Perdikaris v Deputy Commissioner of Taxation (No 2) - [2007] FCA 2087

FEDERAL COURT OF AUSTRALIA
Perdikaris v Deputy Commissioner of Taxation (No 2) [2007] FCA 2087
INCOME TAX – Commissioner not satisfied that the taxpayer’s employer had made deductions under the PAYE system or withheld payments under the PAYG system – whether determinations that the Commissioner was not obliged to credit the sums of the claimed PAYE deductions in payment or part payment of the tax payable by a taxpayer or that the taxpayer was not entitled to credits for the sum of the PAYE deductions or the total of the amounts said to have been withheld under the PAYG system were reviewable under the Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act 1977 (Cth) or the Judiciary Act 1903 (Cth) – whether jurisdictional error
Held: application for review dismissed
Constitution of the Commonwealth of Australia ss 75(v) and 77(1)
Income Tax Act 1986 (Cth) ss 5(1) and 7
Income Tax Rates Act 1986 (Cth) s 12(1), Schedule 7
Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 (Cth) ss 166, 174, 177(1), 221C(1A), 221F and 221H, Division 1AAA of Part VI
Taxation Administration Act1953 (Cth) Part IVC, ss 12-35, 15-10, 16-20, 18-15 and 298(30) of Schedule 1
Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 (Cth) ss 995-1 and 960-100
Federal Court Rules Order 54
Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act 1977 (Cth) ss 5(1), 6(1) and 7
Judiciary Act 1903 (Cth) s 39B(1)
McAndrew v Federal Commissioner of Taxation (1956) 98 CLR 263
F. J. Bloemen Proprietary Limited v The Commissioner of Taxation of the Commonwealth of Australia (1981) 147 CLR 360
Webb v Commissioner of Taxation (No 2) (1993) 47 FCR 394
Deputy Commissioner of Taxation of the Commonwealth of Australia v Richard Walter Pty Limited (1995) 183 CLR 168
Deputy Federal Commissioner of Taxation v Sargon (1985) 85 ATC 4206
R v Heyde (1990) 20 NSWLR 234
Edmunds v Edmunds and Ayscough (1935) VLR 177
Griffith University v Tang (2005) 221 CLR 99
Laurent v The Law Society of New South Wales [2000] NSWSC 1103
Kioa v West (1985) 159 CLR 550
Mobil Oil Australia Proprietary Limited v The Commissioner of Taxation (1963) 113 CLR 475
Finch v Goldstein (1981) 36 ALR 287
Salemi v MacKellar [No. 2] (1977) 137 CLR 396
Re Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs; Ex parte Lam (2003) 214 CLR 1
Re Refugee Review Tribunal; Ex parte Aala (2000) 204 CLR 82
Williams v Minister for Justice and Customs of the Commonwealth of Australia [2007] FCAFC 33
CHRISTOPHER PERDIKARIS v DEPUTY COMMISSIONER OF TAXATION
NSD 499 OF 2007
GRAHAM J
21 DECEMBER 2007
SYDNEY

IN THE FEDERAL COURT OF AUSTRALIA

NEW SOUTH WALES DISTRICT REGISTRY

NSD 499 OF 2007

BETWEEN:

CHRISTOPHER PERDIKARIS
Applicant

AND:

DEPUTY COMMISSIONER OF TAXATION
Respondent

JUDGE:

GRAHAM J

DATE OF ORDER:

21 DECEMBER 2007

WHERE MADE:

SYDNEY

THE COURT ORDERS THAT:
1.The application be dismissed.
2.The applicant pay the respondent’s costs.

Note: Settlement and entry of orders is dealt with in Order 36 of the Federal Court Rules.

IN THE FEDERAL COURT OF AUSTRALIA

NEW SOUTH WALES DISTRICT REGISTRY

NSD 499 OF 2007

BETWEEN:

CHRISTOPHER PERDIKARIS
Applicant

AND:

DEPUTY COMMISSIONER OF TAXATION
Respondent

JUDGE:

GRAHAM J

DATE:

21 DECEMBER 2007

PLACE:

