Minister for Immigration, Citizenship and Multicultural Affairs v RGKY
[2022] FCAFC 177
•2 November 2022
FEDERAL COURT OF AUSTRALIA
Minister for Immigration, Citizenship and Multicultural Affairs v RGKY [2022] FCAFC 177
Appeal from: RGKY v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs [2021] FCA 750 File number(s): NSD 752 of 2021 Judgment of: COLLIER, FARRELL AND HALLEY JJ Date of judgment: 2 November 2022 Catchwords: MIGRATION – where the primary judge allowed an application for judicial review of a decision of the Administrative Appeals Tribunal – where the AAT affirmed the decision of a delegate of the Minister not to revoke a decision to cancel the applicant’s visa under s 501CA(4) of the Migration Act 1958 (Cth) – where the primary judge set aside the AAT’s decision on the basis that the Tribunal made a jurisdictional error because it had failed to give proper, genuine and realistic consideration to the best interests of minor children affected by the decision individually in compliance with Direction 79 made under s 499 of the Migration Act and character evidence on which the applicant relied in support of his contention that his character had changed since his loss of liberty after his last offending and the birth of his son – whether the primary judge erred in so finding – appeal allowed. Legislation: Migration Act 1958 (Cth) ss 499, 501, 501CA Cases cited: Baker v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship [2012] FCAFC 145
CAR15 v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection [2019] FCAFC 155; (2019) 272 FCR 131
Carrascalao v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection [2017] FCAFC 107; (2017) 252 FCR 352
Chetcuti v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection [2019] FCAFC 112
Collector of Customs v Pozzolanic [1993] FCA 456; (1993) 43 FCR 280
Commissioner for Australian Capital Territory Revenue v Alphaone Pty Ltd [1994] FCA 293; (1994) 49 FCR 576
DCR19 v Minister for Immigration Citizenship Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs [2020] FCA 501
EGH19 v Minister of Home Affairs [2020] FCA 692
GBV18 v Minister for Home Affairs (2020) 274 FCR 202
Guclukol v Minister for Home Affairs [2020] FCAFC 148; (2020) 279 FCR 611
Karan v Minister for Home Affairs [2019] FCAFC 139
Maioha v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection [2018] FCAFC 216
Makarov v Minister for Home Affairs [2021] FCAFC 129
McGlade v South West Aboriginal Land & Sea Aboriginal Corporation (No 2) [2019] FCAFC 238
Minister for Home Affairs v Buadromo [2018] FCAFC 151; (2018) 267 FCR 320
Minister for Home Affairs v Omar [2019] FCAFC 188; (2019) 272 FCR 589
Minister for Immigration and Border Protection v Sabharwal [2018] FCAFC 160
Minister for Immigration and Border Protection v SZMTA [2019] HCA 3; (2019) 264 CLR 421
Minister for Immigration and Citizenship v SZGUR [2011] HCA 1; (2011) 241 CLR 594
Minister for Immigration and Citizenship v SZIAI [2009] HCA 39; (2009) 83 ALJR 1123
Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v Wu Shan Liang [1996] HCA 6; (1996) 185 CLR 259
Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs v Yusuf [2001] HCA 30; (2001) 206 CLR 323
Nahi v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs [2021] FCA 1169
Plaintiff M1/2021 v Minister for Home Affairs [2022] HCA 17; (2022) 400 ALR 417
Plaintiff M64/2015 v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection [2015] HCA 50; (2015) 258 CLR 173
Ratu v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs [2019] FCA 1710, (2019) 167 ALD 449
Re Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs; Ex parte Durairajasingham [2000] HCA 1; (2000) 74 ALJR 405
RGKY v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs [2021] FCA 750
Sami v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship [2013] FCAFC 128
Sebastian v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs [2005] FCAFC 31
SZDGC v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship [2008] FCA 1638
Tohi v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs [2021] FCAFC 125; (2021) 285 FCR 187
Uelese v Minister for Immigration [2015] HCA 15; (2015) 256 CLR 203
Division: General Division Registry: New South Wales National Practice Area: Administrative and Constitutional Law and Human Rights Number of paragraphs: 210 Date of hearing: 12 November 2021 Counsel for the Appellant: Mr G Johnson SC with Mr T Riley Solicitor for the Appellant: MinterEllison Counsel for the First Respondent: Ms De Ferrari SC with Dr J Donnelly Solicitor for the First Respondent: Zarifi Lawyers Counsel for the Second Respondent: The Second Respondent submitted to any order of the Court, save as to costs ORDERS
NSD 752 of 2021 BETWEEN: MINISTER FOR IMMIGRATION, CITIZENSHIP AND MULTICULTURAL AFFAIRS
Appellant
AND: RGKY
First Respondent
ADMINISTRATIVE APPEALS TRIBUNAL
Second Respondent
ORDER MADE BY:
COLLIER, FARRELL AND HALLEY JJ
DATE OF ORDER:
2 NOVEMBER 2022
THE COURT ORDERS THAT:
1.The name of the appellant be amended to Minister for Immigration, Citizenship and Multicultural Affairs.
2.The appeal is allowed.
3.The orders made by the primary judge on 28 June 2021 are set aside and in lieu thereof it be ordered that:
(a)The application for judicial review of the decision of the second respondent dated 26 October 2020 be dismissed; and
(b)The applicant must pay the first respondent’s costs as agreed or taxed.
4.The first respondent must pay the appellant’s costs of the appeal as agreed or taxed.
Note: Entry of orders is dealt with in Rule 39.32 of the Federal Court Rules 2011.
REASONS FOR JUDGMENT
COLLIER J:
Before the Court is an appeal from the decision of a single judge (primary Judge) of this Court delivered on 28 June 2021 in RGKY v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs [2021] FCA 750 (primary decision). In that matter the primary Judge allowed an appeal from a decision of the Administrative Appeals Tribunal (Tribunal) not to revoke the mandatory cancellation of the appellant’s class TY subclass 444 Special Category (Temporary) Visa (visa) pursuant to under s 501(3A) of the Migration Act 1958 (Cth)(Migration Act). In doing so, the primary Judge made Orders setting aside the Tribunal’s decision and remitted the matter to the Tribunal for determination according to law.
The appellant now appeals the primary decision on the following grounds:
1.His Honour erred by upholding Ground One of the application before him and, in particular, his Honour erred by finding that the Tribunal made a jurisdictional error in the following (alleged) ways (when it did not in fact do so):
a.The Tribunal failed to engage in an active intellectual process in determining what the best interests of the RGKY’s child were and what weight should be given to them.
b.The Tribunal had ignored evidence of RGKY, MQ and other evidence.
c.The Tribunal failed to make any finding what the best interests of RGKY’s child would be.
d.The Tribunal failed to consider a claimed change of character after RGKY went into custody following the birth of his son.
e.There was a duty upon the Tribunal to inquire and that this was breached.
f.The Tribunal failed to make findings what was in the best interests of RGKY’s minor siblings and minor nieces or nephews.
2.His Honour erred by upholding Ground Two and finding that the Tribunal did not consider a claimed change in RGKY’s character after RGKY went into custody following the birth of his son. That claim was in fact considered and not accepted by the Tribunal.
Additionally, the appellant seeks relief in the following terms:
1.The appeal be allowed.
2.The orders made by the primary judge on 28 June 2021 be set aside and in lieu of those orders, there be orders as follows:
a.the applicant's application for judicial review be dismissed; and
b.the applicant pay the respondent's costs of the application.
3.The first respondent pay the appellant's costs of the appeal.
BACKGROUND
The primary Judge, at [2] – [4] of the primary decision, outlined the factual background to that proceeding as follows:
2The applicant is 23 years of age. On 15 November 2017, the applicant had been sentenced to a term of 12 months’ imprisonment following his conviction for the offences of stalking with intent to cause fear of physical or mental harm and assault occasioning actual bodily harm. Additionally, the applicant received a lesser sentence for the offences of common assault and destroying or damaging property. After serving his sentence and being released into the community, he and his partner, Ms MQ, had a son born in May 2019. On 22 July 2019, the applicant engaged in further offending outside the home of his mother. His two month old son was present inside that home. The applicant was remanded in custody in late July 2019 and has been in custody or immigration detention ever since.
3On 20 September 2019, a delegate of the Minister cancelled the applicant’s visa pursuant to s 501(3A) and issued him with an invitation under s 501CA(3)(b) to make representations to the Minister seeking revocation of the cancellation. On 30 July 2020, another delegate of the Minister refused to revoke the cancellation of the applicant’s visa. On 5 August 2020, he sought review of that decision in the Tribunal.
4Like many cases now coming before the Court, the accident of the applicant’s birth in New Zealand five months before he was brought to Australia, where he has lived ever since with the whole of his extensive family without having sought to obtain citizenship, has meant that he now is in the position where, unless able to satisfy the Minister that there is ‘another reason’ why the cancellation of his visa should be revoked, he will be removed from Australia and his family forever.
I respectfully adopt his Honour’s summation of these material facts.
The two grounds of review before the primary Judge were that the Tribunal failed to give proper, realistic and genuine consideration to:
(1)the best interests of minor children individually in compliance with Direction 79 made by the Minister under s 499 of the Migration Act entitled “Visa refusal and cancellation under s 501 and revocation of a mandatory cancellation of a visa under s 501CA”; and
(2)the character evidence relied on by the first respondent in support of his contention that his character had changed since his incarceration following his last criminal offence.
In this appeal, the appellant asserts, in essence, that the Tribunal did give proper, realistic and genuine consideration to these two points. In doing so, the appellant submits that the primary Judge erred by making observations, at various points in the primary decision, that led his Honour to the conclusion that these matters had not been properly considered by the Tribunal.
SUBMISSIONS
Appellant’s submissions
In summary, the appellant submitted, in support of ground 1 of its appeal and the particulars pleaded therein, that:
·the primary Judge erred in finding that, at [49], the Tribunal “failed to engage in an active intellectual process in determining what the best interests of the [first respondent’s] son were and what weight should be given to them”. This was not the case, as evidenced by the Tribunal’s reasoning at [81] – [82], where it noted that:
·the first respondent’s return to New Zealand would likely result in “something of a negative impact on [the first respondent’s] son”;
·a portion of the first respondent’s criminal history and particular offences had been committed against his son’s mother in the presence of his son, being unable to find that “[the first respondent] would, on balance, be likely to play a positive parental role in his son’s life”;
·should the first respondent continue to commit criminal offences this would likely have a “negative impact on [the first respondent’s] son because of its likely psychological impact”;
·moderate weight should be attached to the damage caused by the removal of the first respondent on his son;
·any damage resulting from the removal of the first respondent could be minimised by maintaining contact by telephone or social media;
·The primary Judge erred in finding, at [60], that the Tribunal had ignored evidence before it concerning the best interests of relevant children (in particular the first respondent’s son) in finding that there was “a dearth of information” before it;
·The primary Judge erred, at [56], in finding that in determining that it could not make an assessment of the magnitude of the damage to his son of the first respondent returning to New Zealand, the Tribunal “eschewed making any finding of exactly what the best interests of the child would be”. Rather, the Tribunal did make findings of what course of action would be best for the first respondent’s son, namely at [106] that it would be beneficial to him should the cancellation be revoked, and that consequently the best interests of the first respondent’s son weighed moderately in favour of revocation;
·The primary Judge’s reliance on Uelese v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection (2015) 256 CLR 203 at [56] – [57], [60], [62]–[63] and [65]–[66] was erroneous given that the Tribunal had assessed the best interests of the first respondent’s son, and there was no incorrect assumption made referable to the consideration of his evidence. In finding that other factors moderated and ultimately outweighed the best interests of the first respondent’s son, the Tribunal in no way failed to execute its statutory duty per Sebastian v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs [2005] FCAFC 31 at [16]–[19]; Nahi v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs [2021] FCA 1169 at [40]–[59];
·The primary Judge erred at [54] by accepting the submission that “[the first respondent’s] articulated claim of a change in character after he went into custody following the birth of his son” as the “the basis of the second ground of review” and “also relevant to the Tribunal’s finding in [81] as to the risk of [the first respondent’s] re-offending”;
·The primary Judge erred, at [60], by finding that even if a “dearth of information presented” to the Tribunal, it would still have had to “make inquiries about the best interests of the children, particularly the son”. No such ground was pressed by the first respondent. Further, any duty on the part of the Tribunal to obtain additional evidence beyond that before it goes no further than “an obvious inquiry about a critical fact, the evidence of which is easily obtained” per Minister for Immigration and Citizenship v SZIAI (2009) 83 ALJR 1123 at [25]. Rather, the first respondent failed to demonstrate that any particular inquiry would have yielded a useful result per Karan v Minister for Home Affairs [2019] FCAFC 139 at [30]-[31]; DCR19 v Minister for Immigration Citizenship Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs [2020] FCA 501 at [71]-[72];
·This proceeding is similar to the factual scenarios in Sami v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship [2013] FCAFC 128 at [24]-[25], [30], and Nahi at [41]-[59], where it was determined that no duty to inquire further into the best interests of minor children was identified. The Tribunal also accepted, at [80] of its reasons, that on the evidence of the first respondent, his grandparents and others, the first respondent was devoted to his son, that this would likely continue into the future, that the first respondent desired to be part of his son’s life as he grew up, and that all those things were positive and in his son’s best interests;
·The primary Judge erred by finding, at [62], that the second respondent failed to make an assessment as to what was in the best interest of the first respondent’s minor siblings, nieces and nephews despite being required to do so. The Tribunal did make such a finding at [85] and [106] of its reasons, where it stated that the interests of the first respondent’s minor siblings, nieces and nephews weighed slightly in favour of revocation. Nevertheless, the Tribunal ultimately concluded at [107] that the interests of those minor parties were outweighed by the need for protection of the Australian community and their expectations.
