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Calabro v Zappia

Calabro v Zappia

Case [2010] NSWDC 127 11 June 2010

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CITATION: Calabro v Zappia [2010] NSWDC 127

HEARING DATE(S): 12 March, 16 and 29 April and 3 June 2010

JUDGMENT DATE:
11 June 2010

JURISDICTION: Civil

JUDGMENT OF: Gibson DCJ

DECISION: (1) Plaintiffs’ application for an extension of time to commence proceedings out of time is dismissed.
(2) Plaintiffs’ statement of claim struck out and dismissed.
(3) Plaintiffs pay defendant’s costs of these proceedings save for 29 April 2010, for which no order for costs is made by reason of the failure of counsel for the defendant to attend court.

CATCHWORDS: TORT - action by six family members for defamation - one plaintiff surreptitiously obtains statutory declaration sent by defendant to persons involved in litigation with another of the plaintiffs - application to commence defamation proceedings out of time - whether not reasonable to have commenced proceedings within time - abuse of process - whether action for defamation based on document surreptitiously taken from a file left in the court foyer is an abuse of process - application to extend time refused and action found to be an abuse of process

LEGISLATION CITED: Civil Procedure Act 2005 (NSW), ss 56 - 62
Crimes Act 1900 (NSW), Part 4
Defamation Act 1974 (NSW), s 13
Defamation Act 2005 (NSW)
Defamation Amendment Act 2002 (NSW)
Evidence Act 1995 (NSW), ss 84 and 138
Limitation Act 1969 (NSW), ss 14B and 56A
Limitation of Actions Act 1974 (Qld), s 32A
Oaths Act 1900 (NSW)
The Civil Procedure Rules 1998 (UK), Part 1 and Part 3 r 3.4
Uniform Civil Procedure Rules 2005 (NSW), Part 13 rr 13.4 and 14.8

CASES CITED: AG Australia Holdings Ltd v Burton & Ors (2002) 58 NSWLR 464
AON Risk Services Australia Ltd v Australian National University (2009) 239 CLR 175; (2009) 258 ALR 14; (2009) 83 ALJR 951; [2009] HCA 27
Al-Shennag v Statewide Roads Ltd [2006] NSWSC 1226
Bunning v Cross (1978) 141 CLR 54
Coulthard v State of South Australia (Supreme Court of South Australia, 19 January 1995, unreported)
Currabubula Holdings v State of NSW (Supreme Court of NSW, Einstein J, 30 March 1999)
Duke of Brunswick v Harmer (1849) 14 QB 185
Emanuele v Hedley (Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory, Higgins J, 7 March 1997)
Emmerton v University of Sydney [1969] 1 NSWR 83; (1969) 89 WN (Pt 1) (NSW) 306
Goldsmith v Sperrings Ltd [1977] 1 WLR 478; [1977] 2 All ER 566
Grant v Rafferty (2001) 34 MVR 136; [2001] NSWCA 244
Grech v Illawarra Newspaper Holdings Pty Ltd (2005) 2 DCLR (NSW) 169
Habib v Nationwide News Pty Ltd [2010] NSWCA 34
Ibrahim v Wadworth [2009] WASC 317
Jameel (Yousef) v Dow Jones & Co Inc [2005] All ER (D) 43 (Feb); [2005] EWCA Civ 75; [2005] QB 946; [2005] 2 WLR 1614; [2005] EMLR 353
Jones v Sutton (No 2) [2005] NSWCA 203
Kings Cross Whisper Pty Ltd v Ray (1970) 72 SR (NSW) 339
Lazarus v Deutsche Lufthansa (1985)

Grounds of appeal

[14] The appellant contends that the primary judge erred in finding that the respondent had discharged the onus of establishing the matters required under the relevant provision.

[15] It was submitted that his Honour failed to give adequate weight to the evidence of the second witness, and that the findings of fact were not reasonably open on the material before the Court.

[16] The respondent, for its part, submits that no error is disclosed, and that the conclusions reached were well within the range of outcomes available to the primary judge.

Consideration

[17] It is convenient to deal first with the question of construction, as the resolution of that issue informs the remaining grounds advanced by the appellant.

[18] For the reasons that follow, we are of the view that the appeal should be allowed in part and the matter remitted for further determination.

