Drake v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs

[1979] FCA 39

- S

P.dministxnt ivc Law - Appeal from Administrative Appeals T r i b u n a l --

D e p o r t a t i o n order -- C o ~ g e t c n c y o f Deputy P r c s i . d c n t tc constitute

TJ-ibunal. - F u n c t i o n s of T r i b u n a l a d m i n i s t r a t i v e - :-1eani.ncj of

I I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I :  under the Migra t i on A c t - Nearling of " s e n t e n c e d to

impr i sonment f o r o n e y e a r o r longer' - Importance t o be a t tnched

by T r i k , u n n l t o p o l i c y of Minister.

I

Mj.yratioli A c t 1958 , s s . 5 and 12; A d m i n i s t r a t i v e Appea1.s

I __ -___ - - ----____--- -j_ v

Tribuna? . Act 1975,	ss.25 (4), 2G ( 2 ) and 4 4 and P a r t XXII of
- --

Schedule; ____F- C r i m i n 3 l I,av ( C c n d i t i o r l a l - -- Release of Of fende r s )

O r d i n a n c e 1371 C- (N.T.), s .5 (1 ) .

IN TIiE FCDEM!, COURT OF RIJSTB/LIA)

I

NEW SOUTII \?ALES E I S T R J C T --p- REGISTRY) No. G1-52 of 1973

1

GENEWL DIVISION

DANIEL J)IVLGHT DRAKE

Plaintiff

AND :

THE MINISTER FOR IYMIGRRTION A!?D

-	-
ETHNIC	A F F A I R S

D e f e n d a n t

O R D E R

JUDGES MAKING ORDER:	Bo;?en C.J., Smithers and Deane JJ.
DATE O F ORDER:	3 May  1979 .

---- WHERE MADE : Sydney.

THE COURT ORDERS THAT:

NEW SOUTH ?;ALES DISTR2:CT REGISTRY)	No. G152 of 1 9 7 8
_____.______.-.	--

1

GENER7.L DIVISION

l___l__- .p

THE M I N I S T E R FOR I!P?T.GuATION A*?n

- .-- - --- .P. --

ETEM l C A F F 4 1 K S

Cora~x :	Bowen	C . J .
---

S m i t h e r s J.

3 Mav 1.973.

REASOITS POK JUDG!.'il<NT

EOWE::I	C.J. a n d DEAN3 3.:	This i s a n appea l from a decision
--.	---.p-	--

of t h e A d m i n i s t r a t i v e Appeals T r i h u n a l a f f i r m i n g a dzc i s ion

of t h e M i n i s J ~ e r of S t a t z f o r I~nrnj -gra t ion and E t h n i c Affairs

( " . the Piin:i.sLer") ma6c on 2 1 A p r i l 1.978 unfier s.1.2 of t h e

Pl iqrat ion - - - A c t .-- 1-958 {:-hat the p l a i n t i f f , D a n i e l DwLght D r a k e ,

be deported from A u s t r a l - i a . in n c c o r c i ~ n c e with t h e provisioris

of parocjraplj 4 of Psrt }:XI1 of t h e Scl>cdul.e to t h e hdini.jiistr2ti.v? _________.___-_

. . - I I . a p t 1 ~ 7 ~ ; l - , c 1 1-.l;e 1 7 r j l > u n a l was

The appeal t o t h i s Couxt i s pursuan t t o s . 4 4 of t h e Act

and i s , t o an appeal on a ques t ion of law. by t h e express p rov i s ions of t h a t s e c t i o n , l i m i t c d

Thc proceeclings are n o t

an appeal o r i g i n a l j u r i s d i c t i o n i n t h e s t r i c t sense i n t h a t t h e y l i e wi th in t h e

of t h c Court. I t i s , however,

convenient t o adopt t h e nomenclature of t h e Act and t o refer

t o them as an appeal .

The e s s e n t i a l facts f o r t h e purposes of t h e appcal may

be shortly s t a t e d .

The p l a i n t i f f w a s born i n ~ c c k m b e r 1937, in L o s Angeles,

United S t a t e s of America. I n 1 9 6 8 he w a s i s s u e d an e n t r y

permi t a s a v i s i t o r , e n t e r e d ~us t - r a l ' i a , registered as an

a l i e n and a p p l i e d f o r resident status., On 2 3 S e p t e h e r 1 9 7 4 ,

he was g ran ted permanent resident s t a t u s . Ae has a teenaged

s o , a c h i l d of a former ma-rriage, who l i v e s with h i m i n

A u s t r a l i a . There i s some confusion as t o the p 1 3 i n t i f f i s

precise m a r i t a l s t a t u s as a r e s u l t of u n c e r t a i n t y as t o t h e

v a l i d i t y of a Mexican ceremony t o which t h e p l a i n t i f f and a

\vomim, who was subscq l~en t ly Gescribed as h i s w i f e , were

p a r t i e s . The a s s o c i i . t i o n between t h e p l a i n t i f f and t h i s

woman ended i n 19G9. I f , a s t h e p l a i n t i f f contended, this

Mexican ceremony d i d n o t c o n s t i t u t e a v a l i d marr iage, the

p l a i n t i f f was, a t t h e t i m e of thc h e a r i n g be fo re the T r i b u n a l ,

unmarried but planning t o marry an A u s t r a l i a n c i t i z e n . Be and

. - - - - - - * -

, , . ,	,	l , 9	l	, ,	, ., ,., ,, .,*,,.. ,,*'....	. c .	? .	. # & ' U ! I!	, . ,	,:,	,
"#l .,.. ,,.**I l . . . . . I * v -,

On 3 January 1978 t h e p l a i n t i f f was convic ted i n t h e

Court of Srurunary J u r i s d i c t i o n a t Darwin of t he of fence t h a t

between 28 September 1977 and 9 Dccember 1977 a t Wo1.l.ogorang

i n the Northern T e r r i t o r y he d i d possess a p r o h i b i t e d drug,

t o w i t , c an i~ab i s . The f a c t s of t h e o f fence involvcd t h e

p l a i n t i f f i n t h e at tempted product ion, on a s u b s t e n t i a l s c a l e ,

of cannabis which was c l e a r l y in tended f o r subsequent s a l e .

On	1 A p r i l	1-978 t h e p l a i n t i f f ,	having	e n t e r e d	i n t o	t h e
s t i p u l a t e d recognizance,	was	r e l e a s e d	from	pr i son .	On	2 1
A p r i l	1 9 7 8 t h e	o r d e r	f o r h i s d e p o r t a t i o n	w a s made	b y	the

Min i s t e r .

A s has been mentioned, t h e d e p o r t a t i o n o r d e r which the

M i n i s t e r madc was purpor tedly made pursuant t o the prov i s ions

'

of s.12 of t h e --;I-- ?,'licrratj.on Act. That s e c t i o n provides:

"Whcre	( w h e -Lizciq b e f o r s	01.	a	f t e r	t h e commci.,cement	o f
t32is	P a r t ) ail	a l i c i ~	has	beeiz	c o i ~ v i c t c d	i n A u s t i ~ u l ~ n

of a ciaime olf v-loZence a g a i z s t t h e pe3.son o r o f

ex tor t i . i zg aizy money o r t h i n g b y force oi3 t h r e n t , o r

o f a-n a t t e l n p t t o cor:i,nit s u c h a ez?ime, o r lzas b e e x

conz7ictcd ~ Y L A z ~ s t r a l i u o f a z y o t h e j . o f f e n c e f o r :~ , ; l i ch

he has b e e n s e n t e n c e d t o impr i sonment f o r one ? jgar o r

Zonge?., t h e I.li?zi,s her mny, zl;?on t h e e x p i r a t i o n of, c r

d u r i n g , nny t e ~ m 01 impr i so~a l~ ler~ i s e r v e d o r b e i i ~ g

s e r v e d b y that aEian i n r o s p c c t o f t h e ci7img, oradei?

t h c depol2ta-t-Con o f	that- aZiesl. "
The p l a i n t i f f placed a	l a r g e body of evidence before t h e

Adminis t ra t ive Appeals Tribunal aimed, i n t e r a l i a , a t

e s t a b l i s h i n g t h a t , on t h e g e n e r a l merits of the m a t t e r , the

the	rr ia ter ia l	b e f o r e	t h e Adrni l i i s t r a t i v e Appeals	T r ihuna l	and
t h e	r ea sons	f o r d -ec i s ion o f	tlre	T r i b u n a l \?ere adnlit'ced	i n t o

evidence on t h e proceedings b e f o r e t h i s Cour t . Much o f t h i s

m a t e r i a l i s n o t s t r i c t l y r c l e v a i l t t o tile c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f

t h e q u e s t i o n s o f law t o which t h e p l a i n t i f f i s r c s t r j - c t e d

t o t h i s Court .

The p l a i n t i f f ' s a t t a c k upon t h e d e c i s i o n of t h e Tr ibuna l .

i s founded on f o u r d i s t i n c t heaus o f a ryunen t . The f i r s t o f

t h e s e heads o f a r g u ~ e n t i n v o l v e s a m a t t e r " a r i s i n g undzr t h e

C o n s t i t u t i o n o r i n v o l v i n g i t s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n " . No t i ce was

given t o t h e At torney-General of t h e Comi~onwzalth a n 3 t h e

At torney-General o f N e t ? South V a l e s i n cornpliancc w i t h t he

requi rements o f s.7SB o f t h e Judj.ciary Act 1903. T h e

At torney-General o f t h e Cornmonwealtl~ i n t e r v e n e d , th rough t h e

S o l i c i t o r - G e n e r a l ,	t o make	submiss ions	i n r e s p e c t of	that
m a t t e r .	The	Cour t was	informed	t h a t t h e Attorney-Gcnerzl

o f N e v i South Wales d i d n o t d e s i r e t o i n t e r v e n e .

The p l a i n t i f f ' s f o u r heads of a t t a c k are:

f i ) ; I t ZJas n o t competai? f; f o r Mr. Jzds t ice D c t i ~ i c ~

t o c o n s -i-'itv,te t?ze kdm-i7ziskra-bive Appea l s

Yr<bilnaZ $0 h c c r and dcf;emrline the upyea?-;

( i i) The Tr ibvnaZ was i-n e r r o r i n Znzl~ i n proce?di.ng

on	t h e b a s i s that t h e p l z i n t i f f	wzs	an a l i e n
w i t 7 z i 7 z	&he meczniilg	of S. 1 2 0.p	t h e I,ligrai(;-in;z Act
2 9 5 8 ;

( i i i) The [ I 1 ~ ~ i b l c ~ i n l 2 ~ n s i n eriqoz2 o f 7,au i n p~qocsec;?ing

on i7ze br l s i s -.that t h e p 2 a i n f ; i f ; f zl)as a pei.sn:z

wlzo had b e e n scnter-lccd t o i ~ n p r i s o n m c ~ z t f o p one

y e a r o r Zon9c29 w i t h i n t h e meaning of s . 1 2 oaf

t h e t I , i . g ~ c t & ~ ~ A c t 3 9 5 8 ;

( i v l The l ' r ibz inal att-aclzed szrch i r zyo2~ ta~zce t o a

p o l i c y state7nen.t of t h e J f f x i s t e r OF?. t h z

q u e s t i o n	o f	c o n s i d a r a i ; i o n s	r e Z a t i n g	t o	t k e
deterr7cnce	of	o t h e r s	as	to	r e s u l t i . r , a
faiZzlrc?	b y	$72~3 l ea rned	Deputy	P r e s i d e n t	of
t h c	Yribuizal	t o e x e r c i s s	[ l i s	own	i n d e p e n d e n t

j u d g m e ~ z t .

W e s h a l l d e a l w i t h these	f o u r separate heads of	a t tack	i n
t h e o r d e r i n tv l~ich we	have	rrientioned	them.

The T r i - b u n a l was established by Part 11 of the ~ b t . It

c o n s i s t s of a P r e s i d e n t , and such nuizber of Deputy Presidents

and other members as are appo in t ed i r ~ accordailcc w i t h the A c t

( S . 5) . A person s h a l l not b e appo in t ed as a p r e s i d e n t i a l

menher (i.e. t h e Pres iden t o r a Deputy Presj-dcn-k) u!~l .css he

is or has becn a Judge o f a c o u r t c rea ted by t h e Par l ia7ren t

o r has certa5.n ot.hcr s p e c i f i e d q u a l i f i c a t i o n s (S. 7 (l) 2nd

the dn,finit:ion of "Judge" c o n t a i n e d i n S . 3) . M r . J u s t i c e

Davies' q : l a l i f i c a t i o n f o r appointmcmt a s a Deputy President

of t h e T r i b u n a l was and is that he is a Judse of t h i s Court.

The Minis te r t h a t t h e p l a i n t i f f T r i b u n a l ' s j u r i s d i c t i o n t o review t h e decis ion of the

be deported i s t o be found i n t.he

combiiicd operation of s.25(4) and s.26 ( 2 ) o f , and P a r t XXII

of the Schedule to, t-he A c t . By v i r t u e o f those provis i -ons,

the Tribuntzl i s g iven power t o review a decision o f the

E4i.ni.stc1: u n d c r S . 1 2 of the E l i ll.l__________ y r a t i o r ~ A c - k u p o ~ appl-icat ioi?

b e i n g made t o it in t . ha t . rcgctrc?. C1nu.se ,4 of Fart X X I I of

t h e Schedule provj.clcs that, fo r t h c purposes of revie117ing a

decisj .on of th;-. P I i . n i s t e r unr?.er s . .L2, the T r i b u n a l ~1-1a11. he

The submiss ion t l l d t it was not, competent f o r M r . J u s t i c e

Davies	t o constitute	t h e T r i b u n a l t o h e a r and de te rmine	t h e
a p p l i c a t i o n f o r rev iew was	based on	two	independent b u t

r e l a t e d a ~ : g m ~ e n t s , t h e f i r s t g e n e r a l , t h e second p a r t i c u l a r .

The f i r s t argument w a s t h a t it simp1.y i s n o t p c ~ i l i s s i b l e ,

under t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n , f o r a pe r son who i s a Judge o f a

c o u r t c r e a t e d by t h e Comn~onwealth Par l iament . t o be appo in t ed

t o an o f f i c e ,	such	as	Deputy	P r e s i d e n t o f	t h e T r i b u n a l ,	which
i n v o l v e s	t h e	e x e r c i s e o f	acinli n i s t r a t i v e	r 'unct ions	x h i c h	a r e

q u a s i j u d i c i a l i n c h a r a c t e r . The second was t h a t t h e

p r o v i s i o n s	o f	S . 7,	t h e d e f i n i t i o n o f	"Judge"	i n S . 3 ,	a n d	t.he
p r o v i s i o n s	of	Clause 4	of	P a r t XXII	o f	t h e Schedule ,	t o t h e
e x t e n t	t h a t	t h e y	p u r p o r t	t o a u t h o r i z e ' w h a t	o c c u r r e d	i n	t h e

present	m a t t e r ,	n a , e l y t h a t t h e	T r i b i l l ~ a l	b e	c o n s t i t u t e d by
a	Judge o f	n	c o u r t c r e a t e d by	t h e Co~nrnonwealtl~	P a r l i a m e n t ,

a r e beyoild	t h e	l e g i s l a t i v e	colnpetei~ce o f	t h e	P a r l i a i i e n t	for
t h e r ea son	t h a t t h e	r e s u l t o f	t h e T r i b ~ n a P	be ing	so	constFt i? ted

i s t h a t t h e f u n c t i o n s purpor tecl ly c o ~ l f e r r e d upon the Tr ibunc l

i n c l u d e what i s , i n t h e s t r i c t s e n s e , t h e e x e r c i s e o f j u d i c i a l

power.

The g e n e r a l argument t h a t i t bias c o n s t i t u t i o l ~ a l l y

impermis s ib l e f o r Ilr. J u s t i c e Davies t o be appointed a Deputy

P r e s i d e n t o f t h e T r ibuna l con fuses t h e appoirit.ruent o f a persoil ,

who	h a s	t h e q u a l i f i c a t i o n	of	b e i n g	a	Juclge	o f	a	c o u r t c r e a t e d
by	t h e P a r l i a m e n t ,	t o perform	ail	a d m i n i s t r a t i v e	f u n c t i o n ~	~	i	t	h
t h e	p u r p o r t e d	i n v e s t i n g	o f	a	court	c r e a t e d	under	Chapter	111

of t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n w i t h f u n c t i o n s ~7hicl l are propel:]-y

administrni: ive i n t h c i r n a t u r e . Fir. J u s t i c e Davies '

a p p o i n t n e n t as a p r e s i d e n t i a l member was a p e r s o n a l zippoint-

ment. Before he c o u l d be v a l i d l y appo in t ed a s a p r e s i d e n t i a l

m e m b e r , it was n e c e s s a r y t h a t he h o l d one of a number o f

d e s i g n a t e d q u a l i f i c a t i o n s . I t s o happened t h a t t h e q u a l i f i -

. .

c a t i o n which he h e l d w a s t h a t h c was a Judge o f t h i s Court..