In relation to ground 2 of the appeal, the appellant submitted in summary:
·The primary Judge erred by concluding at [62]–[69] that the Tribunal failed to consider the claim that the first respondent’s character had reformed following his being taken into custody as a result of his last offence on 22 July 2019. The appellant contended that the Tribunal did consider this claim at [34]–[36] of its reasons, but ultimately did not accept that the first respondent would not continue criminal offending into the future, in addition to evidence adduced as to his reformed character. On the authority of Baker v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship [2012] FCAFC 145, the Tribunal is not assumed to have forgotten or not taken into account this evidence. Given that this finding had been made by the Tribunal, the primary Judge should not have concluded that this submission by the first respondent, and the evidence in support of it, was not the subject of an active intellectual process by the Tribunal;
·The conclusion that a decision maker failed to engage in an active intellectual process in relation to a mandatory consideration referable to a matter before it should not be made lightly, and must be clearly supported: Carrascalao v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection (2017) 252 FCR 352 at [48]; Makarov v Minister for Home Affairs [2021] FCAFC 129 at [76], referring to GBV18 v Minister for Home Affairs (2020) 274 FCR 202 at [32(g)];
·The Tribunal recognised, at [50] of its reasons, that there “must be genuine consideration and intellectual engagement in the process of achieving, or not, the requisite satisfaction”, but that this position should be relied on to ignore consideration of factors that has occurred; and
·The weight to be given certain evidence and value judgments remained a matter for the Tribunal.
First respondent’s submissions
In relation to ground 1 of the appeal, the first respondent submitted, in summary:
·The primary Judge correctly found that the Tribunal had failed to engage in an active intellectual process in determining which course of action would be in the best interests of the first respondent’s son given:
·The Tribunal noted at [49] of its reasons that the that the “more optimal or ideal relationship between father and son involving as it does daily contact and daily physical involvement in the child’s life”;
·The primary Judge found that the magnitude of the loss of that connection was “ordinary incident of the relationship between a parent and a child”;
·The Tribunal’s finding that it could not make an assessment of the magnitude of the impact of the non-revocation of the cancellation on the first respondent’s son amounted to “an unintelligible finding”, and therefore “[failed] to give proper, genuine and realistic consideration” to that point. This failure was evidenced by:
·The Tribunal stated at [91] (in the context of a different primary consideration) that the consequences of non-revocation for the first respondent’s son would be significant in an emotional context;
·The Tribunal stated at [96], referable to other considerations, that the first respondent’s “ties” to his son are “obviously strong”;
·The Tribunal, at [77], stated that there was “not a great deal of evidence about any of the minor children other than the [first respondent’s] own child”;
·At [82], the Tribunal noted that the first respondent’s son was “obviously too young to express his preference about [the first respondent] remaining in Australia”;
·The primary Judge was correct to take issue with the Tribunal’s finding to the effect that any hardship suffered by the first respondent’s son owing to his removal from Australia would be mitigated given the ability to maintain regular contact by means of phone and social media. The primary Judge correctly found at [60] that the Tribunal “had to explain why simply having some kind of remote contact by phone or social media, as had happened up to that date, would be in the son’s best interests when the witnesses told it that this was not the case”;
·The primary Judge correctly found, at [56] that the Tribunal “eschewed making any finding of exactly what the best interests of the child would be” in determining that the removal of the first respondent from Australia “will necessarily have something of a negative impact on (first respondent’s) son”;
·The primary Judge correctly took issue with the Tribunal’s observation that it had a “dearth of evidence” before it, not only because there plainly was evidence before the Tribunal, but the Tribunal noted the existence of that evidence but failed to take it into account, for example:
·the consequences for the first respondent’s child of non-revocation would be emotionally significant (at [91]);
·the first respondent obviously had strong ties to his son (at [96]);
·there was not a great deal of evidence about any of the minor children other than the first respondent’s son (at [77]);
·The primary Judge correctly noted that the Tribunal was required to engage in “some real and active intellectual process that considered and made a finding about what would be the best interests of the child if he was deprived permanently of one of his two parents”, and that this did not occur;
·The primary Judge correctly took issue at [62] with the Tribunal’s reasoning in relation to the first respondent’s relationship with his siblings, in circumstances where there was plainly extensive material before the Tribunal to demonstrate the relationship between the first respondent and his siblings. At [91] of its reasons, the Tribunal implicitly recognised the relationship between the first respondent and his siblings in noting that they would be subject to “significant emotional hardship” in the event that the first respondent was removed to New Zealand;
In relation to ground 2 of the appeal, the first respondent submitted, in summary:
·The primary Judge correctly noted at [64] - [69] that the first respondent had raised a significant and clearly articulated claim that he had changed while in custody after July 2019, that the Tribunal was required to engage with it, and on the face of its reasons the Tribunal did not;
·In considering the first respondent’s likelihood of reoffending, the Tribunal failed to intellectually engage with the claim that he had reformed his character. The failure to consider such a representation in written reasons allows a court to infer that it was not considered: Minister for Home Affairs v Omar (2019) 272 FCR 589, at [34]. The Tribunal also failed to resolve this claim;
·The primary Judge correctly observed that the Tribunal’s adverse credibility finding was unsustainable given it had not first considered corroborative evidence from the first respondent’s witnesses. This could not be ignored as the first respondent did not fall into the category outlined in SZDGC v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship [2008] FCA 1638 whereby “the well has been poisoned beyond redemption”;
·The Tribunal did not consider the first respondent’s claim regarding his reformed character, following his incarceration as a result of his last criminal offence, given it concluded the assessment of the first respondent’s character with consideration of the pre-sentence report for that offence; and
·The primary Judge correctly found at [68] that the Tribunal had not actively engaged with supporting evidence and material from the family and friends of the first respondent.
CONSIDERATION
It is well settled that the Tribunal must engage in an active intellectual process in making a revocation decision for the purposes of s 501CA(4) of the Migration Act, and specifically in considering the factors that are to inform such a decision: Carrascalao at [43]–[46] per Griffiths, White and Bromwich JJ; Minister for Home Affairs v Buadromo [2018] FCAFC 151; 362 ALR 48 at [42] per Besanko, Barker and Bromwich JJ; Chetcuti v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection [2019] FCAFC 112 at [54]–[58] per Murphy, Rangiah and O’Callaghan JJ; Omar at [35]–[37] per Allsop CJ, Bromberg, Robertson, Griffiths and Perry JJ.
The engagement in such a process by a decision maker requires “the reality of consideration” of the relevant factors by it: Maioha v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection [2018] FCAFC 216 per Rares and Robertson JJ at [45].
In the event that a decision maker is bound to take a particular matter into account, the question arises whether that matter was "really", "genuinely", "properly", and "effectively" taken into account: McGlade v South West Aboriginal Land & Sea Aboriginal Corporation (No 2) [2019] FCAFC 238 at 148, 149.
In making such an assessment, a court should have particular regard to relevant statutory provisions applicable to the decision: EGH 19 v Minister of Home Affairs [2020] FCA 692.
Further, a failure on the part of the Tribunal to consider a significant clearly articulated claim in the form of representations under ss 501CA(3)(b) and (4) of the Migration Act that would amount to, if accepted, another reason to revoke a visa cancellation for the purpose of s 501CA(4)(b)(ii), may amount to jurisdictional error: Omar at [39]-[40]; Guclukol v Minister for Home Affairs [2020] FCAFC 148 at [50] per Katzmann, O'Callaghan and Derrington JJ. Whether a claim has been “squarely raised or clearly articulated” is dependent on the facts and circumstances of a particular case: EHG 19 at [51].
Ground 1
For the following reasons, I consider that ground 1 of the appeal does not succeed.
First, particulars (a) and (c) of ground 1 can conveniently be considered together. I do not accept that the primary Judge erred in finding that the Tribunal had failed to engage in an active and intellectual process in determining what the best interests of the first respondent’s son were, and what weight should be attached to those interests.
The Tribunal set out its reasoning of the “Best interests of minor children in Australia affected by the decision” as follows:
74.Next, I am required to consider the best interests of children who may be affected by the decision to either revoke or not revoke the cancellation of RGKY ’s visa. Clause 13.2(2) requires that I only consider minor children, that is children under the age of 18 years, when I make my decision. Clause 13.2(3) requires that, where there are two or more minor children, I consider the interests of any such children individually to the extent that their interests may differ.
75.It is important to keep in mind that this consideration is not concerned with RGKY ’s interests at all. Rather, it is directed towards the interests of minor children, and in fact as the consideration states, their best interests.
76.In considering the best interests of minor children I am directed to consider a number of specific factors. Those which are relevant here are: ‘the nature and duration of the relationship between the child and the non-citizen’ noting ‘that less weight should generally be given where the relationship is non-parental, and/or there is no existing relationship and/or there have been long periods of absence, or limited meaningful contact’ (cl.13.2(4)(a)); ‘the extent to which the non-citizen is likely to play a positive parental role in the future, taking into account the length of time until the child turns 18...’ (cl.13.2(4)(b)); ‘the impact of the non-citizen’s prior conduct, and any likely future conduct, and whether that conduct has, or will have a negative impact on the child’ (cl.13.2(4)(c)); ‘the likely effect that any separation from the non-citizen would have on the child, taking into account the child’s or non-citizen’s ability to maintain contact in other ways’ (cl.13.2(4)(d)); ‘whether there are other persons who already fulfil a parental role in relation to the child’ (cl.13.2(4)(e)); and ‘any known views of the child (with those views being given due weight in accordance with the age and maturity of the child’) (cl.13.2(4)(f)). I have reproduced these factors so that the observations I make below can be understood in context.
77.The minor children who were referred to in the evidence are RGKY ’s own child who is about 17 months old, his two younger brothers aged 16 and 13 and his younger sister aged 14 and his nieces and nephews. There was not a great deal of evidence about any of the minor children other than RGKY ’s own child.
78.RGKY had about six or seven weeks’ interaction with his son after he was born and before RGKY commenced his most recent period of imprisonment which was followed by him being placed in detention. There has been a relatively short period of day in day out meaningful contact with his son.
79.Before March this year, when restrictions were imposed due to the pandemic, he was visited by his son, about once a week and sometimes twice a week. During those visits he played with his son and attended to the types of things fathers often do with babies such as changing nappies, feeding and comforting the baby and so on. He has since then spoken to him every day on telephone or by using a social media platform such as FaceTime. Although this contact is meaningful it would be wrong to overstate it especially when measured against what might be considered to be the more optimal or ideal relationship between father and son involving as it does daily contact and daily physical involvement in the child’s life.
