Gordon (on behalf of the Kariyarra Native Title Claim Group) v State of Western Australia (No 2)
[2018] FCA 1990
•13 December 2018
FEDERAL COURT OF AUSTRALIA
Gordon (on behalf of the Kariyarra Native Title Claim Group) v State of Western Australia (No 2) [2018] FCA 1990
File numbers: WAD 6169 of 1998
WAD 232 of 2009
WAD 47 of 2014Judge: BARKER J Date of judgment: 13 December 2018 Catchwords: NATIVE TITLE – determination of native title by consent pursuant to s 87 of Native Title Act1993 (Cth) – appropriate to make orders Legislation: Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) ss 13(1)(a), 47A, 47B, 56(2), 61, 62A, 64(4), 66, 66A, 66B, 67, 68, 84D, 87, 94A, 190A, 190B, 190C, 225, 251B
Native Title Amendment Act 1998 (Cth) Sch 5, Pt 3, Item 6
Native Title Amendment Act 2009 (Cth)
Cases cited:
Agius v State of South Australia (No 3) [2016] FCA 1416
Anderson v State of Western Australia [2007] FCA 1733
Barunga v State of Western Australia [2011] FCA 518
Brown (on behalf of the Ngarla People) v State of Western Australia [2007] FCA 1025
Coyne v State of Western Australia [2009] FCA 533
Daniel v State of Western Australia [2003] FCA 666
Daniel v State of Western Australia [2005] FCA 536
Gordon (on behalf of the Kariyarra Native Title Claim Group) v State of Western Australia [2018] FCA 430
Graham on behalf of the Ngadju People (Ngadju Part B) v State of Western Australia [2017] FCA 795
Hughes (on behalf of the Eastern Guruma People) v State of Western Australia [2007] FCA 365
Lota Warria (on behalf of the Poruma and Masig Peoples) v Queensland and Others (2005) 223 ALR 62; [2005] FCA 1117
Lovett on behalf of the Gunditjmara People v State of Victoria [2007] FCA 474
Moses and Others v Western Australia and Others (2007) 160 FCR 148; [2007] FCAFC 78
Munn (for and on behalf of the Gunggari People) v Queensland (2001) 115 FCR 109; [2001] FCA 1229
Roberts v State of Western Australia [2010] FCA 1483
Roe v State of Western Australia (No 2) [2011] FCA 102
Sharpe v State of Western Australia [2013] FCA 599
Smallwood and Others v Queensland and Others (2014) 218 FCR 305; [2014] FCA 331
Smith and Others v State of Western Australia and Others (2000) 104 FCR 494; [2000] FCA 1249
TR (Deceased) on behalf of the Kariyarra – Pipingarra People v State of Western Australia [2016] FCA 1158
TR (Deceased) on behalf of the Kariyarra People v State of Western Australia [2014] FCA 734
Ward v State of Western Australia [2006] FCA 1848
Western Bundjalung People v Attorney General of New South Wales [2017] FCA 992
Dates of hearing: In WAD6169/1998 and WAD232/2009: 27 to 30 May 2013; 4 to 8 September 2017; 30 October 2017 to 3 November 2017; and 6 and 7 December 2017.
In WAD47/2014: 4 to 8 September 2017; 30 October 2017 to 3 November 2017; and 6 and 7 December 2017Date of last submissions: 23 November 2018 Registry: Western Australia Division: General Division National Practice Area: Native Title Category: Catchwords Number of paragraphs: 79 Counsel for the Kariyarra; Kariyarra Pipingarra; and Kariyarra Abydos: Mr SJ Wright SC and Ms KM Chalmers Solicitor for the Kariyarra; Kariyarra Pipingarra; and Kariyarra Abydos: Yamatji Marlpa Aboriginal Corporation Counsel for the State of Western Australia: Mr GJ Ranson and Ms AC Warren Solicitor for the State of Western Australia: State Solicitor’s Office Counsel for the Pilbara Ports Authority (WAD6169/1998): Ms EA Wreck Solicitor for the Pilbara Ports Authority (WAD6169/1998): HopgoodGanim ORDERS
WAD 6169 of 1998
BETWEEN: CYRIL GORDON ON BEHALF OF THE KARIYARRA NATIVE TITLE CLAIM GROUP (and others named in the Schedule)
Applicant
AND: THE STATE OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA (and others named in the Schedule)
Respondent
WAD 232 of 2009
BETWEEN: TR (DECEASED) ON BEHALF OF THE KARIYARRA PIPINGARRA NATIVE TITLE CLAIM GROUP (and others named in the Schedule)
Applicant
AND: THE STATE OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA (and others named in the Schedule)
Respondent
WAD 47 of 2014 BETWEEN: CYRIL GORDON ON BEHALF OF THE KARIYARRA ABYDOS NATIVE TITLE CLAIM GROUP (and others named in the Schedule)
Applicant
AND: THE STATE OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA (and others named in the Schedule)
Respondent
JUDGE:
BARKER J
DATE OF ORDER:
13 DECEMBER 2018
THE COURT NOTES THAT:
A.The applicants in proceedings WAD6169/1998 (Kariyarra), WAD232/2009 (Kariyarra Pipingarra) and WAD47/2014 (Kariyarra Abydos) have made native title determination applications (together the Kariyarra claims).
