appellant be given leave to advance the ground of appeal as stated in his amended notice of appeal filed on 6 October 2020.
2.The appeal be dismissed.
3.The appellant pay the first respondent’s costs of the appeal.
Note: Entry of orders is dealt with in Rule 39.32 of the Federal Court Rules 2011.
REASONS FOR JUDGMENT
KATZMANN J:
I have had the considerable benefit of reading in draft the reasons of both Derrington J and O’Bryan J. Like O’Bryan J, and for the reasons his Honour gives, I would grant the appellant leave to raise the new ground but dismiss the appeal.
I only wish to add some observations about the opinion expressed by Derrington J concerning the proper construction of s 501CA(4) of the Migration Act 1958 (Cth) (Act), a subject upon which his Honour acknowledged neither active party made any substantive submissions.
The opinion expressed by Derrington J is contrary to the weight of authority in this Court. The weight of authority is to the effect that s 501CA(4) does not involve a two-stage decision-making process of the kind posited by his Honour with the decision-maker first determining whether they are satisfied that there is a reason to revoke the cancellation decision and only if so satisfied considering whether or not to do so: see Minister for Home Affairs v Buadromo (2018) 267 FCR 320 at [21] (Besanko, Barker and Bromwich JJ). An argument to the effect of his Honour’s construction was rejected by North ACJ in Gaspar v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection [2016] FCA 1166; 153 ALD 338 at [26]–[38], a case in which the construction question was squarely raised, and the construction preferred by North ACJ was accepted as correct by at least two Full Courts in Marzano v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection (2017) 250 FCR 548 at [30]–[32] (Collier J, Logan and Murphy JJ agreeing at [59] and [60] respectively) and Viane v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection (2018) 263 FCR 531 at [73]–[74] (Colvin J, Reeves J agreeing at [3]). The effect of these authorities is that the use of the modal verb “may” in the chapeau to s 501CA(4) does not confer a discretion on the Minister to determine whether or not to revoke the original decision if the Minister is satisfied that there is another reason why the original decision should be revoked. Rather, it confers a power to do so which must be exercised if the conditions in s 501CA(4)(a) and (b) are satisfied.
The reasons given by Colvin J in Viane at [73]–[74] essentially reflect the position taken in the earlier cases. They are compelling:
[I]f the Minister is satisfied that there is a reason why the cancellation decision should be revoked then, given the way in which s 501CA(4)(b) is expressed, the Minister must revoke. As the failure to meet the character test will be the only reason why a person’s visa will be revoked under s 501(3A), it would be strange if the Minister was satisfied for the purposes of s 501CA(4)(b)(i) that the person passed the character test, yet there remained a discretion whether to revoke. Such a construction would mean that the power to revoke could be withheld even though the Minister was satisfied that the basis on which the visa had been cancelled was not actually satisfied. Equally, it would be strange if the Minister found that there was another reason for the purposes of s 501CA(4)(b)(ii) why the original decision should be revoked, but nevertheless retained a discretion to refrain from revoking the cancellation of the visa.
Therefore, the opening words to s 501CA(4) are in all likelihood an example of those cases where “may” means “must”: Marzano at [31]; Julius v Lord Bishop of Oxford (1880) 5 App Cas 214; Finance Facilities Pty Ltd v Federal Commissioner of Taxation (1971) 127 CLR 106 at 134‑135, 138‑139 and Leach v The Queen (2007) 230 CLR 1 at [38]. If there remains a discretion once the Minister is satisfied as to one of the matters in s 501CA(4)(b) it would be a very narrow one that, in most circumstances, could not be reasonably exercised by refusing to revoke the original decision to cancel the visa.
In BCR16 v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection (2017) 248 FCR 456 at [22] Bromberg and Mortimer JJ were apparently of a similar opinion. While describing s 501CA(4) as a “discretionary power to revoke the cancellation”, their Honours observed that “in practical terms, the real discretionary considerations subsist in the terms of s 501CA(4)(b)(ii) – whether ‘there is another reason why the original decision should be revoked’”.
All these judgments were published before Direction 79 was given and inform the way in which it is to be understood. It may therefore be taken that the reference to the “discretion” in Pt C para 13 of the Direction is to the evaluative process involved in the determination of the question whether, where the decision-maker is not satisfied that the person whose visa was cancelled passes the character test, there is another reason not to revoke the cancellation decision. That is the process in which the decision-maker considers the representations made by the person and weighs in the balance factors for and against revocation. Where the decision-maker is bound by s 499 of the Act to take into account the Direction, those factors will necessarily include the considerations listed in paras 13 and 14 of the Direction.
That said, I respectfully agree with Derrington J that it is unnecessary in this case to decide whether the prevailing opinion is or is not correct. That decision must be left to a case in which the issue is squarely raised and the proponent of the contrary opinion establishes to the satisfaction of another Full Court that the prevailing opinion is plainly wrong.
The orders of the Court will be as proposed by O’Bryan J.
I certify that the preceding eight (8) numbered paragraphs are a true copy of the Reasons for Judgment of the Honourable Justice Katzmann. Associate:
Dated: 16 July 2021
REASONS FOR JUDGMENT
DERRINGTON J:
INTRODUCTION
I have had the advantage of reading the extensive draft reasons of O’Bryan J. I gratefully adopt his Honour’s recitation of the relevant facts of this matter. In the result I need only consider two essential issues. First, whether leave should be given to advance a new ground on appeal in the absence of any explanation as to why it was not agitated before the primary judge? Second, if leave is given to advance the new ground, whether it should succeed?
As appears from the following discussion, leave to raise the new ground on appeal should be refused. The appellant was represented by Counsel before the primary judge, and yet no explanation has been provided for the failure to raise it then. Although there may be no specific prejudice to the respondent and the new ground may well be arguable, to allow it to be raised in the absence of any reasonable explanation could only be justified if this Court now accepts that a first instance hearing is no more than a preliminary synthesisation of a non-exhaustive list of matters which might be considered on appeal.
Even if the leave sought were granted, the proposed new ground could not succeed. First, it proceeds on the implicit basis that a number of decisions of this Court as to what matters a decision-maker is required to take into account when ascertaining whether they reach the state of satisfaction required by s 501CA(4) are in error. Second, to the extent to which the best interests of the appellant’s child were to be taken into account, the issue was raised by the Administrative Appeals Tribunal (the Tribunal) and it appropriately considered all of the available evidence relevant to it. The appellant’s complaint is no more than that the Tribunal did not engage in speculation as to the qualitative differences between the modalities of life in Australia for the appellant’s child and those which notionally might be encountered in Tonga or New Zealand, despite there being an absence of evidence in relation to the latter. Third, to the extent to which the appellant relies on the Tribunal’s misunderstanding as to the visa entitlements of the appellant’s child under the Migration Act 1958 (Cth) (the Act), no such ground or particular of a ground is raised in the proposed notice of appeal, any error could not have had any relevant impact on the decision, and, if it did, the impact was not shown to be material.
This case highlights the problematic manner in which the Department of Home Affairs (the Department) and the Tribunal regularly apply directions made under s 499 of the Act in relation to s 501CA(4). Relevantly to this appeal, Direction No. 79 is expressly referable to the exercise of the discretion in that section once enlivened. In its terms, it says nothing about the manner in which a decision-maker is to ascertain whether, for the purposes of s 501CA(4)(b)(ii), they are satisfied that there exists another reason as to why the cancellation decision should be revoked. In undertaking that latter function, the decision-maker is obliged to consider the matters raised by the non-citizen in their representations provided in response to the invitation issued under s 501CA(3)(b): see Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs v CTB19 [2020] FCAFC 166 [15] (CTB19) which is discussed below.
LEAVE TO AMEND THE NOTICE OF APPEAL
The decision in VUAX v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs (2004) 238 FCR 588 (VUAX) has been regarded for many years as identifying the principles applicable to determining whether leave ought to be granted to an appellant to raise a new ground on appeal. The overriding rubric of whether leave to do so is in the interests of justice is well established. It is also well accepted that within the deliberative process of deciding that question certain, almost ubiquitous, issues arise for consideration. They include the following:
(1)That in the ordinary operation of the court structure, the substantial issues between parties to litigation are decided at trial. Leave is not granted merely for the asking and hearings before courts at first instance are not to be regarded as provisional: Coulton v Holcombe (1986) 162 CLR 1 at 7 – 8.
(2)Has the applicant for leave provided any adequate or acceptable explanation for why the ground was not raised below? This is a significant matter: NAJT v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs (2005) 147 FCR 51 at 85 [166]. The fact that new counsel may have been engaged for the purposes of the appeal and has identified the new point is not, of itself, sufficient: BLX16 v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection [2019] FCAFC 176 [31]; CSZ15 v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection [2017] FCA 706 [11]; DKT16 v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection [2019] FCAFC 208 [31] (DKT16).
(3)The making of a deliberate forensic decision in the hearing below not to take a point strongly militates against the granting of leave to advance it on appeal: DKT16 [31]; Singh v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection (2018) 261 FCR 556 at 574 [61]; Ye v Crown Limited [2004] FCAFC 8 [79]; SZWCO v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection [2016] FCA 51 [38]. It may follow that, where the appellant demonstrates that the point was not taken below as a result of an oversight, the negative weight accorded to the omission will not be as great.
