Director of Public Prosecutions v Shang (No 2)
[2025] ACTSC 484
Citation 1
(Para 2)
…It is preferable to articulate the factors that inform the character of an offence’s objective seriousness: R v Miller [2019] ACTCA 25; 279 A Crim R 232 at [22]; and Laipato v The Queen [2020] ACTCA 35 at [156]. Thus, for the aggravated burglary, applying DPP v Clissold [2023] ACTSC 250 at [33] and the cases there…
Director of Public Prosecutions v Niatin
[2025] ACTSC 473
Citation 2
…ACTSC 357 R v Pham [2015] HCA 39; 256 CLR 550 R v Saran [2019] ACTSC 37 Shrestha v R (1991) 173 CLR 48 The Queen v Miller [2019] ACTCA 25 The Queen v Miller [2019] ACTCA 25 The Queen v Mitchell [2002] NSWCCA 380 Parties: Director of Public Prosecutions Rony Niatin ( Offender) Representation: Counsel N Deakes ( DPP…
Director of Public Prosecutions v Rose
[2025] ACTSC 469
Citation 3
(Para 1)
…HCA 25; 228 CLR 357 at [31]. (d)The sentence which the court imposes must be proportional to the objective seriousness of the offence: R v Miller [2019] ACTCA 25; 279 A Crim R 232 ( Miller ) at [37], cited in R v Lindsay [2020] ACTCA 25 at [32].…
Director of Public Prosecutions v Wickes
[2025] ACTSC 443
Citation 4
…62 R v Campbell [2010] ACTCA 20 R v Henry [1999] NSWCCA 111; 46 NSWLR 346 R v Kilic [2016] HCA 48; 259 CLR 256 R v Lindsay [2020] ACTCA 25 R v Miller [2019] ACTCA 25; 279 A Crim R 232 R v QH; R v CR [2020] ACTSC 178 R v SO [2014] ACTSC 316 R v Toumo’ua [2017] ACTCA 9; 12 ACTLR 103 R v Verdins [2007] VSCA 102; 16 V…
Director of Public Prosecutions v Fisher
[2025] ACTSC 442
Citation 5
…] ACTSC 100 R v Fisher (No 3) [2011] ACTSC 111 R v Fisher [2011] ACTSC 56 R v Kilic [2016] HCA 48; 259 CLR 256 R v Lindsay [2020] ACTCA 25 R v Miller [2019] ACTCA 25; 279 A Crim R 232 R v Nicholas; R v Palmer [2019] ACTCA 36 R v Toumo’ua [2017] ACTCA 9; 12 ACTLR 103 R v White [2023] ACTSC 35 Smith v The Queen [201…
Director of Public Prosecutions v Brymer
[2025] ACTSC 430
Citation 6
…TSC 351 R v Lindsay [2020] ACTCA 25 R v Loulanting [2015] ACTSC 172 R v Massey (No 3) [2021] ACTSC 156 R v Michalopoulos [2020] ACTSC 27 R v Miller [2019] ACTCA 25; 279 A Crim R 232 R v NX (No 2) [2019] ACTSC 131 R v Pearson [2020] ACTSC 375 R v Redmond (No 2) [2022] ACTSC 295 R v Rogers [2021] ACTSC 355 R v Rosew…
Director of Public Prosecutions v Kinder
[2025] ACTSC 431
Citation 7
…ti [2020] ACTSC 106 R v Elphick [2021] ACTSC 9 R v Horan [2020] ACTSC 189 R v Kilic [2016] HCA 48; 259 CLR 256 R v Lindsay [2020] ACTCA 25 R v Miller [2019] ACTCA 25; 279 A Crim R 232 R v Slattery [2021] ACTSC 154 R v Toumo’ua [2017] ACTCA 9; 12 ACTLR 103 R v Tracey [2020] ACTSC 28 Thorn v Laidlaw [2005] ACTCA 49…
Director of Public Prosecutions v Tamayo-Del-Solar (No 2)
[2025] ACTSC 372
Citation 8