B.The applicants in the Kariyarra claims, the State of Western Australia and the other respondents to the Kariyarra claims (the parties) have reached an agreement as to the terms of the Determination which is to be made in relation to the land and waters covered by the Kariyarra claims (the Determination Area). The external boundaries of the Determination Area are described in Schedule One to the Determination.
C.The parties have agreed that one or more members of the native title claim group occupied (within the meaning of s 47B(1)(c) of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) the area referred to in recital E below as at 30 May 1997, and that, but for prior extinguishment, the native title rights in that area would be those in para 4 of the Determination, but that on the basis of the decision of the Full Court of the Federal Court in BHP Billiton Nickel West Pty Ltd v KN (dec’d) (Tjiwarl and Tjiwarl #2)and Others (2018) 351 ALR 491; [2018] FCAFC 8, s 47B(2) cannot apply to that area because the area was, at the relevant time, covered by an exploration licence.
D.The parties have agreed that in the event the High Court of Australia, or another Full Federal Court from which there is no pending appeal or application for special leave to appeal to the High Court, decides subsequently to this Determination that the presence of exploration or prospecting licences or permits does not prevent the disregarding of extinguishment under s 47B(2) of the Native Title Act in respect of land or waters covered by such licences or permits, then:
(a)the registered native title body corporate may apply to the Federal Court for a variation of this Determination of native title consistent with recital E below; and
(b)in the event of such a variation application being made within 12 months of delivery of the relevant decision of the High Court or Full Federal Court, or such further period as may be agreed by the parties to this proceeding, each of the parties to this proceeding which is a party to the variation application will consent to the variation application being argued on its merits.
E.The variations to the Determination referred to in recital D above are:
(a)in para 2 of Schedule Three, to delete from the description relating to UCL 454 the words “and exploration licences E 4501498 and E 4501722”; and
(b)in para 2 of Schedule Five, to delete from the description relating to UCL 454 the words “and exploration licences E 4501498 and E 4501722”.
F.Nothing in recitals D and E above prevents any party from opposing a variation to the Determination on the basis of the merits of such application, except to the extent referred to in recital C.
G.Pursuant to s 87(1) and s 87(1A) of the Native Title Act the parties have filed with this Court an agreement in writing setting out the terms of the agreement reached by the parties in relation to the Kariyarra claims.
H.The terms of the agreement involve the making of consent orders for a determination pursuant to s 87 and s 94A of the Native Title Act that native title exists in relation to the land and waters of the Determination Area.
I.The parties acknowledge that the effect of the making of the Determination is that the members of the native title claim group, in accordance with the traditional laws acknowledged and the traditional customs observed by them, should be recognised as the native title holders for the Determination Area as set out in the Determination.
J.Pursuant to s 87(2) of the Native Title Act the parties have requested that the Court determine the proceedings that relate to the Determination Area without holding a hearing.
K.The applicants in the Kariyarra claims have nominated the Kariyarra Aboriginal Corporation (ICN 8355) pursuant to s 56(2)(a) of the Native Title Act to hold the determined native title in trust for the native title holders.
BEING SATISFIED that a determination of native title in the terms set out in Attachment A would be within the power of the Court and, it appearing to the Court appropriate to do so, pursuant to s 87 and s 94A of the Native Title Act and by the consent of the parties:
THE COURT ORDERS THAT:
1.In relation to the Determination Area, there be a determination of native title in WAD6169/1998, WAD232/2009 and WAD47/2014 in the terms provided for in Attachment A.
2.The Kariyarra Aboriginal Corporation (ICN 8355) shall hold the determined native title in trust for the native title holders pursuant to s 56(2)(b) of the Native Title Act1993 (Cth).
3.There be no order as to costs.
ATTACHMENT A
DETERMINATION
THE COURT ORDERS, DECLARES AND DETERMINES THAT:
Existence of native title: s 225 Native Title Act
(1)Subject to paragraph 2, native title exists in the Determination Area in the manner set out in paragraphs 4 and 5 of this determination.
(2)Native title does not exist in those parts of the Determination Area which are:
(a)identified in Schedule Four; or
(b)seaward of the lowest astronomical tide of the mainland coast.
Native title holders: s 225(a) Native Title Act
(3)The native title in the Determination Area is held by the Native Title Holders.