(4)Whether there exists any prejudice to the respondent in permitting the new ground to be agitated? Necessarily, where the new ground sought to be raised might have been met by evidence at trial, the need to accord the respondent procedural fairness will usually prevent leave being granted: SZQYM v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs [2020] FCA 779 [136]. Conversely, where the new point sought to be raised turns on a question of law or construction, or where the facts are not in controversy, leave is more likely to be given. Even then, if leave is granted, the consequence for the respondent is the removal of a right of appeal on the point with the remaining avenue for redress being the limited prospects of obtaining special leave to the High Court: Leota v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs [2020] FCA 1120 (Leota) [44]; AAM15 v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection (2015) 231 FCR 452 at 455 [14].
(5)The nature and extent of the prejudice which will be suffered by the appellant if leave is not granted will also usually be relevant. In migration appeals, this consideration can extend to persons associated with the appellant who might be affected as a result of an appeal being dismissed.
(6)The criterion of whether the proposed new ground has merit has been referred to as “an important consideration”: Maharjan v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection (2017) 258 FCR 1 at 10 [33]; Leota [43]. In NWQR v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs [2021] FCAFC 30, the Full Court observed (at [31]) that, in common with the approach adopted in determining whether an extension of time in which to appeal should be granted, the determination of whether any proposed new ground of appeal has merit is assessed at a relatively impressionistic level, and the Court should not descend into a fuller consideration of arguments for and against each proposed new ground.
Although the above represent criteria which often fall for consideration in the determination of an application for leave to raise a new ground, the broadness of the overriding question of whether it is in the interests of justice to grant leave should not be overlooked. In MBJY v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs [2021] FCAFC 11, Allsop CJ said (at [2]):
… I refer to and repeat what I said in SZQYM v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs [2020] FCA 779 at [136] about leave to argue new points on appeal. The ultimate question is the interests of justice, which extend to the potential vindication of a just outcome, to which is relevant the seriousness of the consequences of the decision: cf Iyer v Minister for Immigration [2000] FCA 1788 at [22]. Whilst not intending to identify any error in the way Bromwich J helpfully summarised some of the cases in Han v Minister for Home Affairs [2019] FCA 331 at [10] – [18] care is always necessary in a discretion of this kind not to over-conceptualise or over-categorise matters, which, in any particular case, may be seen to affect the interest of justice, into categories of consideration to be applied as rules or as a set of rules.
Whilst his Honour’s observations are entirely correct and judicial discretions of the nature under discussion ought not to be constrained by artificial limitations, that does not suggest the absence of a principled approach to the exercise of the Court’s power which is likely to ensure coherency in its exercise and result in like cases being treated in similar ways. It may be that some of the categorisation to which the Chief Justice was referring included the observations of the Full Court in VUAX where it identified (at 598 – 599 [48]) two circumstances which might be regarded as having a likely outcome. The first was that:
The Court may grant leave if some point that was not taken below, but which clearly has merit, is advanced, and there is no real prejudice to the respondent in permitting it to be agitated.
The second was that:
Where, however, there is no adequate explanation for the failure to take the point, and it seems to be of doubtful merit, leave should generally be refused.
Prima facie, the circumstances of the present case fit into the first of these categories. As the reasons of O’Bryan J and the discussion below reveal, the ground has some merit to it and Counsel for the Minister very properly conceded that the Minister would not suffer specific prejudice in the circumstances of this case from the Court allowing the new point to be raised. However, the description of this case as being one where the ground has merit and the respondent does not suffer prejudice does not express the totality of the relevant circumstances. Here, the appellant was represented by Counsel before the learned primary judge and no explanation has been provided as to why the point now sought to be argued was not taken. It might usually be inferred from the fact that the appellant was legally represented that the omission to raise the point was a result of a deliberate forensic decision. The appellant was almost certainly the only party who was able to positively establish whether this was so, however no affidavit from Counsel who appeared before the primary judge has been produced. In an ideal world, the Court would have little cause for hesitancy in concluding that an omission to take a point at first instance was the result of a deliberate forensic decision. Sadly, the Court must accept the reality that litigants may be represented by practitioners of insufficient ability in the areas in which they profess to practise. There is no need to consider here why that situation has come to pass. It does, however, mean that the Court may be more willing to accept that a point was not taken at first instance as a result of an oversight. In this case, the reasons of the primary judge reveal that the argument advanced to him was fundamentally misguided. This is borne out from his Honour evidently being of the opinion that it was necessary to set out a number of basic principles concerning judicial review and, no doubt, this was because the case before him had been argued as though it was a merits review of the Tribunal’s decision.
Despite the above, it must be kept steadily in mind that whether the failure to take the point below arose as the result of a forensic decision or an oversight was a matter which it was within the power of the appellant to prove. He was represented before this Court and, if he had any information which might have established that the omission to raise the point arose by oversight, it can be expected that he would have produced it. As it was, no evidence advancing that issue either way was sought to be tendered.
Here, the circumstances which affect the exercise of the power to permit a new ground to be raised on appeal are:
(a)the ground was not raised at first instance where the issues between the parties are to be determined;
(b)no explanation has been provided for the omission to raise the matter before the primary judge. There exists the possibility that this was not the result of a deliberate forensic decision but the consequence of oversight, although in the absence of any evidence on that topic no conclusion can be reached in that respect;
(c)the Minister is not likely to suffer any specific prejudice if the new ground is allowed, save that he will be denied one level of appeal if the point is decided against him;
(d)the appellant will suffer prejudice in the sense that the cancellation of his visa will stand and he will permanently lose his right to reside in Australia. Additionally, there is the potential for his son, JT, to lose one of the potential avenues of obtaining Australian citizenship, being to remain in Australia until he reaches the age of 10. There was, however, an absence of any substantive evidence adduced as to what would occur in the future, and the Court was left to speculate about the various possible scenarios; and
(e)at an impressionistic level, the proposed new ground of appeal has some merit to it, such that to refuse leave may result in the disposition of the appeal otherwise than in accordance with its merits.
The absence of any explanation for the failure to raise the ground at first instance is a not insignificant hurdle to the granting of leave. If leave were to be granted in cases such as this, the risk of first instance hearings becoming “preliminary skirmishes” is made very real. In every case where a new ground with some merit is identified after the first instance hearing, an appellant will be able to claim some prejudice if leave is not allowed to raise it on appeal on the basis that the matter may be dealt with otherwise than on the real issues. In many migration cases, that will raise the spectre of the loss of an entitlement to remain in Australia which is accepted by this Court as amounting to prejudice of a varying degree depending upon the circumstances of the case. If the unexplained omission to raise a reasonably arguable point at first instance is of immaterial weight, it is likely that the prejudice resulting from being unable to advance the new point on appeal will always outweigh it, with the result that leave will be rarely refused. That would invert the ordinary rule that issues in dispute are to be resolved at first instance.
It is appropriate in the context of the present discussion to recall the salutary advice of Branson, Marshall and Katz JJ in H v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs (2004) 63 ALD 43 at 45 [8]:
In our view, the readiness with which appeal courts have in the past been satisfied that it is expedient in the interests of justice to allow a fresh point to be argued and determined on appeal is unlikely to continue into the future. The volume and complexity of the cases presently required to be heard and determined by the intermediate appellate courts of Australia is such that it is increasingly important that such courts are able to devote their time to the genuine review of first instance decisions. It is becoming increasingly difficult, in our view, to establish that it is expedient in the interests of justice that the time of three or more judges should be spent giving original consideration to issues that ought to have been raised before the primary judge. The interests of justice in this sense extend beyond the interests of the parties to the appeal to encompass the interests of other litigants whose appeals require hearing and determination, and the broad public interest in efficient judicial administration.
Similar views were expressed by Logan J in Gupta v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection (2017) 255 FCR 486 at 501 [108] and these were recently cited with approval by Charlesworth J in AAD16 v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection [2018] FCA 1433 [17] – [23] and, in turn, by the Full Court in DKN20 v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs [2021] FCAFC 97 [17].
With the greatest respect to the views of others, the granting of leave to raise the new ground of appeal in this case could only be justified on a rule that leave ought to always be granted, save in circumstances where the respondent can establish substantial prejudice or that the proposed ground is wholly without merit. Such a rule inverts the principle that issues in dispute are to be determined at first instance as much as it does the onus which applies in applications of this nature. In this case, the appellant has not established that it is in the interests of justice for leave to be given to raise the proposed new ground on appeal and his application for the relief should be refused. The consequence is that the appeal should be dismissed.
WOULD THE APPELLANT SUCCEED ON THE NEWLY RAISED GROUND?
The confused nature of the appellant’s proposed new ground of appeal
The appellant’s claim that the Tribunal erred by failing to give proper consideration to the mandatory consideration of whether revocation of the cancellation decision would be in the best interests of his child was raised before this Court in a somewhat diffuse manner. In part, it was submitted that the obligation arose from Direction No. 79, although it was later conceded that the specific matters which it is said the Tribunal did not consider are not there identified as matters which the decision-maker was obliged to take into account. It was also said that the obligation arose consequent upon the appellant’s “legitimate expectation” that, in exercising the power, the decision-maker will give effect to Australia’s obligations under the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. Opened for signature 20 November 1989. 1577 UNTS 3. (entered into force 2 September 1990) (the UN Convention). As these reasons demonstrate, neither the ministerial direction, nor the UN Convention are the source of any obligation imposed on a decision-maker when performing the function of ascertaining whether they are satisfied, for the purposes of s 501CA(4), that there was another reason why the cancellation decision should be revoked.