80.I accept the statements of RGKY , his grandfather and grandmother, Ms MQ and others, about RGKY ’s devotion to his son both in the past and in all likelihood into the future. I accept his and their desire that RGKY be part of his son’s life as he grows up. All of those things can only be something that would be positive in a child’s upbringing and therefore in the best interests of the child.
81.Those things need to be measured very carefully given RGKY ’s criminal history and, in particular, the fact that that history involves offending against his son’s mother and his own mother when his son was present and in her care. I am unable to find that RGKY would, on balance, be likely to play a positive parental role in his son’s life in the future given those matters and my assessment concerning the likelihood of him re-offending. Moreover, should the kinds of offending in the past be repeated in the future I consider that will invariably have a negative impact on RGKY ’s son because of its likely psychological impact upon the child. It is to be remembered that RGKY ’s most recent offending against his mother was in the presence of his child. These are matters that cause me to moderate the weight that I give to this consideration.
82.As is likely to be the case, separation from his father should RGKY return to New Zealand will necessarily have something of a negative impact on RGKY’s son. I am unable to make any assessment at all as to the magnitude of that impact because of the dearth of information that was presented. So much is self-evident, but contact will be able to be maintained in other ways such as by phone and by resort to social media platforms as has been done since March this year so that the effect upon him will be mitigated. RGKY ’s son is obviously too young to express his preference about RGKY remaining in Australia. His son has his mother who is able to fulfil a parental role.
83.So far as RGKY ’s younger brothers and sister are concerned, I accept they would be quite upset about RGKY being required to return to New Zealand even though they did not give direct evidence about that. I do not know a great deal about their present relationship with RGKY or even their relationship in his adult years. The relationship is not parental. It can be given that in their youth the children were close by reason of their plight in foster care and the fact that RGKY assumed something of a paternal role in their upbringing. That obviously did not continue in recent years because of his incarceration and detention. Again, his potential future role in their upbringing needs to be approached cautiously because of his offence record and his likelihood of re-offending. That is another reason why I have given consideration of their best interests less weight. Like with his own child he will be able to maintain contact with them by phone and social media in the event of non-revocation. RGKY ’s relationship with them is not parental so that I should give less weight to this consideration in their cases because that is what the Direction requires.
84.I am unable to give any meaningful consideration to the best interests of RGKY ’s nieces and nephews as I know so little about their situations. There was no direct evidence about their family situation or the detail of the nature of their relationship with RGKY both now and in the past. Nonetheless I think it is reasonable to give some weight to their position because of the relationship they have had with RGKY .
86.In my view, the best interests of RGKY ’s child weighs moderately in favour of revocation. The best interests of RGKY ’s minor brothers and sister weigh slightly in favour of revocation. The best interests of his minor nieces and nephews also weigh slightly in favour of revocation.
As the primary Judge explained:
56.…Direction 79 required the Tribunal to make a determination of what the best interests of the child were, as French CJ, Kiefel, Bell and Keane JJ made plain in Uelese v Minister for Immigration (2015) 256 CLR 203 at 233 [64] in relation to an earlier version of Direction 79. They held that a review conducted by the Tribunal under s 500 of the Act was inquisitorial, not adversarial (256 CLR at 221 [62]–[63]). They said of an analogue of cl 13.2(1)
Whether or not the appellant sought to make the interests of those children a positive aspect of his case, the Tribunal was obliged by s 499 of the Act and the terms of Direction 55 to take into account the interests of any minor children of which it was aware in determining his application for review. By virtue of s 499 and Direction 55, one of the primary considerations for the Tribunal concerned the interests of children who were not themselves represented in the proceedings before the Tribunal. The requirement of cl 9.3 of Direction 55 to consider the best interests of minor children in Australia affected by the decision is imposed on decision-makers in terms which are not dependent on whether an applicant for review argues that those interests are relevant as part of his or her “case”.
(emphasis added)
At [82] the Tribunal found that the removal of the first respondent to New Zealand would have “something of a negative impact” on the first respondent’s son, however it was “unable to make any assessment at all as to the magnitude of that impact…” However, it is difficult to reconcile this finding with the earlier observation of the Tribunal at [79] concerning the active engagement of the first respondent with his son, including:
Before March this year, when restrictions were imposed due to the pandemic he was visited by his son, about once a week and sometimes twice a week. During those visits he played with his son and attended to the types of things fathers often do with babies such as changing nappies, feeding and comforting the baby and so on. He has since then spoken to him every day on telephone or by using a social media platform such as FaceTime. Although this contact is meaningful it would be wrong to overstate it especially when measured against what might be considered to be the more optimal or ideal relationship between father and son involving as it does daily contact and daily physical involvement in the child’s life.
It is unclear how the Tribunal, having identified the nature and value of the relationship between the first respondent and his son, was unable to quantify the effect his removal to New Zealand would have on that relationship, and on the best interests of the first respondent’s son. It is not sufficient that the Tribunal generalise the likelihood of damage to the son in such a situation, and make no further observation other than that the child would be subject to “something of a negative impact” should the cancellation of the first respondent’s visa not be revoked.
This statement cannot be construed as the end result of an active intellectual process on the part of the Tribunal in identifying the best interests of the first respondent’s son, and the effect the first respondent’s removal would have on him. Ultimately, I endorse the finding of the primary Judge at [56] that the Tribunal failed to make any finding as to what the best interests of the first respondent’s son would be, and the weight to be attributed to those interests.
Second, I do not accept that there was a “dearth of evidence” before the Tribunal such that it was unable to make a finding of the best interests of the first respondent’s son. As the primary Judge observed at [57], the Tribunal conducted a two-day hearing. His Honour further observed at [58] that there was, for example, evidence of the desire of the first respondent to have a normal parental relationship with his son, involving day-to-day contact, both physical and emotional, together with the ordinary incidents of parental upbringing of a child in a household with the other parent; evidence of the actual interactions between the first respondent and his son; evidence of the age of the first respondent’s son; and the wish of the first respondent’s partner MQ that the child have a normal parent-child relationship with the first respondent. As the primary Judge observed:
59.Ordinarily, the best interests of a child are to have two loving parents who wish to care for and look after the child in the family home. While that is a matter that, in the evaluation of any particular case, is a factual finding, the Tribunal was obliged to engage in some real and active intellectual process that considered and made a finding about what would be the best interests of the child if he was deprived permanently of one of his two parents….
Third, I do not accept the appellant’s submission that:
·the “[first respondent’s] clearly articulated claim of a change in character after he went into custody following the birth of his son” (which forms the basis for ground 2) was also relevant to ground 1,
·the first respondent’s claim of a change in character was actually considered but not accepted by the Tribunal, and
·accordingly, the primary Judge erred by finding at [54] that (in dealing with ground 1) the first respondent’s claim of change of character was not considered by the Tribunal.”
As the primary Judge explained:
54.The applicant’s clearly articulated claim of a change of character after he went into custody following the birth of his son is the basis of the second ground of review in this matter. But, its consideration was also relevant to the Tribunal’s finding in [81] as to the risk of the applicant’s reoffending. As I have noted, the Minister accepted that the Tribunal had not referred expressly to or dealt with that claim in its reasons other than to recognise that the applicant, his witnesses and other evidence raised his change of character.
(emphasis added)
I am not satisfied that any observations of the Tribunal as to claimed changes of character on the part of the first respondent, referable to ground 2, constituted an answer to the first respondent’s claim of change of character referable to his risk of reoffending and the best interests of his minor child (and the subject of ground 1). The Tribunal at [81] concluded that the first respondent would be unlikely to play a positive parental role in his child’s life in the future, given the Tribunal’s assessment of the likelihood of his reoffending. There was no engagement by the Tribunal in that context with the first respondent’s clearly articulated claim that he had experienced a change in character following his incarceration after the birth of his son.
Fourth, the appellant claimed error by the primary Judge in finding that there was a duty upon the Tribunal to inquire, and that this was breached.
The primary Judge referred to Uelese, where the High Court observed as follows:
62.Secondly, the Minister's submission seeks to import into the inquisitorial review function of the Tribunal notions appropriate to adversarial proceedings conducted in accordance with formal rules of pleading. That approach is inappropriate to the kind of review undertaken by the Tribunal.
63.In Applicant VEAL of 2002 v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs, this Court cautioned against transposing the language and mindset of adversarial litigation to inquisitorial decision-making of the kind authorised by s 500 of the Act. It is true, as the Full Court of the Federal Court rightly observed in Jagroop, that both s 500 of the Act and the AAT Act "contemplate participation by both the applicant and the Minister in the [Tribunal] hearing." Section 500(6H) expressly contemplates that the applicant will present a "case"; and it is implicit that the Minister will also present a "case". That having been said, it would be to give undue weight to conceptions drawn from adversarial litigation to accept that the Tribunal was not required to take into account the interests of the appellant's two youngest children because he had not sought to advance their interests as a positive part of his case.
(footnotes omitted)
Turning specifically to the reasons of the primary Judge, his Honour continued at [56]-[58]:
56.However, I am of opinion that the Tribunal’s statement that it was unable to make any assessment at all as to the magnitude of the impact of separation of the applicant from his son that would be caused by his removal to New Zealand beyond saying anything more than that it would have “something of a negative impact” on the son, eschewed making any finding of exactly what the best interests of the child would be. That was a material jurisdictional error. Direction 79 required the Tribunal to make a determination of what the best interests of the child were, as French CJ, Kiefel, Bell and Keane JJ made plain in Uelese v Minister for Immigration (2015) 256 CLR 203 at 233 [64] in relation to an earlier version of Direction 79. They held that a review conducted by the Tribunal under s 500 of the Act was inquisitorial, not adversarial (256 CLR at 221 [62]–[63]). They said of an analogue of cl 13.2(1):
Whether or not the appellant sought to make the interests of those children a positive aspect of his case, the Tribunal was obliged by s 499 of the Act and the terms of Direction 55 to take into account the interests of any minor children of which it was aware in determining his application for review. By virtue of s 499 and Direction 55, one of the primary considerations for the Tribunal concerned the interests of children who were not themselves represented in the proceedings before the Tribunal. The requirement of cl 9.3 of Direction 55 to consider the best interests of minor children in Australia affected by the decision is imposed on decision-makers in terms which are not dependent on whether an applicant for review argues that those interests are relevant as part of his or her “case”.
…
57.The Tribunal conducted a two-day hearing. For it to say that there was a “dearth of information that was presented” demonstrates that it fell into error in failing to address the task mandated in Direction 79. That is because, as French CJ, Kiefel, Bell and Keane JJ held in Uelese 256 CLR at 222 [65]–[66]:
... The Minister argued that the paucity of evidence about the appellant’s two youngest children in consequence of the way the appellant’s case was presented meant that the Tribunal could not be satisfied one way or the other as to where the best interests of the appellant’s children lay. This aspect of the Minister’s argument must also be rejected.
It is apparent that the paucity of evidence referred to in the last sentence of the passage from the reasons of the Tribunal cited above was not due to the unavailability of material evidence. The Tribunal not only declined to act upon the information which was put before it by Ms Fatai, but it also failed to make even the most cursory inquiry to follow up on this information...
…
58.The task for the Tribunal here was to make a determination of what was in the best interests of each of the son, the minor siblings and other children. The Tribunal had before it evidence that the applicant wished to have a normal parental relationship with his son, involving day-to-day contact, both physical and emotional, together with the ordinary incidents of parental upbringing of a child in a household with the other parent (Ms MQ), and the ability to support the child and his partner. It also had the evidence of Ms MQ, which it had regarded as “biased” because she said that she wished the applicant to have just such a relationship.
I am unable to identify any error of the primary Judge in these paragraphs His Honour was correct to note the inquisitorial review function of the Tribunal, identified by the High Court in Uelese. Further, and ultimately, as found by the High Court in Uelese and the primary Judge in these proceedings, it was incumbent on the Tribunal to both identify and take in to account the interests of minor children. This is a task the Tribunal did not undertake, notwithstanding the evidence before it canvassed over the course of a two day hearing.