The nature and extent of native title rights and interests: s 225(b) and s 225(e) Native Title Act
Exclusive rights and interests
(4)Subject to paragraphs 6, 8, 9 and 12 the nature and extent of the native title rights and interests in relation to the Exclusive Area is:
(a)except in relation to flowing and underground water, the right to possession, occupation, use and enjoyment to the exclusion of all others; and
(b)in relation to flowing and underground water, the right to use and enjoy the flowing and underground water, including:
(i)the right to hunt on, fish from, take and use the traditional resources of the flowing and underground water; and
(ii)the right to take and use the flowing and underground water.
Non-exclusive rights and interests
(5)Subject to paragraphs 6, 7, 8, 9 and 12 the nature and extent of the native title rights and interests in relation to the Non-Exclusive Area is that they confer the following non-exclusive rights on the Native Title Holders:
(a)the right to live on, being to enter and remain on, and to camp and erect temporary shelters and other structures for that purpose, and to travel over and visit, the Non-Exclusive Area;
(b)the right to hunt on, fish from, take and use traditional resources of the Non-Exclusive Area;
(c)the right to take and use water;
(d)the right to engage in cultural activities, including:
(i)visiting, caring for and maintaining places and objects of cultural or spiritual importance and protecting those places by carrying out lawful activities to preserve their physical or spiritual integrity; and
(ii)conducting ceremonies, burials and ritual;
(e)the right to be accompanied on to the Non-Exclusive Area by those people who, though not Native Title Holders and who (for the avoidance of doubt) cannot themselves exercise any native title rights, are:
(i)the spouses, parents or children of the Native Title Holders; or
(ii)people required by traditional law and custom for the performance of ceremonies or cultural activities; and
(f)a right to speak for and make decisions about the use of the Non-Exclusive Area by members of the Aboriginal society to which the Native Title Holders belong.
Qualifications on the native title rights and interests
(6)The native title rights and interests are subject to and exercisable in accordance with:
(a)the laws of the State and the Commonwealth, including the common law; and
(b)the traditional laws and customs of the Native Title Holders.
(7)The native title rights and interests in relation to the Non-Exclusive Area are exercisable for personal, domestic, and communal purposes (including social, cultural, religious, spiritual and ceremonial purposes) but not for commercial purposes.
(8)Notwithstanding anything in this determination there are no native title rights and interests in the Determination Area in relation to:
(a)minerals as defined in the Mining Act 1904 (WA) (repealed) and in the Mining Act 1978 (WA), except to the extent that ochre is not a mineral pursuant to the Mining Act 1904 (WA);
(b)petroleum as defined in the Petroleum Act 1936 (WA) (repealed) and in the Petroleum and Geothermal Energy Resources Act 1967 (WA);
(c)geothermal energy resources and geothermal energy as defined in the Petroleum and Geothermal Energy Resources Act 1967 (WA); or
(d)water lawfully captured by the holders of the Other Interests.
(9)The native title rights and interests set out in paragraphs 4(b) and 5 do not confer:
(a)possession, occupation, use and enjoyment on the Native Title Holders to the exclusion of all others; or
(b)a right to control the access to, or use of, those parts of the Determination Area or its resources.
Areas to which s 47A or s 47B of the Native Title Act apply
(10)Section 47A and s 47B of the Native Title Act apply to disregard any prior extinguishment in relation to the land and waters described in Schedule Five.
The nature and extent of any Other Interests
(11)The nature and extent of the Other Interests are described in Schedule Six.
Relationship between native title rights and Other Interests
(12)Except as otherwise provided for by law, the relationship between the native title rights and interests described in paragraphs 4 and 5 and the Other Interests is that:
(a)to the extent that any of the Other Interests are inconsistent with the continued existence, enjoyment or exercise of the native title rights and interests, the native title rights and interests continue to exist in their entirety, but the native title rights and interests have no effect in relation to the Other Interests to the extent of the inconsistency during the currency of the Other Interests; and otherwise,
(b)the existence and exercise of the native title rights and interests do not prevent the doing of any activity required or permitted to be done by or under the Other Interests, and the Other Interests, and the doing of any activity required or permitted to be done by or under the Other Interests, prevail over the native title rights and interests and any exercise of the native title rights and interests but do not extinguish them.