…40 A Crim R 442 R v Forrest (No 2) [2017] ACTSC 83 R v H [2015] ACTSC 221 R v Kilic [2016] HCA 48; 259 CLR 256 R v Lindsay [2020] ACTCA 25 R v Miller [2019] ACTCA 25; 279 A Crim R 232 R v Nelson [2016] NSWCCA 130 R v Pretorius (No 2) [2016] ACTSC 358 R v Tamayo-Del Solar (Unreported, Supreme Court of the Australia…
Director of Public Prosecutions v Crompton
[2025] ACTSC 352
Citation 9
…111; 46 NSWLR 346 R v Kilic [2016] HCA 48; 259 CLR 256 R v Kirkwood [2022] ACTSC 148 R v Lindsay [2020] ACTCA 25 R v Lowe [2015] ACTSC 116 R v Miller [2019] ACTCA 25; 279 A Crim R 232 R v Newman; R v Reid [2016] ACTSC 102 R v Rosewarne [2021] ACTSC 217 R v Slattery [2021] ACTSC 154 R v Taouk (1993) 65 A Crim R 387…
Director of Public Prosecutions v Tate
[2025] ACTSC 327
Citation 10
…ACTSC 138 R v Hancock [2021] ACTSC 52 R v Hughes (No 3) [2021] ACTSC 344 R v Kilic [2016] HCA 48; 259 CLR 256 R v Lindsay [2020] ACTCA 25 R v Miller [2019] ACTCA 25; 279 A Crim R 232 R v Newby [2022] ACTCA 20; 367 FLR 122 R v Ngata [2015] ACTSC 356 R v Slattery [2021] ACTSC 154 R v Snowden [2022] ACTSC 186 R v To…
Director of Public Prosecutions v Robertson (No 2)
[2025] ACTSC 308
Citation 11
…DPP v Hyatt [2025] ACTSC 103 DPP v Sullivan (No 5) [2025] ACTSC 303 R v Miller [2019] ACTCA 25; 279 A Crim R 232 R v Wyper (No 2) [2017] ACTSC 103 Wyper v The Queen [2017] ACTCA 59; 19 ACTLR 288…
Director of Public Prosecutions v Benn (No 2)
[2025] ACTSC 266
Citation 12
…2021] ACTSC 52 R v Hope [2021] ACTSC 101 R v Kelly [2020] ACTSC 292 R v Kindl [2015] ACTSC 128 R v MAK [2006] NSWCCA 381; 167 A Crim R 159 R v Miller [2019] ACTCA 25 R v MT [2014] ACTSC 162 R v Palmer [2017] ACTSC 357 R v Smith (No 2) [2022] ACTSC 246 R v Taylor [2025] ACTSC 43 R v Teel (a pseudonym) [2021] ACTSC…
Director of Public Prosecutions v Mortimer
[2025] ACTSC 168
Citation 13
…EO [2017] ACTSC 138 R v EN [2019] ACTSC 354 R v Haven [2022] ACTCA 61 R v Horton-Hegarty [2018] ACTCA 22 R v Michalopoulos [2020] ACTSC 27 R v Miller [2019] ACTCA 25 R v Ngerengere [2016] ACTSC 299 R v NL [2018] ACTSC 22 R v Page [2022] ACTCA 65 R v Porter (No 3) [2022] ACTSC 236 R v Smith (a pseudonym) (No 2) [20…
Director of Public Prosecutions v White
[2025] ACTSC 156
Citation 14
…21] ACTSC 9 R v Forrest (No 2) [2017] ACTSC 83 R v Jones [2004] VSCA 68 R v Kilic [2016] HCA 48; 259 CLR 256 R v Lindsay [2020] ACTCA 25 R v Miller [2019] ACTCA 25 R v Richard [2011] NSWSC 866 R v Ruwhiu [2023] ACTCA 18 R v Samia [2009] VSCA 5 R v Slattery [2021] ACTSC 154 R v Verdins; R v Buckley; R v Vo [2007] V…
Chapman v Cottle (No 2)
[2025] ACTSC 126
Citation 15
…R v Hersi [2010] NSWCCA 57 R v Hernando [2002] NSWCCA 489; 136 A Crim R 451 R v Keyte [2000] SASC 382; 78 SASR 68 R v Lee [2017] ACTCA 30 R v Miller [2019] ACTCA 25; 279 A Crim R 232 R v Nicholas; R v Palmer [2019] ACTCA 36 R v Rappel [2019] ACTCA 11 R v RMW [2016] NSWCCA 211 R v Scott [2005] NSWCCA 152 R v Smith…