Finally in relation to ground 1, I reject the proposition that the primary Judge erred in finding that the Tribunal failed to make findings concerning the best interests of the first respondent’s minor siblings, and minor nieces and nephews. The appellant submitted that the Tribunal did make findings, at [85] of its reasons. I note the following reasons of the Tribunal:
84.I am unable to give any meaningful consideration to the best interests of RGKY’s nieces and nephews as I know so little about their situations. There was no direct evidence about their family situation or the detail of the nature of their relationship with RGKY both now and in the past. Nonetheless I think it is reasonable to give some weight to their position because of the relationship they have had with RGKY.
85.In my view, the best interests of RGKY’s child weighs moderately in favour of revocation. The best interests of RGKY’s minor brothers and sister weigh slightly in favour of revocation. The best interests of his minor nieces and nephews also weigh slightly in favour of revocation.
As the primary Judge noted, however, there was clear evidence before the Tribunal of the quasi-parental role the first respondent had played in the upbringing of his siblings, as well as the evidence of the first respondent’s grandfather concerning the distress of the first respondent’s siblings at the prospect of the cancellation of the first respondent’s visa. The Tribunal itself noted that the first respondent had brothers and a sister, and four nieces and nephews, but made no specific findings as to their best interests.
Ground of appeal 1 is not substantiated.
Ground 2
In my view, ground 2 of the appeal similarly does not succeed. In this context, I make the following observations.
In its reasons, the Tribunal relevantly noted:
34.RGKY put much of his offending down to being taken away from his parents at an early age and his troubled upbringing in foster care. He said having a child has changed him. He said the fact that he has not been able to use drugs while in custody and detention means that he is drug free and that he intends to remain drug free upon his release from detention. He said that he had learnt his lesson from being incarcerated which has taught him how much he misses his family and his son. He referred to the courses he did after his first period of incarceration as being something that would assist him in not taking up methamphetamine abuse again. He says he has full time work available to him with his cousin upon his release. That evidence about his prospective employment when released was corroborated. I accept it.
35.A number of witnesses called to give evidence on behalf of RGKY expressed the view that RGKY had ‘changed’ and that the birth of his son had brought that about. They expressed the opinion that RGKY would be a different person if released from detention and permitted to stay in Australia. Much of this evidence displayed the kind of support that RGKY would have in the local community if he were permitted to remain in Australia.
36.Mr WW and his wife Ms JW who are RGKY’s grandparents gave evidence about their respective opinions about RGKY’s likelihood of re-offending especially having regard to the arrival of his son. Mr JW frankly conceded that his evidence might be biased by reason of his affection for RGKY. Mr WW gave evidence about the views of RGKY’s brothers and sisters who he said were missing him and are distressed at the thought of their brother being removed from Australia.
It does not appear to be in dispute that, before the primary Judge, the appellant acknowledged that the Tribunal had not expressly addressed the first respondent’s claim that he had reformed his character while incarcerated. There is also no dispute that this claim was clearly articulated before the Tribunal, and that the Tribunal was aware of this claim. Plainly, the Tribunal was required to address it and make relevant findings: Omar 272 FCR at 605–608 [36], [39]–[40]; Guclukol at [50]. A fair reading of the Tribunal’s reasons demonstrates that, while the Tribunal considered the first respondent’s history of offending, and the desirability of his changing his conduct at some earlier time prior to the cancellation of his visa, the Tribunal did not consider his claim that he had changed while in custody following the birth of his son.
Further, and importantly, there was significant material before the Tribunal in support of the first respondent’s claim that he had reformed his character following his most recent period of incarceration. This material included the first respondent’s own evidence, the evidence of his grandparents, and others. As the primary Judge correctly noted, there was no further consideration of this material, which was outlined by the Tribunal at [34]–[36] of its reasons, other than its statement at [70] that:
The difficulty with relying on any of his stated intentions singularly or together as indicating some lower likelihood of re-offending than what was assessed in the pre-sentence report, is that only about six weeks after his son was born he was re-offending both in terms of property offences and an offence of personal violence against his mother.
The failure on the part of the Tribunal to consider this clearly articulated claim of the first respondent was exacerbated by the fact that the Tribunal’s assessment of the first respondent’s character was based on his most recent pre-sentence report which was prepared before the first respondent’s most recent period of incarceration in July 2019, and was therefore of limited value in assessing the claim that the first respondent reformed his character during that period of incarceration. Consequently, it cannot be said that the second respondent gave proper, genuine and realistic consideration to this claim.
It follows that ground 2 of the appeal is not substantiated.
CONCLUSION
The primary Judge was plainly correct in concluding that the Tribunal did not engage in an active and intellectual process in considering the best interests of the first respondent’s son and the weight that should be attached to them, as well as those of his minor nieces and nephews and siblings, and that the Tribunal did not consider the first respondent’s clearly articulated claim that he had reformed his character following his most recent period of incarceration.
The appeal should be dismissed. Consistently with the approach of the primary Judge, the matter should be remitted to the Tribunal for determination according to law. It is also appropriate that the appellant pay the first respondent’s costs of and incidental to the appeal, such costs to be taxed if not agreed.
I certify that the preceding forty-two (42) numbered paragraphs are a true copy of the Reasons for Judgment of the Honourable Justice Collier. Associate:
Dated: 2 November 2022
REASONS FOR JUDGMENT
FARRELL AND HALLEY JJ:
INTRODUCTION
On 20 September 2019, a delegate of the responsible Minister cancelled the appellant’s TY subclass 444 special category visa pursuant to s 501(3A) of the Migration Act 1958 (Cth) (cancellation decision). Following the Minister’s invitation to do so, the appellant (also referred to as RGKY) made representations to the Minister in accordance with s 501CA(4)(a) of the Migration Act about why the Minister should revoke the cancellation decision. On 30 July 2020, another delegate of the Minister refused to revoke the cancellation decision (non-revocation decision).
On 5 August 2020, RGKY sought review of the non-revocation decision by the Administrative Appeals Tribunal. As it was common ground that RGKY did not pass the “character test” set out in s 501(6)(a) and (7)(c) of the Migration Act, the application before the Tribunal turned upon whether there was “another reason” to revoke the cancellation decision under s 501CA(4)(b) of the Migration Act.
The materials before the Tribunal are contained in the Appeal Book and they include:
(a)The delegate’s decision record relating to the non-revocation decision;
(b)Copies of representations made by RGKY to the Minister’s Department in response to the Minister’s invitation under s 501CA(3) and to the Tribunal;
(c)Supporting statements made by RGKY’s partner (Ms MQ), his grandmother (Ms JW) and her husband (Mr WW) as well as some of his cousins, an aunt and uncles, family friends and representatives of the Benevolent Society and the Maori community in Australia;
(d)Records relating to RGKY’s offending, including incomplete records of proceedings before the Local Court; and
(e)Statements of facts, issues and contentions submitted to the Tribunal by RGKY (who was legally represented) and the Minister.
Following a two day hearing on 1 and 2 October 2020 (the transcript of which was not included in the Appeal Book), the Tribunal affirmed the delegate’s non-revocation decision and issued reasons for that decision (decision record or DR) on 26 October 2020.
RGKY then sought judicial review of the Tribunal’s decision in this Court on two grounds, namely that the Tribunal made a jurisdictional error because it had failed to give proper, genuine and realistic consideration to:
(a)The best interests of minor children individually in compliance with Direction 79 made by the Minister under s 499 of the Migration Act entitled “Visa refusal and cancellation under s 501 and revocation of a mandatory cancellation of a visa under s501CA”; and
(b)The character evidence on which RGKY relied in support of his contention that his character had changed since his loss of liberty in July 2019 after his last offending.
A Judge of this Court (primary judge) found that both grounds were made out and accordingly made orders setting aside the Tribunal’s decision, remitting the matter back to the Tribunal to be determined according to law and requiring the Minister to pay RGKY’s costs: see RGKY v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs [2021] FCA 750 (J).
The Minister now appeals that decision on the grounds set out at [104] and [105] below.
For the following reasons, we find that the primary judge erred in accepting that the Tribunal fell into jurisdictional error and the Minister’s appeal should be allowed. In our view, the Tribunal gave the requisite level of engagement to the representations made to it in this case and to the change of character evidence.
TRIBUNAL DECISION
The Tribunal considered the factual background at DR[9]-[37] as follows.
The Tribunal found that: RGKY is a citizen of New Zealand. He was brought to Australia when he was only five months old. He always thought he was an Australian citizen, which was unsurprising. To his knowledge, all of RGKY’s relatives live in Australia. His mother was a citizen of New Zealand but is now a citizen of Australia. His father was a citizen of New Zealand, but RGKY is unsure what citizenship his father currently holds. As at October 2020, RGKY had three younger brothers aged 19, 16 and 13 and a younger sister aged 14. The Tribunal found that they have been permanently in Australia for some time if not all their lives. Another younger sister died in August 2012, when RGKY was 14 years of age. RGKY was close to her. In addition to his grandmother and step grandfather, RGKY has 11 aunts and uncles, four nieces and nephews and 36 cousins: DR[9].
The Tribunal accepted that RGKY had a deprived childhood. Ms JW described his parents as regularly drinking alcohol, presumably to excess, and beating him. As a result, RGKY was placed in foster care with Mr WW and Ms JW from when he was seven years of age until he turned 18: DR[10]. The Tribunal noted that RGKY worked during 2015 to 2018 and that he had a white card which permitted him to work on construction sites. Some of that employment appears to have been full time: DR[11].
Sometime in 2017 or 2018, RGKY and Ms MQ became partners: DR[12].
RGKY has a history of criminal offending which commenced when he was about 16 years of age. It involved the commission of about 40 offences over about six years. The Tribunal found that his criminal offending more likely than not commenced at a time when his alcohol, cannabis and methamphetamine use commenced: [DR13].
The Tribunal noted that much of RGKY’s early offending appears to be drug related involving a mix of possession and supply of prohibited drugs and stealing offences, such as shoplifting, goods in custody and obtaining property by deception. RGKY used cannabis and methamphetamine up until he commenced his most recent period of incarceration in July 2019. For the 20 or so offences he committed over the period from December 2013 to September 2017, RGKY accumulated a series of bonds, control orders, periods of probation and fines: DR[14] and [16].
The Tribunal found that there were three juvenile offences of particular note, being common assault, assault occasioning actual bodily harm and using an offensive weapon with intent to commit an indictable offence. These offences involved threatening another young person (a girl) with a knife, striking her with his hand, cutting her leg with scissors and pulling her hair. RGKY received sentences of two years’ probation, a three-month control order and a 12-month control order respectively for these offences. The Tribunal found that these offences were significant in the light of RGKY’s later offences against Ms MQ and his mother: DR[15].
The cancellation decision was based on a decision of the Local Court, made on 15 November 2017, in relation to offences which occurred on 19 June 2017. The Local Court sentenced RGKY to a term of 12 months’ imprisonment following his conviction for the offences of stalking with intent to cause fear of physical or mental harm and assault occasioning actual bodily harm. He was also convicted on two counts of common assault for which he was sentenced to three months imprisonment for each offence. Due to special circumstances, the Magistrate set a non-parole period of only four months. RGKY was also placed on a good behaviour bond for an offence of destroying or damaging property. The Tribunal acknowledged that much of the circumstances of the offences were unknown because documents relevant to their commission have not been found. However, the Tribunal noted that the Magistrate’s remarks indicate that the personal offences were committed against Ms MQ who was then 17 years of age, that they involved violence (which was evident from the nature of the offences) and that the Magistrate described RGKY’s conduct towards Ms MQ as “reprehensible”: DR[17]-[18].
The Tribunal noted that the following happened after RGKY served his sentence and was released into the community.
First, on 22 November 2018, which the Tribunal noted was only a few months after his parole ended, RGKY was convicted of an offence of dishonestly obtaining property by deception. He was given a 12-month community correction order for that offence: DR[20].