Definitions and Interpretation
(13)In this determination, unless the contrary intention appears:
“Determination Area” means the land and waters described in Schedule One and depicted on the maps at Schedule Two;
“Exclusive Area” means those lands and waters of the Determination Area described in Schedule Three (which areas are generally shown as shaded green on the maps at Schedule Two);
“flowing water” means the following water within the Determination Area:
(a)water which flows, whether permanently, intermittently or occasionally, within any river, creek, stream or brook; and
(b)any natural collection of water into, through, or out of which a river, creek, stream or brook flows;
“land” has the same meaning as in the Native Title Act and, for the avoidance of doubt, includes any natural collection of water found on the land which does not fall within the definition of “waters”;
“Native Title Act” means the Native Title Act1993 (Cth);
“Native Title Holders” means the people referred to in Schedule Seven;
“Non-Exclusive Area” means those lands and waters of the Determination Area which are not Exclusive Areas or described in paragraph 2 as an area where native title does not exist (which areas are generally shown as shaded yellow on the maps at Schedule Two);
“Other Interests” means the legal or equitable estates or interests and other rights in relation to the Determination Area described in Schedule Six and referred to in paragraph 11;
“resources” means flora, fauna, and other natural resources such as shells, soil, sand, gravel, stone, flint, clay, charcoal, wood, resin and ochre (except, for the avoidance of doubt, ochres for use in the manufacture of porcelain, fine pottery or pigments which are minerals pursuant to the Mining Act 1904 (WA) (repealed));
“Titles Validation Act” means the Titles (Validation) and Native Title (Effect of Past Acts) Act 1995 (WA);
“underground water” means water from and including an underground water source, including water that percolates from the ground; and
“waters” has the same meaning as in the Native Title Act and includes flowing and underground water.
(14)In the event of any inconsistency between the written description of an area in Schedule One, Three, Four, Five or Six and the area as depicted on the maps at Schedule Two the written description prevails.
SCHEDULE ONE
DETERMINATION AREA
The Determination Area, generally shown as bordered in blue on the maps at Schedule Two, comprises all land and waters bounded by the following description:
All those lands and waters commencing at a point on the Lowest Astronomical Tide at Longitude 118.730866 East and extending generally easterly along that lowest astronomical tide to the intersection with a northwestern boundary of Native Title Determination WAD6185/1998 Ngarla and Ngarla 2 (Area A) (WCD2007/003) at approximate Longitude 118.741607 East; Then southwesterly and southeasterly along the boundaries of that native title determination to Latitude 20.455583 South, Longitude 118.782218 East; Then southerly, southwesterly and generally southeasterly through the following coordinate positions.
Latitude (South)
Longitude (East)
20.695250 118.769083 20.764443 118.678153 21.043772 118.736915 21.140558 118.816544 21.188699 118.837395 21.248056 118.855773 21.248305 118.856041 21.248592 118.856294 21.248898 118.856521 21.249140 118.856674 21.250160 118.857274 21.250611 118.857506 21.250958 118.857641 21.251244 118.857728 21.251659 118.857838 21.252354 118.858427 21.254401 118.860709 21.254792 118.861096 21.255089 118.861336 21.255403 118.861548 21.255733 118.861732 21.255902 118.861813 21.256702 118.862173 21.257070 118.862319 21.257340 118.862402 21.257556 118.862454 21.260909 118.863176 21.261071 118.863473 21.261356 118.863932 21.261592 118.864241 21.261850 118.864527 21.262129 118.864790 21.262428 118.865028 21.262744 118.865237 21.263075 118.865419 21.263419 118.865570 21.263774 118.865690 21.264136 118.865778 21.264280 118.865804 21.265502 118.866002 21.279753 118.869286 21.284497 118.874114 21.289568 118.879276 21.290556 118.881347 21.292375 118.885174 21.292628 118.885642 21.292846 118.885965 21.293088 118.886268 21.293352 118.886549 21.293607 118.886781 21.300277 118.892391 21.300670 118.892686 21.300952 118.892861 21.301136 118.892959 21.306820 118.895830 21.307628 118.896312 21.308083 118.896548 21.308431 118.896686 21.308790 118.896792 21.309155 118.896867 21.309245 118.896880 21.309597 118.896928 21.309874 118.897139 21.310191 118.897348 21.310523 118.897527 21.310802 118.897651 21.315849 118.899929 21.316081 118.900241 21.316336 118.900531 21.316612 118.900798 21.316908 118.901040 21.317221 118.901255 21.317351 118.901333 21.321631 118.903803 21.321996 118.903991 21.322251 118.904098 21.322428 118.904162 21.339661 118.910031 21.339787 118.910406 21.339942 118.910769 21.340124 118.911117 21.340223 118.911282 21.341273 118.912952 21.341590 118.913397 21.341843 118.913689 21.342119 118.913957 21.342388 118.914180 21.343981 118.915401 21.347300 118.918303 21.347592 118.918538 21.347768 118.918662 21.347828 118.918701 21.351592 118.921123 21.355075 118.925811 21.355428 118.926233 21.355703 118.926502 21.355998 118.926745 21.356310 118.926962 21.356638 118.927149 21.366564 118.932298 21.367020 118.932502 21.367375 118.932619 21.367738 118.932705 21.368107 118.932758 21.368478 118.932778 21.368849 118.932765 21.369219 118.932720 21.369583 118.932641 21.369940 118.932531 21.370288 118.932390 21.370631 118.932213 21.371682 118.931613 21.372039 118.931832 21.372493 118.932075 21.372840 118.932217
Then southeasterly to the northern boundary of the eastern severance of Reserve 22626 at Longitude 118.932262 East; Then southwesterly to the intersection with the eastern bank of the Turner River at Latitude 21.375181 South; Then generally southeasterly, generally southerly and generally southwesterly along that river bank to Latitude 21.539944 South; Then southeasterly, westerly, northwesterly, southwesterly and generally southeasterly through the following coordinate positions.