The nature of the operation of s 501CA(4) has been the subject of a number of recent authorities in this Court: Ali v Minister for Home Affairs (2020) 278 FCR 627 (Ali) at 641 – 648 [39] – [49]; HZCP v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection (2019) 273 FCR 121; Singh v Minister for Home Affairs (2020) 274 FCR 506; and there is no need to repeat any discussion of that here. Nevertheless, it is apt to keep in mind the duality of the decision-maker’s function under that section. First, the decision-maker must reach the state of satisfaction that there exists another reason why the cancellation decision should be revoked. It is only once that jurisdictional fact is satisfied that the discretionary power is enlivened and, when it is, Direction No. 79 (now superseded) obliges the decision-maker to take into account certain identified considerations when determining whether to revoke the earlier decision.
Here, the delegate concluded that they did not reach a state of satisfaction that there was another reason why the cancellation decision should be revoked, with the consequence that the discretionary revocation power was not enlivened. It was that conclusion which was the substance of the decision reviewed by the Tribunal. Although the delegate correctly identified the correct statutory function to be performed, in undertaking it, it purported to apply Direction No. 79. In its express terms, Direction No. 79 is more correctly addressed to the exercise of the discretionary power. However, as is discussed below, there is nothing in the Act which prohibits a decision-maker from considering the criteria in Direction No. 79 when ascertaining whether they are satisfied of the required matter. Indeed, in general terms, where sufficient evidence exists, one or more of the criteria in Direction No. 79 may well support the existence of “another reason” within s 501CA(4)(b)(ii). Nevertheless, the relevant point in that Direction No. 79 is not the direct source of mandatory considerations for the purpose of that subsection. The word “directly” is used advisedly as it is possible for a non-citizen to reference some of the criteria in Direction No. 79 in their representations to the Minister under s 501CA(3) and to thereby elevate them to considerations which the Minister is required to take into account.
The Tribunal’s decision was also somewhat confused. Although it identified (at paragraph [10] of its reasons) that one of the relevant issues was whether there was another reason why the decision to cancel the appellant’s visa should be revoked, it appeared to approach the matter on the basis of whether it ought to exercise the power to revoke. At paragraph [15], it misstated what was required of it:
Section 501CA(4)(b)(ii) of the Act requires the Tribunal to examine the factors for and against revoking a mandatory cancellation decision. If the Tribunal is satisfied that the cancellation decision should be revoked following that evaluative exercise, the Tribunal must decide to revoke the decision.
That approach is not consistent with the established authorities. What the subsection requires is that the Tribunal be satisfied that there is another reason to revoke. It is only if it is so satisfied that the power to revoke is enlivened. The Tribunal continued its incorrect application of the section through its reasons: see paragraphs [48], [74], [82] and [97] of its reasons. Like the delegate, it also identified Direction No. 79 as the source of the matters which it was obliged to take into consideration. Be that as it may, the possible misidentification of the Tribunal’s relevant function was not a point taken by the appellant on appeal and it may be doubtful that it would have made any difference to the outcome.
Direction No. 79 and its applicability
Direction No. 79 was made pursuant to s 499 of the Act which now provides:
499Minister may give directions
(1) The Minister may give written directions to a person or body having functions or powers under this Act if the directions are about:
(a) the performance of those functions; or
(b) the exercise of those powers.
(1A) For example, a direction under subsection (1) could require a person or body to exercise the power under section 501 instead of the power under section 200 (as it applies because of section 201) in circumstances where both powers apply.
(2) Subsection (1) does not empower the Minister to give directions that would be inconsistent with this Act or the regulations.
(2A) A person or body must comply with a direction under subsection (1).
(3) The Minister shall cause a copy of any direction given under subsection (1) to be laid before each House of the Parliament within 15 sitting days of that House after that direction was given.
(4) Subsection (1) does not limit subsection 496(1A).
That section is in relevantly the same form as it was when Direction No. 79 was made on 20 December 2018.
Direction No. 79 states at para 6.1(4) that its purpose is, inter alia, to “guide decision-makers performing functions or exercising powers … to revoke a mandatory cancellation under s 501CA of the Act.” As provided by s 499(2A) of the Act, a decision-maker must comply with a direction made pursuant to s 499(1).
Section 2 is entitled “Exercising the Discretion” and, within that, para 7 provides:
7. How to exercise the discretion
(1) Informed by the principles in paragraph 6.3 above, a decision-maker:
a) …
b)must take into account the considerations in Part C, in order to determine whether the mandatory cancellation of a noncitizen's visa will be revoked.
Part C of Direction No. 79 is concerned with instances where a visa has been cancelled under s 501(3A), as in this case, and the former visa holder requests that the cancellation be revoked. Paragraph 13 provides:
13Primary Considerations – revocation requests
(1)… A noncitizen who has had his or her visa cancelled under section 501(3A) may request revocation of that decision under section 501CA of the Act. Where the discretion to consider revocation is enlivened, the decision-maker must consider whether to revoke the cancellation given the specific circumstances of the case.
(2) In deciding whether to revoke the mandatory cancellation of a non-citizen’s visa, the following are primary considerations:
a)Protection of the Australian community from criminal or other serious conduct;
b) The best interests of minor children in Australia;
c) Expectations of the Australian community.
(Emphasis added).
Direction No. 79 provides additional specific guidance as to how a decision-maker is to address the primary considerations. In relation to the primary consideration of “Best interests of minor children in Australia affected by the decision”, para 13.2 relevantly provides:
13.2 Best interests of minor children in Australia affected by the decision
(1)Decision-makers must make a determination about whether revocation is in the best interests of the child.
(2)This consideration applies only if the child is, or would be, under 18 years old at the time when the decision to revoke or not revoke the mandatory cancellation decision is expected to be made.
(3)If there are two or more relevant children, the best interests of each child should be given individual consideration to the extent that their interests may differ.
(4)In considering the best interests of the child, the following factors must be considered where relevant:
a)The nature and duration of the relationship between the child and the non-citizen. Less weight should generally be given where the relationship is non-parental, and/or there is no existing relationship and/or there have been long periods of absence, or limited meaningful contact (including whether an existing Court order restricts contact);
b) The extent to which the non-citizen is likely to play a positive parental role in the future, taking into account the length of time until the child turns 18, and including any Court orders relating to parental access and care arrangements;
c) The impact of the non-citizen’s prior conduct, and any likely future conduct, and whether that conduct has, or will have a negative impact on the child;
d) The likely effect that any separation from the non-citizen would have on the child, taking into account the child’s or non-citizen’s ability to maintain contact in other ways;
e) Whether there are other persons who already fulfil a parental role in relation to the child;
f) Any known views of the child (with those views being given due weight in accordance with the age and maturity of the child);
g) Evidence that the non-citizen has abused or neglected the child in any way, including physical, sexual and/or mental abuse or neglect; and
h) Evidence that the child has suffered or experienced any physical or emotional trauma arising from the non-citizen’s conduct.
Direction No. 79 is explicit in identifying that it is only in the exercise of the enlivened discretionary power in s 501CA(4) to revoke the cancellation decision that the decision-maker must take into account the specified criteria and, consistently with that, para 13(1) recognises that the discretion is to be enlivened by an antecedent process.
As mentioned above, the delegate in this case recognised that it was not until the relevant state of satisfaction was reached that the revocation power would be enlivened. In fulfilling the function under s 501CA(4)(b)(ii), it was expressly concluded that the required state of satisfaction was not met and there was no need to consider use of the discretionary power. Somewhat inconsistently, however, the delegate applied Direction No. 79 in performing the function of forming that state of satisfaction. That is a regularly occurring feature of the manner in which decision-makers apply s 501CA(4). No submissions were made in relation to this point and, necessarily, it ought not to be determined. Nevertheless, there are good reasons for thinking that the wording of Direction No. 79 is coherent with the correct operation of the section. That would dictate that s 501CA(4)(b)(ii) only imposes a moderate hurdle before the discretion can be exercised, being that there exists “another reason” why the cancellation decision should be revoked. For example, that a non-citizen had three naturalised children in Australia who would lose contact with him if the cancellation of his visa is not revoked might, of itself, be sufficient to satisfy the decision-maker that there exists “another reason” to revoke. Once that requirement is satisfied, the discretionary power found in the chapeau of s 501CA(4) is enlivened and Direction No. 79 can be given full force and effect by requiring, in the exercise of that power, consideration of the enumerated matters. This construction provides consistency between the interpretation of s 501CA(4) and the subordinate legislation in the form of the direction (although a justifiable question may arise as to the extent to which the meaning attributed to the latter might influence the construction of the former).
As numerous authorities reveal, that is not how delegates and the Department customarily apply Direction No. 79 and s 501CA(4). The usual approach is to assume that the entire deliberative process is located within the process of ascertaining whether the jurisdictional fact in s 501CA(4)(b)(ii) is satisfied, such that the effective determination is whether, when all the reasons for or against revocation are taken together, there is another reason to revoke the cancellation decision. In the matters which come before the Court, the decision-maker has invariably determined that the jurisdictional fact has not been met and the power is not enlivened. However, that customary application of s 510CA(4) by the Executive branch of government is irrelevant to the correct construction of the Act. The principle of “deference” which exists in the United States: Chevron USA Inc v National Resources Defence Council Inc 467 US 837 (1984); has no application in Australia: Corporation of the City of Enfield v Development Assessment Commission (2000) 199 CLR 135. Nevertheless, there are a number of authorities of this Court where it might be taken as implicitly accepting that the mandatory considerations identified in the ministerial directions relating to the exercise of power in s 501CA(4) are directed to the formation of the decision-maker’s state of satisfaction as opposed to the exercise of the enlivened power.