The appnintment was o f him t o t h e o f f i c e of Deputy P r e s i d e n t

of t h e T r i b u n a l and n o t a c o n f e r r i n g o f f u n c t i o n s o r d u t i e s

012 t h e Cour t of wlliclr he was a l r e a d y a. menber.

There i s n o t h i n g i n t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n which prec:ludes a

J u s t i c e o f t h e High Cour t o r a Judge of t h i s o r any o t h e r

Cour t created by t h e Parl i .ament under Chapte r 111 of t h e

C o n s t i t u t i o n from, i n h i s personal . c a p a c i t y , be ing appoin ted

t o	an	o f f i c c	i n v o l v i n g	t h e	perEo~mnnce o f	admf i< i s t s a t i ve o r
e x e c u t i v e	f u n c t i o n s	i n c l u d i n g	f u n c t i o n s	which	a r e	qu.asi

j u d i c i a l i n t h e i r r1ztu1:e. Such an appointment ~ G ? S n o t

i n v o l v e any	imyennissible	a t t e m p t t o confer upon	a	Chapte r 111
c o u r t	fui-lc.k.io11.s which	a r e a n t i t h e t i c a l t o	t h e e x e r c i s e of

j u d i c i a l power. Indeed , i t d o f s n o t i n v o l v e t h e conferring

o f any f u n c t i c n s a t a l l on such a c o u r t . The at.tack on the

v a l i d i t y o f	t h e appointment of	14r.	J u s t i c e Davies	a s a Deputy
P r e s i d e n t of	t h e	T r i b u n a l must	be	re jcctcd.

The p l -a inJc i f f ' S second argument did n o t involve a g e n e r a l

a t t a c k on the e s t a b l i s h m e n t of t h e Tribunal. on t h e ground t h a t

the f u n c t i o n s power of t h e Commonwealth. e n t r u s t e d t o it constituted p a r t o f t h e juclicial-

PL;~in l .y , the plaintiff rt~ould

derive no 2 s s i s t a n c e from such an attack'since t h c provisions

o f t h e Act p r o v i d i n g f o r an appeal ' t o t h i s Cour t cou ld 11arcil-y

s u r v i v e a s i l c c e s s f u l a t t a c k on e i t h e r t h e e s t a l s l i s l u ~ ~ e n t o f

t h e T r i b u n a l i t s e l f o r c o n f e r r i n g o f f u n c t i o n s it.

The a rgume~l t was pu- rpor ted ly c o n f e r r e d on t h a t c e r t a i n of t h e q u a s i j u d i c i a l funzt j .ons

t h e Tribiunal would, i f e x e r c i s e d by

a Tr ibuna l c o n s t i t g t e d by a pres i -dent j -a1 member who w a s z

member of a c o u r t c r e a t e d 5 y t h e P a r l i a m e n t , assunlc the

i d e n t i t y o f	j u d i c i a l	power	t h e	s t r i c t s ense .	To	t h e
e x t e n t	t h a t t h e	r e l e v a n t p r o v i s i o n s	o f	t h e Act	produced	ti.1j.s
r e s u l t ,	t h e y were,	it was	submit ted,	beyond	the	l e g i s l a t i v e
competence	o f	the	Comnn~onwealth P a r l i a m e n t	i n	t h a t	t h e y
pu rpo r t ed	t o c o n f e r p a r t o f	t h e	j u d i c i a l	power	o f	t h e

Co~xmonwealth upon an aCmiini s t r a t i - v e t r i b u n a l which was n o t

a c o u r t c r e a t e d pussuan t t o t h e p r o v i s i o n s o f Chapter I11 o f

t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n .	I n o u r view,	t h e r e i s no	subs t ance	i n this
argulncn t .

The g e n e ~ a l f u n c t i o n s c o n f e r r e d upon t h e T r i b u n a l a r e

pl.ain1.y admin.istrcative i n charac-tcr. Th i s i s p a r t i c u l a r l y so.

i n t h e	c a s e	o f	tile	f u n c t i o n	of	rev iewing	d e c i s i o n s	o f	t h e
Minisker	under	s.12	of	t h e X i o r a t i o n	L___-	Act	where	t h e	T r i b u n a l

h a s no power t o s e t a s i d e t h e M i n i s t e r ' s d e c i s i o n b u t may

e i t h e r a f f i r m it o r remit, t h e m a t t e r f o r r e c o n s i d e r a t i o n i n

accordance w i t h ally r c c ~ n . ~ e ~ . ~ d a t i o n s which i.t might ~nake

(Schc?d.ulc, P a r t XXII) . N e i t h e r t h e f a c t t h a . t t h e T r i b u n a l

possesses c e r t a i n proced~il:al powers o s d i n z r i l y en joyed by

c0urt .s no r t h e :act t h a t t h e Tri12unal i s n u t h o r i z c d t o

d e c i d e q u e s t i o n s of law a r i s i n g i n p roceedings befc)re it

m c c t n s t h a t , i n per forming these a d n i n i s t r a t j . v c functi-ORS t

it i.s e x e r c i s i n g j u d i c i a l power (see, S h c l l C o ~ n p a n y o f

A u s t r a l i a v. --p F e d e r a l Cornniissj.oncr -p- o f Taxa t ion --- [l9311 A.C.

275 a t pp. 296-298; Munro (1926) 38 C.L.K. F e d e r a l Commi-ssioner -- ---- ---- o f Taxati.0~1 v.

153 a t pp.174-179; and The Queen v.. .

-- -

T r a d e P r a c t i c e s T r i b u n a l ; Ex p a r t e Tasrnani a n Breweries Pt-y .

---- -.---p---..7--- c---

Limi t ed (1970) 123 C.L.R. 361 a t p .411) . Such procedural

powers and t h e power t o dec ide such i n c i d e n t a l q u e s t i o n s of

lalt7 a r e f a c t . t h a t the coninonl.y c o n f e r r e d on c tdmin i s t r a~ t ive t r i b u n a l s . The

T r i b u n a l f o r t h e h g a r i n g of t h e rev iew i n t h e

p r e s e n t m a t t e r w a s c o n s t i t u t e d by a s i n g l e p r e s i d e n t i a l

member whose q u a l i f i c a t i o n s happened t o be t h a t he was a

Judge of	t h i s Cour t may perhzps be t hough t t o add t o t h . 2
T r i b u n a l	a superficri .al " t r a p p i n g " of cu r i a l . decision-rnakj-ny.

The t r a p p i n g s o f j u d i c i a l decis ion-making a r e n o t however

n e c e s s a r i . l y	i n d i c a t i v e	of	thc	e x i s t e n c e	o f	j u d i c i a l ,	a s
d i s t i n c t	from	a c h i n i s t r a t i v e ,	power	( s e e g e n e r a l l y ,	-	1:.	v.

Quinn; E x p a r t e Conso l ida t ed Food Corpora t ion (1977) 16 A . L , R .

- ----

-P-----

569 a t pp.574-576). a d ~ \ i n i s t r a - k i v e Many t r i .bul ia ls whose f u n c t i o n s are p u r e l y

a r e under a du ty t o a c t j u d i c i a l l y , t h a t i s t o

s a y , w i t h j u d i c i a l detachment and f a i r n e s s . The t r a p p i n g s of

j u d i c i a l decision-making a r e , i n scme c a s e s , no less

a p p r o p r i k t e t o such a t r i b u n a l t h a n they a r e t o a c o u r t

concerned w i t h t h e e:;ercj.se	o f t h e -juc?icj-a1 powes:	of	t h e
Cornn:onr.reaith.

I n t h e result, t h e p l a i n t i f f has failed t o make good

the a t t a c k baseci on the f a c t t h a t t h e ~ r i b u n a l w a s c o n s t i t u t ~ d

by M r . J u s t i c e Davies.

Tlze 7'rCl1zrr~aZ ?,?as i n eu>ror 277. law in p2 'ocecding

---p -

on t-he r'.ianZc - i ; l ln t t;hc3Z(rCi~-Liff --W- ?,.)as an a l f e n

w i t - ? ~ i n ilze ~neal?.i,?zg. of s . . l2 of t-hn Miq~o;-bio~z A c : ~ ;

---.	--_A	--
7 n r o
--- .L;? d o .

I t w a s submi t t ed on b e h a l f o f t h e p l a i n t i f f t h a t t h e

p r o v i s i o n s o f S . 1 2 o f t h e M.i.gra.tj.on A c t were not app1icabl .e

--p --..--

t o him f o r t h e r ea son t h a t he was n o t an " a l i e n " for t h e

purposes	o f	the	s e c t i o n .	T h e b a s i s of	t h e argument	i n suppor t
of t ha ' t h a s 1av;tul ly made h i s peri.;ianent horne	submiss ion	was	t h a t ' a	pcrson	who,	l i k e t h e p l - a i n t i f P ,

i n Aust~:al_.ia canno t

p r o p e r l y bz classified as an a l i e n .

S e c t i o n	5	of	t h e	M i r r a t i o n
--L.---.-e -.- Act. - p r o v i d e s t h a t , i n the

absence o f	a	c o n t r z r y i n t e n t i o n ,	t h e ~ ~ o r d	" a l i e n " tzr11en	used
i n t1 - )C Ac-t incans	a	person who	i s n o t a	E r i t i s 1 1 s & j e c t ,	an
I r i s h c i t i z e n o r	a	" p r o t e c t e d person"	( i . e .	a	p r o t e c t e d
person	under	t h e N a t i o n a l i t y	--	and	C i t i z e r l s h i p A c t 1 9 4 8 ) .
There	i s n o t h i n g	i n t h e p r o v i s i o n s o r contex-L of	s.1.2	o f	t h e

Migra t ion A c t which would j u s t i f y t h e conc lus ion t h a t t h e

p--

word " a l i e n " when used i n t h e s e c t i o n shoilld he i n t e r2 re t cd

as hax7ing ether than i t s d e f i n e d meaning. The p l a i - n t i f f i s

n o t	a	B r i t i s h	s u b j e c t ,	an	I r i s h c i t i - z e u G r a	" p r o t e c t e d
person" .	P la in l -y ,	h e	i s an	" a l i e n "	f o r the purposes	o f

S. 22 o f the ?li.igriltion A c . t . -v---- -

1'72~ 7 '~ ibz ln t rZ was in er1?30,; o f I n z ~ :M. ~12oceed- i . r : :p

p---- . - - - __L_-___-___l_ __---.-- --

on t h e bcrszs -t-i?cr-i: the: ~ ; l % g i i z - i ; i f - ' t.itzc-. nLT- - 7' S o 1.7

-LS--"IF--- J G -

. - .

The dcpo~ : t a l i on o rde r which WCIS made 5y t h e MLnisC-cr i n

rcspcc:t of tllc p1ai:ltiff wi r s csp3:cssllr s t a t e d t o he made

pursus!~i; t o thc power conferred I>y S . 12 of the --p---- ~lic;rzl;io;l Act.

The b a s i s u.pon whi -ch ' the o rde r w a s made i s s t a t e d , i.n t i le

o r d e r , t o be t h a t t h e p l a i n t i f f " w a s c o n v i c t e d in the Court

o f Sufim~lry J u r i s d i c t i o r l holden i n Darwin i n th.e ISor'cI~crn

T e r r i t o r y on t h e t h i r d day of Janua ry , 1978 o f an o f f c n c e

f o r which h e h a s been	senCen<-,ed t o j_lnprisonr;~ent	f o r one year
o r l o n g e r " .	I t i s c o m o n ground between	th.e p a r t i e s t h a t ,

u n l e s s the r e s u l t o f t h e s e n t e n c e imposed upon t h e p l a i . n t i f f

on	3	Janua ry 1978 was	t h a t the pl .a i : l t i f f	was, f o r the purposes
o f	S . 12 02 t h e ---p--	Miyra t ion Act ,	" sen t enced	t o in:~prisonin?nt f o r

one y e a r o r l o n g e r " , t h e d e p o r t a t i o n o r d e r w a s n o t v a l i d l y

made.

The sc l l t ence imposed upon .the pJ.r ; int iff w i i s n o t , as h a s

been ment ioned,	an	unqual. i f i e d s e n t z n c c o f	imprisonment	f o r
one y e a r .	I t w a s a	sent-ence of	in-tp>:isonmznt	w i t h h a r d l a b o u r

f o r twelve months accompanied by a d i r e c t i o n t h a t t h e

p l a i n t i f f he r e l e a s e d after t h r e e months on e n t e r i n g i n t o

h i s own	recognizance o f $ 2 0 0 t o be of good behaviour Cos t v o
y e a r s .	Tha t d i r e c t i o n w a s g iven pursuant t o t h e p r o v i s i o n s

of S. 5 (1) (b) o f t h e Nortlzeri~ T e r r i t o r y Crj-nlinal Lavr - (C~>nd.i.tj-oii?i.'l -- - - --- - - - - . p

Release of O f Fcnc?ers) Ordinance 1 9 7 1 . S e c t i o n 5 (1) OF t h e

p-- ----p

Ordinance p r o v i d e s , f o r p r e s e n t purposes , a s f o i l o i ? ? ~ :

I1 r

. ( 1 ) Suhc icc t t o t h i s s c c t i o i z , whcrqe n P C P S O I Z is

c o n v i c t e d o f an o f f e n c c a g a i n s t a law o f t-he T e r . r i t o % y ,

t h c coliri; b y whic7; h e	i s c o n v i c t e d may,	i f it: t h i n k s
f i t , b y or2del. --

( a ) rc l e a s e t h e p c ~ s o i z wiiizozrt p a s s i n g s e n t e n c e z l p o ~ t

h i m zipo~z h i s g i v i n g s e c u r i t y , w,i"ih o r tL)it7zot~l;

su1.e t i e s , b!y ~qcco~j?ziaaizca 01.. o t l re rwise , t o t h e

s a t i s f a c t i o n o f t h e court t h a t --

(i)     ha w f l l be o f good be7~nuiozdr f o r such

p c r i u d , as t l ~ c coil2.L spcc-i. f i e s i r t t7zc

o r cEc 11;

( b ) s en t ence t h e persuri t o CL tern? o f impri,-onment

but diz2cct t h a t t h e person be r e l e a s e d , upon

Jzis giv. i :ng a l i k e s e c u r i t y t o t7zat- ref'ez?red

t o i n k7ze ?,us t preccdi i tg parngz*aph, ei-tizer

for-bIzwii71 01. a f t e r he has s e r v e d a s p c c i f < e d

part o r t h e s e l z t e ~ l c e { ~ z p o c e d upon h i m .

It would seem c l e a r t h a t t h e s e n t e n c e r e f e r r e d t o i n

s.12 of t h e Mj-qration A c t i s t h e s e n t e n c e o f imprisonmen.t

- - - - - a -

iil~posed and n o t the t e r r n of imprisonment a c t u a l l y served.

'The fact t h a t a person who had been sen tenced t o be imprisor.:ei! for a t e r m of one y e a r w a s , by reason of r emis s ions cr r e l e a s e

on p a r o l e , ~ ; o t r e q u i r e d t o serve t h e f u l l term of il~~prisou;-?.ents..

imposed would n o t a fFec t t h e fact t h a t he had been sen tenced

t o imprisonment f o r one y e a r for t he purposes of S - 1 2 of thc

Pliqration k c t . I n such a case, t h e r e m i s s i o n s c o u l d n o t

_i	--
properly be reg~ l rdcd a s p a r t of the sentence iml>osed.	'They

are t h e r e s u l t of t h e c o n t e x t i n which the sen tence imposed

opcratcs. S i m i l a r l y , ~ I I the case of p r c ~ n a t u r e release on

pa~:o l~: , the rclcase i t s e l f - even when consequent upon t h e

f i x ing 02 a minimum non--parole p ~ r i o d - canno t propcr1.y be

r ega rded	as	a l t e r i n g the	c h a r a c t e r of	t h e	s e n t e n c c of
ilnpri sonrr,c~?t	imposed.	T h e f i x i n g o f	a	non-parole	period

n e i t h e r c o n f c r s any r i ~ h t of prernaturc rclcase upon t h e

person scn tenccd n o r q u a l i f i e s the n a t u r e or term of the

s e n t e n c c of ilr.prisonment a c t u ; l l l y imposed. I n t h e event that

thc person scntcilced i s premature ly r e l e a s e d on paro le , t h e

residue of	the sentence of	j.mpr.isoninen-t i s n0.k e x t i n y ~ z i s h e d .
If t h e conc?i t ions of	parole are b r o k e n ,	t.he pcrson released

c a n be r e k u r n c d t o pr isor l t o s e r v e t h e r c s i d u c o f the tern

. i ~ ~ p ~ s e d .