Latitude (South)
Longitude (East)
21.616500 119.097699 21.607695 118.954124 21.584346 118.900509 21.643932 118.852351 21.769241 118.880522 21.941958 118.968927
Then southwesterly to Latitude 22.008794 South, Longitude 118.814893 East being a point on the present boundary of Native Title Determination WAD6096/1998 Banjima People (WCD2014/001); Then northwesterly to Latitude 21.860344 South, Longitude 118.676151 East, being a point on the northeastern boundary of Native Title Determination WAD6005/2003 Yindjibarndi #1 (WCD2017/010); Then northwesterly along the northeastern boundary of that native title determination to Latitude 21.784703 South, Longitude 118.591512 East; Then northwesterly again along the northeastern boundary of that native title determination to the intersection with a eastern boundary of Native Title Determination WAD6017/1996 Ngarluma/Yindjibarndi (WCD2005/001) at Latitude 21.767629 South; Then generally northerly and generally westerly along the boundaries of that native title determination to the intersection with a line joining coordinate positions Latitude 21.652785 South, Longitude 118.279036 East and Latitude 21.784703 South, Longitude 118.591512 East; Then northwesterly to Latitude 21.652785 South, Longitude 118.279036 East; Then northwesterly to the intersection with a eastern boundary of Native Title Determination WAD6017/1996 Ngarluma/Yindjibarndi (WCD2005/001) at Latitude 21.624114 South; Then northerly and westerly along the boundaries of that native title determination to the intersection with a line joining coordinate positions Latitude 21.652785 South, Longitude 118.279036 East and Latitude 21.595609 South, Longitude 118.228085 East; Then northwesterly to Latitude 21.595609 South, Longitude 118.228085 East; Then northerly to the intersection of a southern boundary of Native Title Determination WAD6017/1996 Ngarluma/Yindjibarndi (WCD2005/001) with a line joining coordinate positions Latitude 21.595609 South, Longitude 118.228085 East and Latitude 21.072919 South, Longitude 118.196433 East; Then generally easterly, northerly and westerly along the boundaries of that native title determination to the intersection with a line joining coordinate positions Latitude 21.595609 South, Longitude 118.228085 East and Latitude 21.072919 South, Longitude 118.196433 East; Then northerly and northwesterly through the following coordinate positions.
Latitude (South)
Longitude (East)
21.072919 118.196433 20.840152 118.081181 20.740731 118.028600
Then westerly to a northeastern boundary of Native Title Determination WAD6017/1996 Ngarluma/Yindjibarndi (WCD2005/001) at Latitude 20.725315 South; Then generally northwesterly along the boundary of that native title determination to the intersection with a line joining coordinate positions 20.166312 South, Longitude 117.710923 East and Latitude 20.618091 South, Longitude 117.712995 East; Then northerly, northeasterly and easterly through the following coordinate positions.
Latitude (South)
Longitude (East)
20.166312 117.710923 19.870956 118.186200 19.838987 118.738957
Then southerly back to the commencement point.
Note: Geographic Coordinates provided in Decimal Degrees.
Cadastral boundaries sourced from Landgate’s Spatial Cadastral Database dated 29 June 2018.
Lowest Astronomical Tide is based on and sourced from AMB data, 6th Edition released in February 2006.
Turner River sourced from Commonwealth of Australia (Geoscience Australia) 2006.
For the avoidance of doubt the application excludes any land and waters already claimed by:
Native Title Determination WAD6185/1998 Ngarla and Ngarla 2 (Area A) (WCD2007/003) as Determined in the Federal Court on 30 May 2007.
Native Title Determination WAD6017/1996 Ngarluma/Yindjibarndi (WCD2005/001) as Determined in the Federal Court on 2 May 2005.
Native Title Determination WAD6005/2003 Yindjibarndi #1 (WCD2017/010) as Determined in the Federal Court on 13 November 2017.
Native Title Determination WAD6096/1998 Banjima People (WCD2014/001) as Determined in the Federal Court on 11 March 2014.
Native Title Determination Application WAD6287/1998 Palyku (WC1999/016) as Registered by the Native Title Registrar on 2 August 1999.
Native Title Determination Application WAD6028/1998 Njamal (WC1999/008) as Registered by the Native Title Registrar on 28 September 2007.