It is also a regular feature of matters involving s 501CA that, once the cancellation decision has been made, the Minister, as she or he is required to do, contacts the erstwhile visa holder in writing and invites them to make representations. It appears to be the Department’s practice to send also a copy of the then current ministerial direction with the invitation. That often has the consequence that the subsequent representations are framed in accordance with the matters specified in the ministerial direction but without any indication as to whether they are referable to the formation of the relevant state of mind or to the subsequent exercise of discretion. In such circumstances, it may well be incumbent upon the Minister or a delegate when performing the function under s 501CA(4)(b)(ii) to take into account those representations even though they may be more correctly applicable to the exercise of the discretion if it is enlivened. This is not because of the operation of Direction No. 79 or the then current ministerial direction, but because the non-citizen has adopted one or more of the criteria in the relevant ministerial direction as the foundation of their representations.
No party made any substantive submissions as to this point, although the careful submissions of Mr Wood for the Minister might be taken to have acknowledged the existence of some confusion in the application of the section. In those circumstances, it is not necessary to reach any final conclusion as to this point and it is appropriate to address the issues in the manner in which they were advanced to the Court as best as that can be achieved.
The appellant’s case as advanced on appeal
The appellant’s submission as to the source of the obligation
At the very least, it can be assumed that the substance of the appellant’s submissions were directed to the Tribunal’s formation of the state of mind that there was not another reason why the cancellation decision should be revoked. In broad terms, he submitted that the Tribunal failed to take into account the impact on JT’s modality of living were he required to relocate to another country and, conversely, the benefits to him were he to remain in Australia. The difficulty here is that the appellant failed to identify with any clarity the source of the Tribunal’s obligation to take this or any other particular matter into consideration. In part, he relied upon the existence of Direction No. 79 as indicating the several considerations and the occasions on which the Tribunal was required to take them into account. In particular, reference was made to para 13.2. In his written submissions, it was said, “In deciding the review, the Tribunal was required to comply with Part C of Ministerial Direction No 79 (the Direction) issued pursuant to s 499 of the Act”.
However, the appellant’s written and oral submissions thereafter diverged from the direction and largely ignored the operation of para 13.2. In his oral submissions, Mr Hooke SC made mention of para 13.2(4) but submitted that other factors were also mandatory considerations. He said:
… subclause 4 [of para 13.2] provides that what we would submit is a nonexclusive list of mandatory factors to be taken into account. The sum of those are engaged in this case, others not. It’s fair to say that the issues that we say necessarily arose for the tribunal’s consideration on the basis of its findings in this case and, indeed, on the basis of the Minister’s submissions to the tribunal in this case, engaged factors that don’t appear in the list of specific considerations in subparagraph 4.
A similar proposition can be derived from the amended notice of appeal which identifies as one of the particulars that “[t]he Tribunal was obliged to consider any reason to revoke that sufficiently arose on the material and/or was expressly put”. Another particular of the new ground of appeal was that the Tribunal had failed to properly consider, in the requisite legal sense, several matters which amounted to a failure to “engage in an active intellectual process with significant and clearly expressed representations”, although it was never made clear which party had made the representations, how or when.
The appellant’s assertion that a mandatory consideration arose from a representation or as a result of the submissions made to the Tribunal seems to reference the view expressed in a number of authorities that the structure of s 501CA requires that representations made by a person pursuant to an invitation issued under s 501CA(3) must be considered by a delegate (or the Tribunal on review) in performing the function of forming a state of satisfaction as to the existence of another reason to revoke the cancellation decision: CTB19 [15] and GBV18 v Minister for Home Affairs (2020) 274 FCR 202 at 217 – 221 [30] – [32] (GBV18). Those decisions proceed upon the basis that the subject matter, scope and purpose of s 501CA and of the Act have the consequence that the substantive matters raised by a non-citizen in the representations are considerations which, if not considered by the decision-maker in performing the statutory function, will vitiate any state of mind relevantly formed: GBV18 [31(c)]; Viane v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection (2018) 263 FCR 531 (Viane) at 546 [66] – [68].
Additionally, the reference in Mr Hooke SC’s oral submissions to issues which “necessarily arose” has echoes of errors committed by decision-makers in exercising the function in s 65 of the Act to ascertain whether they are satisfied that a visa applicant has met the criteria for a visa and, in particular, a protection visa by failing to have regard to claims which “clearly arise” on the material before the Tribunal: see NABE v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs (No 2) (2004) 144 FCR 1 (NABE) which is discussed in detail below.
Further, in the course of the appeal, the Court was taken to a line of cases which followed the decision in Vaitaiki v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1998) 150 ALR 608 (Vaitaiki) which, in respect of the powers there under consideration, identified an obligation on the decision-maker to give full effect to the UN Convention when exercising the power. The origin of that principle can be traced to the application of the doctrine of “legitimate expectation” as espoused in Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v Teoh (1995) 183 CLR 273 (Teoh).
In summary, the appellant’s position seemed to be that the matters in para 13.2(4) of Direction No. 79 were mandatory to the decision-maker’s determination of whether the relevant state of satisfaction was reached, but not exclusively so, and that other mandatory matters may arise from the representations made to the decision-maker or might clearly arise from the material or from findings which are made. It might also be that some form of legitimate expectation derived from the UN Convention imported some mandatory considerations. Alternatively, the appellant’s argument might be taken as being that Direction No. 79 raises the best interests of the child as a mandatory consideration but that the range of factors which a decision-maker is required to take into account in consideration of that are not limited to the matters stipulated in para 13.2(4) and may extend to matters which are raised in the representations, which clearly arise in the course of the hearing, or which a non-citizen has a legitimate expectation that the decision-maker will take into account.
The Minister’s submissions as to the relevant source of mandatory considerations
The submissions of Mr Wood on behalf of the Minister were to the effect that Direction No. 79 was not applicable to the question of whether the required state of satisfaction under s 501CA(4)(b)(ii) was reached, and that the necessary considerations were to be drawn from the representations made to the decision-maker. That is probably correct although its inconsistency with the manner in which the Tribunal approached its task in this case is somewhat glaring. However, it does not necessarily follow from that observation that the Tribunal’s reasons are in error and no ground of appeal was based upon it.
Considerations arising from the s 501CA(3) representations
The Minister’s submissions on this point should be accepted. In reaching that conclusion, there is no need to consider in detail the authorities and principles relating to the identification of relevant considerations for the purpose of a decision-maker performing the function in s 501CA(4)(b). They were recently summarised by the Full Court (McKerracher, Kerr and Wigney JJ) in CTB19 as follows (at [15]):
(1)The task of a decision-maker under s 501CA(4) is to determine whether there is “another reason” to revoke a cancellation decision;
(2)In discharging the duty under s 501CA(4), a decision-maker is required to have regard to a former visa holder’s representations made in response to an invitation under s 501CA(3) as a whole. That is to say, viewed as a whole, the representations comprise a mandatory relevant consideration, but not every statement in the representations can be so described;
(3)Where a former visa holder makes a representation as to the harm that he or she may face if returned to their country of origin, the decision-maker needs to give consideration to it;
(4)There is a distinction between considering harm, or the risk of harm and hardship, on the one hand, and, on the other, considering whether or not the former visa holder is a person to whom non-refoulement obligations are owed: See DOB18 v Minister for Home Affairs (2019) 269 FCR 636 per Robertson J (at [185]);
(5)The significance of any particular matter raised in the representations is to be assessed by reference to the manner in which it is expressed;
(6)The duty to consider representations made in support of revocation of a cancellation decision requires the decision-maker to engage in an active intellectual process with reference to those representations;
(7)The representations need to be “significant and clearly expressed” (GBV18 at [32(d)]) or “clearly articulated and substantial or significant”: Omar (at [39]); GBV18 (at [32(e)]–[32(f)]) and EVK18 (at [14]). Put another way in AXT19 (at [56]) and applied by Bromberg and Mortimer JJ in DQM18 (at [27]):
[t]he greater the degree of clarity in which a claim has been made and advanced for consideration, the greater may be the need for the [decision-maker] to consider the claim in clear terms. Conversely, the more obscure and less certain a claim is said to have been made, the less may be the need for the [decision-maker] to consider the claim.
(See also DQM18 per Snaden J (at [158]-[160])).
As Snaden J observed in Guclukol v Minister for Home Affairs [2020] FCA 61 (at [28]):
[t]he difficulty that often, if not always, arises in cases such as the present … is that determination of the consequences or circumstances that an applicant will face if removed from Australia … typically requires speculation. Often, it requires speculation upon imperfect or incomplete evidence, or to a degree that doesn’t easily permit of definitive findings. …
(8)Whether consideration has been given to a former visa holder’s representations must be judged in the context of the material placed before the decision-maker by, or on behalf of, the former visa holder: DQM18 per Bromberg and Mortimer JJ (at [36]);
(9)“Depending on the nature and content of the representations”, the decision-maker may be required to make specific findings of fact, including on whether the feared harm is likely to eventuate: Omar (at [39]). However, the duty to consider a representation does not necessarily require the making of a finding of fact: see Minister for Home Affairs v Buadromo (2018) 267 FCR 320 per Besanko, Barker and Bromwich JJ (at [46]) and Minister for Immigration and Border Protection v Maioha (2018) 267 FCR 643 (at [41]) per Rares and Robertson JJ;
(10)A finding that a decision-maker has not engaged in a meaningful or active intellectual process will not lightly be made by a court: GBV18 (at [32(g)], referring to Carrascalao v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection (2017) 252 FCR 352 per Griffiths, White and Bromwich JJ (at [48])); and
(11)Ultimately, each case turns on its own particular facts and circumstances.