On t h e o t h e r hand, a Zl2:ection that a person sen tenced

t o a	ten11 of	imprisonment be	p rema tu re ly	r e l e a s e d p u r s u a n t
t o S. 5 (1)	(1-3)	o f t:he	Ordinance i s p a r t of	a conlposite s e n t e n c e

and o p z r a t e s 2s a qua l j . f i . ca t ion o r condi t j -on upon t h e sen- tence

of imprisorlrnent imposed, Such a d i r e c t i o n c o n f z r s up311 the

pe r son sen tenced t h e r i g - h t to be r e l e a s e d a t t h e no1nj.na.ted

t ime upon h i s g i v i n g t h e secu1:ity specified by t h e sen-kenci-ng

c o u r t . Upon such r e l e a s e , the res idu-z o f t h e s e n t e n c e imposed

does n o t remain unext.ingulshed i n .the s e n s e t h a t , i f t h e

c o n d i t i o n s o f r e l e a s e a r e broken, t he person r e l e a s e d can be

r e q u i r e d t o s e r v e it. The r e l e a s e , upon thc g i v i n g of the

s p e c i f i e d secu . r i ty , b r i n g s t h e s en t ence t o an end . Breach of

t h e c o n d i t i o n s oZ release w i l l n o t r e v i t a l i z e t h a t s en t ence .

Such b r e a d 1 i s punls!lable ~ 1 i < Z > i y a s e p a r a t e secti.011 ( s . 6 of

t h e O r d i n m c e ) which p rov ides f o r t h e possils1.e impos i t i on of

a new independent sen tence .

In - R. v. Carnuhzm ( 1 9 7 8 ) 22 A.L .R . 183 it t?as h e l d by t h e

F u l l High Cour t th:-it a d i r e c t i o n t h a t a person sentenced t o

i i~p~: i sonment f o r a p e r i o d of two y e a r s be releasc2d azkz r s i x

months upon c n t e r i n g i n t o a recognizance under s . 2 0 ( 1 ) 0 2

the C r i m c s Act 1 9 1 4 (Commori :~~al th~ was s u b j e c t t o rev.iew, a s

part of the sentence inposecl, i n an appea l under t h e ---- Cci-rlilniil- ---

Al?peal A c i ;	1912	(!?.S.\?.).	For	p r e s e n t	purposes ,	t h e r e would
- ----

appea r t o be	no	r c l e v a n t d i s t i n c t i o n bel\,recn a	iii.rcct;i.ori	unGer
s . 2 0 (1) o f	t h e Crimes Act	1 9 1 4	(Co~~~nor?v.realth)	t h a t a person Le
r e l e a s e d upon	e111;cring	i n t o a recognizance	and a	s i m i l a r

d i r c c t i o n undc r S . ' 5 (l) ( l ) ) 01 the n'ort h c r n ~ e r r i t o r y ~ r d i l ~ a n c c .

I n t h e c o u r s e of h i s judqnent i n -- R. v. --- C a r n q h m (sup~:a),

Gibbs $,.C. J. (with whose reasons for juclgrneilt S tephen J.

e x p r e s s e d h i s agreement.) ~ n a d e t h e following con-mcnts ( i b i d

". . . t h e sen tc l zce o f irnprisolzment i t s e ~ j ? voziZ,d have a

n7ni;ei.7:~1.7,1~ d i f f e r e n t e f f e c t if i t w e ~ e n o t f o r t h c

o r d c ~	f o r	r z l e a s e .	I n	t h e s s circumstances	i t seems
t o r/ie	t h a t	t h e	o r d e r	fez. r e l e a s e m;.!st be	t r e a t e d a s
a	q u a l i	f i c a t i o ~ z o f	t h e sentt:lzce	o f	i.n;prisonr;ient and

t h a t i t i s r i g h t t o i~ega2Qd it a s p a r t o f t h e s e n t e n c e

i t s e l f . AZ%ho7./21h thcu>e i s sane anrbiguit-y i n tlze

c.onclzcdi.ng w o ~ d s	o	j	S . 20	( 1 1 ,	t h e	ph17a . s~ l ' a f t e r 37.e	has
selqvad	aily	pop-L<on o f	h i s	s e ? z t e j ~ c c "	<?a	my	o p i n i o n

q u a l i f - l e s " ~ ~ ~ Z e a s e " , 7 2 0 t " ~ i q d t ? ~ ~ " . Tha-L i s %O s a y ,

t h e	o r d e r m u s t	b e	made	a t tlse	SCO?IC time	a s	t he ' s e~ f : : c7zce
i s imposed ,	and	n o t n . f%er p o ~ - i ; i ~ i ~	o f	i t	has	b e e n	s e r v e d .

Prom t?ze moment whcn seizte;zce i s ' pro?zczinced t h e c o n u i c t ~ d

person Zs cn t - i$ lcd io r e l e a s e a f t e r he h a s s e r v e d poi?tdo;?.

of h i s s e ~ ~ t e n c c if ?;c comp7,ics z~<tlz $ 7 2 2 coizti i t iois cf 52113

o r d c r . /i seizijerzce ojc tv~7 L,eaiqS' i,?npi?i::o./iii~elzt s i m p l i c i - t e i : ~

i s q u i 5 e d s f f e r a n ? i n i , t s incidence and s e v e r i t y frocl a

seii f i e i t cc 0 jF . y f ~ o L / ? ( C C ~ I , S ' i l l ? j > ) ? - i ~ ~ i i : ~ ; ~ ; ? , t c . o z / ~ ~ Z C ~ ~l/ l ;CjZ

oi.der for ~ 0 7 7 d . i . b i 0 i ~ ~ 2 r e l e ~ s e af?;eiq some liloi.it??.~. The

t r u e n a $ u ~ ? e o f $he s g j 7 t e ~ c e i n p c s e d can o n l y be

a s c e r t a i n e d by loo7cing a t t h e o r d e r a s a who le . "

I t was s u l ~ m j - t t e d on behalf of t h e p 1 a i n t j . f f t h a t t h e

above com~ments of Gibbs A.C.J. lcnc? clear support f o r -the

c o n t e ~ l t i o n that	effect o f	t h e d i r e c t i o n ur!dei-	S. 5 (l)	(b )
of t h e O r d i i l a ~ l c e was	that	-the plaintiff	could	not properly

be said, for the purposes of s.1.2 of t h e PJiqra. t i .on ___I_____ Act: , fo

have been	sen te i l ced t o a t c m of	rmprisonlncn'~ of one year,
In our view,	t h a t i s n o t so.	T h e q u e s t i o n to which t h e

Acti.izg Chief Justice w a s d i r e c t i n g his a t t e n t i o n i n 'il~e

e x t r a c t T1:om his judgrncnt was the q u c s t i o i ~ whether the

d i r e c t i o n for release 011' erztry i n t o a r e c o g n i z a ~ ~ c e c o n s t i t u t e d

p a r t of t h e sc?ntcnc:e impozcd. T h a t qtrcstio1-1 i s rclevzn'i: t o ,

but d i s t ! ~ n c t from, t h e q u e s t i o n now under c o n s i d 2 r a t i o n .

The fzct that a composite s e n t e n c e t h a t a person be imprisoned

for: one ycar b11.t be re]-eased on e n t e r i n g i n t o a recognizance

a f t e r t h r e e ~nontl ls i s d i f f e r e n t i n bo th i t s i n c i d e n c e and

s e v e r i t y from a s e n t e n c e o f imprisonment unacco!ripaxli.ed by

t h e order f o r r e l e a s e does no-t , i n i t s e l f , provicle a compelJ.j.,~.cj

answer	t o t h e q u e s t i o n whether ,	f o r t h e purposes of s.12	of
the Migra t ion Act,	t h e person	sen tenced unc?e~-	such a composj.t:e
s e n t e n c e can proper1.y be	s a i d .to have- been	sen tenced t o a	t e r m

o f iap?:isonrncnt o f one y e a r . T h a t q u e s t i o n is e s s e n t i a l l y a

q u e s t i o n o f t h e proper c o n s t ~ - u c t i o n t o be g iven t o t h e words

" sen tenced -to imprisonment f o r orie y e a r o r l o n g e r " i n s.12 oT

the -?.ligrcit:ion Act. If t h o s e wor2s f e l l t o be c o n s t r u e d i n

----. ---

i s o l a t j - o n nnd	n o t	i n t h e i r corite>:t o f	t h z t section, w e	sh.ould
have	no	hes i . t a t i on	in	r..eacl.liiig .the conc lus ion t h a t t h e eomp.r?site

s e n t e n c e i1iiposed upon the p l a i n t i . E f s a t i s f i e d k h e i r requlre:me;.lts

T h e words canno t , however, p r o p e r l y be s o cons t rued . 'They n a s t

be cons.truecl i n the c o n t e x t o f t h e sccti.011 i n which t h e y aF:;.,c;i3.-,

Th.e ma!;ing Xigrc? - t ion Act of a d e p o r t a t i o n orcicr pursuant t o S. 1 2 of the-

can i n v o l v e d r a s t i c i n t e r f e r e n c e w i t h t h e i2.L~:: t i ;

----p---

of an inc l iv idua l . The powers c o n f e r r e d upon t h e M l n i . s t e r by

t l ~ e sectLon shod-l ! be S t r ic . t? ,y construecl. a y , it was t h e

i n t e n t i o n o f t h e Mayis-[-.rate who s en t enced the p l - a i n t i f r ' t h a t he

shou ld s e r v e b u t t h r e e rnonths i n p r i s o n . 111 t h e o r d i n a r y course

it w a s t o bc espec.ted t l ~ r r t he would e n t e r -the recognizance ancl

be r e l e a s e d fro111 p r i s o n a f t e r hc Jiad served t h r e e mo11.i-.:is. I n

Pac t , a t tl-le tinle t h c depc~r- ta t ion orclcl: w a s niadc, it was I i I l ~ ~ i n

t h a t l:!~e p1 ; ~ i n t i . f f hc\d c n t c r c d i n t o thc: rccognizailcc, and hi:d

i.11 py:':;ay~ r t j a ~ .t]:e dircc-ir rcy t i l - i - : 01 the t e : ! r m s and opcr;~t:i.on 0 2

. c

e l l '~c f i :~ r j i.n i:(j a r ~ r ~ ) ( j n i : l e ~ r ) ~ t : D : : c ~ 1lj,j(f!~,3~kL3I:j.:l5 ~ k j l ; . ~ c ? t j Ci?Z rdli.i C?: ;

j-:E bj:c;;+c.ilccf, \.:oul.d r e n d . c r h:lifi lj.;:bl:: to be sen ' i e i l c~d to n ncSd

' Y C

(-.c]:lo of i ~ ~ 7 l . i :jol;n:en:, ti:~ l . , . . . r;ns cn ';?.tlcd to socu!:r? lit F.;

a.f-i:[?y !-;c S = ~ ] : V C ~ .i:hj:cc m o n t h s of .I-.l~e .term _i.lL:l,o:.;c6

. . 1. - - S >,. , .? . .\

and th;it, oil su,:jl 3:clc.a:;:::, llj-:; lj.;jb:L.!.:<:y SCY\TC .k.h.C J L > . . ~ C . ~ ) < . L Ci:::

th c: tc: :pi2 .i.r!po ::c t! \ : : . : ; : . e >r.t<.:li~u j.:;1>c? d. Noi.1~: :ll!c lc 5; s , i 1 2 ou ? ̂ c:.\..' .-

the p~ r2.j n.Ly5.F: \;;jn, ujid-j- the ccjn l i>c>sj te s c ~ i t i n c c i . l !? j i~~~i :d ,

, - , ; - j , - j , 0 .3 y . \:?c? ?, 3:~: s r % ;.:l:) 7 C'

'to	l:cLl'j	t l : ( ~ ] : ~ : ~ ! . ~ ~ i r ~ ~ - : ~	l,,:{:jl:i.::;	of S . 112	L>. sC;I:;C! \i'h:i.(:]; V!CJK!j-G
\ . J ; - :~- -J -~JJ :~	k ] ] ~	(:~:j;~<:S.y;>-:j.c~r~ t.)l;;t	i:l?.c::;-j:	~ ~ z c ~ u , ~ . I c ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ' L s	\<PY:~: j~(.')j:

j:y j-iif. ~ - - ; , ~,,;h C;!! j ; j upo1.1 i:h c p 2 if{.:: 2 i: !--:F -

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s ~ ? G ~ c ? ~ ~ c T z ~ 0 f ~ A c & ? i i 7 $ . 7 L/-'_v' O i l t/!i? Cl !?PS i : i .~?l 0,f

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o w l ~ i i zdnpend i i r~ i ' , j z~c ign ie~z - i - .

T h e f u n c t i o n o f t h e Tri.blzna1 i s , a s we have s a i d , ail

admin i s t . r a t i ve one. I t i s t o review t h e ac imin i s t r a t i ve

dec i s i -on t h a t i s under a t t a c k b e f o r e it. I n that. ~:eview,

t h e Tr.i . l~una1 i.s n o t r e s t r i . c t e d t o co :~s i c l e r a t i on of t h e

q u e s t i o n s which	a r e r e l e v a n t	t o a	j u d i c i a l	deternlinaf:ion	oE
whether	a	d i s c r e t i o n a r y power	all-owed by	s t a t u t e has	been

v a l i d l y e x e r c i s e d . Excepi: i n a c a s e where on ly one d e c i s i o n

can lar.:fulllr be made, it i s n o t o r d i n a r i l y p a r t o f t h e

f u n c t i o n of a c o u r t e i t h e r t o de tenoiLe what d e c i s i o n s1loul.d

be made i n t h e e x o r c i s e of an a c l n ~ i n i s t r a t i v e d i s c r e t i o n i n a

g iven c a s e o r , wheze a d e c i s i o n has been iav:%ully ma2e i n ,

pursuance o f a p e r n i s s i h l e p o l i c y , t o a d j u d i c a t e upon t h e

rrlerits o f t h e d e c i s i o n o r "LE p r o p r i e t y of t h e p o l i c y . That

i s p r i m a r i l y an admil-1istrati . i~e r a t h e r than a j u d i c i a l fu r ic t ion .

I t i s t h e f u n c t i o n which has been e n t r u s t e d t o t h e Tribunal.

The q u e s t i o n f o r the d e t e r x i n a t i o n of t h e Tribunal. i s no-::

whether t h e decis i .cn which t h e decision-maker n;ade is t h e

c o r r e c t o r p r e f e r a b l e one on tl-le rt?a-t:crial b e f o r e h i m . The

ques t io i l f o r t h c d e t e r : a i n a t i c ~ l o f the T r i b u n a l i s whethe?:

t h a t d e c i s i o n was t h e c o r r e c t o r p r e f e r a b l e one on the iaateri.al

b e f o r e the Tr ibuna l . The Act o f f e r s li t:t!.e g e n e r a l y-ui.di?ncc.

on t h e c r i t e r i a an.d r u l e s which -the Tril.)unal. i s t o appl-y i n

. .

t h e performance o f i t s ttasl.; or' rcvj-cv:ing z d m i n i s t r a t i v e deci-..;~.o;>s

which are s u b j e c t e d t u i t s s u r v e i l l a n c e . Even i n a c a s e such

a s t h e p r e s e n t where t h e l e g i s l a t i o n under which t h e relevant

deci-s ion was made f a i l s t o spec i - fy t h e p a r t i c ~ ~ l a r c r i t e r i a

o r cons j . de ra t ions which a r e r e l e v a n t t o t h e d e c i s i o n , the

Tr ibuna l	i s n o t ,	however, ' a t l a r g e .	I n i t s proceedi-ngs,	it
i s o b l i y e d	t o a c t j u d i c i a l l y ,	t h a t i s t o s a y ,	w i t h	j u d i c i a l
f a i - r n c s s and	detachment.	I n i t s review. o f	an	a d n 2 n i s t r a t . i ~ ~

d e c i s i o n , it i s s u b j e c t t o t h e g e n e r a l c o n s t r a i n t s t o w h i c ? ~

t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e o f f i c e r whose d e c i s i o n i s under review wc;s

s u b j e c t , namely, t h a t t h e r e l e v a n t power n u s t n o t be exe3:cised

f o r a	purpose	o t h e r t h a n	t h a t f o r which	it e x i s t s	( ? ? a t e r	P-..
C . L . R .	4 9 2	a t ~ 2 . 4 9 6 , 498,	499-500,	5 0 4 ) ,	t h a t r e g a r d must	be
had	t.o	t h e	r e l e v a n t	c o n s i d e r a t i o n s ,	and	t h a t natters
" a b s o l u t e l y	apart	from t h e m a t t e r s wllich	hy	law	ought	t o be

t aken i n t o c o n s i d ~ r a t i o r i " must he i gno red (Iteg. -- v. -- Cothan

L18961 1 Q .B . G02 a-t p. 806; --.- l iandzl l v, ~J0rt11cot:e C O Y T ~ ~ I : , ~ . ~ ~ . C > ; ~

(19101 11 C . L . R . 1-00 a t pp.109-110; -..-.a Shrimpton -W-- M v. -- The

Conx71oni:~alth -- (1945) 6 9 C.L.R. 613 a t p.620; -P The queen - - - - -. v.