Police v Margaret Smith (a pseudonym)
[2025] ACTMC 7
Citation 16
(Para 37)
…104․The decision about sentence must be proportionate to the objective seriousness of the offence: R v Miller [2019] ACTCA 25; 279 A Crim R at [37] as cited in R v Lindsay [2020] ACTCA 25 at [32]. The seriousness of this offence, and the impact on the victim, provides cause for close consideration about whether th…
Director of Public Prosecutions v Ierfone
[2025] ACTSC 60
Citation 17
…2015] ACTSC 43 R v UG [2020] ACTCA 8; 281 A Crim R 273 R v Wyper (No 2) [2017] ACTSC 103 Sigalla v R [2021] NSWCCA 22; 357 FLR 148 The Queen v Miller [2019] ACTCA 25; 279 A Crim R 232 Wyper v The Queen; R v Wyper [2017] ACTCA 59; 19 ACTLR 288…
Director of Public Prosecutions v McKay
[2025] ACTSC 42
Citation 18
…CTLR 311 R v Goboly [2016] ACTSC 322 R v Kilic [2016] HCA 48; 259 CLR 256 R v Kindl [2015] ACTSC 128 R v Lindsay [2020] ACTCA 25 R v Miller [2019] ACTCA 25; 279 A Crim R 232 R v Ngata [2015] ACTSC 356 R v Palmer [2017] ACTSC 357 R v Toumo’ua [2017] ACTCA 9; 12 ACTLR 103 R v Wyper (No 2) [2017] ACTSC 103 R v Wyper…
Director of Public Prosecutions v Death
[2025] ACTSC 38
Citation 19
…2 R v Hudson [2019] ACTSC 110 R v Kilic [2016] HCA 48; 259 CLR 256 R v Lindsay [2020] ACTCA 25 R v MAK [2006] NSWCCA 381; 167 A Crim R 159 R v Miller [2019] ACTCA 25; 279 A Crim R R v Newby [2022] ACTCA 20; 367 FLR 122 R v Rahman [2021] ACTSC 257 R v Rappel [2019] ACTCA 11 R v Relph [2002] ACTCA 6 R v Snowden [202…
Director of Public Prosecutions v Hicks
[2025] ACTSC 15
Citation 20
…16] ACTSC 241 R v Henry [1999] NSWCCA 111; 46 NSWLR 346 R v Hidic [2017] ACTSC 307 R v Kepaoa [2017] ACTSC 414 R v Lindsay [2020] ACTCA 25 R v Miller [2019] ACTCA 25; 279 A Crim R 232 R v Munday (Unreported, ACT Supreme Court, Burns J, 23 April 2013) R v Myles [2017] ACTSC 194 R v Ngerengere (No 3) [2016] ACTSC 29…
Director of Public Prosecutions v Duong
[2025] ACTSC 14
Citation 21
…68 R v Ho [2019] ACTSC 41 R v Ho [2019] ACTSC 41 R v Krizaic [2021] ACTSC 147 R v Li; R v Jin [2014] ACTSC 304 R v Lindsay [2020] ACTCA 25 R v Miller [2019] ACTCA 25; 279 A Crim R 232 R v Nguyen [2018] ACTSC 130 R v Nguyen [2018] ACTSC 130 R v Nikro [2015] ACTSC 231 R v Pham (unreported, ACT Supreme Court, Murrell…
Director of Public Prosecutions v Al Kinani
[2024] ACTSC 385
Citation 22
…2 CLR 520 Ly v The Queen [2014] FCAFC 175; 227 FCR 304 Markarian v The Queen [2005] HCA 25; 228 CLR 357 McLeod v The Queen [2018] ACTCA 59 R v Miller [2019] ACTCA 25; 279 A Crim R 232 Mitchell v The Queen [2006] NSWCCA 72 MT v The Queen [2021] ACTCA 26; 17 ACTLR 22 Muldrock v The Queen [2011] HCA 39; 244 CLR 120 O…
Director of Public Prosecutions v Cook
[2024] ACTSC 379
Citation 23