Second, on 9 May 2019, RGKY was convicted on charges relating to a series of offences committed on 31 August 2018. Those offences were the offences of common assault, affray, resist arrest, contravene a condition of an apprehended violence order (domestic) and fail to appear in accordance with a bail acknowledgment. The Tribunal found that the evidence about the circumstances attending these offences and the findings made in the Local Court were a little unsatisfactory. However, the Tribunal found that the offences involved RGKY assaulting Ms MQ and resisting arrest by police who gave evidence of having witnessed the assault. At the time of this offence an apprehended violence order was in place. The order had been made almost 12 months previously and, amongst other things, it proscribed RGKY from assaulting Ms MQ. There was sparse detail of the facts on which RGKY was convicted disclosed in the Magistrate’s sentencing remarks. It appeared to the Tribunal that RGKY pleaded guilty to resisting arrest but the other offences were the subject of a defended hearing, the materials relating to which were not before the Tribunal. The Tribunal noted inconsistencies in the evidence which RGKY gave to it concerning the stage of Ms MQ’s pregnancy when the offences occurred and whether or not he pleaded guilty to the charges involving upper cut punches to her stomach. This led the Tribunal to find that it was difficult to rely on RGKY’s evidence about what happened. Ms MQ’s evidence before the Tribunal was that “it never happened” but that evidence was not accepted because of the guilty verdict. The Tribunal found that “Ms MQ’s evidence was likely to have been affected by her desire to paint things better for RGKY so that her main focus of her son having a relationship with his father could be advanced”. The Tribunal found that the evidence of RGKY and Ms MQ was not capable of disturbing the strong prima facie position provided by the conviction and sentence in the Local Court: DR[21]-[26].
At DR[27]-[29] the Tribunal noted the following concerning these offences:
27. A pre-sentence report was prepared in relation to these offences. The pre-sentence report recorded that RGKY sought to justify and excuse his offending even though he was said to understand that unless he changed, he would have to face the consequences. The presentence report also recorded that RGKY ‘failed to genuinely demonstrate an understanding of the impact of his actions on the victim and the other family members’. Most significantly the report contains the most recent assessment of RGKY’s likelihood of reoffending which was undertaken in accordance with the Level of Service Inventory – Revised and assessed his likelihood of re-offending as ‘T2/Medium/High risk of re-offending’.
28. The Magistrate made several observations when sentencing RGKY that are relevant here. First, her Honour observed that RGKY’s grandfather, Mr W, believed that he required ‘mandated counselling, anger management, drug and alcohol cessation and support and, most importantly, meaningful employment to provide for your young family’. The Magistrate agreed with those views and warned RGKY about the seriousness of the offences. Her Honour continued saying that ‘I accept that your girlfriend loves you and doesn’t want to see you in gaol but she is also about to be a mother and she will want that child and herself to be safe and protected, do you understand?’. RGKY agreed he did understand. The observations of the Magistrate support the conclusion that the offences were serious.
29. For all of these offences except the one related to breach of the bail condition, for which he received only a conviction by way of penalty, he was placed on a 12 month intensive correction order. The Magistrate explained to RGKY that what he was receiving by way of penalty was not a good behaviour bond and that if he breached the order he would go before the Parole Board and they would decide what was to happen. …
Third, RGKY and Ms MQ had a son born in May 2019: DR[12].
Fourth, on 9 and 10 July 2019, RGKY stole goods from a motor vehicle: DR[30].
Fifth, on 22 July 2019, RGKY contacted his mother with a view to collecting his baby from her. When he and Ms MQ got to his mother’s home (where the two-month old baby and RGKY’s mother’s other four children were present) his entry was blocked by a screen door. RGKY made threats to “kill you all” if she did not give him the baby. For this conduct RGKY was charged with “stalk/intimidate with intent to cause fear of physical or mental harm” in relation to his mother and “maliciously damaging property valued under $2000”. RGKY’s evidence to the Tribunal as set out at DR[32] was different to the version of events to which he pleaded guilty. The Tribunal found RGKY’s evidence did not displace the strong prima facie evidence provided by the conviction and sentence or satisfy the heavy onus that they present and stated that it formed this view because it considered that RGKY to be “an unreliable historian”: DR[30]-[32].
Sixth, RGKY was remanded in custody in late July 2019, when he was “bail refused” because these offences were committed at a time when he was on an intensive correction order. The Tribunal noted RGKY’s evidence that from the time of incarceration in July 2019 and until pandemic restrictions prevented it, his son visited him weekly, sometimes twice a week. Since then, RGKY spoke to the child on the phone every day. It noted RGKY’s evidence that his son falls asleep with the phone next to him every night: DR[30] and [12].
Seventh, on 13 August 2019, the 12-month intensive correction order was revoked by the New South Wales Parole Board which replaced it with a term of imprisonment of just over nine months, to be served in custody rather than in the community: DR[29].
Eighth, on 20 September 2019, a delegate of the Minister made the cancellation decision: DR[1].
Ninth, on 10 October 2019, RGKY was sentenced to two months’ imprisonment for his offence committed on 22 July 2019 against his mother. He was also convicted of four offences for his conduct on 9 and 10 July 2019. He received a sentence of one month’s imprisonment for one of the offences and a 12-month community correction order for three of those offences: DR[33].
At DR[34]-[37], the Tribunal said the following:
34. RGKY put much of his offending down to being taken away from his parents at an early age and his troubled upbringing in foster care. He said having a child has changed him. He said the fact that he has not been able to use drugs while in custody and detention means that he is drug free and that he intends to remain drug free upon his release from detention. He said that he had learnt his lesson from being incarcerated which has taught him how much he misses his family and his son. He referred to the courses he did after his first period of incarceration as being something that would assist him in not taking up methamphetamine abuse again. He says he has full time work available to him with his cousin upon his release. That evidence about his prospective employment when released was corroborated. I accept it.
35. A number of witnesses called to give evidence on behalf of RGKY expressed the view that RGKY had ‘changed’ and that the birth of his son had brought that about. They expressed the opinion that RGKY would be a different person if released from detention and permitted to stay in Australia. Much of this evidence displayed the kind of support that RGKY would have in the local community if he were permitted to remain in Australia.
36. Mr WW and his wife Ms JW who are RGKY’s grandparents gave evidence about their respective opinions about RGKY’s likelihood of re-offending especially having regard to the arrival of his son. Mr JW frankly conceded that his evidence might be biased by reason of his affection for RGKY. Mr WW gave evidence about the views of RGKY’s brothers and sisters who he said were missing him and are distressed at the thought of their brother being removed from Australia.
37. I will refer to some of the other facts below as is necessary.
At DR[38], the Tribunal noted that it was required to comply with Direction 79 in considering whether there was another reason for why the cancellation decision should be revoked.
At DR[39]-[46], the Tribunal summarised the seven principles set out in Direction 79. We note in particular what was said at DR[43], [44] and [46] as follows:
43. The fourth principle opens with the words ‘[i]n some circumstances’, indicating that there will be specific cases that attract its attention. The ‘some circumstances’ are those where ‘criminal offending or other conduct… may be so serious, that any risk of similar conduct in the future is unacceptable’ and it is ‘[i]n these circumstances’ that ‘even other strong countervailing considerations may be insufficient to justify not cancelling… the visa’. This principle leaves open two possibilities relevant to not cancelling a visa. The first is where criminal offending or other conduct is not so serious that ‘strong countervailing considerations’, or even countervailing considerations alone, might justify not cancelling a visa. The second is where ‘strong countervailing considerations’ may be, in any event, sufficient to justify not cancelling a visa.
44. The fifth principle is that: ‘Australia has a low tolerance of any criminal or other serious conduct by people who have been participating in, and contributing to, the Australian community only for a short period of time. However, Australia may afford a higher level of tolerance of criminal or other serious conduct in relation to a non-citizen who has lived in the Australian community for most of their life, or from a very young age’. So far as this principle is concerned, sight should not be lost of the fact that living in the Australian community for most of their life, or from a very young age, is not at all qualified by the words ‘participating in, and contributing to’ as applies in the case with those who have only been in Australia for a short time. Although it is not expressed to be the case, these are likely to be amongst the ‘countervailing considerations’ that are relevant to the fourth principle. It is also important to note that living in Australia for ‘most of their life’ or ‘from a very young age’ is not something that is to be regarded as an automatic exception to the general position of ‘low tolerance’; the word ‘may’ suggests that the issue is an open one presumably dependant on other principles, the relevant factors that must be considered and, naturally enough, the circumstances of the particular case.
…
46. The seventh principle, like the fifth, states that the ‘length of time a non-citizen has been making a positive contribution to the Australian community, and the consequences of a visa…cancellation for minor children and family members’ are considerations. The use of the conjunction ‘and’ suggests that positive contribution is not relevant to the issue of consequences for minor children and family members so that, so far as consequences for minor children and family members are considered, time is immaterial. Again, these are likely to be among the countervailing considerations referred to in other principles.
At DR[47]-[51], the Tribunal considered the “primary and other considerations” that it was required to take into account under Direction 79. It noted (at DR[47]) that the seven principles “inform” the decision-maker’s consideration of the matters referred to in Part C of the Direction which contains “primary” and “other considerations”. It stated that the primary considerations are: protection of the Australian community from criminal or other serious conduct (cl 13.1), the best interests of minor children in Australia (cl 13.2) and the expectations of the Australian community (cl 13.3). The five named “other considerations” are: international non-refoulement obligations (cl 14.1), the strength, nature and duration of ties to Australia (cl 14.2), the impact on Australian business interests (cl 14.3) the impact on victims (cl 14.4) and the extent of impediments if a non-citizen is removed from Australia (cl 14.5).
The Tribunal considered the first primary consideration “Protection of the Australian community” at DR[52]-[73].
At DR[53], the Tribunal noted that:
The principles and matters that I must consider as relevant to this case are: ‘without limiting the range of offences that may be considered serious, violent and/or sexual crimes are viewed very seriously’ (cl.13.1.1(1)(a)); ‘crimes of a violent nature against women or children are viewed very seriously, regardless of the sentence imposed’ (cl.13.1.1(1)(b)); ‘crimes committed against vulnerable members of the community (such as the elderly and the disabled), or government representatives or officials due to the position they hold, or in the performance of their duties, are serious’ (cl.13.1.1(1)(c)); ‘the sentence imposed by the Court for a crime or crimes’ (cl.13.1.1(1)(d)); ‘the frequency of the non-citizen’s offending and whether there is any trend of increasing seriousness’ (cl.13.1.1(1)(e)) and ‘the cumulative effect of repeated offending’ (cl.13.1.1(1)(f)). I have considered the other matters listed in this part of the Direction and they do not appear relevant in this case.
In relation to RGKY’s offending against a person, the Tribunal found (at DR[54]-[56] and [60]) that:
(a)RGKY’s offending involved violence against Ms MQ on two separate occasions within 14 months and against his mother about a year after the second offence against Ms MQ. The first offence against Ms MQ in 2017 involved a sentence of 12 months’ imprisonment and the 2018 offence against Ms MQ involved punching her in the stomach for which RGKY received a 12-month intensive correction order. All of this was to be treated seriously;
(b)The principles indicate that, generally, offences involving violence against women are to be treated seriously such that a person who committed such crimes should expect to forfeit the right to remain in Australia; and
(c)While RGKY’s offending was not escalating, it was serious.
In relation to RGKY’s other offences, the Tribunal noted (at DR [57]-[59]) that:
(a)RGKY’s conviction for resisting a police officer in the execution of his duty was objectively serious as was the fact that it attracted a 12-month intensive correction order;
(b)The property related offences are not as serious as those involving violence against people. There were, however, two important things about their seriousness: their frequency over a period of six years and the fact that they attracted increasingly serious sentences, with the 2019 offences attracting 12 months intensive correction and community correction as penalties. The Tribunal found that that “perhaps reflects that the earlier penalties do not appear to have had much of a deterrent effect” and the cumulative effect over a period of years makes what might not otherwise be viewed as serious offending “all the more serious”; and
(c)It did not give much weight to the juvenile offending, but those offences were relevant as a foreboding of what came later.
The Tribunal found (at DR[60]-[62]) that: If there was a trend to RGKY’s offending, it was from property/drugs offences to violence against people. In general, the offending demonstrated a continuing disregard for the law which was also evidenced by the breaches of community correction orders, bail conditions and intensive correction orders that RGKY had had the benefit of during his involvement in the criminal justice system. Consistent with the position put by both RGKY and the Minister in addressing it, RGKY’s record of criminal offending was very serious.