For present purposes, it is useful also to refer to the decision in GBV18 (Flick, Griffiths and Moshinsky JJ) and the principles articulated by the Court at [31]. The Court referenced and relied upon the lucid discussion of the relevant principles by Colvin J in Viane, stating (at [31(c)]):
The representations play a central role in the relevant statutory regime, whether the decision-maker be the Minister, a delegate or the AAT. The statutory power to revoke (and therefore “undo”) the mandatory cancellation of a person’s visa is only enlivened if revocation has been requested and representations are made in support of that request. The making of the representations is a condition on the exercise of the statutory power. Those representations play an important role in the decision-maker’s determination of whether he or she is satisfied that there is “another reason” why the cancellation should be revoked. As Colvin J said in Viane v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection (2018) 263 FCR 531 (Viane) at [66], the Minister has a statutory duty to consider whether or not he or she has the requisite state of satisfaction to revoke the cancellation by reference to the material presented in the representations. The same applies to a case where the AAT is conducting a review of a Ministerial delegate’s decision under s 501CA(4).
(Emphasis added).
It is relevant that these principles did not include any reference to ministerial directions made under s 499 of the Act. Whilst there is little doubt that a ministerial direction could be made relating to the manner in which a decision-maker may reach the required state of satisfaction, Direction No. 79 and its various iterations are directed to the exercise of the discretion and not to the antecedent formation of the required state of mind. The statement of principles by the Full Court also stand in stark contrast to the cases referred to below which have followed the decision in Vaitaiki where, in reliance on discarded notions of “legitimate expectation”, it was held that the decision-maker was obliged to take into account the general notion of the best interests of the child when exercising statutory power.
Given the foregoing, I agree with the submissions advanced by Mr Wood that the correct construction of s 501CA(4)(b)(ii) requires that, in ascertaining whether the required state of satisfaction has been reached, the decision maker take into account those matters which are raised by the non-citizen’s representations. A qualification is that matters raised by the representations which do not relate to the issues being ascertained by the decision-maker do not have to be considered. It should also be accepted that Direction No. 79 is directed to the use to which its express terms limit it, being to the exercise of the discretionary power under, inter alia, s 501CA(4) once that stage is reached. That is not to say that the matters articulated within Direction No. 79 may not become relevant considerations to the question of the state of satisfaction when they are adopted by a non-citizen as topics of their representations to the Minister. Further, the Minister, his delegate or the Tribunal on review may reference the matters in Direction No. 79 when considering whether there is another reason why the cancellation decision should be revoked. There is nothing in the nature, scope and purpose of the Act which suggests that the decision-maker is prohibited from considering them as potential grounds which establish the requisite state of mind. That, however, does not render them matters which, if not considered, will vitiate any relevant state of mind.
With great respect to those who hold a contrary view, the suggestion that s 501CA(4) should be read as if the obligation to form a relevant state of satisfaction and the discretionary power should be assimilated into the one exercise of power should be rejected:
(1)It is contrary to decisions of the Full Court of this Court where the point was specifically considered and decided: Ali at 641 – 648 [39] – [49]; Guclukol v Minister for Home Affairs (2020) 279 FCR 611 at 616 – 617 [16].
(2)It is contrary to the natural reading of the section which not only identifies the two stage process but structurally isolates them by locating them in separate parts of the section.
(3)Direction No. 79 as well as its progenitor iteration (Direction No. 65) are explicit in identifying the separate stages of satisfaction of a jurisdictional fact followed by the exercise of discretionary power, and that the latter is conditioned on the former. This Court should be cautious about adopting an approach which directly contradicts the clear and repeated expressions of legislative intent.
(4)The recognition of the different elements of s 501CA is consistent with the High Court’s construction of the similarly structured s 65 of the Act: Minister for Immigration and Citizenship v SZMDS (2010) 240 CLR 611; Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs v Eshetu (1999) 197 CLR 611; Re Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs; Ex parte Applicant S20/2002 (2003) 77 ALJR 1165.
(5)The conflation of the discrete parts of s 501CA(4) fails to have regard to the differences in which a vitiating error may occur in the process of forming a state of satisfaction as opposed to the exercise of discretion.
Was there any relevant error in this case?
In oral submissions, Mr Wood for the Minister accepted that, for the purposes of ascertaining whether there was another reason why the cancellation decision should be revoked, the Tribunal addressed the broad issue of whether revocation was in JT’s best interests. However, he also submitted that the particular aspects of that general issue were relevantly confined to where JT would live and with whom. There is much force in that submission. It is pellucid that the Tribunal addressed itself to whether revocation was in JT’s best interests and, after considering at some length a range of particular features which arose on the evidence, it determined that issue in the appellant’s favour.
The appellant’s submissions
When the appellant’s oral and written submissions are analysed, the gravamen of the appeal specifically concerned the following complaints:
(a)that the Tribunal only gave consideration to the prospect of the child’s separation from the appellant and to the diminishing effect of this consideration due to the appellant’s imprisonment and detention;
(b)that the Tribunal failed to turn its mind to a range of matters concerning the impact on JT of his departure from Australia, his separation from his extended family in Australia, and his reduced life opportunities were he to live in Tonga which was underdeveloped;
(c)that the Tribunal failed to consider the benefits to JT if the cancellation decision were revoked including the benefits of residing with his wider family and retaining his entitlement to citizenship;
(d)that the Tribunal failed to engage with what it would mean for JT to be removed from Australia where he was born and to be relocated to New Zealand or Tonga including that he would be separated from the remainder of his family who resided here;
(e)that the Tribunal failed to consider the benefits of allowing Ms Sau to regularise her immigration status so that they may all reside in Australia as a family or give JT the opportunity to live here with his mother; and
(f)that the Tribunal failed to consider that revocation would allow the appellant to find employment here so as to enable him to care for his son.
Given the central importance of the appellant’s representations to the Minister pursuant to s 501CA(3)(b) to the question of whether the Tribunal failed to take into account a relevant consideration, it is significant that Mr Hooke SC did not identify where any of the matters allegedly not considered had been raised by the appellant or on his behalf. That is not surprising as his representations to the Minister were extremely sparse and generally focused on his claimed rehabilitation. Apart from noting the existence of JT and that he was living with the appellant’s mother at the time, JT’s particular circumstances were not identified at all. Further information, albeit not a great amount, was provided to the delegate in a letter of support from Ms Sau as appears from the reasons given for the original decision. However, none of the matters raised on appeal as being considerations relevant to the Tribunal’s determination were mentioned in the representations made to the Minister. They could not, therefore, be characterised as considerations which the Tribunal was required to consider by an application of the principles identified in CTB19.
As emerged from the appellant’s oral submissions, the foundation for the assertion that certain matters were not considered or not adequately considered was a line of authorities dealing with provisions which are or were substantially different to s 501CA(4). Specific reliance was placed on Vaitaiki, a decision of the Full Court of this Court. In that case, a deportation order had been made in respect of the appellant under the former s 55 of the Act consequent upon his commission of a number of serious offences. Following Teoh, the Court held that in the exercise of the discretionary power to deport the appellant, the Tribunal was required to take into account the best interests of the appellant’s children as a primary consideration. The obligation arose, so it was said, because if the decision-maker intended to act inconsistently with the appellant’s legitimate expectation that it would give primary consideration to the interests of children affected by the decision, it would inform the appellant and it had not. The legitimate expectation was said to arise consequentially upon Australia’s ratification of the UN Convention. The particular circumstances in Vaitaiki raised the question of the content of the obligation to have regard to the best interests of the child as required by the UN Convention. The Tribunal had observed in general terms that the best interests of the children would be served if they went to live with their father in Tonga so as not to be deprived of his guidance and society. Burchett J held that the Tribunal’s consideration was inadequate because it did not take into account that the children as Australian citizens would be deprived of the country of their own and their mother’s citizenship under Australian law “and of its protection and support, socially and culturally and medically, and in the many other ways evoked by, but not confined to, the broad concept of lifestyle”: at 614. His Honour also held that the Tribunal’s consideration ignored the fact that the children would be transported to a foreign environment and be isolated from their mother and other relations. Branson J also criticised the Tribunal for concluding that it would be in the best interests of the children to maintain a close relationship with their father and that would be served by them leaving Australia and living with him in Tonga: at 631. Her Honour held that such a conclusion could not be reached without taking into account that, by so accompanying him, they would be required to leave Australia and the community in which they had lived all of their respective lives, start a new life and schooling in a new land, and lose many of the benefits available to them in Australia.
Mr Hooke SC also referred to the decision in Wan v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs (2001) 107 FCR 133 (Wan), also a decision of the Full Court of this Court. The power under consideration in that case was s 501(2) (in its then form) which permitted the Minister to refuse to grant a visa on character grounds. The visa applicant was married to an Australian citizen and had two children who also held citizenship. Without treating the interests of the children as a primary consideration, the Minister refused the application in reliance on s 501(2). Again, the Court’s decision was founded upon a perceived obligation, arising from the applicant’s legitimate expectation, to take into account the best interests of the children as that term is understood in the UN Convention. After referring to the decisions in Vaitaiki and Teoh, the Court concluded that the Tribunal had asked itself the wrong question in relation to the interests of the children. It was held (at 140 [27]):
… Moreover, immediately after identifying the best interests of the children as a consideration relevant to its determination, the Tribunal turned to consider how the interests of the children would be affected by their accompanying their father to China, or alternatively by their remaining in Australia while he lived in China. This suggests that the Tribunal was concerned to identify, not what decision would be in the best interests of the children, but rather how the children’s interests would be affected by a decision to refuse to grant their father a visa.