Native Title Determination Application WAD289/2018 Nyamal Overlap Claim (WC2018/011) as Filed in the Federal Court on 28 June 2018.
Datum: Geocentric Datum of Australia 1994 (GDA94)
Prepared By: Graphic Services (Landgate) 2 November 2018
Use of Coordinates:
Where coordinates are used within the description to represent cadastral or topographical boundaries or the intersection with such, they are intended as a guide only. As an outcome to the custodians of cadastral and topographic data continuously recalculating the geographic position of their data based on improved survey and data maintenance procedures, it is not possible to accurately define such a position other than by detailed ground survey.
SCHEDULE TWO
MAPS OF THE DETERMINATION AREA
SCHEDULE THREE
EXCLUSIVE AREA
Areas where native title comprises the rights set out in paragraph 4 of the determination.
Native title comprises the rights and interests set out in paragraph 4 of the determination in relation to the land and waters the subject of the following interests (which areas are generally shown as shaded green on the maps at Schedule Two):
1. Reserves
The following Reserves:
Reserve No.
Current / Last Purpose
22626 (Being, for the avoidance of doubt, the current area of Reserve 22626 (as at 25 September 2014))
Preservation of Aboriginal Cultural Materials and Historic Buildings and Grazing (Abydos) 22627 (Being, for the avoidance of doubt, the current area of Reserve 22627 (as at 25 September 2014))
Preservation of Aboriginal Cultural Materials and Historic Buildings and Grazing (Woodstock) 31427 Use and Benefit of Aborigines (Yandeyarra) 31428 Use and Benefit of Aborigines (Yandeyarra)
2. Unallocated Crown Land
The following unallocated Crown land:
MapInfo ID.
Description
UCL 454 (part) That part of UCL 454 (Lot 340 on DP 72975 [LR 3162/247]) not subject to mining leases M 4500351, M 4500353, M 4500381 and M 4500529 and exploration licences E 4501498 and E 4501722 as at 30 May 1997
SCHEDULE FOUR
AREAS WHERE NATIVE TITLE DOES NOT EXIST (Paragraph 2(a))
Native title does not exist in relation to land and waters the subject of the following interests within the Determination Area which, with the exception of public works (as described in clause 9 of this Schedule), are generally shown as shaded in pink on the maps at Schedule Two.
For the avoidance of doubt, unless otherwise specified, the following interests are as they existed as at 25 September 2014 and as contained in the MapInfo Tenure Information prepared by the Western Australian Land Information Authority dated June 2015. The non-existence of native title is not necessarily a result of the grant or creation of these interests.
1. Freehold
The following grants of estates in fee simple within the Determination Area:
Certificate of Title
CT0002000074A CT0002000075A CT0004500071A CT0004500072A CT0006600096A CT0006900026A CT0007500181A CT0007900040A CT0008300077A CT0008300085A CT0008300086A CT0008300087A CT0008300092A CT0008300093A CT0008300094A CT0008300158A CT0008600025A CT0008600071A CT0008600095A CT0009100056A CT0011200046A CT0011200200A CT0012400028A CT0013400163A CT0014300103A CT0015900114A CT0019300092A CT0019600158A CT0019600164A CT0020500011A CT0020500124A CT0026100190A CT0026100191A CT0026100196A CT0026100197A CT0026100199A CT0026100200A CT0027100001A CT0027100002A CT0027100004A CT0027100006A CT0027100008A CT0027100009A CT0027100066A CT0027100091A CT0029100116A CT0029100117A CT0029100195A CT0030600047A CT0030600084A CT0030700027A CT0030700029A CT0030700030A CT0030700034A CT0030700035A CT0030700038A CT0030700039A CT0030700041A CT0030700042A CT0030700047A CT0030700048A CT0030700049A CT0030700050A CT0030700052A CT0030700057A CT0030700058A CT0030700059A CT0030700060A CT0030700061A CT0030700062A CT0030700063A 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Section 87 of the NTA provides, in effect, that the Court may make a determination of native title by consent over part of an application area without holding a hearing where:
(1)the period specified in the notice given under s 66 of the NTA has ended (s 87(1));
(2)
there is an agreement for a determination of native title in relation to the proceeding
(s 87(1)(a));
(3)the terms of the proposed determination, in writing signed by or on behalf of all of the parties, is filed with the Court (s 87(1)(b));
(4)the Court is satisfied that an order in, or consistent with, those terms would be within the power of the Court (s 87(1)(c)); and
(5)it appears appropriate to the Court to make the orders sought (s 87(1A) and s 87(2)).
Section 66 notice period expired (s 87(1))
This condition is satisfied. The notification period referred to in s 66(8) and s 66(10)(c) of the NTA has ended: see [8], [15] and [20] above.