Relevantly to the second ground of appeal, the Tribunal then said the following at DR[63]-[73] (footnoted clauses of Direction 79 inserted):
63. Next, I must consider the risk to the Australian community should further offences or other serious conduct be committed. I am required to have regard to, ‘cumulatively’, ‘the nature of the harm to individuals or the Australian community should the non-citizen engage in further criminal or other serious conduct’ (cl.13.1.2(a)) and ‘the likelihood of the non-citizen engaging in further criminal or other serious conduct, taking into account available information and evidence on the risk of the non-citizen re-offending’. (cl.13.1.2(b))
64. First, the nature of the harm should the offences be repeated is likely to be at least as serious as the harm caused by the offending to date. Having regard to the nature of the charges, the offending conduct in 2017 involved physical violence against Ms MQ that inflicted actual bodily harm, but I do not know what her injuries were. It also involved psychological violence, but again I know little about it. The 2018 ofending conduct involved punching her to the stomach and given that she was likely one month pregnant things probably could have turned out much worse. The offending conduct in 2019 involved a threat to kill someone. The harm caused by such threats is difficult to measure especially when there is no evidence about the actual nature of the harm caused. Of course, all these offences cause harm directly to the victim but also to those close to them. There are also the social costs, direct and indirect, associated with such offending. The harm associated with the offending should it be repeated is in general terms likely to be significant.
65. So far as the property related offences are concerned there is obviously a personal cost to those who have had their property stolen. There is the social cost associated with law enforcement and the like. The harm of one individual instance of such an offence is probably not great but over time its cost to the community mounts. The ongoing harm associated with such offending may ultimately prove considerable.
66. Second, it is difficult to assess the likelihood of RGKY re-offending. The most telling evidence in that regard is the pre-sentence report that was prepared in May 2019. Apart from assessing RGKY as a medium to high risk of re-offending that pre-sentence report recorded that RGKY ‘appeared to justify and excuse his behaviour’. That was much the same as he did in his evidence before me where he attributed his wrongdoing to his upbringing and the death of his sister. His lack of acceptance of responsibility for his offending is a significant factor in assessing the likelihood of him re-offending. The report also recorded that RGKY recognised that if his behaviour did not change, he would have to face the consequences. Ominously that is at least in part what this matter concerns.
67. The larger difficulty, of course, is that RGKY even after that report did not change and offended once more by the threats directed towards his mother that led to his most recent period in custody. Before leaving that pre-sentence report it is significant that the report recorded that RGKY failed to ‘genuinely demonstrate an understanding of the impact of his actions on the victim and the other family member’.
68. In his evidence RGKY’s denials of his wrongdoing concerning punching Ms MQ and his culpability in the offence involving his mother demonstrate a lack of any genuine remorse for his wrongdoing. That lack of remorse was, in similar vein to that which is recorded in the pre-sentence report, accompanied by a lack of any genuine understanding about his wrongdoing and a genuine acceptance of responsibility.
69. I accept that RGKY says that it his intention not to re-offend once in the community. I also accept that it is his intention to try to remain ‘drug free’ once released. And I accept that the fact of his young son is some motivation to keep him away from offending as is the fact of the deterrent effect of being imprisoned and placed in detention once more. I accept that he has an intention to participate in rehabilitation courses.
70. The difficulty with relying on any of his stated intentions singularly or together as indicating some lower likelihood of re-offending than what was assessed in the pre-sentence report, is that only about six weeks after his son was born he was re-offending both in terms of property offences and an offence of personal violence against his mother. By then he had already had the experience of about four months in prison because of his offences in August 2018. He had also been warned by the Magistrate that things were serious. He was alerted to the fact that his continued re-offending would have consequences. He was afforded the opportunity to participate in a rehabilitation programme during the course of the intensive correction order. The only matter that is not known, because it simply cannot be tested, is his ability to remain drug free if he were released into the community, but again he had the opportunity to go down that road on 9 May 2019 when he received the 12 month intensive correction order. And he did not take it. It is for these reasons that I am unable to place any significant reliance on what RGKY says about what he intends to do in the future.
71. Some reliance was placed on the fact that if released into the community RGKY would have the support of a strong network of friends and family led no doubt by his grandfather and grandmother. I do not doubt the motivations of those people, but the simple fact remains that that network did not assist much in the past.
72. In like fashion it was suggested that RGKY knowing that he would be deported if he offended again would be a significant deterrent to him re-offending. Although superficially attractive there does not seem to be much going for that in the light of the fact that criminal sanctions involving the last resort of incarceration have not done much by way of deterrence, especially when RGKY was placed on notice when he was sentenced to an intensive correction order that further offending would in fact involve serving the remainder of his sentence in prison.
73. Having regard to RGKY’s long record of offending, the nature of his offences, and the opinion expressed in the pre-sentence report in May 2019 I find that there is a real likelihood of RGKY re-offending again in the future. Considered with the nature and seriousness of RGKY’s offence record I consider that the protection of the Australian community weighs heavily against revocation of the mandatory cancellation.
Relevantly to the first ground of appeal, the Tribunal then turned to consider the “Best interests of minor children in Australia affected by the decision” at DR[74]-[85].
The Tribunal noted (DR [74]-[75]) that it was required to consider the best interests of children who may be affected by the decision to revoke or not revoke the cancellation decision, that cl 13.2(2) of Direction 79 requires that the Tribunal only consider children under the age of 18 years and that cl 13.2(3) requires that, where there are two or more minor children, the Tribunal must consider the interests of any such children individually to the extent that their interests may differ. It also noted that it was important to keep in mind that this consideration was not concerned with RGKY’s interest but rather that it was directed towards the “best interests” of minor children.
The Tribunal noted (at DR [76]) that it was required to consider a number of specific factors under cl 13.2(4) of Direction 79 (see [185] and [187] below where they are reproduced). The Tribunal stated that it had reproduced those factors so that the observations it then made could be understood in context.
The Tribunal then said:
77. The minor children who were referred to in the evidence are RGKY’s own child who is about 17 months old, his two younger brothers aged 16 and 13 and his younger sister aged 14 and his nieces and nephews. There was not a great deal of evidence about any of the minor children other than RGKY’s own child.
78. RGKY had about six or seven weeks’ interaction with his son after he was born and before RGKY commenced his most recent period of imprisonment which was followed by him being placed in detention. There has been a relatively short period of day in day out meaningful contact with his son.
79. Before March this year, when restrictions were imposed due to the pandemic, he was visited by his son, about once a week and sometimes twice a week. During those visits he played with his son and attended to the types of things fathers often do with babies such as changing nappies, feeding and comforting the baby and so on. He has since then spoken to him every day on telephone or by using a social media platform such as FaceTime. Although this contact is meaningful it would be wrong to overstate it especially when measured against what might be considered to be the more optimal or ideal relationship between father and son involving as it does daily contact and daily physical involvement in the child’s life.
80. I accept the statements of RGKY, his grandfather and grandmother, Ms MQ and others, about RGKY’s devotion to his son both in the past and in all likelihood into the future. I accept his and their desire that RGKY be part of his son’s life as he grows up. All of those things can only be something that would be positive in a child’s upbringing and therefore in the best interests of the child.
81. Those things need to be measured very carefully given RGKY’s criminal history and, in particular, the fact that that history involves offending against his son’s mother and his own mother when his son was present and in her care. I am unable to find that RGKY would, on balance, be likely to play a positive parental role in his son’s life in the future given those matters and my assessment concerning the likelihood of him re-offending. Moreover, should the kinds of offending in the past be repeated in the future I consider that will invariably have a negative impact on RGKY’s son because of its likely psychological impact upon the child. It is to be remembered that RGKY’s most recent offending against his mother was in the presence of his child. These are matters that cause me to moderate the weight that I give to this consideration.
82. As is likely to be the case, separation from his father should RGKY return to New Zealand will necessarily have something of a negative impact on RGKY’s son. I am unable to make any assessment at all as to the magnitude of that impact because of the dearth of information that was presented. So much is self-evident, but contact will be able to be maintained in other ways such as by phone and by resort to social media platforms as has been done since March this year so that the effect upon him will be mitigated. RGKY’s son is obviously too young to express his preference about RGKY remaining in Australia. His son has his mother who is able to fulfil a parental role.
83. So far as RGKY’s younger brothers and sister are concerned, I accept they would be quite upset about RGKY being required to return to New Zealand even though they did not give direct evidence about that. I do not know a great deal about their present relationship with RGKY or even their relationship in his adult years. The relationship is not parental. It can be given that in their youth the children were close by reason of their plight in foster care and the fact that RGKY assumed something of a paternal role in their upbringing. That obviously did not continue in recent years because of his incarceration and detention. Again, his potential future role in their upbringing needs to be approached cautiously because of his offence record and his likelihood of re-offending. That is another reason why I have given consideration of their best interests less weight. Like with his own child he will be able to maintain contact with them by phone and social media in the event of non-revocation. RGKY’s relationship with them is not parental so that I should give less weight to this consideration in their cases because that is what the Direction requires.
84. I am unable to give any meaningful consideration to the best interests of RGKY’s nieces and nephews as I know so little about their situations. There was no direct evidence about their family situation or the detail of the nature of their relationship with RGKY both now and in the past. Nonetheless I think it is reasonable to give some weight to their position because of the relationship they have had with RGKY.
85. In my view, the best interests of RGKY’s child weighs moderately in favour of revocation. The best interests of RGKY’s minor brothers and sister weigh slightly in favour of revocation. The best interests of his minor nieces and nephews also weigh slightly in favour of revocation.
The written materials on which RGKY relied in relation to his present or fairly recent relationship with his siblings were:
(a)The evidence of a registered paramedic said that RGKY’s “brothers and sisters – as well as his parents, grandparents and partner will all be affected deeply and permanently, should [RGKY] not be allowed to stay in Australia”;
(b)The evidence of his first cousin that RGKY “needs to be able to be someone his 4 younger siblings look up to & rely on”;
(c)His grandmother’s evidence that RGKY “would be so different if he could stay in Australia with his siblings and mainly his son”;
(d)RGKY’s statement of facts, issues and contentions which included:
(i)Representations that his mother, father, partner, grandparents, three brothers and two sisters, eleven aunts and uncles, four nieces and nephews and 36 cousins are concerned for RGKY’s safety in New Zealand and they are prepared to look after and support him; and
(ii)The same group and RGKY’s son are mentioned in his ties to Australia;
(e)RGKY stated in his personal circumstances form that he would like to stay in Australia “to be with my family as all of my family are here”. Read in context, that should be taken to include his siblings whom he included in his list of family members in that form. RGKY submitted that it was important that, at the end of the page which included the list of his family members, RGKY stated:
My family are very important - my Nan relies on me to help her as she is not well most of the time with Heart issues. I check on my Nan daily and do lots of jobs for her - My cousins, Brothers, sister and all my family are here in Australia and I don’t know how I would live without them.
(f)The 2016 Juvenile Justice Report included in the Appeal Book reported that RGKY was managing PTSD associated with the passing of his younger sister “along with the daily fear his younger siblings may further be removed from the care of his grandparents”; and
(g)A 2019 NSW Sentencing Assessment Report included in the Appeal Book made plain that RGKY “advised that he has family support from his grandmother and siblings”.
In oral submissions, senior counsel for RGKY submitted that the Minister’s reliance on particular statements in the authorities, rather than focussing on what the ratio of the decisions were, should not be accepted. For instance, the statements made by the High Court in SZIAI in relation to whether the Tribunal has a duty to make inquiries were made in the context of the duties imposed on the Tribunal under s 425 of the Migration Act. This appeal, on the other hand, concerns the Tribunal’s approach to a decision to be made under s 501CA(4)(ii) of that Act, where the obligation to afford procedural fairness applies more fully. In this case the issue is whether it was enough for the Tribunal to say that there was a dearth of evidence and that it could not make an assessment of the magnitude of the impact on RGKY’s son of RGKY’s removal to New Zealand (at DR [82]).