It was submitted that this passage has some resonance with the current case, save that the Tribunal here did not consider how JT being removed to Tonga would coincide with his best interests. In this respect, it was submitted that the Tribunal in Wan had gone further than it had in the present case. With respect, that conclusion cannot be accepted. The Tribunal’s reasons in this case identified both the benefits of JT living in Australia if the cancellation decision were revoked and the detriment to him if it were not. In addition, in answer to the criticism that the Tribunal did not consider how JT’s removal to Tonga would coincide with his best interests, it must be recalled that in this matter the Tribunal concluded that it would be in JT’s best interests if the cancellation decision was revoked so that he would not be required to live in another country.
Later in her reasons in Wan (at 141 [30]), Branson J concluded that the Tribunal’s written reasons contained no findings about the fact that the children in question would be deprived of their citizenship, of their country, and of the mother’s citizenship, that there would be resultant disruption to their childhood and loss of their homeland, the loss of their educational opportunities and the isolation from their mother, these being the integers of the best interests of the children derived from Teoh and Vaitaiki. This was said to speak of a failure to properly engage with the requirement of the best interests of the child or to treat that factor as a primary consideration.
A similar approach was adopted by Jagot J in Nweke v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship (2012) 126 ALD 501 which was briefly referred to by Mr Hooke SC. There, her Honour held that the Minister had failed to take into account as a primary consideration the best interests of the children affected by the potential cancellation of the applicant’s visa. In doing so, her Honour placed reliance for the existence of the obligation to do so and the content of that obligation on the decisions in Vaitaiki and Wan. In Lesianawai v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship (2012) 131 ALD 27, Katzmann J adopted a similar approach in respect of the Minister’s power under s 501A(2) of the Act which permitted the Minister to reverse a Tribunal’s decision in the national interest. The power there exercised is substantially different to the power under consideration in this case.
It is important to keep in mind that the obligation identified in Teoh that a decision-maker was required to take into account the UN Convention’s concept of the best interests of the child was derivative upon the High Court’s flirtation with the now abandoned or moribund concept of “legitimate expectation” as a direct source of administrative rights: ReMinister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs; Ex parte Lam (2003) 214 CLR 1; DXQ16 v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs [2020] FCA 1184 (DXQ16) [27]. With respect to the submissions made on behalf of the appellant, the authorities which rely upon an obligation recognised in Teoh do not assist in the analysis of the present case. Here, the decision-maker’s obligation and its content are controlled and regulated by ss 501CA(3) and (4). As the decision in CTB19 makes clear, the identification of the factors to which the decision-maker under s 501CA(4) must have regard are those found in the non-citizen’s representations and which are “significant and clearly expressed” or “clearly articulated and substantial or significant”. There is nothing in the section which imports any obligation to consider the best interests of any children of a non-citizen as that concept is used in the UN Convention and, accordingly, the decision in Teoh is not relevant to this question. As an aside, I note that Steward J reached a slightly different conclusion as to the continued relevance of Teoh in his decision in DXQ16. However, no inconsistency arises as his Honour correctly limited the Teoh consideration to procedural fairness issues and, more relevantly, the present case concerns a different statutory provision to that addressed by his Honour.
It is also necessary to observe that the task imposed upon the Minister or other decision-maker in s 501CA(4)(b)(ii) is not the exercise of power. It is the mere performance of a statutory function, the result of which may operate as a jurisdictional fact, albeit a subjective one, on which the discretionary power conferred in the chapeau is conditioned. The decisions relied upon by the appellant related to actual exercises of power and, as such, they are not relevant to the contentious issue in this case.
It follows that the foundation of the appellant’s claim, that the several integers of what might be in the best interests of the child as identified in Vaitaiki were mandatory considerations for the Tribunal, cannot be supported by the authorities on which he relied.
Are matters which “clearly arise” on the material also mandatory considerations
As mentioned, Mr Hooke SC’s submitted that the matters which the Tribunal was obliged to consider extended to matters which “necessarily arose” on the Tribunal’s findings and on the basis of the Minister’s submissions. No authority was referred to in support of that statement although it appears to be a notion derived from cases such as SGBB v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs (2003) 199 ALR 364 (at 368 – 369 [16] – [18]) which, in dealing with claims which might support a protection visa, obliges the decision-maker to deal with all “claims” which arise for determination. That does not only include those claims which are expressly raised but also those which clearly arise from the material: NABE at 18 – 19 [58] – [59]. Unfortunately, the concept of what is meant by a claim which clearly arises has not been sufficiently identified. In this regard, I had cause to make the following observations in EXV17 v Minister For Home Affairs [2018] FCA 1780:
[36]However, where the claim is unarticulated, the obligation of the decision maker is more obscure. As the authorities say, the implicit case must be one which “arises clearly” or “squarely” from the material. However, there is very little guidance as to how the claim is to be detected. Whilst it is said that it does not depend “for its exposure on constructive or creative activity” by the decision maker, nothing is identified as to the lengths to which the decision maker must go to detect the existence of a claim. It is apparent that in this exercise the authorities require the decision maker to “connect the dots” of a potential claim to some extent but they do not explain how many dots need to exist before the task needs to be attempted.
[37]It must be kept in mind, as Gleeson CJ observed in Appellant S395/2002 v Minister for Immigration & Multicultural Affairs (2003) 216 CLR 473 [1], the claim advanced must be one which was made before the decision maker:
… Proceedings before the tribunal are not adversarial; and the issues are not defined by pleadings, or any analogous process. Even so, this court has insisted that, on judicial review, a decision of the tribunal must be considered in the light of the basis upon which the application was made, not upon an entirely different basis which may occur to an applicant, or an applicant’s lawyers, at some later stage in the process.
Even accepting that a claim might clearly arise from the material before a decision-maker, the statutory deliberative context in which the obligation arises to consider a claim for a protection visa on an application under s 65 of the Act is substantially different to the statutory function imposed by s 501CA(4)(b)(ii). In the former, the decision-maker’s obligation is, inter alia, to consider whether they are satisfied the applicant has a well-founded fear of persecution and whether that arises by reason of the membership of a relevant social group. In that context, it may well be that the evidence before the Tribunal “clearly raises” a claim for protection which the applicant has not specifically advanced. For instance, the claim may be considered on the basis of membership of a recognisable social group which the applicant had failed to identify: NABE at 17 – 18 [55].
The present matter concerns whether the decision-maker has reached a state of satisfaction that there is another reason why the cancellation decision should be revoked within the meaning of s 501CA(4)(b)(ii) and the matters which are to be taken into account in that process have been authoritatively identified by reference to the nature, scope and purpose of the statutory function as being those which appear in the non-citizen’s representations to the Minister. The affording to the non-citizen a specific entitlement to make representations establishes the obligation on the decision-maker to consider each of the reasons which the non-citizen raises. It is not self-evident that the non-citizen is then to be afforded additional opportunities to identify grounds as to why the revocation should occur and no submissions were directed to this question. On the other hand, it may be inherent in the Tribunal’s review processes and, without accepting that to be so, it might be so assumed for the purposes of the appeal.
Nevertheless, although there may exist factors which the decision-maker is obliged to consider when ascertaining whether they are satisfied that there exists another reason to revoke the earlier decision, there will necessarily be other matters which the decision-maker may consider. In this respect, the question of concern on this appeal is directed to whether an omission by the decision-maker to consider a particular matter vitiates the performance of the statutory function. In its ordinary meaning, the concept of “another reason” (as that term is used in s 501CA(4)(b)(ii)) suggests a combination of facts, including hypothetical assumptions, which taken together can be accorded sufficient presumptive weight to justify revocation of the cancellation decision. In the context of s 501CA(4), the decision-maker is obliged to take into account the grounds, reasons or contentions advanced by the non-citizen which might establish the required justification. However, there is no basis for assuming that every piece of evidence concerning the non-citizen or their family which is given to or arises before the Tribunal must be used as a possible foundation for a reason which justifies revocation. For example, the substance of one of the appellant’s submissions in this appeal is that the evidence before the Tribunal that JT attended some educational facility in Australia raised, as a representation or ground for satisfaction of s 501CA(4)(b)(ii), that he would be deprived of it or be worse off if revocation did not occur. That involves an incorrect approach. The relevant question is whether there is, “another reason why the [cancellation] decision should be revoked”. A non-citizen does not raise a “reason” by merely identifying the current living arrangements in Australia of themselves or their dependants from which the decision-maker is to prognosticate about the potential scenarios if revocation does not occur. More is required and, in particular, at least some evidence as to the consequences or likely consequences of non-revocation on those arrangements.
In the circumstances of this matter, there is no need to reach any final conclusion as to whether the obligation of the Tribunal to consider possible reasons as to why the cancellation should be revoked can arise from the material before it or its findings. On the assumption that it could, it is apt to recall the observations in CTB19 that representations which are raised by a non-citizen must be “significant and clearly expressed” or “clearly articulated and substantial or significant”, and there is no reason to think that requirement would be any less in relation to an alleged ground which is said to arise on the material before the Tribunal. Here, the fact that some evidence emerged in the course of the hearing before the Tribunal as to the circumstances of JT’s life did not raise a matter which the Tribunal was required to consider in determining whether there was “another reason” for the purposes of s 501CA(4).
The effect on JT if revocation did not occur
As noted above, it is common ground that, by operation of s 78(1) of the Act, JT is taken to have been granted, at the time of his birth, a visa of the same kind and class as held by Mr Tohi at that time, being a Special Category (Subclass 444) visa. The issue in dispute is whether, by operation of s 140(3), JT’s visa is cancelled by the cancellation of Mr Tohi’s visa and whether the revocation of the cancellation of Mr Tohi’s visa results in JT’s visa being reinstated at law. The answer to those questions depends upon the proper construction of s 140(3) and its interaction with s 501CA(5).
