Hoath v Connect Internet Services Pty Ltd
[2006] NSWSC 158
…he United States: see Telecom Vanuatu Ltd v Optus Networks Pty Ltd [2005] NSWSC 951; Hoath and Another v Connect Internet Services Pty Ltd and Others [2006] NSWSC 158. I would quite understand it if the Commission were to consider this a more suitable topic for the case by case development of the common law than fo…
Telecom Vanuatu Ltd v Optus Networks Pty Ltd
[2005] NSWSC 951
…to do so. Such questions are already rearing their heads in Australia as well as the United States: see Telecom Vanuatu Ltd v Optus Networks Pty Ltd [2005] NSWSC 951; Hoath and Another v Connect Internet Services Pty Ltd and Others [2006] NSWSC 158. I would quite understand it if the Commission were to consider th…
Australian Broadcasting Corporation v Lenah Game Meats Pty Ltd
[2001] HCA 63
…ed to the decision of the High Court of Australia in Australian Broadcasting Corporation v Lenah Game Meats Pty Ltd (2001) 208 CLR 199, a case concerned with the public interest defence to unauthorised and clandestine filming in an abbatoir. Your Lordships were not referred to the earlier case in the High Court, discussed in the Australian Broadcasting Corporation ca…
Victoria Park Racing and Recreation Grounds Co Ltd v Taylor
[1937] HCA 45
…a Park Racing and Recreation Grounds Co Ltd v Taylor (1937) 58 CLR 479. In that case the defendant built a platform on his land, which bordered the plaintiff's racecourse, and allowed race commentaries to be broadcast from it. The plaintiff failed in a claim for an injunction. The claim was put primarily in the law…
Bakewell Management Ltd v. Brandwood & Ors
[2004] UKHL 14
…mple of this is Bakewell Management Ltd v Brandwood [2004] UKHL 14; [2004] 2 AC 519. But that will not deter the courts from developing the law unless it is clearly inconsistent with what Parliament has enacted, which this is not. I do not, therefore, see the 1977 Act as any obstacle to the incremental developmen…
[1967] 2 AC 46
[1967] 2 AC 46
…erring to the speech of Lord Upjohn in Phipps v Boardman [1967] 2 AC 46, 127-128, as well as to Toulson & Phipps. He did so advisedly, since although clause 2 of the contract between the Douglases and OK! was expressed as a transfer of exclusive rights to publish (and licence republication of) approved photograph…
[1898] AC 1
[1898] AC 1
…tiff loss by unlawfully interfering with the liberty of others. These old cases were examined at some length by the House of Lords in Allen v Flood [1898] AC 1 and their general principle approved. Because they all involved the use of unlawful threats to intimidate potential customers, Salmond 1st ed (1907) cl…
[1990] 1 AC 109
[1990] 1 AC 109
…ley in Attorney-General v Guardian Newspapers Ltd (No 2) [1990] 1 AC 109, 280 (his speech was not in terms concurred in by the other members of the Appellate Committee but Lord Goff's exposition of the law has commanded general acceptance). In an important passage at pp281-282 Lord Goff stated a broad general prin…
[1997] AC 655
[1997] AC 655
…d faith. Furthermore, the effects of such a change in the law would of course not stop there. Hunter v Canary Wharf Ltd [1997] AC 655, 694 contains a warning from Lord Goff of Chieveley (and other of their Lordships) against making fundamental changes to the law of tort in order to provide remedies which, if the…
[1992] 1 AC 448
[1992] 1 AC 448
…rt of Appeal therefore refused to strike out the claim as unarguable and their decision was upheld by the House of Lords: see [1992] 1 AC 448. Unlawful means therefore consists of acts intended to cause loss to the claimant by interfering with the freedom of a third party in a way which is unlawful as against that…
[2002] 2 AC 883
[2002] 2 AC 883
…irways Corporation v Iraqi Airways Co (Nos 4 and 5) [2002] 2 AC 883, per Lord Nicholls of Birkenhead at 1092, para 77. It follows that fault is irrelevant: "An honest but mistaken claim of right on the part of the defendant is just as much a conversion as a fraudulent purpose to retain another's property is": Salm…
[1901] AC 495
[1901] AC 495
…a bad or improper motive was rejected as a ground for imposing liability. As Lord Watson (whose, views, said Lord Macnaghten in Quinn v Leathem [1901] AC 495, 509 "represent the views of the majority better far than any other single judgment delivered in the case") summed up at p 96: "There are, in my opinion, t…
(1889) 23 QBD 598