Senior counsel submitted that, in this case, if there was a dearth of evidence on a critical issue for the decision, then the duty to afford procedural fairness came into play and the Tribunal should have told RGKY as much. It is not appropriate to discuss this issue in terms of whether the Tribunal has a duty to inquire which has grown out of the decision in SZIAI, which has a context of its own. Rather, it is an issue of giving content to the duty to afford procedural fairness, which is part of the right to be heard as discussed by the Full Court in Commissioner for Australian Capital Territory Revenue v Alphaone Pty Ltd [1994] FCA 293; (1994) 49 FCR 576 (Northrop, Miles and French JJ). If the Tribunal considered that there was a dearth of evidence on the basis of which it would give less weight to the primary consideration of the best interests of children affected by the decision, a party appearing at the Tribunal hearing should have been put on notice of that issue – and that is not to suggest that the Tribunal was under an obligation to give a running commentary on its thought processes.
If it was not correct that there was a dearth of evidence, then the Tribunal had an obligation to engage with the evidence that was there. RGKY says that there was not a dearth of evidence on the issue of the interests of minor children such that if the Tribunal thought it was not enough it had to say so at the hearing. It was not open to the Tribunal, by saying that there was a dearth of evidence, to avoid making a finding about the magnitude of the impact on RGKY’s son of his father’s removal to New Zealand. The Tribunal has to make the best of what it has got before it. If the Tribunal was of the view that it was unlikely that the child would be around RGKY because of the likelihood that he would re-offend, the Tribunal was also obliged to consider what would happen if that was not right in an active consideration of the impact of RGKY’s removal to New Zealand on his son’s best interests. The totality of the case presented must be considered.
Senior counsel submitted that:
(a)Insofar as the Minister relies on the fact that the transcript of the proceedings at the Tribunal hearing is not in evidence and says it was for RGKY to demonstrate jurisdictional error, this is an appeal, not a first instance trial and it is for the Minister to show error in the primary judge’s decision making. Further, while there is no transcript of the Tribunal hearing before the Court on appeal, the Tribunal’s reasons are;
(b)The Minister’s submissions on appeal are in effect a rerun of the matters the Minister raised before the primary judge and they take issue only with elements of the primary judge’s reasoning. On appeal, what the Minister needs to show is that the primary judge was wrong in finding that there was jurisdictional error on the basis of the first ground of review because there was not a dearth of evidence;
(c)The Tribunal did not discharge its statutory task. Rather, the Tribunal went “through the motions somewhat”. While the Tribunal referred to some evidence and some principles, in reality it did not engage with its statutory task, which was to deal with the mandatory considerations set out in Direction 79.
Consideration
For the reasons that follow, we find that the primary judge erred in upholding the first ground of review and the Minister has made out the first ground of appeal. Taking into account the Tribunal’s obligation to have regard to cl 13.2 of Direction 79 in its consideration of the interests of minor children affected by its decision, in our view the Tribunal performed its task in conformity with the principles discussed in Plaintiff M1/2021 at [24] and without falling into errors of the kind described in Plaintiff M1/2021 at [27] (see [107] above).
Put briefly, we accept the Minister’s submission that the Tribunal accepted that it was in the best interests of RGKY’s son and the other minor children who might be affected by the Tribunal’s decision that the cancellation decision be revoked, otherwise there would have been nothing to moderate the weight of in relation to that primary consideration: see DR[81] and [85]. We do not accept (for reasons given in relation to the second ground of appeal) that the Tribunal failed to recognise the claim that RGKY’s character changed after he went into custody in July 2019 which occurred after the birth of his son or the change of character evidence supporting that claim. Rather, the Tribunal found that there was a “real likelihood” that RGKY would re-offend for reasons that we consider were open to it. Given RGKY’s offending history and that finding, the Tribunal was entitled to moderate the weight it gave to the best interests of RGKY’s son for the reasons that it gave at DR[81] and the best interest of his siblings for the reasons it gave at DR[83]. The Tribunal did not err in its consideration (at DR[82]) of the issues it was required to consider under cl 13.2(4)(c)-(d) of Direction 79 in relation to the best interests of RGKY’s son, despite its infelicitous use of language in the second sentence of DR[82]. In the absence of evidence concerning the relationship between RGKY and his nephew and nieces, the Tribunal did not err in according slight weight to their interests: DR[84] and [85]. The High Court’s decision in Uelese at [62]-[66] does not support the primary judge’s finding at J[60] that if there was a dearth of information presented about the minor children affected by the Tribunal’s decision, the Tribunal would have had to make inquiries about the children, especially RGKY’s son. Rather, in the context of this case, the Tribunal’s obligation to make inquiries extended no further than the High Court’s decision in SZIAI at [25] would require: see Sami at [30] and Tohi at [190].
In deference to the parties’ submissions, more detailed reasoning follows.
As observed above, there is nothing conceptually wrong with how the Tribunal conceived the approach to its task under s 501CA(4)(ii) and Direction 79 as described at [111]-[112] above. In our view, the Tribunal applied that approach to its consideration of the best interests of minor children as required by cl 13.2 of Direction 79 and it gave active consideration and the requisite level of engagement to the circumstances revealed by the evidence as discussed at DR[50]-[51].
It is useful to consider the Tribunal’s reasoning in relation to each of the matters it was required to consider by cl 13.2(4) of Direction 79 which are summarised at DR[76]. It is notable that the Tribunal completed its summary of the factors in cl 13.2(4) in DR[76] by saying “I have reproduced these factors so that the observations I make below can be understood in that context”. It is necessary to bear this statement in mind in order to read the Tribunal’s reasons at DR[77]-[85] fairly. We are not satisfied that the primary judge’s reasoning in relation to the first ground of review took this sufficiently into account.
The Tribunal summarised cl 13.2(4)(a) of Direction 79 as being “the nature and duration of the relationship between the child and the non-citizen” noting that “less weight should generally be given where the relationship is non-parental, and/or there is no existing relationship and/or there have been long periods of absence, or limited meaningful contact” (emphasis added).
This factor looks at the relationship between the non-citizen and the minor up to the time the Tribunal makes its decision. After noting (at DR[77]) that RGKY’s son was then 17 months old, the Tribunal considered this factor in relation to that child at DR[78]-[79] as follows:
(a)There were six or seven weeks after the child was born and before RGKY went into custody on 22 July 2019 in which the contact between RGKY and his son was “day in day out meaningful contact”;
(b)The period between 22 July 2019 and March 2020 where the contact was in person once or twice a week, where RGKY played with the child and attended to the things that “fathers often do with babies”; and
(c)The final period from March 2020 during which pandemic restrictions precluded in person contact between RGKY and his family so that RGKY and his son had daily remote contact by telephone or social media. The Tribunal found that RGKY’s contact with his son in this period was “meaningful but not to be overstated” (that is, limited meaningful contact) when compared with the “more optimal or ideal” relationship of day to day contact and physical involvement.
The Tribunal summarised the next four factors it was required to consider under cl 13.2(4) as follows:
(a)Cl 13.2(4)(b): “the extent to which the non-citizen is likely to play a positive parental role in the future, taking into account the length of time until the child turns 18” (emphasis added);
(b)Cl 13.2(4)(c): “the impact of the non-citizen’s prior conduct, and any likely future conduct, and whether that conduct has, or will have a negative impact on the child”;
(c)Cl 13.2(4)(d): “the likely effect that any separation from the non-citizen would have on the child taking into account the child’s or non-citizen’s ability to maintain contact in other ways”; and
(d)Cl 13.2(4)(e): “whether there are other persons who already fulfil a parental role in relation to the child”.
(Emphasis added)
The Tribunal addressed these considerations in relation to RGKY’s son at DR[80]-[82].
The Tribunal accepted that RGKY was devoted to his child and the desire of RGKY, Ms MQ and his grandparents (among others) for RGKY to be part of his son’s life growing up and found them to be positive things in the child’s upbringing and therefore in his best interests. However, the Tribunal also found (at DR[81]) that those things need to be balanced against:
(a)RGKY’s history of criminal offending (involving offences against Ms MQ and his own mother in the presence of his son); and
(b)The Tribunal’s finding that there was a real likelihood that he would re-offend in the future (for the reasons given at DR[66]-[73]) and if he did, it would likely have a psychological impact on RGKY’s son. It is useful to remember that, in making that finding, the Tribunal took into account evidence given by RGKY (as at October 2020) which indicated that he still failed to understand the impact of his offending on his victims or other members of the family (see [143] above).
The Tribunal concluded that it was “unable to find that RGKY would … be able to play a positive parental role in his son’s life in the future” and that if RGKY did re-offend as he had in the past “that will invariably have a negative impact on RGKY’s son because of its likely psychological impact on the child”. The Tribunal “remembered” that “RGKY’s most recent offending against his mother had been in the presence of the child”.
The language deployed in DR[81] suggests that the Tribunal accepts that it is in the best interests of RGKY’s son that the cancellation decision be revoked, but that it would moderate the weight to be applied to that primary consideration because of those balancing factors. This method of reasoning is of the kind accepted by the Full Court in Sami at [24].
This reasoning discloses no failure of active engagement with relevant evidence and representations before the Tribunal in relation to the best interests of RGKY’s son. As previously said, the fact that none of RGKY, Ms MQ or RGKY’s grandparents (or others) took the considerations which the Tribunal set out at DR[81] into account in giving their views of the best interests of RGKY’s son did not preclude the Tribunal from doing as it was required to do under cl 13.2(4). Further, the fact that the Tribunal did take those factors into account does not mean that it did not take into account evidence given by RGKY, Ms MQ or RGKY’s grandparents (and others) as demonstrated at DR[80] or the change of character claim and evidence, it simply did not accept that it was likely to be an accurate prediction of RGKY’s future conduct in the community.
When, in considering cl 13.2(4)(d), the Tribunal found (at DR[82]) that RGKY’s removal to New Zealand would “necessarily have something of a negative impact” on his son, it was picking up on the terms of the submission in RGKY’s statement of facts, issues and contentions dated 9 September 2020 at [28] concerning the interests of minor children which was reproduced by the primary judge at J[39] (see [92] above). Paragraph [28] states that:
The applicant contends that his removal from Australia will have a “negative impact” upon his minor child and his other nieces and nephews and cousins ages of whom are not known at the time of writing.
The Tribunal’s conclusion that RGKY’s removal to New Zealand would have “something of a negative impact” on RGKY’s son was open to it after taking into account the matters mentioned at DR[78]-[81]. It is, contrary to RGKY’s submissions, also consistent with the finding at DR[91] that the consequences of not revoking the cancellation decision for RGKY’s child, siblings and immediate family are “significant, if only in an emotional sense” and its finding at DR[96] that RGKY’s ties to his son were “obviously strong”.
The tenor of the primary judge’s reasoning at J[49]-[50] is critical of the Tribunal’s reasoning at DR[82] for taking into account that, if RGKY were removed from Australia, there would be other means of contact between him and his son and that Ms MQ was fulfilling a parental role because they were not substitutes for RGKY’s son growing up in a household with both parents. That reasoning was in error because cl 13.2(4)(d) and (e) of Direction 79 required the Tribunal to consider whether there is a capacity to maintain contact between the non-citizen and the child if the non-citizen were removed from Australia and whether there is someone available to fulfil a parental role. Where such factors exist, they will generally (and subject to the nature of the relevant relationships) mitigate the negative impact on a child of a non-citizen parent’s removal from Australia, as the Tribunal found in relation to the capacity for RGKY and his son to maintain contact by telephone and social media. There is no suggestion in the Tribunal’s reasons that those things are a substitute for RGKY’s day to day involvement in the child’s life where, and to the extent that, it is possible.
Further, the primary judge’s reasoning at J[49]-[60] also fails to take account of the factors identified by the Tribunal at DR[81] even though the primary judge summarised them at J[48]. As said previously, it was necessary for the Tribunal to take them into account in considering matters identified in cl 13.2(4) of Direction 79 and in evaluating the evidence given by RGKY, Ms MQ, Mr WW and others concerning the best interests of the child so that it could make a properly informed determination of the best interests of RGKY’s son, as required by cl 13.2(1) of Direction 79. With respect, the primary judge fell into impermissible merits review in his Honour’s reliance on the evidence of Ms MQ, Mr WW and others at J[51]-[60] without taking into account that the Tribunal must also take those balancing factors into account in reaching its determination.