Ande.l:son; -. - Ex p a r t e --- Ipec-Air P t y . Lirnited ( 1 9 6 5 ) 113 C.L. R.

------L.- -M-----

Tj-lcre are c i r cums tances i n which a n adminis tsa-Live o f f i c e r

i s p rec luded	from	t a k i n g	i n t o account	t h e	d i c t a t e s of	g e n z r a l
government	p o l i c y	i n t h e e x e r c i s e o f	a	power	c o n f e r r e d	upoil

him by v i r t u e of h i s off icc: , Examples can r e a d i l y bc f o u l ~ d

among c a s e s % h e r e t h e p a r t i c u l a r o f f i c e r i s charged wi th t h e

e x e r c i s c o f a power hy r e f e r e n c e t o d e f i n e d c r i t e r i z o r

c o n s i d e r a t i o n s (The Queen v. Anderson; E x p a r t e Tpcc-Air Fty.

---- -----p-- -- --..----

Lirn.ited,	s u p r a ,	a t pp. 204-205'	and s e c , f o r example,	Fir1anc;e
F a c i l i t i e s P t y - T,in:iL'ed	v.	Fcdc ra l	Con:~sai-,ss~.oner	o f Taxatj-on

p------- ---- --.-W --- p---.

(1371) 1 2 7 C . L . R. 106) . O r d i n a r i l y , however, an ad~n i i~ i s t r a ! - . i ve

o f f i c e r chzirged	w i t h tlic	exercise of	d i . sc re f ; ionary po\~h.,er	'ii7il.I
be e n t i t l e d , o r considerc?ti .ons,	i.n	t h e	absel?ce of	s p e c i f i c a l l y d e f i n e d c r i t e r i a

to take i n t o account yovernme11.t p o l i c y .

. .

The p r o p r i e t y of pay ing r e g a r d t o seneri-tl pc,l.icy considc~:ai:.ioxis

i s most evident : i n s case such as the	. p r e sen t where	th:>re	are
no s p e c i f i e d d i - s c r c t i o n a ~ y	s t a t u t o r y c r i t e r i a f b r t h e exercise	of	t h e

poT;rer and where the power i s entrusted t o a

Xinis-Ler of t h e Crown r e s p o n s i b l e to Parliament. . CieL~.j-:i.y,

i n consider . ing v:hether a depoir-lation o r d e r shoilld b.? made il.1

r e s p e c t or' tile p l a i n t i f f i.n the present matter, t h e ?1Pnis ter

was e n t i t l - c d t o be guridcd by any yenel-a1 r e l e v a n t govclrnment

p o 1 i . c ~ which wr;s n o t i n c o n s i s t e n t with the p r o v i s i o n s o r the

oh jects of t h e !.licjration Act. Indeed, t h e - c o n s i s t e n t exercise

---p-

of discreirFor!a.ry a&i~j-nist , rat j .vc power i n 'die absence of l e g i s -

l a t i v e g u i d e l i n c : ~ w i l l - , i n i t s e l f , a lmos t i n e v i t a l ~ l y lead t o

t h e	for rnu la t icn	of	some	general p o l i c y o r r u l e s r e l a t i n g t o
t b e	e x c r c i s e o f	the	r e l e v a n t	po2Jer.

1n some c a s e s , t h e T r i b u i ~ a l mcly be e x p r e s s l y r e q u i r e d ! ~ y

t h e Act confcrr:iny t h e right o f appea l t o regard i t s e l f a s

bound by t h e p r inc ip l - e s fo rmula ted by t h e M i n i s t e r i n

admini s t e r i - n y some aspcct o f t h e A c t (see, f o r exarnplc, ---- D a i r y

Indur,t1-~r S t a h i l i z a t i o n Act	1 9 7 7 s s . 1 l . A	2nd	24A).	C u t t h a t i s
-----p---p

n o t t h e c a s e hcrc?. T h e r e was no L, 1.11 the l ~ r e s c n t m a t t e r , c?lpl\r

e x p r e s s s t a t u t o r y p r c v i s j o n e i t h e r r e q u i r i n g o r a u t l l o r i z i n g

t h e T r i b u n a l to d e t c a ~ i n e the m a t t e r i n accordance wi th

r e l e v a n t gover l~mcnt o r m i n i s t e r i a l pol i c y .

In a matter such a s the p r e s e n t where it was p c ~ m i s s i S l e

f o r t h e decis ion-maker t o t a k e r e l e v a n t ~ o v c r n m e n t p o l i c y

i n t o account i n maki:lcj h i s d e c i s i o n , b u t where t h e ' i ' r i b ~ n a l js

n o t undcr a s t a t u t o r y du ty to rccjard itselE as b e i n g hound by

t h a t pc'icy, t h e T r ibunz l i s entitled to treat such governxent

p o l i c y a s a r e l e v a n t f a c t o r i n t h e determins-t ; ion of an

a p p l i c z t i o n	f o r review	of	that:	d e c i s i o n .	I t woul cl	bc	c o n t r a r y
t o com~~.ol~	s e n s e	t o p r e c l c d c	the	T r i b u u a l ,	i n i t s review	oE	a

dec j s i o n , from paying any r e g a r d t o y ~ h a t was a relevz.-,nt and

p r o p e r f a c t o r i n t h e m a k i n g of t h e d e c i s i o n i t s e l f . I f t h e

o r i g i n a l decis ion-maker has propexly p a i d recjard t o some

g e n e r a l govcrnmcn t pol-icyx7 i n r e ~ . c h i n g h i s d.c?cision, the

e x i s t e ~ i c c o f that p o l i c y w i l l p l ~ j n l y be a r e l e v a n t f a c t o r

f o r the Tribuna l ' t o t a k e i n t o accour\ t i n rev iewing t h e decis5.c>~.

On t-he o t h e r hand, the T r i b u n a l is not, i n t h e absence of

s p e c i f i c S t a t u t o r y p r o v i s i o n , ent j . t l e d t o a b d i c a t e i.t:s :unction

of de terni n i n g ~whcther thc dscj.sj.on fi~acie v:a:s, on t h c mst-eria l

b e f o r e	t h e	T r i b u n a l ,	the	correct or	pre fe ra l~ le	one i n favour
of	a	f u n c t i o n	o f	mcrcly	d c t e r s ~ i n i n g	whether the decj-sion nz:dc

conformc..d w i t h \.lhateve r t h e re levsl - i t g e n e r a l govelrn~ricnt p o l i c y

might be .

It is n o t desirable t o atkernpt. t o frame any ~ e n e i r a l

s t a t c m c n t o f	t h c p r e c i s e	],art:	whj-cl? go\rc>rnment pcl;.cy	s h o u l d
orcl.i .nnri.ly	p l a y	i n t h e detcr!nj.n&ti.c>:ls	of	t .he ' .~r ibunaI . . T h a t i.::,

a m a t t e r t h e p n r t i c u l - a r c a s e f o r t l lc 'Tribui~al . its13j.f t o detcrrninc i l l tlic co9tt.x-l: c).?

a n d i n t h e 1.j.ght of the necd f o r conpranii-se,

i n tllc	i n t e r e s t s of	good government ,	be tween ,	on	t h e m e hand,
the	d e s i r a b i l i t y of	c o n s i s t e n c y	i n t h e t r e a t m e n t	of	c i t i z e n s
u n d e r t h e I.aw	ancl,	a n t h e o t h e r hand,	t h e i d e r i l of	j u s t i c e	j.11

t he i n d i v i c l u a l c z s c . I t may b e t h a t t h e T r i b u n a l c c n c l u d c s ,

on the m a t e r i a l b e f o r e i t , that a p a r t i c u l a r goverrlment policy

which h;id been a p 2 l i p d by an a d n i n i s t r a t i v c o f f i c e r i n m i ~ l ; i ~ l s ;

a det:ision	wllich t h e T r i b m a . 1 was	revi.ewing was,	i n i t s e l f ,
unob jec t j .onah le	a]-id t h a t t h e n e e d	f o r c o i l s i s t e n c y	i n t h e

p a r t i c u l a r a r e a o f z d r n i n i s t ~ : a t i v e c?ec:ision-making v a s sucl-1

t h a t , j.n t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s o f t h e ' c a s e , t h e corrcci: o r

p r e f e r a b l e d e c i s i o n was t h a t which r e s u l . t e d frojn t h e a p p l i -

c a t i o n o f t h a t p o l i c y t o t h e f a c t s o f t h e m a t t e r b e c o r e it.

An exaxple cf an a r e a of d e c i s i o n - r ? ~ a k i n g where s u c h an anpl-cac!l

inigl-it, i n the p a r t i c u l a r c a s e , be a p p r o p r i a t e is that. i!lr;-ol.vlny

t h e	d i s c r e t i o n a r y	q r a n t o f	statxhory	l i c e n c e s	i n c i r c m s . k a ~ z c e s
whzre	no	s t a t u t c r y g u i d e l i n e s a r c l a i d down	2nd	t11c	p e r s o n a l

F

q u a l . i f i c a t i o n s o r c h n r z c t e r i s t i c s 01 t h e p r o s p e c t i v e l icensee

are	u n i m p o r t a n t .	Such. a	d e c i s i o n ,	even	though	it	i n v o l v e s
t h e e p p l i c a t i o n i s t h e outcome	o f	government	pol - icy	t o t h e	r e l e v a n t	f a c . t s ,

cf t h e i n d e p e n d e n t assessmer i t by t h e Tribunal

o f a l l t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s o f the p a r t i c u l - a r n a t . t e r . I t i s to

b e c o n t r a s t e d w i t h t h e u n c r i t i c a l a p p l i c a t i o l l o f g o v e r ~ m e n t

p o l i c y t o the f a c t s of t h e p a r t i c u l ; ~ r m a t t e r which rcp~ccsen!:..;

an a b d i c a t i o n by t h e T r i b u n a l o f i t s L'uncti.o!~s. I n p r a c t i c e ,

t h e 1 ~ o r ~ e . r l j . n e be tween t h e two c l a s s e s o f d e c i s i - o n nay w e 1 . l be

b l u r r e d and it i s i r ~ e v i t a h i e t h a t there w i l l be c a s e s i n which

i-l-.	i s d i f f i c u l t t o d i s c e r n ,	frorr;	the	puhl . i shed r e a s o n s	of	t t i2
T r i b u n a l ,	on	which	s i d e o f	t h e b o r d e r	t h e	p a r t i c u l a r d.ecis,ic)n

of the T r i b u n a l l i e s . I t is, however, d e s i r a b l e t h a t . , in ar?y

case where t h e Tribunal r e a c h e s t h e c o n c l u s i o n that t h e

p a r t i c u l a r circumstances a r e s u c h a s t o make t h e c o r r e c t o r

p r e f e r a b l e d e c i s i o n that w h i c h r e s u l t s from a n a p p l i c z t . i o n

of s o n ~ e govc?~:nmenC o r m i n i s t e r i a l p o l i c y t o t h e p i r ~ t i c u l a r

f a c t s , t h e T r i b u n a l maJ;es j-t c l e a r k h a t it. h a s considered

t h e	p r o p r i e t y	o f	t i i e	p a r t i c u l a r p o l i c y	and	e x p r e s s 1 y	i ~ l d i c z t c s
t h e	c o n s i d e r a t i - o n s w l ~ i c l - l have	l e d	i t	to	that	c o n c l v s i o n .	Y22i.s

i s p a r t i . c u l a r l y s o i n m a t t e r s stzch a s t h e revj-ew o f a

iieport.2 -Lion o r d e r vrlzerc no two c a s e s wi 1-1- be i d e n t . i c a l and

where pe r sona l . l i b e r t y w i l l corrunorily be in\?-olved.

Examina t ion o f t h e r e a s o n s f o r d e c i s i o n of t h e I c a r n e d

Deputy P r c s i d o n t irr t h e p r e s e n t :.:i.atter j.l. ,dicates t:ha-:: -L..Eii:

d c c i s i o i l which h e veaclled was t h e r e s u l t o f t h e a p p l . i c a t i o i ~

by	him of	m i n i s t e r i a l p o l i c y t o h i s c a r e f u l asses~.:!:-~el;t	of	t1:c
f a c t u a l naterj.:l'	before him.	Tde	heve e2:pezienzecl	c :?1 ic id~ra i ) l e
d - i f f i c u l t y i n decj .d ing w h e t h e r	tlist	~ p p l i c a t i o n	of	p o l i c y w a s

t h e result of ail i -ndspendent assessl!!ent o f i t s p r o p r i e t y and

an indcpenf ient dctern!i .nat ion tha t - . t h e c i r c u c ~ s t a n c e s of t j ;e

case wcrc suc!i t h a t t h e c o r r e c t . c1eci::i.on was t h a t r c s a i t - i n g

f r o ~ n t h e a p p l j ca t - ion o f t h a t policy t o tl)e r e l e v ; i n J ~ i d c t s .

S rn i the r s J . h a s a n a l y s e d t h e masons f o r d e c i s i o n o f t h c

l e a r ~ i c d Deputy P r e s i d e n t . Thc m;-it"ccrs t o \ ~ ~ : ? i c I ~ he h a s pointcc1

have ul.ti.mat.cl-y l e d u s , on baJ .nnce, t o concl.ude t h a t t h e

published	r e a s o n s of	the 'i 'rib~rri	a 1 i n d i c a t ' e	t h a t t h e	T r i b r r i a l
f a i l e d t o make	s u c h	a n	i l ic lcpcnder~t assessment	and	i n c l c p c m d ~ n t
d e t e r m i n a t i o n and	t h a t ,	i n the	r e s u l t ,	it	f a i l e d p r o p e r l y t o

p e r f o r m i t s f u n c t i o n of r e v i e w i n g t h e M i ~ l i s t e r ' s d e c i s i o n

t h z t a d e p o r t a t i o n order be nade .j-n r e s p e c t o f t h e p l a i n t i f f .

The appeal s h o u l d be a l l o w e 6 and t h e m a t t e r s h o u l d h e

rem?:.t.ted t o t h e T r i b u n a l f o r a v.ehea.ri.ng. L e s t tllese should

be any d o u b t on t h e m a t t e r , we express1 y i i l d i c a t c t l la t n o t i ; i ~ l y

i n what w e 1-iave wrj.t.Lc:n s h o u l d be t a k e n as i n d i . c a t i n g a.ny view

as t o w h e t h e r , i n all t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s of the c a s e , t h e

d e c l s i o n of t h e M i n i s t e r t h a t -the p l 2 i n i . i f f be d e p o r t e d

s h o u l d be a f f i r m e d by t h e Tribunal. The d e f e n d a n t M i n i s t e r

s h o u l d pay the p l a i n t i f f ' s c o s t s o f t h e appeal .

I certify t h a k t h i s and t h e t.crenty-th7o

preceding pages arc t r u e copy t h e

Reasons f o r J u d q ~ u c n t h e r e i n of t h e i r IIonours

t h e Chie f J u d 9 e , S i r I J iqe l Eowen and

F 9 r . J u s t i c e De ane .

A s s o c i a t e .

D a t e d :  3 May 1973.