(1889) 23 QBD 598
…nlawful ways of carrying on the competition or the dispute. That was how it appeared to Bowen LJ in Mogul Steamship Co Ltd v McGregor, Gow & Co (1889) 23 QBD 598, 614: "No man, whether trader or not, can, however, justify damaging another in his commercial business by fraud or misrepresentation. Intimidation, obstru…
[1964] AC 1129
[1964] AC 1129
…lassified them under the heading of "Intimidation" and the existence of a tort of this name was confirmed by the House of Lords in Rookes v Barnard [1964] AC 1129. But an interference with the liberty of others by unlawful means does not require threats. If, for example, the master of the Othello in Tarleton v M'…
[1932] AC 562
[1932] AC 562
…contractual rights and damage to economic expectations. The example of what Lord Atkin achieved for negligence in Donogue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 always beckons (see Weir at p. 25). But this too is a form of seduction which may lure writers onto the rocks. In my opinion the principle of accessory liability for…
[1988] AC 1013
[1988] AC 1013
…nts of accessory liability for the wrongful act of another person: for the relevant principles see CBS Songs Ltd v Amstrad Consumer Electronics plc [1988] AC 1013 and Unilever v Chefaro [1994] FSR 135. Thirdly, liability for unlawful means does not depend upon the existence of contractual relations. It is suffici…
[1969] 1 QB 349
[1969] 1 QB 349
…v Clark (Engineers) Ltd [1969] RPC 41 and Fraser v Evans [1969] 1 QB 349). The cases cited in the three last-mentioned decisions show a continuous, if hardly abundant, stream of authority. Philip v Pennell [1907] 2 Ch 577 is of some interest as it shows the court addressing the distinction between intellectual pro…
[2004] 2 AC 406
[2004] 2 AC 406
…aw tort of invasion of privacy: Wainwright v Home Office [2004] 2 AC 406. But the law of confidentiality has been, and is being developed in such a way as to protect private information. The process of development is referred to in the speech of my noble and learned friend Lord Hoffmann in Wainwright v Home Office…
[2001] QB 967
[2001] QB 967
…This may be compared with Sedley LJ's view (expressed in the present case when the Court of Appeal gave its reasons for discharging the injunction, [2001] QB 967, para 140) that Mr Douglas and his bride…
[2006] QB 125
[2006] QB 125
…(b) In Douglas v Hello! Ltd the magazine OK! [2006] QB 125 contracted for the exclusive right to publish photographs of a celebrity wedding at which all other photography would be forbidden. The rival magazine Hello! published photographs which it knew to have been surreptitiously taken by an unauthorised photog…
[1909] 1 KB 310
[1909] 1 KB 310
…ch of contract unless one intended to cause a breach. For example, in Smithies v National Association of Operative Plasterers [1909] 1 KB 310 the union undoubtedly intended to cause a breach of the workmen's contracts of service. But they claimed to be entitled to do so because the employer had not adhered to a co…
Prince Albert v Strange
41 ER 1171
…hat there is not a complete jurisprudential void between Prince Albert v Strange (1849) 2 De G & Sm 652 and the cases which can be seen as the beginning of the modern line of authority ( Duchess of Argyle v Duke of Argyle [1967] Ch 302, Coco v Clark (Engineers) Ltd [1969] RPC 41 and Fraser v Evans [1969] 1 QB 349). The cases cit…
[1925] AC 700
[1925] AC 700
…tention was to buy more palm oil. Lord Sumner made this point pungently in Sorrell v Smith [1925] AC 700, 742: "How any definite line is to be drawn between acts, whose real purpose is to advance the defendants' interests, and acts, whose real purpose is to injure the plaintiff in his trade, is a thing which I f…
Millar v Taylor
(1769) 4 Burr 2303
…as any copyright in published works (see Millar v Taylor (1769) 4 Burr 2303, which, with its background and sequels, is well described in Laddie, Prescott and Vitoria, The Modern Law of Copyright and Designs, 3rd ed (2000) paras 3.2-3.7). Kekewich J rightly distinguished between property in the letters as tangible pr…
[1914] 3 KB 356
[1914] 3 KB 356
…version of a chattel equal in value to the debt which it evidenced. In Morison v London County and Westminster Bank Ltd [1914] 3 KB 356, 379 Phillimore LJ was not altogether confident about explaining the basis of the rule: "The defendant bank was the holder of the cheques…and …collected the proceeds in its own ri…