It is true that the sentence in DR[82] “I am unable to make any assessment at all of the magnitude of that impact because of the dearth of information” is somewhat jarring in what is otherwise thorough reasoning. It might be thought to be more fittingly placed in DR[83] or [84] having regard to the Tribunal’s comment at DR[77] that there was not a great deal of evidence about any of the minor children other than RGKY’s own child. However, the Court should not be concerned with such looseness or unhappy phrasing in the Tribunal’s language: see Collector of Customs v Pozzolanic [1993] FCA 456; (1993) 43 FCR 280 at 287 approved by the High Court in Wu Shan Liang at 271-272.
Further, these things should also be taken into account in relation to that remark:
(a)“Dearth”, as defined in the Macquarie Dictionary, means “scarcity or scanty supply; lack”. That word was not wholly inapt to the availability of reliable evidence (as to which see (b)-(e) below) concerning the impact on RGKY’s son of his father’s removal to New Zealand. It is also possible that, having regard to the context, the Tribunal meant that the evidence did not just point one way, even though that is not a usual meaning of “dearth”;
(b)RGKY’s son was an infant. This is not a case where the child was capable of giving his views for the purposes of cl 13.2(4)(f) of Direction 79. It is also not a case where the father and child had lived together for a length of time during which the father was in the community as the child grew up and observations could be made of the impact on the child of its parent’s absence (eg, overseas or in custody);
(c)The Tribunal reasonably considered that the evidence given by Ms MQ should be treated with caution because it was tailored to achieve an outcome that she desired. Mr WW acknowledged that his evidence might be optimistic because of his affection for RGKY. Some others who gave evidence did not have experience of RGKY’s current relationships (for instance, some evidence relied on reports from Ms MQ). The Tribunal was also entitled to treat RGKY’s evidence as to his future conduct as aspirational since his capacity to avoid drugs and his consequent capacity not to re-offend were untested in the community since the birth of his child and he had proved incapable of not re-offending despite many sentences short of imprisonment before the birth of his child, and he had re-offended after the birth of the child;
(d)The likely actual relationship between RGKY and the child in the future was not susceptible of a precise finding so that the magnitude of the impact of its loss on the child was also not capable of precise measurement even though the Tribunal accepted (at DR[91]) that it was significant that there would be an emotional impact on the child. As acknowledged by the Tribunal at DR[34]-[36] and [80], the evidence did disclose that RGKY and his immediate family wanted the relationship between RGKY and his son to be a good one, with a father who had given up drugs and criminal offending where RGKY and Ms MQ remained in a relationship and in the same home. However, the Tribunal had found that there was a “real likelihood” that RGKY would re-offend and his capacity to remain drug free was untested in the community. While RGKY, Ms MQ and his grandparents envisaged an ideal future with RGKY in the future, other evidence indicated that RGKY was damaged by the time he spent with a neglectful, alcoholic mother. That supported the Tribunal’s view that if RGKY did re-offend in the future as he had in the past (of which there was a “real likelihood”), then his son would suffer psychological damage; and
(e)There was no expert evidence.
Most importantly, having made a finding that RGKY’s removal from Australia would have “something of a negative impact” on his son, the Tribunal did not have an obligation to make a finding about the exact magnitude of the negative impact on the child of RGKY’s removal to New Zealand.
The primary judge’s finding at J[56] that the Tribunal’s stated inability to make any assessment at all of its magnitude thereby “eschewed making any finding of exactly what the best interests of the child would be” was in error. Under cl 13.2(4)(d) of Direction 79 (which was under consideration at DR[82]), the Tribunal was only obliged to consider “the likely effect that any separation from the non-citizen would have on the child taking into account the child’s or non-citizen’s ability to maintain contact in other ways”. The Tribunal did that at DR[82] by finding that RGKY’s removal would have “something of a negative impact” on his son and going on to consider that telephone and social media contact would mitigate that negative effect. The Tribunal satisfied cl 13.2(4)(e) by recognising that RGKY’s son would also have his mother to fulfil a parental role. The fact that a child has a person (indeed, a parent) able to fulfil a parental role is consequential when the issue is the likely impact on the child of the other parent’s removal from Australia.
Further, cl 13.2(4)(d) and (e) were only some of several factors set out in cl 13.2(4) that the Tribunal was required to consider in making the ultimate determination required by cl 13.2(1) of Direction 79 of whether revocation of the cancellation decision was in the best interests of the child. We accept the Minister’s submission that it is implicit in the Tribunal’s finding at DR[85] that the best interests of RGKY’s son weighed in favour of revocation of the cancellation decision. Logically, that is the only way that that primary consideration could be given “moderate” weight. It also reflects the language used by the Tribunal in the last sentence of DR[81].
In our view, having regard to the terms of DR[80] and the decision record as a whole, the Tribunal proceeded from the commonly held assumption that in most cases a child’s best interests are served by remaining with their parents where that is possible. We discern no error in the Tribunal relying on the factors that it did at DR[80] to [82] in determining the weight that it would accord that consideration in relation to RGKY’s son. In this regard, the Tribunal’s reasoning (including at DR[106]) is similar to the Tribunal’s reasoning which was not found to be in error in Sebastian and Sami.
Before returning to the interests of RGKY’s minor siblings and nieces and nephews, it is necessary to say something concerning the primary judge’s finding at J[60] that if there really were a dearth of information about the best interests of the children, particularly RGKY’s son, the Tribunal would have had to make inquiries about their best interests. In so saying, the primary judge relied on the High Court’s decision in Uelese at [62]-[66]. With respect, we do not agree that the decision in Uelese supports that proposition.
The issue in Uelese was whether the Tribunal was able or obliged to consider the interests of minor children in circumstances where the fact that Mr Uelese had children was not raised in submissions he made to the Tribunal but it became evident that he had children in the Minister’s cross-examination of another witness at the hearing of an application for review of a delegate’s decision made under s 501(2) of the Migration Act to cancel Mr Uelese’s visa. The Minister sought to argue that the primary consideration of the best interests of the children under Direction 55 was not relevant because it had not been raised as part of Mr Uelese’s case. The High Court (at [64] and [68]) found that whether or not it was part of the non-citizen’s “case” that relevant minor children’s best interests would be served by the revocation of the cancellation decision, the Tribunal had an obligation under s 499 of the Migration Act and Direction 55 to consider that matter and the Tribunal erred in not doing so because of a misunderstanding of the impact of s 500(6H) on its capacity to take into account the witness’s evidence given under cross-examination.
We accept the Minister’s submission that this case is distinguishable from Uelese because in this case the Tribunal implicitly made findings required by cl 13.2(1) and expressly made findings about the weight that should be accorded the best interests of the minor children at DR[81], [83] to [85] and [106].
The plurality of the High Court in Uelese noted (at [66]) that that the Tribunal had “not only declined to act upon the information which was put before it by [the witness], but it also failed to make even the most cursory inquiry to follow up on this information”. The plurality went on to say (at [67]) that they found it unnecessary in that case “to seek to chart the boundaries of the Tribunal’s obligation to inquire after the best interests of the children of an applicant for review”. In our view, the decision in Uelese does not require or encourage a finding that a Tribunal is obliged to make enquiries greater than “an obvious enquiry about a critical fact, the evidence of which is easily ascertained” as discussed in SZIAI at [25]. That was the view taken by the Full Court in Sami at [30] where it said:
Similar misconceptions underpin the proposition in the appellant’s supplementary submissions to the effect that the tribunal erred in not making inquiries about the adverse effects there would be on the children if the appellant’s visa is cancelled. The principles cited in the appellant’s supplementary submissions simply do not engage with the facts of the present case. The tribunal in this case found it was in the best interests of the children for the appellant to remain in Australia. The tribunal was not required to make any further finding about the particular kind or degree of impact on the children that the appellant’s removal from Australia would have. It was for the appellant to make his case. ... The fact that proceedings before the tribunal are inquisitorial does not involve any form of a general duty to inquire: Minister for Immigration and Citizenship v SZIAI (2009) 259 ALR 429; 111 ALD 15; [2009] HCA 39 at [25].
See also Tohi at [190]. This Court should follow those decisions.
We note that, in oral submissions, senior counsel for RGKY made an argument based on procedural fairness: see [176]-[178]. The issue raised was not the subject of a ground of review, or argument before the primary judge. It was also not the subject of a notice of contention. In those circumstances, we accept the Minister’s submission that it is not appropriate for this Court to address those submissions.
Turning now back to the consideration of the interests of RGKY’s siblings, the primary judge made no ultimate findings about their interests at J[61]-[62] but found the Tribunal’s treatment of their position was problematic for the reasons there given: see [98] above. Without reference to DR[84], the primary judge found that it was necessary for the Tribunal to make a determination of what was in the best interests of the siblings and RGKY’s nephews and nieces as required by cl 13.2(1) of Direction 79 but that the Tribunal did not do so in accordance with law.
In our view, the primary judge’s observations were in error and it was open to the Tribunal to make the findings that it did at DR[83] and [85] in relation to the siblings for the following reasons:
(a)The Tribunal accepted that RGKY and his siblings were close during their youth because of their common plight in foster care and the fact that RGKY assumed “something of a parental role” to them during that time, but it did not have evidence beyond that given by Mr WW (summarised at DR[36]) as to their more recent or current relationship. The first sentence of DR[83] appears to cross-reference that evidence. Mr WW’s evidence was that the siblings missed RGKY and were “distressed at the thought of their brother being removed from Australia”. Although a somewhat laconic description of that evidence, “quite upset” appears to be a fair description. The evidence does not disclose how the distress is exhibited or its likely impact on the minor siblings’ ongoing welfare;
(b)It is notable that all of the references to the siblings to which RGKY points (see [175] above) are entirely generic, lumped in with all family members. None of the siblings (aged 19, 16, 14 and 13 in 2020) gave evidence of their individual relationship with RGKY and the impact on them individually of his removal to New Zealand. The Tribunal was entitled to regard that fact as significant; they were all of an age to express their view but they did not;
(c)It is notable that the minor siblings are not even referred to in the statement of facts, issues and contentions at [27]-[29], which deals with the best interests of minor children (see [92] above). That might suggest that RGKY did not have much involvement in their lives in recent times;
(d)Having regard to the fact that RGKY commenced drug and alcohol abuse and criminal offending at age 16, that he was convicted of 40 offences in the following six years, that he had formed a relationship with Ms MQ and started his own family and that he was incarcerated or detained for some of the time, it was open to the Tribunal to conclude that RGKY’s “parental role” had ceased in recent years;
(e)It was relevant (and a required consideration) that RGKY would be able to maintain contact with his siblings by telephone and social media;
(f)The Tribunal’s finding that any role that RGKY might have in the siblings’ upbringing had to be weighed against the “real likelihood” that RGKY would re-offend if released into the community was relevant to the weight it might attribute to this consideration; and
(g)In those circumstances, the Tribunal was entitled to find (implicitly) that revocation of the cancellation decision was in the minor siblings’ best interest but to accord it only slight weight, as it did having regard to the terms of DR[83] and [85].
There is no evidence of RGKY’s involvement in the lives of his nephews and nieces, even though submissions made to the Tribunal suggested that RGKY’s removal to New Zealand would have an impact on them. Clause 13.2(1) required the Tribunal to make a finding and it was open to the Tribunal to make a neutral finding: see Uelese at [67]. Nonetheless, the Tribunal accepted that there was some relationship, in effect, giving the submissions the benefit of the doubt. The Tribunal found that it was in the best interests of the nieces and nephews that the cancellation decision be revoked, but accorded it only slight weight: DR[84]-[85]. In the circumstances, we perceive no error in that finding.
CONCLUSION
The appeal should be allowed. The orders made by the primary judge on 28 June 2021 should be set aside and in lieu thereof it should be ordered that RGKY’s application for judicial review of the Tribunal’s decision dated 26 October 2020 be dismissed with costs as agreed or taxed. RGKY should pay the Minister’s costs of the appeal as agreed or taxed.
I certify that the preceding one hundred and sixty-eight (168) numbered paragraphs are a true copy of the Reasons for Judgment of the Honourable Justices Farrell and Halley. Associate:
Dated: 2 November 2022
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