*Scr~i~[:a-c 30 a Z c ~ ~ r u n p n 3113 pvy a ~ u i l I

- ~ u ~ I u ~ P ~ ~ 1 0 J fi'llOSI!c3-L ~ [ I ? o JSOLLI"1 ' 'l' 3ILCr)U IltLl3 f " 3 LL3.h\Oa

j o st1orsn-[3rro3 put: s u o s t . ~ - c 3qj q l p i q u a u 1 3 ~ ~ 3 e (I-! UIB I

~ e a d d e j o spunox3 puo3as pue 3 s x - t ~ acl3 07 33adsa~ q3-r~

at13 auTrilxaAap pue zzaq 07 1ew1q31~ s ~ c a d d v a n ~ 3 c ~ 3 s T u - ~ i i ~ p \ j j

7rzr;J puno-12 3 s x - r ~ ay3 uo : s p u n o i 3 J - ~ L O J 3 3 3 3 ~ 3 rr? uodn

Thc t h i r d ground of t h e arnend5d n o t i c e of appea l

i s e>:p~-cssed i n t h e fol lo\h; i . i~g tertns: -

I i r >

lhe T r i bunnl was ill e r r o r of la11~ jn pl-oceedil7g

on t h e bas i s th;t t h e p l - a i n i i f f w a s a pcrson

who had been sentel!ced t o imprisonment f u r

one y e a r o r l o n g e r \:rit:hj_n t h e meanit-:g o f S . 1 2

of t l lc _I___ r ' l i ~ ~ - a t i o n Ac t 1955 a s nrr~ei~ded."

IJ12der t h i s g r ~ u n d i t was a rgued t h a t t h e s e n t e n c e whj-c11 had

been imy:osed upon t l ~ e p l a - i n t i f f L17 tlle Court of Surnnlary

J u r i s d j ct.j on i n Uarwri n , Korthel-n T e r r i t o r y on 3 Janualby 1978

-

was n o t a s ~ n t e r i c e o f ir;lpri.soilrnent' f o r one y e a r o r l onge r

w i t h i n t h e meaning of S . 1.2 of t h e Mj fir8 t i on Ac, t 1958. Tile - - > -- . - -

c e r t i - f i c a t e of c o n v i c t i o n s t a t e s : -

r I That t h e defendanL ~ 7 a s convl .c ted by t h e s a i d

Court f o r that . between t h e 28 th day of	September
1.977 and the 9 t h day of Decien-~ber 1977 a t

' Idollogora~lg	i n t h e	s a i d 'I 'errLtory	he	d i d p o s s e s s
n pl-ol?iSi-ted	drug,	t o wi.t,	c annab i s AND	UPGK
sue-h	c o n v i c t i o n the	s a i d Court	o rde red	tlzat!the

de fendan t )be imprisol-.led ancl k e p t t o llard l abour

f o r the space of 1 2 months.And t h e s a i d Court

d i r e c t e t l t h z t a f t e r s e r v i n g a p e r i o d of 3 n o ~ l t h s ,

t h e o f f e n d e r shall be rel.c:ased upon h i s e n t e r i n g

int.0 a r ecogn izance , 11i.mscl f	i n t h e sum of	$400
i n h i s o1:rn	recogni::ance	t o bc! of good behav iou r

f o r t h e space of two y e a r s -l;lien next erisuir;_g AXE it l;:ss

further 01-dered that the defei2ciant pzy tlie sum of $/4-G0

011 o r b e f o r e t h e 3 r d day of June 1378. And

i.:: 1 ~ s f~.~-~-Ll-lcr o r t i ~ r e d t h a t i n defa11l.t of

payment of t h e s a i d sum 'the ciefenclant be

imprisoned and k e p t t o ha rd l abour f o r t h e

11

space of 40 days .

The de.Eenclant r e f e r r e d t o i n t h i s ct:rtific:;te i s now t h c

Rcl casc of Of fende r s ) O r d i ~ ~ a ~ ~ ~ e	1971 (NO. 34 of 1971).
-p----.-.pp	-P---

S e c t i o l ~ 5(1) provides : -

t I 5(1) Subjec t t o t h i s sec t ion ,where a person i s

convic-tcd of	an	of fence a g a i n s t a	l a w o f
t h e T e r r i t o r y t h e	mu]-t by	which Ile	i s

convic ted may, i f	i t thinl is f i t by	o rde r -
(a)	r e l e a s e tile person wit1)out pass ing	sentence!

. .

upon him upon h i s ~ I I T ~ D ; ; sccur i - ty , w i t 1 1

o r without sui-e ' i ics, b); recognj za~ lce o r

o therwise , t o t h e s a t i s f a c t i o n of t h e c-ourt

t h a t -

(i)      he w i l l be of good bel?aviour f o r such

period a s t h e c o u r t s p e c i f i e s i n t h e

o r d e r ; -

( i i )    . . .

( i i i )   . . .

( h ) sentlcnc-e t h e person t o a term of irnprisnnrr:ent

bu t d i r e c t t h a t the person be rel-eased, upon

h i s gi l r ing a l i k e secu . r i ty t o tt1.at r e f e r r e d

t o i n th.e last prccccling paragrapll, e i t h e r

fortl;i.;ith o r a f t e r he has served a s p e c i f i e d 11

p a r t of t h e sentence iniposed upon him.

In de l - iver ing judgment t h e Magis t r a t e s a i d : -

11 I n t h e case of	Drake, for t h a t o f fence of
possess i o n , he wF1-1 be	convi.cted b u t sentenced t o

imprisonment wi th l x r d I.atc,ur f o r 1.2 months but

I	d i r e c t h i s r e l e a s e after	t h r e e montl-1s 017	him
e n t e r i n g i n t o h i s ovm	recogn?zar-izc o f	$200,	t o

be of h e i s f ined $400 i-n d e f a u l t , 40 good behaviour For two y e a r s . days imprisonmei~t. I n a d d i t i o n

I I

wit.11 hard labo~ur.

Tlic ques t ion i S d-ietlier by t h a t sentence t h e p l a i n t i f f was

t I

I S w i t l ~ i n

sentenced t o imp~:isonmcnt Col:  one ycnr o r longer

Sec t - io i~ 1 2 i s

t h e lfieaning of S . 1-2 of the --.--L-pp E i j 21-31-ion Act.

i n t h e Fol l.o;..ring terms : -

or of exto;-ting 2ny rnolley o r t h i n g b j r f o r c e o r

t'tlx-eat, o r of an att-cmpt t o cornlnit suc.11 a crime,

o r has been convic ted i.n A u s t r a l i a of any o t h e r

offenc-e f o r v?l~i.ch he has been sentellcc2d t o

irn;~risonmerl t. f o r one y e a r 01: lol-~ge~:, thc Minis te r

lnay , up017 :.he expi ratj.011 o f , o r d u r i n g , any tzern~

of impr:i_soni:ient se rved or beS.ng served L57 t h a t

a l i c n Tn r e s p e c t of t h e c r i~ i i e , ortier the

deportation of li)-iat a l i e n . ~t

--

1 . t i s c l e a r t h a t there i s a sense i n which the p l a i n t i f f was

sentenced t o jmprisollrnerlt For one year o r lollger bu t t h e

qucstj-on j.s wl-)et:Iler t i z c i t i s t h e scnse which .~;170uld 11e

a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e r ~ l e ~ r a n t express ion i.n s.12. On i t s f a c c

t h e se~? tc i l ce t o which the person s p e c i f i e d sentenced i s by f o r c e of i n s . 1 2 i s a simple sentence p u r s ~ ~ a n t

t h c se11tel;ce

requi.rec1 t o uui?crp,o imprisonri~ei-1t f o r or~e year. or longer. I'

the d i r e c t i o n thlit ttlc p l a i i l i i f f be r e l e a s e d aCter ser l - ing

3 months	077	h i s	c : ~ t c r i n g i n t o a	p resc r ibed	rcco~nizance	i s
p a r t of	t h c	sentence imposed	on	t h e p l a i n t i f f	on	t h e 3 J a l ~ u c s y

1975 then ::.he 1-er-~gth of t.he j.nipriso~::i~ent irnposecl upon t h e

p l a % n t i f X i;.oc~ld be dctern~i l~ccl by t h e p rov i s ions of t h e scntencc>

a s t h e y .cci)uld a p p l ~ ~ according t o t h e circumstances t h a t t h e

p l a i n t i f f d i d o r d i d not e n t e r i n t o t h e recog~i izance . I f llc

d i d thm by t h e xTcry provisi-ons of t-he s e n t e n c , ~ the term of

i rnpr iso~~u~cr? t woulci ext~mcl ~ O T three r~lont-bs o-nlj-.

i nd j catj.on t o t h e cont raj-y t o c o n s t r ~ z e t h e r c l cvan t provi s ion

I I 1 ? ?

one y e a r s imprisonment siniplj.c;il-er . If one p u t s o u t OF

one 's niilid t h o u g l ~ t s of all tllc v a r i o u s k i i ~ d s of scntc-necs which

rnay b e imposed by c o u r t s alld therl a s k s what kincl oT a scnte i lce

ac,cord ing t-o	t h e n a t u r a l rncani.lly, 01 t h e words,	t h e znrwcr wol.-ild
b e it i s a	sent-ence which by	its terms r e q u i r e s t h e perscn

sen tenced t o serve one year at I - ~ r r t s t i n imprison!i~ent:. T i l a t si.5,

a y c a r ' s s e n t e n c e a t l e a s t s i n p l i c l t c r .

It was s a i d by t l ie High C o u r t i l l --W Wiilsoi: v. Boaden .- i n -

a judgrceni-. d c l i v e r c d by Dixon C . J . (1953) 90 C.L .R. 345 at

f t 1

The word	' sent .e~2ce cozmot.cs a	j ud i c i a l .	judgmrnt
o r	p ro~ :~ounce r~en t	f i x i n g a term of	iinprisoi.~r:~r:nt.

A terrr~ vE j - ~ i p ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ ; r r ~ n t	::l.s	t h e	p e r i o d	f i x e d	by	.*
I I

t h e judgiilcnt as the p:lni.sh:;ent f o r tlze o f f ence .

But of c o u r s e it i l - l e v i t a l ~ l y l-Lapp~ns ~ i h e r e o r d e r s are n ~ i d c

pursuant t o S . 5 ( l ) (13) of t h e Cr i rn inn l 1 , ( ~ o n d j ----p--- t ? o n . ~ I

R c l e a ~ e of OCFcndcrs) O r d t i ~ a n c c 1 9 7 1 , jmpi-i sonmcnt f o r t h e

- -- - ...- -

term of i~nprj.sonrricnt t o i ih ich t h e per son i s s e ~ l t e n c e d unde r

the i n t roduc to i -y words of t h a t s u b - s e c ~ i o n i s i n 1~11olc o r i n

p a r t , ~ u e r e l y cond i t i onc~ l . . Impr i sonncnt f o r t h e v.7hol.e of

that t emi w i l l depc:~~d upon t h e c2:crcise by the pe r son concerned

of what i s in e s s e n c c a n o p t i o n t o c n t c r i n t o a r e c o g n i z ~ ~ l c e

i n accol-dauce w i t h the o r d e r rnr;dc b j ~ t h c Court under t h e

release provisi .01.1~ of t l ~ n t sul.>-sc-icti011.

Sucli c?. s c n t c n c e i s c l e a r l y n o t a s e n t e n c e f o r one

l

year s impr ison~nent: sirnp1:i.c.i-tc:~:. Dea l lng w i t h a s i t u a t ?.on i n

wllich t h e pe r son had been sent,cnced t o imprisonment f o r a

t 5

p e r i o d of	two y e a r s commencing oa	1.0 Aprj.1.	1977 t o be
re l -eased a f t e r 10 OztoLer	1977 upori him	en te r in t ;	i n t o a
recogrii z:ance	under S . 20(1) o f t h e C-ririies Act (191.4)	( ~ t h )	,

t o be of good b c l - ~ ~ v i o u r f o r the 5alanc.e of t h e p c r l o d of the

l l Tllcre can of c o u r s e be 110 doubt t h a t t h e s e n t e n c e

of	imprisonment	f o r	t v o	yearas ~ , , h i ch	w a s irnposcd on
t he	respondent	i n t h e p r ~ s c n	t . c a s e was	a	sentc:nce
witl-i.in t h e r?.-leani.t-ig	of	t h e	Cl-j. i~l~-;, . i l	A~i-,eal. A c t .	T?IE

q u e s t i o n whei;ller th.e orcies tlllat t h e r e s p o r ~ d c n t he

c0nd.i-tj.onal1.y r e l c a s e d a f t e r 10 Octobe~: 1 9 7 7 forrL1s

p a r t of t h e s c n t c n c e , o r i s ~ 0 1 1 : - , t c r a l and d j : ; t l n c t ,

a l t h o u g h n o t ensy o f s o l u t i o ; ~ , p e r m i t s o n l y of

b r i e c c l i s c ~ ~ s s i o n . I n my op jn ion 1;hen a court ;

a c t i n g undcr S , 20(1) p a s s e s a s e n t e n c e of imprisonrnc:i;t

and o - d e r s t h e r e l e a s e of t h e c o n l ~ i c t e d pe r son after

he h a s	ser17ed	a	p o r t i o n	of	t h a t s e n t e n c e	i t is n o t
pos s i -b l e t o	s e v e r	t h e	o r d e r	for	r e l e a s e and	t o t r e a t

i t as soi;iethin;; s e p a r a t e and d i s t i n c t from t h e

s e n t ~ i ~ c e of in11s:i.sonment. Such a n o r d e r -cdould be

mcani.ngles s	i f i t were n o t riladc	i.n	con junc t ;.on	- c ~ i t t - ~
Llie	sentclncc of	irnp-ri-sonmcni; t o which	i t r e l - a t e s	.

On t h e o t h e r hand t h e scmtence of impr-i-sontxent i t s e l f

would have a m a t - c r i a l l y c l i f fc l rent e f f e c t i f i t were

n o t f o r t h e 01-dar f o r rclcnse. I n t h e s e c i r cu~ns t ancc r ;

i t seems t o 1uc2 t h a t t h e o r d e r f03: r e l e a s e lust ?>c

t r~aI: .cd as a c1ual iCtcat ion of t h c s e n t e n c e of

ir:iprisr?.nrnc?n 2nd that j . . t i s r i g h t t o r~gal-c! i t a s

p a r t of t-he sentcr ice F t s c l f . hlthougl-1 t l ~ c r c i.s soil1c

a~nbriguity i n tllc concl.udjsig T Q O ~ T < ~ S of s . 2 0 ( 1 ) , t h e

I

pl-u:n:;e	;;ft.er he 11;:s	scrvctl ril-iy portio-11 of h i s
I

s e n t e n c e il-I ITIY opi-ni-on qunl.i.Fli.cs 'I:L'!.c~sc', ~l(;t

I orclcr ' . That j.s t o s a y , t l ~ c oic1c.r in~ ls t bc inade a t

t h e srililc: t;.~ne <is tl11: scn'ic;i~ce i.s iri:pose.d, :111d 110t

a f t e r pol:!:icii o f it; ]-in:-; b e c : ~ ~ sc~:vc?d. i7rc~;1 t l -L< : I ~ - I C ~ S G C ! I ~ ! I

wlicn s<inl;c~:icc -i.s pro~~i>-iln.cc?ti tllc convic-t.cd pcrso12 i s

cy l t i t1 c<] t o ?-ci.(->:lsp 3l't;i.r 115 h ; ~ S S C I : \ / C ! ~ POI:~;~O!I of

I~i..s selltoncc: i f l-12 coit1j3l.j.s~ w.it:ji t h e cond.j.~:ioi-~ of

. .

t

t l ~ e o r d c r . h s e n t e n c e of two years i l ~ ~ p r i s o n m c n t

s i - ropl- ic i ter is q u i t e d i f f e r e n t i11 i t s :i.ncidcnce

?

and s e v e - r i t y from a s c n t c n c e of two y e a r s

irr!~>?:i.~oll~n(?i-~t coup1 ed w'i.th a11 orde.~: f o r concl i t Fonal

rc! c a s e a f t e r some nlonths. Thc trut? n a t u r e of t l ~ c

s e n t e n c e i ~ ~ q ) o s e d can OI-L~.)J be a s c e r t a i n e d bj7 l ook ing

i l

a t the o r d e r as a wZ3ol.e.

It was held t h a t t .11~ o r d c r f o r rclcasc fol-nlcd part of ti-IQ

scr l tencc c;nd was s u b j e c t t o apl~ec:l as such. T h i s v i c x had

the concur rence of t h e o the l - f o ~ r niclrrbers of t h e High Cour t .

I t i s Lruc t h a t t h e s e I-t:rriarks were r~iade w i t h r e s p e c t t o a

s e n t e n c e in -311 e x t c ~ ~ c l e d ~[ ;eal i .ng a's dcf i~- . lcd 1:y S . 2 of t h e

Crj.n<i~al.	Appe:-11	Act	1912 ( N . S ,I.!.	)	2 s f o l l o w s : -
p---.	-m	.	-	.	-

l l i n c l u d e s any 01-dcr made by tile co.cl.i:t of t r i a l on

col-1vlictic)n \ \ : i t 1 1 rcfei:~11ce t o t h e pcl-son c ~ 1 - ~ \ ~ : i ~ ; : e d ,

o r I-its pr.-operty, and ~ ~ 1 - q ~ recomrn~ndr?tj.o11 o r o r d e r

f o r deportni;i .on i n the c a s e of a pe r son cc11~~7ictc-d".