Agreement for a determination in writing, filed in the Court (s 87(1)(a) and s 87(1)(b))
There is an agreement in writing, signed by all of the parties to the Kariyarra claims and filed in this Court, for a determination of native title, the terms of which are reflected in the Minute: see [3] above.
Orders consistent with terms of the agreement are within the Court’s power (s 87(1)(c))
The Court is satisfied for the following reasons that an order consistent with the terms of the Minute is within power.
First, the Kariyarra claims are valid.
Second, the Minute provides for a determination of native title in relation to an area for which there is no approved determination of native title (s 13(1)(a) of the NTA) and there remains no approved determination in relation to the area the subject of the Determination (s 68 of the NTA).
Third, there are no other proceedings before the Court relating to native title determination applications that cover any part of the area the subject of the Determination which would otherwise require orders to be made under s 67(1) of the NTA.
Fourth, the form of the Determination complies with s 94A and s 225 of the NTA.
Fifth, the requirements of s 87 of the NTA are otherwise satisfied.
Order is appropriate (s 87(1A))
Finally, the Court considers it is appropriate to make the Determination sought by the parties, as required by s 87(1A).
Section 87(1A) was introduced into the NTA by the Native Title Amendment Act 2009 (Cth). Prior to the amendment of the NTA in 2009, the requirement that the Court must consider it appropriate to make the determination sought by the parties was contained in
s 87(1). Given the identical wording between s 87(1A) and the old s 87(1) in respect of this requirement, the exercise of the Court’s discretion pursuant to s 87(1A) should be taken to import the same principles as those applying to the making of a consent determination of native title under the old s 87(1).
As noted by Bennett J in Hughes (on behalf of the Eastern Guruma People) v State of Western Australia [2007] FCA 365 at [8], citing Black CJ in Lota Warria (on behalf of the Poruma and Masig Peoples) v Queensland and Others (2005) 223 ALR 62 at [7]; [2005] FCA 1117, the:
… discretion conferred by s 87(1) must be exercised judicially and within the broad boundaries ascertained by reference to the subject matter, scope and purpose of the Act. That includes the resolution of native title disputes by mediation and agreement.
Similarly, North J in Ward v State of Western Australia [2006] FCA 1848 at [6]-[9] observed that the NTA is designed to encourage parties to take responsibility for the resolution of native title proceedings, without the need for litigation. His Honour stated at [8] that:
The Act makes mediation the primary means of resolution of native title cases. It is designed to encourage parties to take responsibility for resolution of proceedings without the need for litigation. Section 87 must be construed in this context. The section provides a power which is exercisable only when an agreement has been made. The power must be exercised flexibly and with regard to the purpose for which the section is designed. The section should not be construed to require parties in agreement to produce evidence as if in a trial.
Accordingly, in order to make a consent determination of native title under s 87 of the NTA, the Court is not necessarily required to make findings or embark on its own inquiry on the merits of the claim made in the application or even to form a concluded view as to whether the legal requirements for proving native title have been met. Rather, the Court must be satisfied, inter alia, that it is appropriate to make the orders sought. The indicia that will be sufficient to satisfy the Court of the appropriateness in making a consent determination will be determined on a case by case basis. In some cases it may be appropriate to make orders under s 87 where the Court has received no evidence of the primary facts substantiating native title if the Court is satisfied that the parties have freely and on an informed basis come to an agreement. See Hughes at [9] and Ward at [8].
Further, the requirements of s 87(1A) may, and will likely, be met where the Court is satisfied that a relevant government respondent (including the State), through competent legal representation, is satisfied as to the cogency of the evidence upon which the applicant relies. Generally this will not involve the Court making findings on the evidence on which the government respondent relies, but it might consider that evidence for the limited purpose of being satisfied that the government respondent is acting in good faith and rationally. See Munn (for and on behalf of the Gunggari People) v Queensland (2001) 115 FCR 109 at [29]-[30]; [2001] FCA 1229; Lovett on behalf of the Gunditjmara People v State of Victoria [2007] FCA 474 at [37]. See also Smith and Others v State of Western Australia and Others (2000) 104 FCR 494 at [38]; [2000] FCA 1249 per Madgwick J: “State governments are necessarily obliged to subject claims for native title over lands and waters owned and occupied by the State and State agencies, to scrutiny just as careful as the community would expect in relation to claims by non-Aborigines to significant rights over such land”.
In relation to this proceeding, the applicants in the Kariyarra claims and the State have been legally represented throughout the hearing of the preservation evidence and the separate question and throughout the consent determination negotiation process. Further, the State has played an active role in the negotiation of the Determination, an important factor also referred to by Emmett J in Munn at [29]. In doing so, the State (acting on behalf of the community generally), having regard to the requirements of the NTA, has satisfied itself that the Determination is justified in all the circumstances.