Continue reading Calabro v Zappia

Details

AGLC: Calabro v Zappia [2010] NSWDC 127
Case: [2010] NSWDC 127
Decision Date: 11 June 2010

CaseChat Overview and Summary

In Calabro v Zappia, a group of six family members sought to bring defamation proceedings against the defendant, Mr. Zappia, over a statutory declaration he sent to parties involved in litigation with one of the plaintiffs. The plaintiffs' action was initiated beyond the statutory time limit for commencing defamation proceedings. They sought an extension of time to bring their action, arguing that it was not reasonable for them to have commenced proceedings within the prescribed time. Additionally, they sought to challenge the defendant's application to strike out their statement of claim on the grounds that the proceedings were an abuse of process.

The court considered whether the plaintiffs' delay in commencing proceedings was reasonable and whether the action constituted an abuse of process. The court found that the plaintiffs' delay was unreasonable and that the action was an abuse of process because it was based on a document that was obtained surreptitiously from a file left in the court foyer. The court held that the plaintiffs' actions amounted to an abuse of the court process and dismissed the application for an extension of time. The court also struck out the plaintiffs' statement of claim and dismissed the action.

The court ordered that the plaintiffs' application for an extension of time to commence proceedings out of time was dismissed. The court further ordered that the plaintiffs' statement of claim be struck out and dismissed. The plaintiffs were ordered to pay the defendant's costs of the proceedings, except for the costs incurred on 29 April 2010, for which no order for costs was made due to the defendant's counsel failing to attend court.

Orders

Orders of the court

(1) Plaintiffs’ application for an extension of time to commence proceedings out of time is dismissed.

(2) Plaintiffs’ statement of claim struck out and dismissed.

(3) Plaintiffs pay defendant’s costs of these proceedings save for 29 April 2010, for which no order for costs is made by reason of the failure of counsel for the defendant to attend court.

Background

Background to the litigation

Full text does not contain this section.

Evidence

Evidence Before The Court

Full text does not contain this section.

Decision

Reasons for decision

Full text does not contain this section.

Ratio Decidendi

Legal Principle Established

Full text does not contain this section.

Citations

AGLC Citation

Calabro v Zappia [2010] NSWDC 127

Most Recent Citation

Hobsons Bay City Council v Viking Group Holdings Pty Ltd [2010] VSC 386

Cases citing this decision · 9 of 9 shown

M1 v R1
[2022] NSWDC 409 Para 54

…ed on confidential material from a medical professional’s file would still be impermissible, although for the reasons set out in Calabro v Zappia [2010] NSWDC 127, where the matter complained of was the first page of a statutory declaration surreptitiously removed and copied from a solicitor’s file left on a court…
O’Donnell v Lloyd
[2020] NSWDC 787 Para 50

…of fraudulent obtaining of a publication (such as the witness statement stolen from the opposing side’s solicitor’s file in Calabro v Zappia [2010] NSWDC 127) would a claim not be permitted, but these rare cases result from the principle ex turpi causa non oritur actio.…
Burns v Gaynor (No. 2)
[2019] NSWDC 552 Para 40

…to the desirability of such principles ( Aleksandrov & Ors v Dimovski & Ors [2005] NSWDC 19 at [45]) and even sought to apply them ( Calabro v Zappia [2010] NSWDC 127; Allstate Pumbing Pty Ltd v Crouch Developments Pty Ltd [No 2] [2011] WADC 60; Everett v Neale [2012] NSWDC 73), these judgments are of no interest o…
Whitehall v Oxborough
[2018] NSWDC 315 Para 2

…nette v Cohen (2007) Aust Torts Reports 81-897; Bennette v Cohen (2005) 64 NSWLR 81) or a witness statement which was stolen from an opposing party ( Calabro v Zappia (2010) 11 DCLR (NSW) 12), but no such application is before the court at present.…
Imielska v Morgan
[2017] NSWDC 329 Para 24

…The first occasion that the Jameel principle was raised successfully at first instance occurred in Calabro v Zappia (2010) 11 DCLR (NSW) 12. The matter complained of was the first page of a statutory declaration given by a potential witness in domestic violence proceedings; this first page, part of a longer document, had…
Park v Lee
[2016] NSWDC 75 Para 42

…oceedings and published only to those concerned, exceptional circumstances are made out (see the judgments to this effect set out in Calabro v Zappia [2010] NSWDC 127). Accordingly these proceedings are also struck out pursuant to s 61 Civil Procedure Act 2005 (NSW) and r 12.7 UCPR as well as pursuant to rr 13.4(1)…
Ghosh v TCN Channel Nine Pty Ltd; Ghosh v Ninemsn Pty Ltd (No 4)
[2014] NSWDC 151 Para 1