I-Iov:ever,	'L	do	n o t	thinl:	t h a t t l i i s fac t ,o r a f f e c t s t h e	f o r c c
of v ? l - ~ t	T,t.vzis s a i d irt --	R .	v .	. Ca-rnhl-1n.n	- -L_- -	m (supra) i f app1.ic.d t o a

sente-lice i n i t s ordinary meaning. A l l ttnt was s a i d by tht .

l e a r r ~ c d Judge i s i n r e a s o n rmd esp-rcssioiz f u l l y a p p l i c a b l e

t o s:~clz a s c n t c n c c . There i s a q u w l i t a t i \ l e c1ifferei;ce betwe511

the r e d u c t i o n i n t h e tirne s p e n t i n p r i s o n because o f p a r o l e

p r o v i s i o n s	o r	i-ernS.:;s;i.ons	f o r good	c o n d ~ l c t	and t h a t \\711ic!1
o ~ : d e r sucl-L as	t h a t made	i n t h i s case under	s . S ( l ) (b)	oL	the
C r i	r n ina l .	1;;1w	( ~ o n d ?	f i onLtl Rc~l.c,a	sc: of 0 I'Tcr-1clcrl-S) 0-1-(l i.!~r:lncc.

_ -	_____________	___IX___.l_"__~_.___	_ - - - - _
Pa~:ol.e proi7i.s icj;is	a n d r cn!issi.ons nz-c co1.l stc!r:;l.	v r i th	and

d j - s t j l l c t [l-orn LI-ICJ ~ ; ; c .n t rncc~ , 'l'lli: ordcr tal-ider S. 5 ( l ) ( 1 ) ) i s

pal-'c of	t:llc	s c ~ ~ t c n c c .	I-Jo;.ic.vcr, .it shou ld bc notvc?. t h + t t h e
l ea rned Deputy	Frcs.ide:i-t	~ d o u l d	n o t have hacl the advantage of accc

t o t h e judgment i n -. K , v . C ~ Y I - I ~ ? I T ~ I ~ ( sup ra ) a s h i s dcc j - s ion was

given b e f o r e t h e judgment was d e l i v c r e d .

I t i s t o be n o t e d that a sentence co:nprisi.l~g .rshat Inay

be r e f e r r e d t o as the p e r i o d of impj-isonncnt primarily i ~ ~ l p o s e d

and	tllc	o r d e r	f o r e a r l i e r r e l e a s e	i n acco rdance w i t h S . 5(1 ) (b )
does f i n a l l y dispose of	tlz	quesc ion o r puni s ' r~ven t	of	t h e

o f f e n d e r i n r e s p e c t of	the 0ffenc.c	For which he	i s so
sen t enced .	If he	f a i l s t o obse rve t h e t e rms of	t h e rccognizanc

appli.c~:ticr; of :,Tin:is-tcrial pol.icy. There a re p e ~ s u s s i v e

i:r?dica.tion:; i n -t;!~e ~?ca.c,ons -i;l~;i.i; -I;lle sugervi.sory r c ~ l e VJZ. ,~

t he ro:Lc ~doptcd by .the Trj.bunal .in t h i s case .

23 t h e :f.?ir.st p:Lnce it; is c;p):~ar~c;n-i; . . -tl?n.t the Tri!3~171-:1

accc?p-Lcd, esri(?n-i;:i.a7-1- v~i~thou~i; quc::l,"i,j_on, t h a t -khc an.c,wcr'

t o .I;llc 1nx.o:-Y!.c!n bef(. .~~c? j:t \:.as to 71e fo?.i~lti .in th(: I\'iinisJ;;el-'S

~ t : ~ ' t ; ~ i ! l c ? ? ~ . t cf p01 l cy. Cut: .i.n t .hr3 prij.ci.j. c a l ;!ppl.:icaJi.i o?:~ oi'

tb3-t; ]:,ol..ri cy t 1 . j ~ ; T r i ? ~ ~ . ~ t i : ~ l ~ ' 3 1 : ~ ,::,a-tr:;-t:c?d on t?ic : ; t ;~-t .cmr; .~t

of the s t a t e d p o l i c y i n pore , li.07. The assuinption

appears t o flzve bcel~ i:'r;.aJ~ by P~ij.nisC;erial actS.cli in accortia>:cc

w i th tha-L ~a~-ag?.~uy~:~ -';l~e pl~ohlc.rxi:rould bt:, solved. But tllis

v13 C. -to n e f l C C ~ > - - t h e p ~ ~ a ~ b : ; n - t stz~itimcnt,:; i n paras, Lt. 02

a216 4.GG t1lz.i; the b~:::'ic c a l ~ s i ? c r z - t i o n v:as -tllc best

i n -Lc . r~ . s t r :  of A~~s-tx:l-l..a asccl--Pl;in?d by t:l'i:ing in-to account

a l l ma'tcrial. fac- ts al-!.ci ci l -cu . ; ;~~;a~-~ces .

m

illis appx.oa.cl~ t o the case Vjtis c?.lcu].?ted. t~ ceuse

neg l ec t also o.C t h c Tribwlal-'S dv.tj' tc h,-.,= ~-egm( ; . "i.0

considern?.:ior~s such. as i1h.e !i~?.:ic':~: a spec t s of depoi--i:n-i;lon.

Evcn if one vterc t e m ~ t c d tc rzr;-tric.:!: l ;h~ r a 1 - i ~ ~ of y c l e ~ a l - ~ j ;

mn-l;-ters by refc?raenc:e "io ivii~is*[;;?:~i.al sit! t ~ n ~ n - i . , s j--i; sllo:lld

be noted . t h a t p r i ~ i ? accol-ding t o t h e I~linj-stel:i~l to Tb'larch ? W 8 ib5ini.s.cc:-..iLa1 pol:Lcy,

~~ca-te!ner:~c of. 19 L T c - - r . . - c.Al~xai?y e96;

c o n b i n e d . paragi-a?hs _in 1:k~e ; ' o l l , o ~ : : i ~ ~ -t:cl-,;qs : -

It sho~ i . ? .~? bc borne i n :s:i.:.:d t h a t t h e gcn t? ra l

~r.i:;:ir,a]. 3.a1s.l.: o=' t l l ~ S-Lztt? 2:r.e e:.:~.? c-t;ec; -(,o

. ,

pre:;i?r.L 11e pur~.i_sh;r.cr,-i;r-	;>c?.,:.r,u:te	-to ihc? trill;:? .
The tic;?orta.i;ior~. p~~cv:isir):;s o:f 'ihe I:'ij.t:x7.;i-l;icjn fyct,	--...h._"_	. . - - C - - - 1 .

rcp~*escri . t vix--'i.uzl..ly a I? ot r e sol-"c -to dea:i

w.iL-h -b l? .~ vr~l-l ~ i . 1 ~ ::cric!{~.s c2sc.s ;.;jlpylc. reef'oyfi cap-- ~i 1.9 J~

he ~;:poc-tee? c;f t h e i i -1divid~1.3. l~ If

appr.oach is ccr?;aj.j>ly no-t i.ndi.ca-Led. rin. a re;iding of' pzr a. /-! .Or? or!

-. .

t l ~ e p~:.cs:.~.~l; st;a-l;ern::j~-t se.L o u t z:i:ir;ove. l~llis is n o t "io sul;ge::,-t tl-i:;.;;

go~c~~nrccn - i ; , Eu t ccnsi de ra t i o n of clepori;;li;ion a s : ;D ne-tl-ling

of a last t;l.esor-i; car.lno't ceasq; tc be 1nritor~li.z.1 by rac?:ison of

bei.ilg orrii k tcci j2-0:~ i?'Ji.~l:i ~.Lt33:'ia1 p o l i c y ar, exprc: s s e d a t any

pa~.-?-:j.c~lla:c - t i ~ - t i e .

Fca.i;u.res o f -the r*easolis tri!ich s u p p o r t the view

t h a t the reole a d o p "ie d by -the Tribunal w a s tzlie supe r7 . i r i~ .o ry

role may be ilitilca-Led a s follo:~rr; : f i r s t t l ) c a.ccepta;-1c.e of

1fiirij:;t-,crit;.l. ;:olicy	a s dc?te:'rri,in~tiv-e, secc~?.?d:l.y	tl2.e	s ' t r i .c t
apl:?.li.cation	lrhcreof , t h i r d l y t h e arra1igerr.e;-!:t of	t h e f	ou.t3tli part

.-

. - .

t h e rcaso:?s accordirig t.3 t he hcaclings adopced l.rl pa22. h- , 07 o:P

S . 1 ,

p o 1 i . c ~	s.Lateri;ent kg; L!ie	l ;~ l i n i s t~ : ! ? ,	fo~~r-i:!ll.y	t31e i1?.vcl:s~1g~3-~1.011	2:s
mattcl-	0.f	: ~ . ! J ~ ) ~ T * L A G C ~	of' Tdflet].!ei-'	l.ll'.nistci- 1236 r;jj.s(3i,l-,cc-tL-.d	h i 3

s e l f i n I:?l;r as 'to t h e r!z-'iuy7e of his 6:iscretj-cn in reach_i_:?; 11:s

t l e c i s i o n ,	ri'if.rihly,	t h e	i.n~i;cn:;ive ir?.vesi;j	ga.t.ioil of t h e mat-tb:-rs +;c:
wll.icll the DIFni:;-tel?	h i d . z(i\~e?~-tec?	all6 -tIic v.ieir.ht	c -	ai lo ' t te : ;

by hi.i;! i;o v a r i o u s consi(!cration:;, si;:tjl.ly, t h e reconsil j .aJci=,r.:

1nai;tc;:s	o t l i c r t.h:>n th o:;c:7	~~hich	were	~+e:Ce?:rcd t o in para .
07 arid o.l.hur 'i;hnri	t171 ose t<-l.ic:!~ t h e I%i'i.i?:is	t c r	1 l i ~ s c l . f	had

consid.e:r~:r?., and I-as-tlg7, " c h c absence from the rcr:son:; o f

ar;y f :i.yjtl : in(2 lil!.~:iri!?)'i [;IIO;?S s.li~1-t zmelli; t h a t -i;l?e ?'I-.; ,. i t s c i j:

wa:; s;%-t:i:;fj.ccj t h a t d ~ c : i s i o n t o dcpol - t tlie appllcarlJi;

\?:a:; t,hc, l-:j.(;11-t; 6ocj.:.::ion i n t h e b(-:sbl; in"i;:~;csts of liu.s-i;~~ali 3 ,

ijlvolved i n -Lbc.ila considcrr:.tion does m t rcflr.c-i; upor7 t]lc

r e a s o ! . s o:r Logic of tile seasons for tl~c T r i l ? u n ; i l f s

decisi.~~:. Thcy a;-? d i r c c t c d oilly	t o tile probl-em of	discerning
the rol-c vrlxic?:~ -tlrc rii~i1?unztl	adcsp.t;ed ri.i~ t h e pe rTormaj.lce cf	j.ts

func.i;i.o:i:s i;,

IJpon. considr:r;-t io1-1 of t h c f oul--tl-~ gro.cl.l-:d 9:f z?;pp~aj.

it has ei:i?i7;;ed l;?iat	tine fac-L3r ~::"Liic!i	nay be :;aid t o
I>

consi;i-kui;o c r r o r 1.n i n e presel-1-L case is n o t th3.i; t,he

Tribunal r ~ p p l i c b cor-sider'a-tic!?s i.11 acsordance t;i.-!;ii -the

P'iinistcrrs poi.i.cgi; 7:;i-i;h t h e e x p ~ - e s s i o l - ~ or ~!hi.c!i, as il gujd?

I " i i j 7 i s - k P ~ ' :';a,s a.rri.vec1 at by r a t i o n a l and reasor?a7~?.c app?,:j.cati.oll

r i

of thn-tpo:Li.cy t o <;Lie il'acts, ilia-i; .L!?:; T~.ibur,a!- appc?ays

to hha? acted. accordi.ng -to this co:?c;cpt, YP! j.ch I ~ ~ 1 . 1 t ! ~ u

s-ilpcrvri.so:.y conci:p-L;, does ernzrge f lqo:n : I . care jrii:I. I-C adi:-lg 0.i'

t he r e o sons of	-t;hc le ameci I)r;l;,~~-i;y	President	purs~i~>.n.t;	to
wlzj_cll he	z i ' i ' i r~ r~ec i	- h e decis i -on of	t h e T.'iiuistey.	Thz case

f o ~ t h e pT1arin-tiff CaYi on ly be seer1 -i;o 3.2 estnl:?%i:;i?ed by

ta!iil?g .tl?c l~?F1S0! .1 ;7 i ~ ? p:~r-ti~~lar, as it t:cre, i l i ~ d drn~::.i.:-~l;

j.nl"er.ei-lcei, a s to v;hy it is tl-iat V C ~ ~ ~ Q : J . S aspec-t;~. 01 Lhc

r)~-of:~lcm 11!:_Cor.c t1:c Tr*ri.bur!a:L vier? dcai.-L 7:ri-l;ll '1:j-y t h e 1ea~;r;t:tl

1)epli-t;y ]'?:c. s i .dc~~ ' t i l l t h e .i.{:t;r . i:i \.ill i c h -t!xy were . T h i s

to l;hc ,c,u;?crviso?:y r-aolc or. to a v:i.ev; of t h e func-t:io:l of'

the i"~.j.-i~:,nal as E! body ri7qu.j-red -to ciccide objc.c.irive:l;r

for i-t;seli" -i..ile c~:.:eni;ial I-igh-tnesr, or yrrongness of 1;he

Mi.nistei' S tiecision . :!,2?c?1;!?.erb it is es-tabll s i~.ed t1la.k t11 e

T~r.i.buj?al ac-t~.?.al-1l.y ;X-oceed.c:d inerel-y in a superv!isoi.y

capacity ciepe,.icls or: w)?et;l?er 'the1-e 2 . ~ 2 in t n e r e z : s o ~ ~ s

indi~:'~:i::io:.?:; of *tljj.s approacl! olC si;;ni-i'ri.car?ce v?l-!icl-1 pcrsuzde

the Cour-c 1:hat; 'il?i: Tribuna.2 did so proceed,

'J.'i!rcz,g'?i.'i.~-t "i,l?e rcasol is for decj.sion t;ller-,e a r e

exyr,e~:;ri.o?ls of -tlli> opin:i.cjn of t ' 3 ~ iirihj*i;ll L ; ; ; - i ; ~ t l l p

rele;rancc ar,d r%.:i?.i.~l?'c of t h c v~v.-i .ous poli.c;y c:n~,i-d.~l-~ t j . 0 1 7 ~ C

Alsc , tor:sr-ds the end o1 .the re3sc>lls .I.!-icre app:;-:irs -t)je

-.

conclus . ion - ha - t "on bz:L;ince _i l ~ a v e conclrrdc?ti - t h a t I

sl.~.ould aci-'_i_'ir!n t h e ?~;iliis"i.er s d e c i s i o n f l . .Further, j.n

t l z ? final. pz.ragr>oph , irnn;cc c?..ir;-LeSy fr:l.l.o-i..ring ti(;21j.s CO~^ICLUSFO;.~,

-t:l~e TI-i.b::.i?al r e c o u u t s cer~"iain of' -tile m2t t e r s i.rl-l:icl~ it 1-l;~s . .

taken il'j.Lo acco:~>>t	2nd the p:ir.ticu;ar vieigllt tl-)a-t i-l; ha::
given io some of t ! ie~;~	and co;l:;lv.cie:.; : -

correcl; c;ol--iclu:ii.r~n	v!oii.lr~. hc	. that, -L]-,c Tl-ib~~.rla:!	i7;>~1 conc to
. i. ts c-lc:c::i.:; ion 11;~ f?ol-nj.ng -i:t s ovtn viev; a:; -Lo t l : i i: r.i.;;;!?.tr::: F	;	:	;

i n - the pro-i!c-r :;c:nr.c , 9.f .L~-I!> i'-linj s.I,!:i' f S c'f:.,cj sj.cl1. ~ I C ; ~ ; J C + ~ ~ I C ; I ~ ~

wili:j.] ono e:.:t?:ni.lic. F; 1 ; i lc~c~ rj 111(.1-, fi: n<;i;:~<::: 01 't:h.i. ].-:;as(:,li::; c!::?