…ic [2016] HCA 48; 259 CLR 256 R v Lidden [2024] ACTSC 297 R v Lindsay [2020] ACTCA 25 R v MAK; R v MSK [2006] NSWCCA 381; 167 A Crim R 159 R v Miller [2019] ACTCA 25; 279 A Crim R R v QI [2016] ACTSC 188 R v Ralston [2020] ACTCA 47 R v Summerfield [2018] ACTCA 20; 273 A Crim R 45 R v Toumo’ua [2017] ACTCA 9; 12 AC…
Director of Public Prosecutions v Payne
[2024] ACTSC 306
Citation 24
…en [2022] NSWCCA 93; 366 FLR 314 R v Childs [2021] ACTSC 170 R v Cunningham (No 3) [2021] ACTSC 326 R v Fairclough (No 2) [2020] ACTSC 134 R v Miller (1995) 2 VR 348 R v Pattman [2017] ACTSC 331 R v Sharp [2019] ACTSC 175 R v Sidaros (No 6) [2021] ACTSC 24 R v Stott [2017] ACTSC 248 Sumrein v The Queen [2019] NSWC…
Director of Public Prosecutions v Xia
[2024] ACTSC 295
Citation 25
…1 VR 151 R v Kirkwood [2022] ACTSC 148 R v Forrest (No 2) [2017] ACTSC 83 R v Kilic [2016] HCA 48; 259 CLR 256 R v Lindsay [2020] ACTCA 25 R v Miller [2019] ACTCA 25; 279 A Crim R R v Nicholas; R v Palmer [2019] ACTCA 36…
Director of Public Prosecutions v Williams
[2024] ACTSC 283
Citation 26
…ins [2018] ACTSC 127 R v Palmer [2017] ACTSC 357 R v Toumo'ua [2017] ACTCA 9; 12 ACTLR 103 R v UG [2020] ACTCA 8; 281 A Crim R 273 The Queen v Miller [2019] ACTCA 25…
Director of Public Prosecutions v RR
[2024] ACTSC 279
Citation 27
…v Toumo’ua [2017] ACTCA 9 R v UG [2018] ACTCA 64; 14 ACTLR 70 R v UG [2020] ACTCA 8; 281 A Crim R 273 R v Wyper [2017] ACTCA 59 The Queen v Miller [2019] ACTCA 25 Wyper v The Queen; R v Wyper [2017] ACTCA 59…
Robertson v Director of Public Prosecutions
[2024] ACTCA 26
Citation 28
…71 R v Carberry; R v Deng; Carberry v The King [2023] ACTCA 32 R v Duffy [2014] ACTCA 53; 297 FLR 359 R v Kilic [2016] HCA 48; 259 CLR 256 R v Miller [2019] ACTCA 25 R v Nicholas; R v Palmer [2019] ACTCA 36 R v Taouk (1992) 65 A Crim R 387 R v Toumo’ua [2017] ACTCA 9 Suksa-Ngachareon v The Queen [2018] NSWCCA 142…
Barrett (a pseudonym) v Pemberton
[2025] ACTSC 152
Citation 29
…R v Miller [2019] ACTCA 25; 279 A Crim R 232 R v Thomson; R v Houlton [2000] NSWCCA 309; 49 NSWLR 383…
Armstrong v Saddler
[2024] ACTSC 263
Citation 30
…NSWCCA 51 R v Henderson [2009] ACTCA 20 R v Stephenson [2010] NSWSC 779 R v Toumo’ua [2017] ACTCA 9 Rotner v R [2011] NSWCCA 207 The Queen v Miller [2019] ACTCA 25 Vuolo v Fall [2023] ACTCA 33…
Director of Public Prosecutions v Ledbrook-Miller
[2024] ACTSC 254
Citation 31
…SWCCA 2 R v Toumo’ua [2017] ACTCA 7; 12 ACTLR 103 R v UG [2020] ACTCA 8; 281 A Crim R 273 R v Verdins [2007] VSCA 102; 16 VR 269 The Queen v Miller [2019] ACTCA 25…
Director of Public Prosecutions v Matas
[2024] ACTSC 234
Citation 32
…] ACTCA 25 R v MA [2004] NSWCCA 92 R v MacDonald [2017] ACTSC 59 R v MAK [2006] NSWCCA 381; 167 A Crim R ·159 R v March [2023] ACTSC 28 R v Miller [2019] ACTCA 25; 279 A Crim R 232 R v Miller [2015] VSC 180 R v NO (No 2) [2018] ACTSC 37 R v NX [2019] ACTSC 131 R v Ogochukwu [2004] NSWCCA 473 R v Okwechime [2022] A…
Director of Public Prosecutions v Beroukas (No 2)