…arise, and the plaintiff's entitlement to bring the proceedings must be weighed against the wrongful or criminal conduct involved ( Calabro v Zappia [2010] NSWDC 127, discussing the Jameel principle). In Emanuele v Hedley (Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory, Higgins J, 7 March 1997), Higgins J struc…
Stanizzo v Sassu
[2014] NSWDC 90 Para 1

…artment of Labour [1980] 1 NZLR 4 and Higgins J in Emanuele v Headley (Supreme Court of the ACT, Higgins J, 7 March 1997). (See also Calabro v Zappia [2010] NSWDC 127, where the matter complained of was a potential witness's statutory declaration, surreptitously removed by one of the plaintiffs from a bundle of pap…
Hobsons Bay City Council v Viking Group Holdings Pty Ltd
[2010] VSC 386 Para 1

…ving proportionality of procedural costs to the dispute in issue is an explicit obligation of civil case management.[22] [22]See, eg Calabro v Zappia [2010] NSWDC 127.…

View all 9 citing cases →

Cases cited in this decision · 25 of 25 shown

McGuirk v University of New South Wales
[2010] NSWCA 104

…J, 8 March 1993) LonZim Plc & Ors v Sprague [2009] EWHC 2838 (QB) Lord Ashburton v Pape [1913] 2 Ch 469 McGuirk v University of New South Wales [2010] NSWCA 104 Moevao v Department of Labour [1980] 1 NZLR 4 Murphy v Lewis [2009] QDC 37 National Coal Board v England [1954] AC 403 Nominal Defendant v Manning (2000) 5…
Radio 2UE Sydney Pty Ltd & Anor v Habib
[2010] HCATrans 98

…(2000) 31 MVR 524; [2000] NSWCA 80 Noonan v MacLennan [2010] QCA 50 Packer v Meagher [1984] 3 NSWLR 486 Radio 2UE Sydney Pty Ltd & Anor v Habib [2010] HCATrans 98 Schellenberg v British Broadcasting Corporation [2000] EMLR 296 Stone & Rolls (in liquidation) v Moore Stephens (a firm) [2010] 1 All E R 125 Wallis v Vale…
Habib v Nationwide News Pty Ltd
[2010] NSWCA 34

…fferty (2001) 34 MVR 136; [2001] NSWCA 244 Grech v Illawarra Newspaper Holdings Pty Ltd (2005) 2 DCLR (NSW) 169 Habib v Nationwide News Pty Ltd [2010] NSWCA 34 Ibrahim v Wadworth [2009] WASC 317 Jameel (Yousef) v Dow Jones & Co Inc [2005] All ER (D) 43 (Feb); [2005] EWCA Civ 75; [2005] QB 946; [2005] 2 WLR 1614; […
Noonan v MacLennan
[2010] QCA 50

…ional Coal Board v England [1954] AC 403 Nominal Defendant v Manning (2000) 50 NSWLR 139; (2000) 31 MVR 524; [2000] NSWCA 80 Noonan v MacLennan [2010] QCA 50 Packer v Meagher [1984] 3 NSWLR 486 Radio 2UE Sydney Pty Ltd & Anor v Habib [2010] HCATrans 98 Schellenberg v British Broadcasting Corporation [2000] EMLR…
Ibrahim v Wadworth
[2009] WASC 317

…WCA 244 Grech v Illawarra Newspaper Holdings Pty Ltd (2005) 2 DCLR (NSW) 169 Habib v Nationwide News Pty Ltd [2010] NSWCA 34 Ibrahim v Wadworth [2009] WASC 317 Jameel (Yousef) v Dow Jones & Co Inc [2005] All ER (D) 43 (Feb); [2005] EWCA Civ 75; [2005] QB 946; [2005] 2 WLR 1614; [2005] EMLR 353 Jones v Sutton (No 2…
Aon Risk Services Australia Ltd v Australian National University
[2009] HCA 27

…(2002) 58 NSWLR 464 AON Risk Services Australia Ltd v Australian National University (2009) 239 CLR 175; (2009) 258 ALR 14; (2009) 83 ALJR 951; [2009] HCA 27 Al-Shennag v Statewide Roads Ltd [2006] NSWSC 1226 Bunning v Cross (1978) 141 CLR 54 Coulthard v State of South Australia (Supreme Court of South Australia…
Murphy v Lewis
[2009] QDC 37