[1929] 1 KB 40
[1929] 1 KB 40
…erting that it has only a nominal value." In Lloyds Bank Ltd v The Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China [1929] 1 KB 40, 55-56, Scrutton LJ recognised the anomalous and limited nature of the principle: "Conversion primarily is conversion of chattels, and the relation of bank to customer is that of debtor a…
[1928] 2 KB 144
[1928] 2 KB 144
…me that we made one": see Ellerman Lines Ltd v Read [1928] 2 KB 144, 152. But on what basis do the judges decide to make authority where there was none before? Or to modify or adapt such authority as there is? There is no easy answer to this. Whatever we do must be consistent with the underlying principles and pol…
Royal British Bank v Turquand
119 ER 886
…such a person can rely on the principle of ostensible authority which in company law goes under the name of the rule in Royal British Bank v Turquand (1856) 6 E & B 327. In this case, however, it was unnecessary to invoke either that rule or section 232, because NWW refused to rely upon the ostensible authority of the receivers. They…
[2004] 2 AC 457
[2004] 2 AC 457
…ence to provide a remedy for the unauthorized disclosure of personal information: see Campbell v MGN Ltd [2004] 2 AC 457. This development has been mediated by the analogy of the right to privacy conferred by article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights and has required a balancing of that right against th…
[1982] AC 173
[1982] AC 173
…performers, would have given Elvis Presley a cause of action: see Lord Diplock in Lonrho Ltd v Shell Petroleum Co Ltd (No 2) [1982] AC 173, 187). The Court of Appeal held that the infringement of the Act did not give RCA a cause of action. The defendant was not interfering with the liberty of the Presley estate…
[1989] 1 WLR 225
[1989] 1 WLR 225
…ight of his own, as in Edwin Hill and Partners, First National Finance Corpn Plc [1989] 1 WLR 225. A bird's-eye view It may be helpful to pause and take an overall look at where this leaves the law. The effect of the views expressed above is to draw a sharp distinction between two economic torts. One tort imposes p…
[1966] 1 WLR 691
[1966] 1 WLR 691
…ucing a breach of contract has also been the subject of a consistent line of decisions. In Emerald Construction Co Ltd v Lowthian [1966] 1 WLR 691, union officials threatened a building contractor with a strike unless he terminated a sub-contract for the supply of labour. The defendants obviously knew that there wa…
[1990] 2 QB 479
[1990] 2 QB 479
…of a third party by fraud ( dolus ) is obviously very similar to procuring them by intimidation ( metus ). Lonrho plc v Fayed [1990] 2 QB 479 was arguably within the same principle as the National Phonograph Co case. The plaintiff said that the defendant had intentionally caused it loss by making fraudulent statem…
[1978] 1 WLR 302
[1978] 1 WLR 302
…peal rejected this defence but the case has nothing to do with the requirements of knowledge and intention. In Greig v Insole [1978] 1 WLR 302 the International Cricket Conference knew that the cricketers were contracted to play for Mr Kerry Packer's company but put pressure upon them to withdraw, indifferent as to…
[2003] 1 AC 469
[2003] 1 AC 469
…act is in many cases treated as equivalent to knowledge of that fact (see Manifest Shipping Co Ltd v Uni-Polaris Insurance Co Ltd [2003] 1 AC 469). It is not the same as negligence or even gross negligence: in British Industrial Plastics Ltd v Ferguson [1940] 1 All ER 479, for example, Mr Ferguson did not delibera…
Lumley v Gye
(1853) 118 ER 749
…al observations on the first three torts. Inducing breach of contract Liability for inducing breach of contract was established by the famous case of Lumley v Gye (1853) 2 E & B 216. The court based its decision on the general principle that a person who procures another to commit a wrong incurs liability as an access…
[1905] AC 239
[1905] AC 239
…en thought that the breach of contract would make the claimant better off, is irrelevant. In South Wales Miners' Federation v Glamorgan Coal Co Ltd [1905] AC 239 the miners' union said that their intention in calling a strike (inducing miners to break their contracts of employment) was, OPEC-like, to restrict pr…
[1965] AC 269
[1965] AC 269