Section 15AA of the Acts Interpretation Act 1901 (Cth) requires the Court to prefer the interpretation of a statutory provision that would best achieve the purpose or object of the statute. As observed by the majority in Independent Commission Against Corruption v Cunneen (2015) 256 CLR 1 at 28 [57], the technique of statutory construction involves choosing from the range of possible meanings the meaning which Parliament should be taken to have intended. The statutory language cannot, however, be given a meaning which the words used will not bear. For that reason, it is said that the starting point is the text whilst, at the same time, there is to be regard to context and purpose: Project Blue Sky Inc v Australian Broadcasting Authority (1998) 194 CLR 355 at [69]-[71]; Alcan (NT) Alumina Pty Ltd v Commissioner of Territory Revenue (Northern Territory) (2009) 239 CLR 27 at [47]. The permissible extent to which a court may depart from the statutory text was considered by the High Court majority in Taylor v The Owners – Strata Plan No 11564 (2014) 253 CLR 531 at [38]-[40] (citations omitted):
The question whether the court is justified in reading a statutory provision as if it contained additional words or omitted words involves a judgment of matters of degree. That judgment is readily answered in favour of addition or omission in the case of simple, grammatical, drafting errors which if uncorrected would defeat the object of the provision. It is answered against a construction that fills “gaps disclosed in legislation” or makes an insertion which is “too big, or too much at variance with the language in fact used by the legislature”.
Lord Diplock’s three conditions (as reformulated in Inco Europe Ltd v First Choice Distribution) accord with the statements of principle in Cooper Brookes and McColl JA was right to consider that satisfaction of each could be treated as a prerequisite to reading s 12(2) as if it contained additional words before her Honour required satisfaction of a fourth condition of consistency with the wording of the provision. However, it is unnecessary to decide whether Lord Diplock’s three conditions are always, or even usually, necessary and sufficient. This is because the task remains the construction of the words the legislature has enacted. In this respect it may not be sufficient that “the modified construction is reasonably open having regard to the statutory scheme” because any modified meaning must be consistent with the language in fact used by the legislature. Lord Diplock never suggested otherwise. Sometimes, as McHugh J observed in Newcastle City Council v GIO General Ltd, the language of a provision will not admit of a remedial construction. Relevant for present purposes was his Honour’s further observation, “[i]f the legislature uses language which covers only one state of affairs, a court cannot legitimately construe the words of the section in a tortured and unrealistic manner to cover another set of circumstances”.
Lord Diplock’s speech in Wentworth Securities laid emphasis on the task as construction and not judicial legislation. In Inco Europe Lord Nicholls of Birkenhead observed that even when Lord Diplock’s conditions are met, the court may be inhibited from interpreting a provision in accordance with what it is satisfied was the underlying intention of Parliament: the alteration to the language of the provision in such a case may be “too far-reaching”. In Australian law the inhibition on the adoption of a purposive construction that departs too far from the statutory text has an added dimension because too great a departure may violate the separation of powers in the Constitution .
The Minister’s proposed construction of s 140(3) requires a significant alteration to the plain meaning of the legislative text. It requires that paragraph (a) of s 140(3) be construed as if the phrase “cancelled under any provision of this Act” were altered to “cancelled under any provision of Part 2 of this Act”, or some similar grammatical formulation. This is not merely inserting words to clarify an otherwise ambiguous provision. There is nothing ambiguous about the phrase “any provision of this Act”. The interpretation proposed by the Minister alters the reach and effect of the provision. It requires s 140(3)(a) to be “read down” such that it is confined in its operation to a cancellation that occurs through a provision of Part 2 of the Act.
The contextual matters relied on by the Minister, principally matters of legislative history, provide only limited support for the Minister’s proposed construction. It is undoubtedly correct that subsections (1), (2) and (4) of s 140 are directed to powers of cancellation and revocation contained in Part 2 of the Act. However, it does not necessarily follow that subsection (3) is intended to be so confined. Subsection (3) is concerned with a discrete circumstance: a person's visa is cancelled; the person is a parent of a second person; and the second person holds a particular visa that was granted under s 78 (child born in Australia) because the parent held the cancelled visa. In that circumstance, the second person’s visa is also cancelled. The legislative history does not require, or make more likely, a construction that limits subsection (3) to cancellation under a provision of Part 2 of the Act.
As to statutory purpose, the Minister’s argument that reading s 140(3) literally would produce anomalous results cannot be accepted. The revocation of a visa cancellation under s 501CA(4) will have the effect of nullifying a consequential cancellation under s 140(3). As submitted by Mr Tohi, that would occur by virtue of s 501CA(5) which provides that, if the Minister revokes the original (cancellation) decision, the original decision is taken not to have been made. Section 501CA(5) is not expressed to be subject to any limitation or qualification (other than in respect of the subject matter addressed in s 501CA(6)) and must, at the very least, be taken to have effect with respect to other provisions of the Act that depend upon the “original decision”. Section 140(3) is one such provision. The effect of s 501CA(5) is that s 140(3) can no longer apply to the “original decision” because that decision is taken not to have been made. As a result, any visa cancellation brought about by the combined operation of a cancellation decision under s 501(3A) and s 140(3) is nullified if the cancellation decision is revoked under s 501CA(4).
In my view, neither purposive nor contextual considerations provide a sufficient basis to read down s 140(3) in the manner proposed by the Minister. Subsection 140(3) should be construed in accordance with its plain meaning. Accordingly, Mr Tohi is correct to submit that:
(a)prior to the cancellation of Mr Tohi’s visa under s 501(3A), JT held a Special Category (Subclass 444) visa;
(b)upon the cancellation of Mr Tohi’s visa, JT’s visa was also cancelled by effect of s 140(3); and
(c)if the cancellation of Mr Tohi’s visa were to be revoked under s 501CA(4), the cancellation of JT’s visa would be nullified by the operation of s 501CA(5).
What submissions were made about JT’s status and were they legally correct?
As set out earlier, submissions were made to the Tribunal on behalf of the Minister to the following effect:
(a)JT did not hold a visa and was an unlawful citizen because, while JT was entitled to the same visa that his father, Mr Tohi, held, it appeared that no action had been taken to “regularise” his status in Australia; and
(b)the revocation of Mr Tohi’s visa would not impact JT’s eligibility to be issued a visa because the visa criteria applies at the time of his birth and steps could be taken to regularise his status notwithstanding the cancellation of his father’s visa.
Both of those submissions were legally erroneous. As to the first, JT’s visa did not depend on actions being taken to “regularise” his status. Further, JT was not entitled to the same visa that his father held, because his father’s visa had been cancelled and s 140(3) operated to cancel JT’s visa. As to the second, the revocation of Mr Tohi’s visa would impact JT’s visa because revocation would nullify the effect of s 140(3).
Did the submissions have a material effect on the Tribunal’s decision?
The Tribunal’s consideration of JT’s migration status was relatively brief. It was contained in paragraphs 60, 61 and 95 of the Tribunal’s reasons, which are reproduced above. The following matter should be noted about the Tribunal’s reasons.
At paragraph 60, the Tribunal expressly accepted the erroneous submission made on behalf of the Minister that JT was (presently) entitled to the same visa as Mr Tohi but steps would need to be taken to “regularise” his status in Australia. It is clear that the Tribunal did not appreciate that the effect of s 140(3) of the Act was that JT lost his visa upon the cancellation of Mr Tohi’s visa. Nor did the Tribunal appreciate that, if the cancellation of Mr Tohi’s visa was revoked, JT would have an immediate right to a visa without steps being taken.
Despite the Tribunal’s misapprehensions about JT’s migration status, at paragraph 61 the Tribunal reasoning proceeds on two implicit assumptions. The first assumption is that, if the cancellation of Mr Tohi’s visa is revoked, JT would be entitled to remain in Australia with his father and his father’s extended family. That assumption underlies the Tribunal’s conclusion that “Primary Consideration B weighs in Mr Tohi’s favour”. That assumption accords with the position at law. The second assumption is that, if the cancellation is not revoked and Mr Tohi departs Australia, JT would also leave Australia to live with his parents or one of them. There is no contemplation that JT would remain in Australia if the cancellation of Mr Tohi’s visa was not revoked. Again, that assumption accords with the position at law. If the cancellation is not revoked and Mr Tohi departs Australia, JT would not have a visa to remain in Australia and would also be required to leave Australia.
At paragraph 95, the Tribunal concludes that “Mr Tohi's expectations for the care arrangements of his son are unrealistic or not sustainable given the current migration status of his son and the child's mother”, and then observes that “it would appear Ms Sau’s migration status in Australia will be difficult to regularise”. The focus of that paragraph is Ms Sau’s uncertain immigration status, and the consequential uncertainty whether the revocation of the cancellation of Mr Tohi’s visa would result in JT being cared for by both parents in Australia, which is Mr Tohi’s preference. It is for that reason that the Tribunal concludes that “the primary consideration concerned with interests of minor children carries some, though not significant weight in favour of revocation”.
It follows that the Tribunal’s central conclusions about the impact of non-revocation on JT were consistent with the true legal position, despite the Tribunal having been misinformed about the operation of the Act. It must be concluded that the erroneous legal submission made to the Tribunal on behalf of the Minister did not lead the Tribunal into legal error in its reasoning.