…on v Pape [1913] 2 Ch 469 McGuirk v University of New South Wales [2010] NSWCA 104 Moevao v Department of Labour [1980] 1 NZLR 4 Murphy v Lewis [2009] QDC 37 National Coal Board v England [1954] AC 403 Nominal Defendant v Manning (2000) 50 NSWLR 139; (2000) 31 MVR 524; [2000] NSWCA 80 Noonan v MacLennan [2010] Q…
Al-Shennag v Statewide Roads Ltd & Anor
[2006] NSWSC 1226

…Ltd v Australian National University (2009) 239 CLR 175; (2009) 258 ALR 14; (2009) 83 ALJR 951; [2009] HCA 27 Al-Shennag v Statewide Roads Ltd [2006] NSWSC 1226 Bunning v Cross (1978) 141 CLR 54 Coulthard v State of South Australia (Supreme Court of South Australia, 19 January 1995, unreported) Currabubula Holdings…
Jones v Sutton (No 2)
[2005] NSWCA 203

…f) v Dow Jones & Co Inc [2005] All ER (D) 43 (Feb); [2005] EWCA Civ 75; [2005] QB 946; [2005] 2 WLR 1614; [2005] EMLR 353 Jones v Sutton (No 2) [2005] NSWCA 203 Kings Cross Whisper Pty Ltd v Ray (1970) 72 SR (NSW) 339 Lazarus v Deutsche Lufthansa (1985) 1 NSWLR 188 Lewandowski v Lovell (Supreme Court of Western Aus…
AG Australia Holdings Ltd v Burton
[2002] NSWSC 170

…art 1 and Part 3 r 3.4 Uniform Civil Procedure Rules 2005 (NSW), Part 13 rr 13.4 and 14.8 CASES CITED: AG Australia Holdings Ltd v Burton & Ors (2002) 58 NSWLR 464 AON Risk Services Australia Ltd v Australian National University (2009) 239 CLR 175; (2009) 258 ALR 14; (2009) 83 ALJR 951; [2009] HCA 27 Al-Shennag v Stat…
Grant v Rafferty
[2001] NSWCA 244

…9] 1 NSWR 83; (1969) 89 WN (Pt 1) (NSW) 306 Goldsmith v Sperrings Ltd [1977] 1 WLR 478; [1977] 2 All ER 566 Grant v Rafferty (2001) 34 MVR 136; [2001] NSWCA 244 Grech v Illawarra Newspaper Holdings Pty Ltd (2005) 2 DCLR (NSW) 169 Habib v Nationwide News Pty Ltd [2010] NSWCA 34 Ibrahim v Wadworth [2009] WASC 317 Jam…
Williams v Spautz
[1993] HCA 9

…002] All ER (D) 275 (Jul); [2002] EWCA Civ 1034; [2003] EMLR 175 Williams v MGM Ltd [2009] EWHC 3150 (QB) Williams v Spautz (1992) 174 CLR 509; (1992) 107 ALR 635; (1992) 66 ALJR 585; (1992) 61 A Crim R 431 PARTIES: First Plaintiff: Salvatore Calabro Second Plaintiff: Antonino Calabro Third Plaintiff: Francesca Calab…
Williams v Spautz
[1992] HCA 34

…allis v Valentine [2002] All ER (D) 275 (Jul); [2002] EWCA Civ 1034; [2003] EMLR 175 Williams v MGM Ltd [2009] EWHC 3150 (QB) Williams v Spautz (1992) 174 CLR 509; (1992) 107 ALR 635; (1992) 66 ALJR 585; (1992) 61 A Crim R 431 PARTIES: First Plaintiff: Salvatore Calabro Second Plaintiff: Antonino Calabro Third Plaint…
Rajski v Bainton
[1991] HCATrans 284

…onism towards his opponent is nothing to the point. As was said by Glass JA in Champtaloup v Thomas (1976) 2 NSWLR 264, 271 (see Rajski v Baynton (1990) 22 NSWLR 125 at p.l 34): 'To impose the further requirement that the donee [of a legal right] must be actuated by a legitimate purpose, thus forcing a judicial trek t…
Bunning v Cross
[1978] HCA 22

…ity (2009) 239 CLR 175; (2009) 258 ALR 14; (2009) 83 ALJR 951; [2009] HCA 27 Al-Shennag v Statewide Roads Ltd [2006] NSWSC 1226 Bunning v Cross (1978) 141 CLR 54 Coulthard v State of South Australia (Supreme Court of South Australia, 19 January 1995, unreported) Currabubula Holdings v State of NSW (Supreme Court of…
Duke of Brunswick v Harmer
(1849) 14 QB 185