[2024] ACTSC 294
Citation 33
…R v Miller [2019] ACTCA 25…
Director of Public Prosecutions v Singh
[2024] ACTSC 202
Citation 34
…R v Forrest (No 2) [2017] ACTSC 83 R v Garay (No 4) [2022] ACTSC 138 R v Hopkins [2004] NSWCCA 105 R v Kilic [2016] HCA 48; 259 CLR 256 R v Miller [2019] ACTCA 25 R v Mooney [2017] ACTSC 358 R v Morris [2017] ACTSC 400 R v Newby [2022] ACTCA 20; 367 FLR 122 R v Nicholas; R v Palmer [2019] ACTCA 36 R v Pont [2000]…
Director of Public Prosecutions v Nurzynski
[2024] ACTSC 176
Citation 35
…e Court of the Australian Capital Territory, Burns J, 23 December 2013) R v Kilic [2016] HCA 48; 259 CLR 256 R v Lindsay [2020] ACTCA 25 R v Miller [2019] ACTCA 25; 279 A Crim R 232 R v Peter [2019] ACTSC 22 R v PM (No 2) [2015] ACTSC 358 R v Sharp [2019] ACTSC 175 R v Shearer [2020] ACTSC 100 R v Toumo’ua [2017]…
DPP v JJ (No 2)
[2024] ACTSC 74
Citation 36
…v JB [1999] NSWCCA 93 R v JJ [2014] ACTSC 311 R v Kilic [2016] HCA 48; 259 CLR 256 R v Lindsay [2020] ACTCA 25 R v Miller [1995] 2 VR 348 R v Miller [2019] ACTCA 25; 279 A Crim R 232 R v Mills [2005] NSWCCA 175; 154 A Crim R 40 R v Murray [2016] ACTSC 173 R v Ogilvie (No 2) [2016] ACTSC 265 R v RMW [2016] NSWCCA…
Director of Public Prosecutions v Houghton
[2024] ACTSC 68
Citation 37
…[2018] ACTSC 155 R v Hudson [2019] ACTSC 110 R v Johnson [2019] ACTSC 179 R v Kilic [2016] HCA 48; 259 CLR 256 R v Lindsay [2020] ACTCA 25 R v Miller [2019] ACTCA 25 The Queen v Ruwhiu [2023] ACTCA 18 Veen v The Queen (No 2) (1988) 164 CLR 465…
Calatzis v Jones
[2024] ACTSC 42
Citation 38
(Para 11)
…She then made reference to the discussion of sentencing principles in Earl e and The Queen v Miller [2019] ACTCA 25. She said that the offence was “effectively the offender’s first offence” and that, despite his subsequent offending, he had “excellent prospects for rehabilitation”. She also indicated that she had…
Director of Public Prosecutions v Gordon
[2024] ACTSC 23
Citation 39
…v Jajou [2009] NSWCCA 167; 196 A Crim R 370 R v Kilic [2016] HCA 48; 259 CLR 256 R v Lindsay [2020] ACTCA 25 R v Lockwood [2018] ACTSC 288 R v Miller [2019] ACTCA 25; 279 A Crim R R v Murray [2016] ACTSC 173 R v Nicholas; R v Palmer [2019] ACTCA 36 R v Toumo’ua [2017] ACTCA 9; 12 ACTLR 103 R v Wilson; R v Beath-Wi…
Director of Public Prosecutions v Hartas
[2024] ACTSC 21
Citation 40
…n Duren [2017] ACTSC 132 R v Van Rysewyk [2008] NSWCCA 130 Smith v The Queen [2011] NSWCCA 163 Taylor v The Queen [2014] ACTCA 9 The Queen v Miller [2019] ACTCA 25 Wyper v The Queen; R v Wyper [2017] ACTCA 59…
Director of Public Prosecutions v Hudson
[2023] ACTSC 333
Citation 41
…DPP v Moala [2023] ACTSC 306 DPP v Ip [2005] ACTCA 24 Laipato v The Queen [2020] ACTCA 35 The Queen v Miller [2019] ACTCA 25…
Director of Public Prosecutions v Dritsas
[2023] ACTSC 308
Citation 42
