FAMILY LAW – JURISDICTION – Where the parties and the children are Australian citizens – Where the parties and the older children live in Australia and the younger children (“the twins”) were born and live in Country B – Mother seeks interim international relocation of the twins to Australia and interim parenting orders – Father opposes the relocation of the twins – Applicability of Subdivision B of Division 4 of Part XIIIAA of the Family Law Act 1975 (Cth) (“the Act”) – Father argues s 111CC of the Act deprives this Court of jurisdiction – Where there is no evidence of whether there is a competent authority in Country B – Held Subdivision B does not apply and this Court has jurisdiction.
FAMILY LAW – JURISDICTION – Habitual residence – In the alternative, if Subdivision B were to apply, the twins’ habitual residence pursuant to s 111CD(1)(e) would be considered – The twins’ habitual residence would be Country B, not Australia – The Court would not have jurisdiction.
FAMILY LAW – PARENTING – Interim orders – Not enough evidence and/or urgency to order international relocation for the twins on an interim basis – Not enough evidence to make orders in relation to the older children.
Legislation:
Family Law Act1975 (Cth) ss 60CC, 68B, 69E, 111CA, 111CC, 111CD
Convention on Jurisdiction, Applicable Law, Recognition, Enforcement and Cooperation in respect of Parental Responsibility and Measures for the Protection of Children
FEDERAL CIRCUIT AND FAMILY COURT OF AUSTRALIA (DIVISION 1)
BETWEEN:
MS ISHAK
Applicant
AND:
MR KOROMA
Respondent
order made by:
ALTOBELLI J
DATE OF ORDER:
19 April 2023
THE COURT ORDERS PENDING FURTHER ORDER THAT:
1.Order 1 of the orders made on 17 January 2023 granting the Applicant mother (“the Mother”) exclusive occupancy of the property at C Street, is to continue.
2.If the Mother unreasonably refuses to provide the Respondent father (“the Father”) with his personal belongings, then the Father has leave to apply to relist the proceedings on seven days’ notice and in the event that such liberty is exercised, the Father shall:
(a)Forthwith notify all other parties of the intention to make the request and the reason for same;
Grounds of appeal
[14] The appellant contends that the primary judge erred in finding that the respondent had discharged the onus of establishing the matters required under the relevant provision.
[15] It was submitted that his Honour failed to give adequate weight to the evidence of the second witness, and that the findings of fact were not reasonably open on the material before the Court.
[16] The respondent, for its part, submits that no error is disclosed, and that the conclusions reached were well within the range of outcomes available to the primary judge.
Consideration
[17] It is convenient to deal first with the question of construction, as the resolution of that issue informs the remaining grounds advanced by the appellant.
[18] For the reasons that follow, we are of the view that the appeal should be allowed in part and the matter remitted for further determination.
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AGLC
Ishak & Koroma [2023] FedCFamC1F 272
Case
[2023] FedCFamC1F 272
Decision Date
CaseChat Overview and Summary
In the matter of Ishak & Koroma, the Court was tasked with resolving several contentious issues between the applicant mother and the respondent father. The mother sought parenting orders, injunctions related to signing passport applications, and an order for exclusive occupation of their former family home. The father opposed the mother’s application but proposed alternative parenting arrangements. The parents, both health professionals, had five children, three of whom were minors residing in Australia with their mother. The twins, aged six, were living with their maternal grandparents in Country B. The mother argued for the twins to be brought to Australia to live with her, while the father contended that the Court did not have jurisdiction over the twins. The Court had to determine whether it had jurisdiction over the twins and, if so, what orders would be in their best interests. Additionally, the Court needed to decide on parenting arrangements for the minor child X, address the issue of passports for the twins, and consider the application for exclusive occupation of the family home.
The legal issues central to this case involved the jurisdiction of the Court over the twins, the best interests of the minors, and the resolution of passport-related disputes. The Court had to examine the principles of jurisdiction under the Family Law Act, considering the residence and habitual residence of the children, as well as the parents' agreement on where the children should reside. Furthermore, the Court needed to apply the best interests of the child principle, weighing the evidence presented to determine the most suitable living arrangements for the minors. The Court also had to consider the implications of international travel and the rights of the parents to facilitate or restrict the children's travel, particularly in the context of obtaining passports. Finally, the Court needed to decide on the allocation of the family home, balancing the needs and rights of both parents.
In addressing these issues, the Court concluded that it had jurisdiction over the twins based on their habitual residence in Country B and the parents' agreement on their residence there. The Court noted that the twins were well-settled in Country B, with their maternal grandmother likely being their primary caretaker. The Court found that it was in the best interests of the twins to remain in Country B, with appropriate arrangements for the mother to spend time with them. The Court also ruled that the mother should have exclusive occupation of the family home to facilitate her care of the minor children residing with her. Regarding the passports, the Court determined that it could make orders to ensure the twins could travel to Australia for visits, even if it did not have jurisdiction over their residence. The Court provided detailed reasons for its decision, emphasizing the importance of the children’s best interests and the need for stability in their lives.
The final orders included granting the mother exclusive occupation of the family home and allowing the twins to remain in Country B with visitation rights for the mother. The Court also made orders to facilitate the twins' travel to Australia for visits, ensuring that both parents could participate in their care. The Court emphasised the importance of the children’s well-being and the need for stability in their lives, taking into account the evidence and submissions from both parents.