…, 19 January 1995, unreported) Currabubula Holdings v State of NSW (Supreme Court of NSW, Einstein J, 30 March 1999) Duke of Brunswick v Harmer (1849) 14 QB 185 Emanuele v Hedley (Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory, Higgins J, 7 March 1997) Emmerton v University of Sydney [1969] 1 NSWR 83; (1969) 89…
[1977] 1 WLR 478
[1977] 1 WLR 478

…l Territory, Higgins J, 7 March 1997) Emmerton v University of Sydney [1969] 1 NSWR 83; (1969) 89 WN (Pt 1) (NSW) 306 Goldsmith v Sperrings Ltd [1977] 1 WLR 478; [1977] 2 All ER 566 Grant v Rafferty (2001) 34 MVR 136; [2001] NSWCA 244 Grech v Illawarra Newspaper Holdings Pty Ltd (2005) 2 DCLR (NSW) 169 Habib v Nati…
[1980] 1 NZLR 464
[1980] 1 NZLR 464

…s, the courts have held that the court process should not lend itself to participating as an instrument of oppression ( Moevao v Department of Labour [1980] 1 NZLR 464 at 30-40 per Richardson J).…
[1976] QB 44
[1976] QB 44

…nal animosity, vindictiveness or general antagonism towards his opponent is nothing to the point. As was said by Glass JA in Champtaloup v Thomas (1976) 2 NSWLR 264, 271 (see Rajski v Baynton (1990) 22 NSWLR 125 at p.l 34): 'To impose the further requirement that the donee [of a legal right] must be actuated by a leg…
[2005] QB 946
[2005] QB 946

…Pty Ltd [2010] NSWCA 34 Ibrahim v Wadworth [2009] WASC 317 Jameel (Yousef) v Dow Jones & Co Inc [2005] All ER (D) 43 (Feb); [2005] EWCA Civ 75; [2005] QB 946; [2005] 2 WLR 1614; [2005] EMLR 353 Jones v Sutton (No 2) [2005] NSWCA 203 Kings Cross Whisper Pty Ltd v Ray (1970) 72 SR (NSW) 339 Lazarus v Deutsche Luft…
[1891] 1 QB 524
[1891] 1 QB 524

…“In Pullman v Hill [1891] 1 QB 524 at 527 Lord Esher MR expressed the same principle stating that, if the writer of defamatory material locks it up in his desk and a thief comes and breaks open the desk and takes away the material and makes its contents known, that would not constitute publication of the material…
[1954] AC 403
[1954] AC 403

…ty of New South Wales [2010] NSWCA 104 Moevao v Department of Labour [1980] 1 NZLR 4 Murphy v Lewis [2009] QDC 37 National Coal Board v England [1954] AC 403 Nominal Defendant v Manning (2000) 50 NSWLR 139; (2000) 31 MVR 524; [2000] NSWCA 80 Noonan v MacLennan [2010] QCA 50 Packer v Meagher [1984] 3 NSWLR 486 Ra…
14 QB 185
14 QB 185

…ch includes compensating the claimant only if that reputation has been unlawfully damaged. 56 We do not believe that Duke of Brunswick v Harmer 14 QB 185 could today have survived an application to strike out for abuse of process. The Duke himself procured the republication to his agent of an article publish…
[2005] 2 WLR 1614
[2005] 2 WLR 1614

…NSWCA 34 Ibrahim v Wadworth [2009] WASC 317 Jameel (Yousef) v Dow Jones & Co Inc [2005] All ER (D) 43 (Feb); [2005] EWCA Civ 75; [2005] QB 946; [2005] 2 WLR 1614; [2005] EMLR 353 Jones v Sutton (No 2) [2005] NSWCA 203 Kings Cross Whisper Pty Ltd v Ray (1970) 72 SR (NSW) 339 Lazarus v Deutsche Lufthansa (1985) 1 NSWL…
[1980] 1 NZLR 4
[1980] 1 NZLR 4

…09] EWHC 2838 (QB) Lord Ashburton v Pape [1913] 2 Ch 469 McGuirk v University of New South Wales [2010] NSWCA 104 Moevao v Department of Labour [1980] 1 NZLR 4 Murphy v Lewis [2009] QDC 37 National Coal Board v England [1954] AC 403 Nominal Defendant v Manning (2000) 50 NSWLR 139; (2000) 31 MVR 524; [2000] NSWCA 8…