…ACTSC 141 R v Kelly (No 2) [2021] ACTSC 253 R v Kepaoa [2017] ACTSC 414 R v Kilic [2016] HCA 48; 259 CLR 256 R v Kinsela [2021] ACTSC 265 R v Miller [2019] ACTCA 25; 279 A Crim R 232 R v Newby [2022] ACTCA 20; 367 FLR 122 R v Pham [2015] HCA 39; 256 CLR 550 R v Snowden [2022] ACTSC 186 R v Torbert [2015] ACTSC 33…
Director of Public Prosecutions v DB (a Pseudonym)
[2023] ACTSC 294
Citation 43
…114 Saipaini v The Queen [2021] ACTCA 5; 288 A Crim R 191 Sampson v De Haan [2016] ACTSC 327 Taylor v The Queen [2014] ACTCA 9 The Queen v Miller [2019] ACTCA 25…
Director of Public Prosecutions v CR (a pseudonym)
[2023] ACTSC 293
Citation 44
…Reid [2010] ACTSC 59 Saipani v The Queen [2021] ACTCA 5 Smith v The Queen [2011] NSWCCA 163 Taylor v The Queen [2014] ACTCA 9 The Queen v Miller [2019] ACTCA 25 The Queen v PM (No 2) [2015] ACTSC 358…
DPP v Deighan (No 2)
[2023] ACTSC 295
Citation 45
…land [2020] ACTSC 242 R v HC [2018] ACTSC 49 R v Holder (1983) 3 NSWLR 245 R v Hoyle (No 2) [2017] ACTSC 175 R v Lindsay [2020] ACTCA 25 R v Miller [2019] ACTCA 25 R v Stevens (No 3) [2017] ACTSC 297 R v Tran [1999] NSWCCA 109 R v Verdins (2007) 16 VR 269 R v Versteeg (No 2) ACTSC 273…
Director of Public Prosecutions v Small (No 2)
[2023] ACTSC 274
Citation 46
…] ACTSC 354 R v Guode [2020] HCA 8; 267 CLR 141 R v Kellan [2021] ACTSC 314 R v Kilic [2016] HCA 48; 259 CLR 256 R v KNL [2005] NSWCCA 260 R v Miller [2019] ACTCA 25 R v Nelson [2016] NSWCCA 130 R v Nicholas; R v Palmer [2019] ACTCA 36 R v NT [2017] ACTSC 69 R v Page [2022] ACTCA 65 R v SAG [2004] QCA 286 R v Toum…
Ashley Luke Powell v The King
[2023] VSCA 235
Citation 47
…R v Miller (1995) 2 VR 348, 354 (Southwell, Ormiston and McDonald JJ); See also Sentencing Act 1991 , s 3(1) (definition of ‘victim’) as amended by Victims of Crime Assistance (Amendment) Act 2000 , s 22(1).…
DPP v Rue
[2023] ACTSC 270
Citation 48
…lainen (No 3) [2016] ACTSC 297 R v Kelly [2020] ACTSC 292 R v Kilic [2016] HCA 48; 259 CLR 256 R v MAK [2006] NSWCCA 381; 167 A Crim R 159 R v Miller [2019] ACTCA 25 R v MT [2014] ACTSC 162 R v Naing [2023] ACTSC 210 R v Newby [2022] ACTCA 20; 367 FLR 122 R v Okwechime [2022] ACTSC 233 R v Palmer [2017] ACTSC 357…
Director of Public Prosecutions v Barrett
[2023] ACTSC 260
Citation 49
…G v The Queen [2010] NSWCCA 28; 55 MVR 180 The Queen v De Simoni (1981) 147 CLR 383 The Queen v Kilic [2016] HCA 48; 259 CLR 256 The Queen v Miller [2019] ACTCA 25; 279 A Crim R 232 The Queen v Newby [2022] ACTCA 20; 367 FLR 122 The Queen v Olbrich [1999] HCA 54; 199 CLR 270 The Queen v Ruwhiu [2023] ACTCA 18…
R v White
[2023] ACTCA 35
Citation 50
…19; 174 ACTR 32 R v Scott [2005] NSWCCA 152 R v Tonari [2014] NSWCCA 232 Royer v The State of Western Australia [2009] WASCA 139 The Queen v Miller [2019] ACTCA 25 Wong v The Queen [2001] HCA 64; 207 CLR 584…