Consideration of claimed failure to perform statutory task
Applicable legal principles
In Minister of State for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v Teoh (1995) 183 CLR 273 (Teoh), the High Court considered a decision by the Minister to refuse an application for a permanent entry permit on character grounds because the applicant had been convicted of drug offences and sentenced to imprisonment. The applicant’s wife and young children were resident in Australia. A majority of the High Court concluded that Australia’s ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, and particularly Article 3(1) of that Convention, gave rise to a legitimate expectation that the Minister would act in conformity with it and treat the best interests of the applicant’s children as a primary consideration in making the decision whether to grant the permanent entry permit. The majority found that the applicant had been denied procedural fairness because he had not been afforded an opportunity to present a case against the Minister’s decision not to treat the best interests of the applicant’s children as a primary consideration.
The concept of “legitimate expectation” as a necessary criterion of an entitlement to procedural fairness has since been rejected by the High Court (see the discussion in Minister for Immigration and Border Protection v WZARH (2015) 256 CLR 326 at [28]-[30] (Kiefel, Bell and Keane JJ) and at [61] (Gageler and Gordon JJ)). However, that does not undermine the conclusion reached by the High Court in Teoh that a breach of the requirements of procedural fairness may occur if a decision to refuse to grant, or to cancel, a visa is made without considering the best interests of a child affected by the decision as a primary consideration, and without giving the applicant an opportunity to be heard on that matter. Such a conclusion has been reached by this Court in cases including Vaitaiki v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1998) 150 ALR 608 (Vaitaiki), Wan v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs (2001) 107 FCR 133, Nweke v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship [2012] FCA 266; 126 ALD 501 and Lesianawai v Minister for Immigration [2012] FCA 897; 131 ALD 27.
The above cases are not directly relevant to the ground of review sought to be relied upon by Mr Tohi in this appeal. Mr Tohi’s amended notice of appeal did not allege any failure by the Tribunal to afford procedural fairness. Rather, Mr Tohi alleged a failure to “properly consider” a reason for revoking the cancellation of the visa, being the best interests of Mr Tohi’s child. Despite that, the above cases have some indirect relevance to the ground of review. The cases explain the breadth of the concept of the “bests interests of the child” emanating, as it does, from Article 3(1) of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The concept embraces consequences of an administrative decision that may bear upon the welfare of children including, most directly, the break-up of the immediate family unit (see Teoh at 304 per Gaudron J). If the effect of the cancellation of the parent’s visa is that the child is likely to accompany the parent to a third country, the welfare considerations may include separation from the child’s extended family and community, the social and linguistic disruption of childhood, and loss or reduction in education opportunities (see Vaitaiki at 614 per Burchett J and at 631 per Branson J).
Unlike the above cases, in the present case the Tribunal was under a statutory duty to consider the best interests of Mr Tohi’s child as a primary consideration: Rokobatani v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs (1999) 90 FCR 583 at [12]; Baker v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship [2012] FCAFC 145 at [55]. That duty arose by force of s 499 of the Act which, by subsection (1), empowered the Minister to issue Direction 79 and, by subsection (2A), stipulated that the persons or body to whom the Direction was applicable must comply with the Direction. The consideration must be weighed as a “primary consideration”. A failure to address the best interests of a child, where relevant, as a primary consideration is a failure to conduct the review required by the Act and, subject to materiality, constitutes jurisdictional error: Uelese v Minister for Immigration (2015) 256 CLR 203 (Uelese) at [68]; YNQY v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection [2017] FCA 1466 at [39].
Furthermore, paragraph 13.2(1) of Direction 79 stipulates that the Tribunal must make a determination “about whether revocation is in the best interests of the child”. As Robertson J concluded in Spruill v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship [2012] FCA 1401; 135 ALD 45 at [18]-[19], it is not enough for the Tribunal merely to have regard to those interests; a failure to make a determination about whether revocation is in the best interests of the child is a failure to complete the exercise of jurisdiction.
In Uelese, the plurality stated (at [64]) that the requirement to consider the best interests of minor children in Australia affected by the decision is imposed on decision-makers in terms which are not dependent on whether an applicant for review argues that those interests are relevant as part of his or her “case”. Nevertheless, the Tribunal is required to assess the best interests of the child based on the evidence and submissions before it and is not under a general duty to inquire about matters not raised: Sami v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship [2013] FCAFC 128; 139 ALD 1 (at [30]); see also Minister for Immigration and Citizenship v SZIAI [2009] HCA 39; 259 ALR 429 (at [25]).
Did the Tribunal conduct the review as required by Direction 79?
The factual and legal circumstances confronting the Tribunal in this matter involved a number of contingencies. The contingencies arose from the fact that JT’s mother, Ms Sau, was an unlawful non-citizen with no right to reside in Australia. As a consequence, JT’s right to reside in Australia was derived from Mr Tohi’s migration status.
If the cancellation of Mr Tohi’s visa was revoked, Mr Tohi could remain in Australia and the consequential cancellation of JT’s visa (under s 140(3)) would be nullified. Whether Ms Sau was able to remain in Australia would depend upon making an application for an appropriate visa, such as a partner visa. The prospect of successfully obtaining such a visa could only be assessed as a possibility. Whether JT would remain in Australia was, to some extent, dependent upon whether Ms Sau remained in Australia and, if she did not, whether she sought to have JT relocate with her to a third country (likely Tonga) and whether Mr Tohi contested the relocation.
If the cancellation of Mr Tohi’s visa was not revoked, neither Mr Tohi nor Ms Sau would be able to remain in Australia. By operation of s 140(3), a necessary consequence would be that JT could not remain in Australia. Thus, the practical effect of a decision not to revoke the cancellation of Mr Tohi’s visa would be that JT would depart Australia to live with his father, his mother, or both in another country, presumed to be New Zealand or Tonga.
The representations made by and on behalf of Mr Tohi to the Tribunal concerning JT, both before and during the Tribunal hearing, were limited in their scope. The representations concerned the familial and financial care and support that would be provided to JT if the cancellation of Mr Tohi’s visa was or was not revoked. The representations were to the effect that: while JT’s mother had been his primary carer, Mr Tohi’s extended family in Australia had also provided care and support to him and would continue to do so in the future; JT would in the future benefit from the care and support of his father; Mr Tohi intended to raise JT with JT’s mother, Ms Sau; and, if the visa cancellation was not revoked, Mr Tohi wished to reside in New Zealand and care for JT.
In its reasons, the Tribunal addressed those representations. At paragraph 61, the Tribunal concluded that the consideration, the best interests of JT, weighed in favour of revocation because of the care and support JT would receive in Australia from his father and his father’s extended family. But the Tribunal also concluded that:
… based on the information before the Tribunal, it would appear that at present the only opportunity for Mr Tohi to live as per his stated intention, in a stable family unit with his son and Ms Sau, would be in a third country.
Based on that latter conclusion, the Tribunal determined that the weight to be given to the consideration, the best interests of JT, was “substantially mitigated”. The Tribunal reiterated this conclusion at paragraph 95, stating:
Mr Tohi's expectations for the care arrangements of his son are unrealistic or not sustainable given the current migration status of his son and the child's mother. Based on the information available, it would appear Ms Sau's migration status in Australia will be difficult to regularise. For this reason the primary consideration concerned with interests of minor children carries some, though not significant weight in favour of revocation.
The Tribunal’s reasons show that its consideration of the best interests of JT had, as a primary focus, the break-up of the immediate family unit. That focus reflected the representations made to the Tribunal by Mr Tohi, and the circumstance that Ms Sau did not hold a visa to remain in Australia. Thus, even if the cancellation of Mr Tohi’s visa was revoked, JT may not be able to reside in Australia with both parents and a possible outcome was that JT would leave Australia to live with his mother.
As cases such as Vaitaiki make clear, if the effect of the cancellation of the parent’s visa is that a dependent child is likely to accompany the parent to a third country, the considerations that may be relevant to the best interests of the child may include separation from the child’s extended family and community, the social disruption of childhood and loss or reduction in education opportunities. The Tribunal took into account the fact that cancellation of Mr Tohi’s visa would result in JT being separated from his extended family in Australia, but also took into account the fact that JT had the prospect of living with both parents in a third country (either New Zealand or Tonga).
I do not accept Mr Tohi’s submission that the Tribunal "failed to engage in any way" with the effect that a decision not to revoke would mean for JT. The Tribunal engaged with the representations made by Mr Tohi and took into account the fact that JT would depart Australia and relocate to either Tonga or New Zealand. It may be accepted, as Mr Tohi submitted, that the Tribunal did not consider whether, and to what extent, JT might have “reduced life opportunities in relocating to Tonga”. However, in circumstances where no such submission was put to the Tribunal, and no evidence was adduced in support of any such submission, the Tribunal did not err in failing to consider and make findings about such matters. The Tribunal is not under a general duty to inquire: Sami at [30]; SZIAI at [25]. I accept the Minister’s submission that, in the absence of evidence or submissions about the different educational, economic or social opportunities available to JT in Australia as compared with New Zealand or Tonga, the Tribunal was not required to speculate about such matters in making its determination.
Having regard to the above matters, I am not persuaded that the Tribunal failed to perform its statutory duty to consider the best interests of Mr Tohi’s child as a primary consideration. It follows that the appeal must be dismissed.
Conclusion
In conclusion, I would grant leave to the appellant to advance the ground of appeal as stated in his amended notice of appeal, but I would dismiss the appeal. The first respondent should have his costs of the appeal.
I certify that the preceding one hundred and ten (110) numbered paragraphs are a true copy of the Reasons for Judgment of the Honourable Justice O'Bryan.
Associate:
Dated: 16 July 2021
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