j-2 ul.-bil~i2-Lc!..y f01:ccd t o a di;yfcri.nt conc:].usj.on, namely,

tiia.1; the !rr3ii;unzl ?::trd on C l l c b3s.i:; t l i a t fu r l c t ion o~

the Trj.bui~:jl. was o n l y t o s ; i t i s f y j ; tha-t i h c ]qijrli,5jze,q

h2d appl.i::d h i s p o l i c y 2s stntcd j.11 ],-ra. 4.07 -Lc, tiic

f a c t s he ur jd i : rs.Lo~d tllc.15 : i l l a way i,!llic)1 v f i l i l s t 1io.b

2

alV?:iys i.xi h:rrinon y v,:i th t l iat :.iiil cl] -t!lo ' i ' r i 'bunal itseli , .Jol l .~c~

--

have c ~ d o p t ~ d , VJZs ni3vcrtheleps roaso.;nh].i-. -I-t y.oli:id sppi;-:-

that -the Trib?:ual did n o t app:-vonc!l the iilot-tor an,yl k - t

a c c ~ p - l o d	i-iiz lPiinis-Le:-	' s po:!icy as dui,c+i-fil-jn	zti,.~;. -	211
limitatior!:; -i?iat -L'p-t invol~ici;~	-	And i - L is imy,c:yt::r:t	to r13:-	:,

- b

tlla't d i . ~ p i . t ? fact tllat i l le ~ i ~ L ~ j l s - [ - , p ~ 7 l pox j-cy as

exprci;srd in parz. 4.02,	c.s e,:j;:!nincd ?:;IT - t ~ o	c o y n i - ~ t s	in
para 4.06,	nliia:?	c1eo.r ti)--t t l l i ; ?;zc-:c qu(+s.;-jo11 ,!a.;	yi-e-ihe;

i l l 81.1 the: cirz~;zr ; te l?crs it ver- in -tile bi.st j-ni;cj-est;; of

/rvr.t:1-:.lia t h r 3 l h n c e r o n b.;. d e p o ~ t c d , and -i-h;.t t h i s be

d e c i 2 e d by t a k i n g i n t o a c c o u - ~ t ell mstei-jal fa.cts ~ l l d

cirBcu:~:sia;lc(?s, t h e Tyihunnl s ? > ~ c a r - d to r.cgal-d rer7a 4.07

A

a :; t h e ~ovi??-ming pni-t).p;x,;..ph,

In 'chs yer~for:~lianoe oj ' -t!lo Tr:;bufi:;l ! .s -ruilc.l:ion it

e ~ ~ ~ ? n - ~ , i . ; i t,llnt ;i p f i l i c y :ldijp-Lcd by 2.n ndmiai:;i;?-jtor

shou:Ld be ulidcr re\ricv t o th- s;-me e\:-k-ni; :is his e.jnlun~-~:;

of r s i e ~ 3 i l - i ~ no-h f o r tilt purpose of decici.j.l~g mattcrs 2nd. :iFs ge!lc?ra.l i)170ccs:; of 1 7 c a s o r j - n i ,

~jh(?-i;]lpi~ j.t; I>,J~.,._: 1-.caso;;-..blc

for the ad~r:i.nl:;-tr;;-!:ox- to m-1.o U I . ~ dccisj.on hp clj.(3-, 1)z.l; for

th? ]mrpo:.;c: o:C clecid.ini; r.;h;;ihc!-., b j ~ the .o?)jcc.i;j.vc stan(j.ar(]

of good ~over,l;!ner.-t i . i ; was -il?c r.ig)lt cl.r:c:i,yiog t o l,l;~],~r.

weigl i tgi .vcn by t h e I\lin:I.stcr to par-k icular aspec1;s of hris

p o l i c y and t o -L:?.. r n t i o l x i l i t y of -the r c a s o n i l ~ g \vhJ.ch the

M i n i s t e r e>:ercl.scd o r ~;ms ~ I - C \ S K . .to h.ave exel-cj.sed. i n

raaclxing l i i s deci sj.021. Tile j inpal-tailce ~ l l i ~ h i s gi.ven

-i;o these inatfei-:; i s such a s to support t h e conter l t ion t h a t

the 'rr?:?u~ic-l.l	vas c ~ g ~ g e d	in the	ej:~.rcisc: 31. seeking
-to asccr-l:ain	;.:hc.tlrcr	t!?" ~ ' I i n i s t e r	had. a c b d rea:.;on:lb] y

i n accordnzce vrith his p o i i c p , a i l c n a n c e b(:ing ~ l z d e

Iiol,:ievr?s, for dif Ssrences Ise-kv:eeli -tl?i? f a c t s assu~ncd by t h e

M.i..nj.sJier sr1.d thosc asc;elb-tzii).ed by tl?e Tlli.b.,ii-lril , and for

d i f f crcnccs bz-t~.ccea 1;:eigh-t griTren by t h e Trii:uilal t o soze

fac-t;ors a:?d t;kla-l; given to t ; ? o , 2 ~ f i i ~ t ~ ~ , ~ k.:.'~ ' ' I k i ~ rriil-~istei-,

Tile rsnsons of -the Tribunal. 2l.e s e t 0u.i; ~ n 6 c . r

f o u r 11.cad:in:;s , f i r s t l f ? ' a ~ - t s I f , S C C C ~ T L C ~ 1 r L 2 ~ ~ f 1 , tl3ird "polj-c.y"

a r d fou~-'tll "Plpplicr?ticn of t h e P o l i c y t o t he F a ~ t s ~ ~ .

Uncier -the k?zding l'L::i,.:fl t h e r e ; ?p ;~e i r s i~ t h e oy:leilil7g pzseg:?a::l-:

a	disci~ssio:l no t ~f t h e 1.a1.i to be	a p p l i e d by	the Tri'L:,unal,
but the 1.?.~r	~?nich	ooug11:'; to have bcc:n ~2pIj.ecl Sy t h ~ -., -l-	LET*

. , .

I t p:-oceeds	on the bzsis t h a t LT 1s im?or-Lant f o r	-
the Tr:ibunal "L	be sa.-Lisf'icd - t l .~at	the lav.1

a p p l i e d by -the Nij?is"ier vas c o r r e c t a n d -tliat he did no-t ~fij.sci_:i j-clc

h imsel f . It could l ~ c of j - i ~ ~ i ~ ; . - ~ ~ i to lcrl~~:,: 1qha.t ;;l.,:,! -t)?e

Minis-tcr a p p l i e d , but such I:.no?vledge vas not rel .evant 'io

T r i b u ~ a i was su-li-'i.ed t h a t t l io Nini stcy !liia,s conside:;--ed

t l i o	facts	in	t?i:i-s 1.iglit t~	.	01 cou:rmse if the Trj-bullal \;crii
examinring whe	t h o r -t!l:,	b(j.nisi,el-b	f ,.;	d c c i s	j-on -\rr,s sus.i-.~i~;~-k-l.e

as 2 ~;i:!. id decisioil, - th i s excrci:;e ;":as cs;;en.t-jal al;d takes

its p?.:rcf l 0 g i c ~ l l y in -bhc Gj-sc~:y;sj.oe, lmdcr t h e )jendi:li; .

"Lil~". s-kacdi~c as it does, j.n a sei.j;.ion b:llich

11iilst '31. cons!~di.md t o be :q;eni;ing ol;i.ut t!ie law ~7riaLilig

t o t h e e:.:e:rclse b-r 3. t h e li'l-j.h~~.ii:il of i - t func-Lions i- t dor:s

~up;ges-b cjui.'to s .kl -~oi l r ly t i !~ . t -the process : app l i ed by

c>--

t h e T:is.ibul~al V J ~ directecl 13o-t; i;o t l l ~ . uj-l;il;la-t;e decl-iicn

which it ~:oa.l-d ITI::!~.:~	: for itscllf but, Lu th? qi>(?	S ,	012	of .tIl€?
c!ual.J.i:y	o:C	-tk> i4 ln is - tc r ' s	dec is ior :	.

' ~ j i n t rcig}it

rer?z:o::.!:hly 2nd acco:-,Sing t ,o ti1.e 12:; j?uve b e c : ~ nr;dc by !;j.;n.

Bu t , i . k was not; tl;~? qual i - ty of' t h e i':jinl.sJc,(2r 1 decision

was i n issue b e f o r e t h e Tr.2b~u1al- v:as -\~he-th~.r the d e c i s i o n

he hacl macit7 acco.?ded. : r ~ i th -the bcsJi .irntc::-ez;"c of' k.,us.t:r?al.ia.

tlhc Ti-ibuilal i-z1ers t o the co:.ivic.i;i.o,? of 3 Januzry 9 9 3

"~:II ~~n:jid~i>ii~g l , : h ~ - t l l ~ ~ ? ~r 110% 113 (t1.32.t :is t j l ~ '

Plini.stei7) shcu1.d n:al;i. -that: order, t i le T;j.?:i:?ter,

:321tl t l i i c T r i . b u n a l ojl I-evir:~;, i.s ~- .cc j . [~ . r cd to

-Lalic .i!-~i;o account not nierely ilie cir~cu~cst~.:.ncc.s

of t l i~ ) CI):LIILL? L . . I f

The I'or.;;i of tii:i:; cor;.imenx i;:;ij~;~;csi;s :Tor cur'l-ent

ques t ion of \.:hat n , 2 t t ~ r ~ t h e r\'iiu?i.sic,cr. had t o cons ide r .

"The p o l i c y vrhj-ch t.he Mir!is-ier follovis jn

ollcierring t h e dq:)ori;ati.on oi' a1 .i~c~nigr:-jn"U

being a c r imina l hr s bee11 sh- tc -d as f ollo\:s. . . t I

In view of t h e 1-1.cacE.ng of t h e Pourtli s e c t i o n of t h e lqeasoiis

f o r d e c i s i o n namely, "Plpp?-icsti on of th? P o l i c y t o the Facts1 : t h F

introdv.c-tlon, par. t icv.larly i.n -the absence of any discus:;ic;-!

a s t o "cc	adequacy	o r s u i . t a b i l i t y of	t h e pol-icy., does
i n d i c a t e coriple1;e	acceptance	of	t n e ?t;inj.s-cer s p o l i c y a s

t h e detei-rrill~ative c r i t e r i o n -to be applied by the T r i b u n z l .to

t h e i s s u e s before it. The T:-,ib;anal n o t e s b u t d ~ e s i10t d i s c u s s

the p o l i c y paragraphs 4.02 an6 4.06 r e f e r r e d t o above.

IHad. those p3ragrzpl;s been given \!cigj;ilC the b a s i s ~iou.2 d have

heell set f o r an e>:aninatioi? a.s t o ::hetl;er o r noJi the

d e c i s i o n of t h e r:'lini:;-tell \:as i i ~ accord ~;:i-th the bes-t i n k r e s t s

of Aus-l;ral.i_a, l-atl-ier than s.!iletile~- i t y m s a cos-l-cct decis iGn

f o r the Minister -'io liave made ri.cc.ord.ir!g "CO h i s appli.czt;:lon

of llis po:Lj-cy a s ey:pr*cssed in 1731-a. 4'07, Iy11en re2sons

f o r dec i s ion t & e up t he appl- icntfon of p o l i c y t o t h e f 2 c . k ~

there is 120 c x p ~ v s s	r.eEerencc	t c t h e broadar a s p e c t ,	immsl-y,the
b e ~ t i r l t c r . ( : ~ t s	of Austrzlia. Er-- 1-C	J ~ S ~ B	is 111acc.d on pars. 4.07 a n

f i?s r tc level~ c l c a r tha-L i n i t s consj.dcr.a-Lie11 of su.b;jt.c.t; rnaJi.l;crs l i s - t c d the~:e:i:i a n d it i:;

-tlic \.!l-~.o:Lc r!~~ii;tcr t h e

-1.lieu.e i s 110	d i scuss ion of	t h e poteni;lal	l o s s t o Austi-alia
of	t f i e young Aus-trai ian womar,, now Nrs,	Drake, .i,rl~o	i s F;(?

h i g h l y s]-)ol.;en of by the T r i b u n a l , o r t h e boy Flall!c Dralic? who

i s sj .rnilarly spol;ei? o f , T l i i s may- be a matter. of g r e a t

importance beciiuse, possib1.y refl.ec'king t h e rnode of

expre ss.i.ol~ of t h e seventh S I L ~ j e c t mat.ter i n pz1-8.graph 4.07,

I1"cle nc c e s s i t y t,o prevent	o r	i n h i b i ' t the	comnissio_rl of
2i.l:~: of icfictls by	o-t l ier p e r s o n s n . t h e TribtrnaZL	has	accorded

-to t h e dcterr-~ence aspzc-t a	sigi7iific;o.uce	v.:liich 1argel.y dei;::i-n:ines
i t s ul-Lirrxte d e c i s i o n .	Rut of	course froin "Lie -poi.ni; of

vi c . iv~ of t h e in-terbests of 1ii:sLralia	i2le c1eterrc:nt benefi'l;
-i;o be ga:i.r;eci by depora-ta'iion of	t h e p l -a in t i f f may be achi3vc.d.
at -too pea- i ; a ccs.t.	'Phis failu:?e -to con:;i:icr3

t h e p o t , e n t i a l l o s s a s op?oscd	t o t h e mere1.y perscnal	interests
of	t h e v!ii'c	and son , v~ould seem t o f low from t h e stllic"s

application of t h e sub5cct n a t t e r s s p e c i f i e d i n para. h.07.

It i s t o be noted also t h a t Iterr, 7 i n p3r'a, 4.07

unlil;e o t h e r sub j c c t ~na-t-keys i s e,:pl-~cs,~ed i n sucli a way t!?z..t+

-

a s p e c i z l rc9asul-e of weight is a t t a c h e d t o it. It

speaks of the may be t h a t -tllis itera i s "io be r c a d 2s cioj.ny; no rnore ltnccc.s:;it~: t o pr i 'ye l~t Sull-ther offc?)ices. It

t h a n ill3ic;?.-l;ing n sub jec"~ r u a t t c ~ h - i ; i.n -i-lie cx3.rnil-~:??;ioa of

t h e app].j.c;~t,i -j-t:;clf, as l;ilolj$~ 917 of -the p o l i c y .to t h e fnc- t s the i"~:ibul:nl

responding t o .the to112 of Iten! '7, a s c r i b e s

spec.i.al ~..:ej.gh-t t o -i;his p=lrLicu?.ar i:Lem.

de-.:crbl bed, it, is ob:;cl-vcd ":in acidi-ti-on -tl~e N i n i s - t e r

nppeal-,s t o give inor? ~v~cigh-t to cerhtain types 01 cr imes thzn

-to o t h c r . ~ . " Again -t??is j.s a conn!:?n-t.; vihich i s ve ry ~Y?le?';:~lt

if one j.s cons ide r l . ng t h e : s-ca.sc~r1a'blc:~-1ess of ;4,1at -the I4:i.ui.s-Ler

d i d . It may 31:i.ve sonle per:;uasi-,re r c l u v ~ n c e to t h e rc:aJ_

but on? of z nu~:lbc.r o*b~erv2.-ki@?:is vi!licI? poi!xJc t o an

in-tel-esl i n v;hai; -the 14inis-ker cicns o r h a s cione which is

do not t a k e -t;llc. It?-'c't~r as a statement of

p o l i c y t h a t persons col?victcc! in -tr:.fTicl:i.ng

in drv.gs or sex of 3e::cc.s a g a i i ~ s t you:-LP; chil.d;-cn

w i l l be dcpoi-ted unl.e:;s t h e i i i i n i s t e r e:;t:rcj.:ie:;

h i s disci-etics t o the conCrc7~jr, 1 talc? t h z

p o l i c j r of iv;-<.ni,:2-tei- to i;e -i;!-Lrl-L l a i d c5.ol.;ll

in .the p o 3 . i ~ - y sts-teirfierl.i;, . a ~i.tl.1 the aiic?it.i or?al

ind:i.catj.on t h a t -the i'.linister g i v e s pa rtic~alar.

weigh-t to convictior) s Col- c:clr,;cs invol -~ii!i,i!; :;ex

off prizes agzinst chj >.clyen ayid * t rp . . d L L J_ ~;iifig i i n or

v,-

dLi.stri-bUt_i.c~i of ddrl,).g";s , .j fie: ~\;j.i;~ ;.; $c? j,-, p-i > l: L,> L. c?

a.d.dj.ti.on:?l ;;reic;iit ..to orfi'e?i:es of' this challc?^ci;~;-.