…f a broader tort, usually called for short "causing loss by unlawful means", which was recognised by Lord Reid in J T Stratford & Son Ltd v Lindley [1965] AC 269, 324: "the respondent's action [in calling a strike] made it practically impossible for the appellants to do any new business with the barge hirers. It…
[1892] AC 25
[1892] AC 25
…come involved in devising rules of fair competition, as is vividly illustrated by Mogul Steamship Co Ltd v McGregor, Gow & Co [1892] AC 25. It has largely left such rules to be laid down by Parliament. In my opinion the courts should be similarly cautious in extending a tort which was designed only to enforce b…
[2005] QB 762
[2005] QB 762
…(a) In OBG Ltd v Allan [2005] QB 762 the defendants were receivers purportedly appointed under a floating charge which is admitted to have been invalid. Acting in good faith, they took control of the claimant company's assets and undertaking. The claimant says that this was not only a trespass to its land and a…
[2001] QB 541
[2001] QB 541
…instance, Pill LJ and Potter LJ in Smith v Lloyds TSB Group plc [2001] QB 541, 551, 557, and Mance LJ in the present case [2005] QB 762, 784, para 76. Legal fictions, of their nature, conceal what is going on. They are a pretence. They represent an unacknowledged departure from existing principle. By resorting t…
(1989) 57 DLR (4th) 687
(1989) 57 DLR (4th) 687
…ommerce (1987) 13 BCLR (2d) 300; approved on appeal (1989) 57 DLR (4th) 687; Bradshaw Construction Ltd v Bank of Nova Scotia [1993] 1 WWR 596; and Royal Bank of Canada v W Got & Associates Electric Ltd (1994) 150 AR 93, confirmed on appeal by the Alberta Court of Appeal (1997) 196 AR 241 and by the Supreme Court of Canada…
[1999] 3 SCR 408
[1999] 3 SCR 408
…1997) 196 AR 241 and by the Supreme Court of Canada [1999] 3 SCR 408. In the United States, the Second Restatement of the Law (American Law Institute, 1965) merely refers to "documents in which intangible rights are merged", but the Commentary, at p 242, observes: "It is at present the prevailing view that there ca…
[2002] 1 WLR 2355
[2002] 1 WLR 2355
…horoughly reviewed by Laddie J in Irvine v Talksport [2002] 1 WLR 2355. Both Lindsay J and the Court of Appeal referred to the decision of the High Court of Australia in Australian Broadcasting Corporation v Lenah Game Meats Pty Ltd (2001) 208 CLR 199, a case concerned with the public interest defence to unauthorise…
[1984] 1 NZLR 354
[1984] 1 NZLR 354
…dant's conduct, in the words of Cooke J in Van Camp Chocolates Ltd v Aulsebrooks Ltd [1984] 1 NZLR 354, 360. The majority of the Court of Appeal fell into error on this point in the interlocutory case of Miller v Bassey [1994] EMLR 44. Miss Bassey did not breach her recording contract with the intention of thereby i…
[1924] 1 KB 775
[1924] 1 KB 775
…chattels; but a series of decisions binding on this Court, culminating in Morison's case and Underwood's case [[1924] 1 KB 775] have surmounted the difficulty by treating the conversion as of the chattel, the piece of paper, the cheque under which the money was collected, and the value of the chattel converted as…
[1983] 2 AC 570
[1983] 2 AC 570
…Co Ltd v Deakin [1952] Ch 646 unless it had serious practical disadvantages. After all, in Merkur Island Shipping Corpn v Laughton [1983] 2 AC 570, 607, Lord Diplock said that for 30 years the judgment of Jenkins LJ had been regarded as authoritative and that no benefit was gained by "raking over once again the p…
[1984] 1 WLR 67
[1984] 1 WLR 67
…tractual relations have been treated as coming within the Lumley v Gye tort (like Dimbleby & Sons v National Union of Journalists [1984] 1 WLR 67 and 427) are really cases of causing loss by unlawful means. Causing loss by unlawful means: elements of the tort The most important question concerning this tort is wha…
[1968] 2 QB 762
[1968] 2 QB 762
…stract attention from the true questions which have to be asked in each case. For example, in Daily Mirror Newspapers Ltd v Gardner [1968] 2 QB 762 the Federation of Retail Newsagents resolved to boycott the Daily Mirror for a week to put pressure on the publishers to allow its members higher margins. The Federati…
[2003] QB 195
[2003] QB 195
…olution 1165, quoted by the Court of Appeal in A v B Plc [2003] QB 195, para 11(xii)) that, ". . . people's private lives have become a highly lucrative commodity for certain sectors of the media. The victims are essentially public figures, since details of their private lives serve as a stimulus to sales." Lind…