The evidence provided at the hearing of the preservation evidence and on the hearing of the separate question is, in the view of the applicants in the Kariyarra claims and the State, sufficient to demonstrate that the Kariyarra claims have a “credible or cogent basis” (see Western Bundjalung People v Attorney General of New South Wales [2017] FCA 992 at [21]) and that the applicants in the Kariyarra claims are bound together by a normative system of laws and customs which, on the basis of known fact and reasonable inference, has continued to be observed by its members in a substantially uninterrupted manner since prior to the declaration of sovereignty over Western Australia. Further, the applicants in the Kariyarra claims have maintained a physical presence in the Determination Area since the acquisition of British sovereignty and evidence of their continuing physical and spiritual involvement in the Determination Area is sufficient to demonstrate the maintenance of connection according to traditional laws and customs in the Determination Area.
The State has conducted searches of land tenure, mining and petroleum registries to determine the nature and extent of “other interests” within the Determination Area, and those interests are included in the Determination at Schedule Six. Other respondent parties have also taken an active role in ensuring their interests are recorded in the Determination.
Accordingly, as the applicants in the Kariyarra claims and the State submit, the Determination sets out a description of the nature and extent of the native title rights and interests and the “other interests” in relation to the Determination Area which complies with s 225 of the NTA.
For those reasons, the applicants in the Kariyarra claims and the State informed the Court that they are satisfied that the Determination is appropriate. The Court is therefore satisfied that an order under s 87 of the NTA is both within power and appropriate to be made.
Conclusion
As outlined above, I am satisfied it is appropriate and within power to make the Determination of native title in the terms proposed, pursuant to the NTA. By signing the Minute, the parties have indicated their agreement to the Determination I am about to make.
The Court congratulates the applicants in the Kariyarra claims, the State, non-State respondent parties, and their legal and other representatives for negotiating and agreeing the consent orders being made in these terms.
This Determination constitutes recognition by Australian law of the enduring traditional laws and customs of the Kariyarra community over the Determination Area. It includes an order that the Kariyarra Aboriginal Corporation (ICN 8355) shall hold the determined native title in trust for the native title holders pursuant to s 56(2) of the NTA.
The effect of the Determination is that the Kariyarra native title holders, in accordance with the traditional laws acknowledged and traditional customs observed by them, are to be recognised as the native title holders for the Determination Area.
I now make the Determination as proposed by the parties.
I certify that the preceding seventy-nine (79) numbered paragraphs are a true copy of the Reasons for Judgment herein of the Honourable Justice Barker. Associate:
Dated: 13 December 2018
SCHEDULE OF PARTIES
WAD 6169 of 1998
Applicants
Robinson, Kerry
Wilson, Donny
Respondents
Government Interests
Commonwealth of Australia
Mining Interests
BGC Contracting Pty Ltd
BHP Billiton Minerals Pty Ltd
Dampier Salt Ltd
Itochu Minerals & Energy of Australia Pty Ltd
Mitsui Iron Ore Corporation Pty Ltd
Pastoral Interests
Brierly, Colin
Day, Barkley Marshall
Day, Joan Elizabeth
Day, Richard Ernest
Day, Zane Bradley
Four Seasons Corporation Pty Ltd
Special Lease Interests
Westraint Resources Pty Ltd
Pearling Interests
MG Kailis Group of Companies
Telecommunications Industry Interests
Telstra Corporation Limited
Port Authority
Pilbara Ports Authority
SCHEDULE OF PARTIES
WAD 232 of 2009 Applicants
Gordon, Cyril
Robinson, Kerry
Wilson, Donny
Respondents
Government Interests
Commonwealth of Australia
Mining Interests
BHP Billiton Direct Reduced Iron Pty Ltd
BHP Billiton Minerals Pty Ltd
Boral Contracting Pty Ltd
Dampier Salt Ltd
FMG Pilbara Pty Ltd
Itochu Minerals & Energy of Australia Pty Ltd
Mitsui Iron Ore Corporation Pty Ltd
Mitsui-Itochu Iron Pty Ltd
Pastoral Interests
Brierly, Colin
Day, Barkley Marshall
Day, Joan Elizabeth
Day, Richard Ernest
Day, Zane Bradley
SCHEDULE OF PARTIES
WAD 47 of 2014
Applicants
Robinson, Kerry
Wilson, Donny
Respondents
Mining Interests
BHP Billiton Minerals Pty Ltd
FMG Pilbara Pty Ltd
Itochu Minerals & Energy of Australia Pty Ltd
Mitsui Iron Ore Corporation Pty Ltd
Mitsui-Itochu Iron Pty Ltd
Pilbara Gas Pipeline Pty Ltd
Pilbara Water and Power Pty Ltd
The Pilbara Infrastructure Pty Ltd
Pastoral Interests
Day, Barkley Marshall
Day, Joan Elizabeth
Day, Richard Ernest
Day, Zane Bradley
Intervener
Attorney-General of the Commonwealth of Australia
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