bccr;lzsc	.they ilrvolve	i n j u r y -to o r corl-uption of
young pc;aplc . On 211 ~l.~pl.'i(;a'i;S-c?.i!	t~7 'i,I3e	T r i h ~ ~ . i : j ~ i

t h e ~.it?:igh.t to be ,.;l.vem -to .r.:.~cl? ol' i h r : val-ious

f a c t o j : ~ w:llich the 1.lj.nj.s-Ler h2.s t:nuncl.c.l;eci in h i s

p o l i c y v:j-:l.l- det( . t l , l>if icci hy .i.:lli> Y'j--:lbun?3 1 - ~O;~.~.IJC:?.; L :

-Ll2c:	~ L ] . ~ ] Q U ~ ~ ~	t i le	T F ~ . ~ I A : ; F ! ~	j;:j-:!-i bc? ~~-~:~I.II.(:?IC;~:(~.
l>y .?jl)r ]?ati;c.r.!i \::~;C.)-I l?::.?	ddc1..7cl.o;~~t~	:ill	( ~ ~ C : ~ - S ~ W ' l : ;	t I

of -Lhe I.:Ij.l2i:;-tc:r o r .in d~:c_i,sj.c;:.~s o:f t3:j.s 71r:i'l:j1113r7,:1.

bu.t it ri:u:;-t:  do this whe-cher i t is proceeding in a super3,7iso;-y

r o l e rfiei-cly t o e,:aix..i.lze the ~ : i s o ~ : : b l c x i i ? s s of t h e ~ o l j - ~ y

a n d . t l ~ i ? rcia:;onj.n[; of the Mi.n.isi;cr tl1c:reandcr. as f z c t o r s

ju:; t ifying t h e cieci sion oT the Ii'Ij.n:i.s"ier, o r wh(~- th r?~- i-1; is

con,sj.del-i~ig whe-t-hc-:!-. the decis.i:.ol~. is a r i g h t one f ~ o n

the p o i n t o:f u.i.ew of -the ' t~c S-t ri.nti?rte sJ;s

It is slg~z:I.Cjc t h a t tile Tri7:unal- findin;; t h z t

"no spl-cial ;~ol.i.cy wi-tn respect t o drug 'tr:?i'f'ic!:ing

offences vias e;.:p:-?~secl save rinsof2.l- :+.S it was S-kated i n

tile r?:inj-stc-;l, 1 Icl;-ter y,+~_i_ c:1 1 have 1-C f cl-redlf , sc;~c-lr-t;

c l a r i f ic,?_S..ion c:? "i:i;e T,?il;isicr ! s p01-i.cy iil .this r c S?~C. 'G

iPron: co.u.nsei fol7 .?l.-12 Iilinis-tc3r.	The 'i;r.ihv.l?al was zdv-ist:d
--

J. Lila-[; 7 t;ile r4inis-kpy 1 s p o l i c y v!zs "ills-t "the i 'ac-tors set

ot:t i n 'c!l:i r)ali.r,-ji st.:~l;eme~?t should be .tal<en i n t o accoun-L

an.d t h a t ezch case should be ccns:i.dc:red on its o v , ~

rneri-ts, -tal;lng i n t o account t h e facts s p t OU-l; i n s e c t i o n

Lt of th.e p,i):l_.i.cy s'~a-t;ernejl.t:~~. Again i f one were coi?si.derili:~ o

wl-lef;hel- i;!.lc M:Lnis-i;cr	' s	d e c i s i o n	wz	,S	a	rensoxib1.e ~ ~ p p l - i c a t i o n
. c,.
o f h i s pr ; i . icy ,	t o seek	s9c:12	cl-ur:.~	lcat:ion	was	of i r ~ p r t z n c e ,

bu t i t ; had I-it-tie, :i-.f a n y t h i n g , t o do r.:ith -the b a s i c

q~ies-Cio:-! .iilhc-:-i;i?er in. i;l:lc-, viev;- or -l;l:.i. Tr.i?;gnzl t h e rjar''i:j-cu]_;:y

rnr?-t.tcs i):ic?. an:y ::;.ignificance fl-sorn t . 1 1 ~ poir1-t o f vi.c:u of

tkic best ir:"ic.rez:t;s of fustl-al:i.a,

In deal-ing W?'. t!.l the F?.i.nisJi;er s a s s u a s m e ~ - ~ t of t h e

scriou:;nes,~ GI i;l.le p1ainti .f 1 ' :; crime, t l ? c Tr:'!.bdn?L po:in.ted

o[.~:t -t.l~.ai; .it i:; no-i; prepared to adopt -l;!ls v.i.eT~r cl' such

sel*io~nsr:c:;s c x ~ ? r e ~ ~ ~ \ c i , 'I-\- ,y .tile pfiniis-t;er. 'l'riI~~~xi.?.L sia-i-(>c-:. , .L, 5

"For my own pal-t , I en; n o t prq?c?:rccVto aciop-t;

a view of tile serri o l i r ~ i 2 ~ s : ; o r i,rav?:.ty a:f an off c:lcc

~t;liich is i;?consis.tel~.i; t.ii.i;h tht i i ; adop ted b j ~ t h e 1 . 2 ~ and

c o u r t conqzcl-xled l;~,r.ith .i;]le sc.ill;c:-leii;g oz t h e o:f:rpndc~

:!To ~-ee;vr;'j grave i s t o l;al.;e -it ;is, pz;--i;ici~l.arly severe o r

e vie::! of i t ~.:hicj? is

incollsis.l:;zu;.t ~;:i-til t!ic;, vie;,; t:ti:(.:il b y .i;fl~+ laj,.i alrd

by t h e cc;l,li-t ~:]-15.cb I.ri??c~si.d t!-i<? sen.'i;ence, c- ! -c 4 -

Ijoyrevel-, .l;?:, I.ij.l>:i,z-lci-~ s LC: Lc;;l~e:o.-i; a s t o t h e

sev; ; r i ty of tile o:Yfcl?cc 1.l2.s - > - Y * - I ' ,,,.. ?,;.ps 2 ~ 1 in i ixac t

r e fe re : :~? 'i.0 tile y?~-i ,~- : rn of ' ~ h c o:f-r^encc?

5 i, yi"> -'>-F-

\:liich is & ,& - c--[ .!- ?. ckii-lg ;ill ~3ru.g;; * !!

It ~,roilld zppezr t o KC .Llizt -tht.sc oSsi.1-v::;tions ri?:;'lr,ct ni:d

r e f l e c t 'ri-j.bunal t h a t o ~ ' _ t y a concej2tion thaJt; it ?:as oZ importe:zce t o

jqini s.tc:i.. 1 assc s:_;iyen-t of i f 2 3 n!2 t - te r

b~ seer) t o have been reasonable . Asain t h i s wculd be

c c r r e c t if one lvere exar.~i;-ling the n:_i.r?d of tne Fl i~?j .s ter in

t h e a p ~ ! l i , ~ ; ~ ~ c , i o n of 11is policy b . ~ t i-L hk!d l i t - i ; le t o do viiL'n

thi! b a s i c CF.? stion v ~ i t h y~llich t.11~: 'T'ribi).:~;il. v;as c o x e r n e d .

llrT]ie ra.ti(>y!r?le for [;l;ivinij' adcli:l.iona:l wej.[;lli: to

tile offefic:~? 02 .in (.lip*ugs i.a sot

dif f'i c~al-i; .tc pe-r.c:c:i.cll̂ ;. . ' l

i~;.dj.cation is tha t once agzin -Lhc Tribuns.1- was

r a t	j-or].olisin;: w h a l ;	t h e !Pinis	t e r h-icl done.	Sirnil-~rly	t h e
J , l

f C . r j bll:la]. l-(?fel--:; to ~n c aspe c? ;f dt;pcrtz.tloil a.s pu.nri.shmc::t,

a113 c,:pr.~.sses the vicu -Lli;-L puni:;hnei-t j.s a t h s k c;f the

Coul?t .~;ihi.ch deals v;:i t l i -bhp ofPencc , b u t adds : --

fllIou:ever, the depoy-tf i t i nn of a pr rsoa ccilxii c-bed

of	a d:v.g	of."rfencc nay	be j v . s 5 ? 5 c d	f i r s t3 .y as a
pcr-oylnl	t	to t h e of	fc:nd?r al?d :;-cbl:dl~~ 8s :	+

dc-i;cra:rcn'i; '~o ot]iel- 1;ersol)s . . 11

o-LJ.1er pctrsons is a prope r suSject f o r cons ide ra t j . on of -I;he

T1-.i't3)1~17c79 i - i ; does sc :crn t o t~:>ar::;!nute t1:e s i t u a t i c m to say

tha-t -tlic policy sta-t;cd by tlie' D7inisi;er requ.ircs t h e l!ri.bunn:L

to t;a!ce into accoun-t	t h e necessl-ty	t o prev-c:l.)t	or inbribi-L
tht. corntnission o.f such of	~ ~ T ~ c c ! s .	I-Ioviever, if	liere

cons:id~!~:~i.n~ the rea:;ol-lablencss of t11p pr30ce o~,cs F c. of t he

MinL s t e r i n -the app:Licatio of h i s j:)oll.cy one v:oultl 1x1-L.ural1.y .i;;

i n t o accouni; .tllc. vic.i;; o:f %l-1.. l<!:i:~j.s-ter of '!the necessity

prevent ~r ii3.liibj.t tlie com!~lj.::si.cjj~ c):? l j.Jre offeacc;s 11 2s

Cornii~g t o t h a t secl;ioii of tlie I:Z;:SDKIS :.j!'li.ci?, aree

!?e;;::li::i tlA;:p:lj.ca.tion 07 t h e ro l j . cy -20 t l lc j.?nc-t.;-,lT i;!-.e

opcLii.ng	:;e;l-telice sJ/aJ;;es "1	-Lll- i fi no1(? to c.onsiti!:l-	t h e fact:;
Ar,d it i s -l:o be obsei-ved tl~z-t	.in t h e procc.r,s?s o f	c?rr:i-vin~.	C>

ref~r:t?E?~'. -ko i n para. 4.07 of -i;he po l . i cy a r e dealt v;ith

arid no ~"i;hi.ir~ s.ubj:cts such a:; f'oy e>;a:np].e 'i,l~c poJi~:;clt:ial loz:.: to

thc~r!. Ba-t j.-t is t r a e -to say - I ; l ~n - t thc: discll,c,srion proci?eds

as one in :i.l~:ich tlic '.l'~i.l:~l.i~l31. is not necc:;,r,n:~:..il,y sec11 to

be erq)rr:s.c,riag i t s Tb7.'~cr.,rr, fo!:. - i ; ! l r : purtpo:<e o:T rnaliir~g up i -L:-;

mind 3:; "io I l o ~ . ~ it ;~/ou~!d ci-~r;iI.i.1;:r.'~;e .tlip:;c .t'aci;oj--s f c ; r a :fiqesil (icci::

o:T i.-'l;s ol,~!?. On. -(;he :,ul~jcc;-i: 01 rcc.idi.vj.:;w -Lhe '.I'I-~~~E.!-I:I~

I n -the conclutiing s e c t i o n of -1;h.e reasons of t h e

Tr.i_buiial i-l;	exarnir.!cs -the c:i~?czrr~?s.t;?nces	of	t h e	o f f c r ~ d e r
and -the ci~:cums.t:iilccs of hi	S	:i'art~ily,	It r.ecord s v r - 1 ~ i . o ~ ~	ma-t.-i;c;-E

which "wc._i.gh a g a i n s t depo~-~atio~'f of 'l sul> s-t;a:nti a1 ~ i ~ r i . g!~:t'!.. A

. .

fOlecc:f'ul. case i s made. 3u-t -t;lle f i n a l f;?.ci:or 2lld t:li: ~ e ~ c ~ i . ~ r ~ ! : i n : ~

f a c t o r i.;i t h e reasons is tha- t -tl?c: o:Cfei~cc of 1lil3j.c.i.l -the

21-)pl..icatli; vrzs c~livi.c-Lcd ' r ~ ~ the imposi.-Li on of an . i ~

0s-dcr of deyiov~'ia-tii?n as a detel-.l?ent t o c,t'.les--s	.fl?o~il col; :nit t i~:g
of:fcnces of a like ria-';u.~~e'~.	Ijcrc. %air_ it 3-r; s igll izicarr-t
t h z t -the di .c is ion i s expressc;d i n -terms ;:;osJc	apt in t h e exercis:

of' v,r?l?-i.i; I havci c a l l e d tl?e saper9vi.so~y	r o l e .	The	T ~ : i ] ~ ~ - ~ &	dpch .
say	thrtt	it is	s~t i s r l ' r ied	tiia.-t .in th,e in?';;,-yes-t:s of' good

go -\7 e:rni;. .'- o;r+r of jcile I.;iyListe.r A ~ l l ~ ? ~ l . d b2 2.fTij.-.ij.!~$.*

It s a i d 'rt.he ' t ~ a l z l ~ c e of relev-cin-t; f z c t o r s f'avou~?s illc

inalri~-~g of an order for the de:po?-x-i;a-Lri on G?' the apl3l . i~ ar!t. If

This phrzee	a l s o i s ~ L U - t e	apt	refer to t h e cor~.:?i~-~r.i-l.iol~
of	ail	o:t-der	al.rlezdy !~:ade j.n t h e pro cc ss o r t h e appi - ica t ion

by -'il~e ?.'iir~i.s-Ler~ of lij-s p o l i c y i n a rsc=soi:lal:llt: way-, A a d

if tlls-t i s 211 t h a t it i s it do?s rlot sat;is:fy the req-uis-ene:n-Ls

of l-,he ilclnj.~;i F-:-tr.:itj -\?c 11.":; ???].S '.ilr;j.bi:;~nl Ac-!; .

--.--- --.----A-------. - .-----m-,--.----

t h a t accord:i.ng t o tho t e s t s appl.i.eti by t h blir~.i,r;"ier> ifi -the

was reached regulal-1.y ancl reasonably , bLl-L ol?c sca-~-r;-~i'~- ,-L ., , , i l -1

sa.l;j-sfied on -[;he cvicic:nce a s found by i-l; -!!!-1::.t d.e;y~r.tni;i.o~i

t ; l ; i h i . 2 j 1 r : i I , , o ; ) ~ :L:; :[orcp(j t,c -t;;lc.

T r i b u n a l was actual 1y ~ ' .cqui i -~cd to ;?erform an& on t h i s basis

there? was a;l error of ?.at?. See ?arari:rt:: P:~in-i;.i.i3li. Co . Pt,y, 3 td,

--I--.I ._ .._- -.--..----.". LI .F . . .~ - - . -~ - *_ L-

v. I'edc:rc?,l. ( :c~!; i rn: i . ,s~, ion< : : of Tr?xa:i;ic)i~ (1 ~ 6 ~ ~ ) 1 l1 C. L. R, 529 at

-m - - . . - . - A----.- ..-

pp. 542 and fill 3 , and i i . v. T1.l e J1:i s t . r j c-:; CloTL~:--t ; E:<. Pa ~--i:c. 'r'71.i ?;c

- -.- -.-~-----.------.-- -.--..- ..--

(*1355) 116 C . L . R . C?C!+ at' p.657.

On	the. w h o l e	1: an pers:;rtc!ed	thnl; th?	Tr . ib - -	~ . i i ~ - i l	-..-	j - r~ t : :~~~ :?	c<(;
,	.

.I;o and ciri d zct merr:Ly as a svpc?r~virso;.~y	b0d.y	a ? d accor~crli-~gly
the fo~1ri;l-i as v:ell 2s t l ; ~	.th:i.rd glaounds nZ ~ p l x a l	are

e s t i .bI_ ishzd. .

It is a collseqi:e.=ce of 'the estz.i:l.i-s?;s;c17-t; cyf ti:c

tl-iirb$. gyo~!.nd o:f z p ~ ~ e a i .thz-t; I ~; ;~~2.d ' .o_rde : r - 't;n;:.i; tile 2i;neal l:~:?gJ-;c

. . . , .

L

1,~i.tjl (;osts 2;:~ Lhe m:-;.i;tc;- be rc"->-'-- LLA, liecl to .tk:t. A~!!fi:Lnli:;-t;r~z.ti.s:e

kppiigl-s Tril>:lr-izf_ to be deal4! r!:i.tll :'in ~.cco_r:~:~.i~ce v,,IZ:L:~ -';he

fincjixlg -th?,-t; t l se 01-d<>?- of tl2e l.Ii:l1i:;te;- f o r I:l!~ili.g1-,zt.i.~;: and

Etl3n.L~ A-ffa.i.3-S of 21 1i.pr:il 1978 ~ 7 c:zde v:i.thau-t: t h e requ.i.2--;;--. 2 ~

rfien-2~ of 2.72 02 tj.1.e j;l:i rrra?t;5.cn i':r;t ,1953 i7::ving - - bee:.^ i'ul.fj.:!.;ed..