Legislation cited in this decision · 12

Evidence Act 1995 (Cth)
138, 84 3 mentions
Limitation Act 1969 (NSW)
14B, 56A 3 mentions
Civil Procedure Act 2005 (NSW)
56 2 mentions
Defamation Act 1974 (NSW)
13 2 mentions
Limitation of Actions Act 1974 (Qld)
32A 2 mentions
Crimes Act 1900 (ACT)
1 mention
Defamation Act 2005 (TAS)
1 mention
Defamation Amendment Act 2002 (NSW)
1 mention
Human Rights Act 1998 (c. 42)
1 mention
Morgan v 45 Flers Avenue Pty Ltd
1 mention
Oaths Act 1900 (NSW)
1 mention
Uniform Civil Procedure Rules 2005 (NSW)
1 mention

CITATION:	Calabro v Zappia [2010] NSWDC 127
HEARING DATE(S):	12 March, 16 and 29 April and 3 June 2010
JUDGMENT DATE:	11 June 2010
JURISDICTION:	Civil
JUDGMENT OF:	Gibson DCJ
DECISION:	(1) Plaintiffs’ application for an extension of time to commence proceedings out of time is dismissed. (2) Plaintiffs’ statement of claim struck out and dismissed. (3) Plaintiffs pay defendant’s costs of these proceedings save for 29 April 2010, for which no order for costs is made by reason of the failure of counsel for the defendant to attend court.
CATCHWORDS:	TORT - action by six family members for defamation - one plaintiff surreptitiously obtains statutory declaration sent by defendant to persons involved in litigation with another of the plaintiffs - application to commence defamation proceedings out of time - whether not reasonable to have commenced proceedings within time - abuse of process - whether action for defamation based on document surreptitiously taken from a file left in the court foyer is an abuse of process - application to extend time refused and action found to be an abuse of process
LEGISLATION CITED:	Civil Procedure Act 2005 (NSW), ss 56 - 62 Crimes Act 1900 (NSW), Part 4 Defamation Act 1974 (NSW), s 13 Defamation Act 2005 (NSW) Defamation Amendment Act 2002 (NSW) Evidence Act 1995 (NSW), ss 84 and 138 Limitation Act 1969 (NSW), ss 14B and 56A Limitation of Actions Act 1974 (Qld), s 32A Oaths Act 1900 (NSW) The Civil Procedure Rules 1998 (UK), Part 1 and Part 3 r 3.4 Uniform Civil Procedure Rules 2005 (NSW), Part 13 rr 13.4 and 14.8
CASES CITED:	AG Australia Holdings Ltd v Burton & Ors (2002) 58 NSWLR 464 AON Risk Services Australia Ltd v Australian National University (2009) 239 CLR 175; (2009) 258 ALR 14; (2009) 83 ALJR 951; [2009] HCA 27 Al-Shennag v Statewide Roads Ltd [2006] NSWSC 1226 Bunning v Cross (1978) 141 CLR 54 Coulthard v State of South Australia (Supreme Court of South Australia, 19 January 1995, unreported) Currabubula Holdings v State of NSW (Supreme Court of NSW, Einstein J, 30 March 1999) Duke of Brunswick v Harmer (1849) 14 QB 185 Emanuele v Hedley (Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory, Higgins J, 7 March 1997) Emmerton v University of Sydney [1969] 1 NSWR 83; (1969) 89 WN (Pt 1) (NSW) 306 Goldsmith v Sperrings Ltd [1977] 1 WLR 478; [1977] 2 All ER 566 Grant v Rafferty (2001) 34 MVR 136; [2001] NSWCA 244 Grech v Illawarra Newspaper Holdings Pty Ltd (2005) 2 DCLR (NSW) 169 Habib v Nationwide News Pty Ltd [2010] NSWCA 34 Ibrahim v Wadworth [2009] WASC 317 Jameel (Yousef) v Dow Jones & Co Inc [2005] All ER (D) 43 (Feb); [2005] EWCA Civ 75; [2005] QB 946; [2005] 2 WLR 1614; [2005] EMLR 353 Jones v Sutton (No 2) [2005] NSWCA 203 Kings Cross Whisper Pty Ltd v Ray (1970) 72 SR (NSW) 339 Lazarus v Deutsche Lufthansa (1985)