Orders
Orders of the court
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Background
Background to the litigation
These reasons for judgment explain the orders that the Court has made in proceedings between the applicant mother (“the mother”) and the respondent father (“the father”). BACKGROUND The mother seeks parenting orders, injunctions in relation to signing passport applications, and an order for exclusive occupation of the family home in a Sydney suburb. The father opposes the orders sought by the mother, but seeks a number of alternative orders. Both parents are health professionals. The mother was born in Country E and the father was born in Country B. They married in 2002 in Country B and separated in Australia on 14 June 2020. The mother is currently 44 years old and resides in Australia. The father is 53 years old and appears to reside between Country B and Australia. They have five children as follows: Ms V born 2004 (aged 18); W born 2006 (aged 17); X born 2009 (aged 13); and the twins Z and Y born 2016 (aged 6) (“the twins”). The twins currently live with the maternal grandparents in Country B and it would seem that the paternal grandparents are involved in their care as well. W and X live in Australia with the mother, but also spend time with the father when he is here. Ms V is currently studying in Country B. The parents agree that the Court has jurisdiction in relation to Ms V (but for the fact that she is 18 years old), W and X. The Court declines to make any orders in relation to W because of his age. The father contends that the Court does not have jurisdiction in relation to the twins, but the mother contends to the contrary. The Court will need to decide whether the Court has jurisdiction in relation to the twins and if so, what orders are in their best interests. The Court will need to decide what orders are in the best interests of X. There is also an issue about passports for the twins which, the Court is satisfied, can be resolved even if the Court does not have jurisdiction to make parenting orders in relation to them. Finally, there is an order about exclusive occupation of the former family home. The matter came before me on 17 January 2023. Both parents were capably represented by counsel who made very useful submissions in relation to the legal and factual issues before the Court. It became necessary to make an urgent ruling in relation to exclusive occupation and the Court ruled that the mother be granted exclusive occupation of the property at C Street, Suburb D. I provided short reasons for making this order but will provide more fulsome reasons herein. Further, during the course of the hearing, the parties advised they would resolve the issues contained in the mother’s Application in a Proceeding filed on 8 November 2022 without the Court’s intervention. No consent orders have been received in this regard.THE COMPETING PROPOSALS In her Amended Application for Final Orders filed 18 October 2022, the mother seeks, on an interim basis:(1)The father to do all acts to issue a passport for Y and Z and enable the mother to have them returned to Australia, and reimburse the mother for half of all expenses to enable this to occur;(2)Y and Z live with the mother and spend time with the father as agreed but failing agreement each Saturday from 10am to 5pm;(3)W and X live with each of the parents on a weekabout basis with changeover to occur on Friday at 4pm;(4)Changeover to occur at the father’s residence at the commencement of the mother’s time and at the mother’s residence at the commencement of the father’s time, or otherwise at school;(5)The children be enrolled in a school;(6)The parties have liberal telephone communication with the children during periods that the children are in the other party’ care;(7)Non-denigration and a restraint from discussing these proceedings with the children; and(8)The parties keep each other advised of their telephone numbers, residential address and any medical illness and ensure these details are provided to the children’s school.
Evidence
Evidence Before The Court
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Decision
Reasons for decision
In support of his case, the father relied on the following documents:(a)Amended Response to Initiating Application filed 13 January 2023;(b)His affidavit filed 16 January 2023;(c)Notice of risk filed 16 January 2023;(d)Parenting Questionnaire filed 16 January 2023;(e)Case outline filed 16 January 2023; and(f)Document tendered and marked as exhibit R1.OUTLINE OF THESE REASONS FOR JUDGMENT The Court will firstly adjudicate on whether it has jurisdiction to make parenting orders in relation to the twins. If it has jurisdiction, the Court will then determine whether, and if so what orders should be made in the best interests of the twins. The Court will then adjudicate on what orders should be made in relation to X, the issue of passports for the twins, what further orders should be made, and then provide reasons for making the order for exclusive occupation in favour of the mother.DOES THE COURT HAVE JURISDICTION TO MAKE PARENTING ORDERS IN RELATION TO Z AND Y? Before considering the law, it is necessary to make tentative finding about facts, insofar as it is possible to do so in the course of proceedings where the evidence has not been tested, and where the orders sought are interim in nature.Background Facts The twins were born in Country B and have lived most of their lives there, with the exception of three months when they travelled to Australia with their mother in late 2018. They are Australian citizens, as are the parents. The twins’ first and only language is H Language and the mother perceives that if she is successful in her application, one of the first things will be for the twins to undertake intensive English language instruction. They have only been to one school in their life, the one they presently attend. There is no suggestion in the evidence of either parent that they are unsettled in their life in Country B. Whilst the mother is, and always will be the twins’ mother, it would be artificial in the extreme to describe her as their primary caretaker. Even on the mother’s own evidence, the most likely primary caretaker of the twins is the maternal grandmother. It is likely that the paternal grandparents assist in the care of the twins but the nature and extent of this cannot presently be ascertained on the evidence. The parents agreed that the twins should remain in Country B, in the care of the maternal grandparents. Whether, as the father contends, it was the mother’s idea or alternatively, as the mother contends, she agreed to her parents’ suggestion, it ultimately makes no difference in this case. The fact is that both parents agreed that the twins live in Country B, at a time when the parents were living in Australia. At no subsequent time did they both agree that the twins should come to live in Australia though, as indicated above, there was a period of three months when they were with the mother in Australia. The strong impression formed is that the parents are highly intelligent and probably affluent. They have good mobility between Country B and Australia and even during the COVID-19 pandemic, at least according to the mother, the father seemed to be able to travel with comparative ease between Country B and Australia.