SYDNEY

REASONS FOR JUDGMENT

By s 5(1) of the Income Tax Act 1986 (Cth) income tax was imposed in accordance with the Income Tax Act 1986 and at the relevant rates declared by the Income Tax Rates Act 1986 (Cth).
Section 7 of the Income Tax Act 1986 (Cth) levied the income tax imposed by s 5(1) as follows:
‘7.The tax imposed by subsection 5(1) is levied, and shall be paid, for the financial year commencing on 1 July 1986 and for all subsequent financial years until the Parliament otherwise provides.’
Under s 12(1) of the Income Tax Rates Act 1986 (Cth) the relevant rates of tax were as set out in schedule 7 to that Act. That schedule has been amended to record the prevailing rates from time to time.
At all material times s 166 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 (Cth) (‘the Assessment Act’) has made provision for the Commissioner to make assessments of the amount of the taxable income of a taxpayer and of the tax payable thereon and s 174 has made provision for the Commissioner to serve notices of assessment in writing upon persons liable to pay the tax the subject of the assessments.
Section 177(1) of the Assessment Act provided for notices of assessment to have a conclusive evidentiary character both in respect of the due making of the assessment and that the amount and all the particulars of the assessment were correct. Section 177(1) provided:
‘177(1)The production of a notice of assessment, or of a document under the hand of the Commissioner, a Second Commissioner, or a Deputy Commissioner, purporting to be a copy of a notice of assessment, shall be conclusive evidence of the due making of the assessment and, except in proceedings under Part IVC of the Taxation Administration Act 1953 on a review or appeal relating to the assessment, that the amount and all the particulars of the assessment are correct.’
The present proceedings are not proceedings under Part IVC of the Taxation Administration Act1953 (Cth) (‘the Administration Act’).
In McAndrew v Federal Commissioner of Taxation (1956) 98 CLR 263 (‘McAndrew’) at 280-282 Taylor J said of s 177(1):
‘… The purpose of that sub-section [s 177(1)], is, subject to an important qualification, to make the production of a notice of assessment in judicial proceedings conclusive evidence of the due making of the assessment and that the amount and all the particulars of the assessment are correct. The qualification is that upon proceedings on appeal against the assessment, the production of the assessment does not constitute conclusive evidence that the amount and all the particulars of the assessment are correct. It will be seen that the sub-section contains two limbs and that the second limb applies only in proceedings which are not appeals of the character specified. In all other proceedings both limbs apply. But although doubts may exist as to what is comprised in each limb, the existence of these doubts in no way requires a modification of the view previously expressed.
…
There seems no doubt that s.177(1) was intended to make it impossible for a taxpayer, in proceedings other than appeal against it, to challenge an assessment on any ground and, accordingly, there is every reason for thinking that the second limb in s.177(1) covers all grounds upon which an assessment may be challenged other than those covered by the first limb. … In my view s.170(1) (sic) should be understood as precluding a taxpayer in proceedings other than an appeal (or a reference [now a review]) under the Act from challenging an assessment on any ground. …’
In F. J. Bloemen Proprietary Limited v The Commissioner of Taxation of the Commonwealth of Australia (1981) 147 CLR 360 at 375 Mason and Wilson JJ cited with approval the observations of Taylor J in McAndrew.
In Webb v Commissioner of Taxation (No 2) (1993) 47 FCR 394 at 400 Hill J said:
‘… the giving to the taxpayer of a notice which stipulates the taxable income and the tax payable referable to that taxable income in the year (a positive figure) will be a notice of assessment attracting the provisions of the objection and appeals procedure and s 177.’
His Honour then continued at 400-401 by saying:
‘My view is consistent with the decision of Hunt J in Deputy Commissioner of Taxation (Cth) v Clyne (1982) 60 FLR 45 and that of Enderby J in Commonwealth v Opiel (1986) 86 ATC 5,013. The former case is not greatly different from the present. In that case Mr Clyne, who had received a notice of assessment showing a credit for provisional tax, sought to argue that the giving of that credit constituted an admission by the Commissioner that payment had been made for that amount or that a claim was no longer made in respect of that amount, or alternatively that the provisions of s 177 rendered there conclusive evidence that the amount was no longer claimed by the Commissioner. This somewhat audacious argument was rejected by Hunt J who regarded the particulars of assessment referred to in s 177 of the Act as constituting merely the two ingredients taxable income and the tax assessed with respect to that taxable income. The other material on the notice, including the credit, were, his Honour thought, particulars of the notice but not particulars of the assessment. The decision of Hunt J was followed by Enderby J in Opiel in holding that details of a refund stated in the assessment to be due to a taxpayer did not attract the conclusive evidentiary protection of s 177.’
See also Deputy Commissioner of Taxation of the Commonwealth of Australia v Richard Walter Pty Limited (1995) 183 CLR 168 (‘Richard Walter’).
To facilitate the recovery of income tax a system prevailed until 30 June 2000 under which employees were required to pay tax on their salary or wages income progressively as they earned it. The tax was paid through a tax instalment deduction system which employers were obliged to implement (the Pay-As-You-Earn or PAYE system) under the Assessment Act.
Traditionally, a Group Certificate was issued to an employee at the end of a given financial year and lodged with the Commissioner of Taxation (‘the Commissioner’) with the employee’s income tax return so as to enable a credit to be claimed for the amount deducted by way of income tax under the PAYE system and remitted by the employer to the Commissioner. Such Group Certificates were signed by an authorised person on behalf of the ‘Employer’ and recorded, amongst other things, the ‘Tax Instalments Deducted’ in respect of the relevant ‘Employee’.
As from 1 July 2000 a New Tax System (the Pay-As-You-Go or PAYG system) was put in place under which a payer was required to withhold amounts from salaries and wages paid to a payee which were then to be remitted by the payer to the Commissioner (see s 3AA of the Administration Act and Schedule 1 thereto) and the payee became entitled to a credit against his tax debts for the amounts collected under the new system. Under the new system a ‘PAYG payment summary – individual non-business’ was issued by the payer to the relevant payee at the end of the financial year, in lieu of a Group Certificate. Such PAYG payment summaries were signed by an authorised person on behalf of the ‘Payer’ and recorded, amongst other things, the ‘Total tax withheld’ in respect of the relevant ‘Payee’. They were then affixed by a taxpayer to his relevant income tax return to enable a credit to be claimed for the amount withheld by way of income tax under the PAYG system and remitted by the employer to the Commissioner.
Generally speaking all resident individuals were required to lodge annual income tax returns. Such returns were normally required to be lodged within four months after the end of the relevant financial year with the opportunity in some instances for returns to be lodged during the ensuing six months or so.
This case is concerned with a taxpayer who claimed credits for amounts of tax said to have been deducted under the PAYE system or withheld under the PAYG system by a company of which he was a director where Group Certificates or PAYG Payment Summaries were said to have been issued to him by that company, but where no tax was ever remitted by the company in question or any other companies to the Commissioner.
The taxpayer, who is the applicant in these proceedings, did not lodge income tax returns for any of the eight years ended 30 June 1996, 30 June 1997, 30 June 1998, 30 June 1999, 30 June 2000, 30 June 2001, 30 June 2002 and 30 June 2003 until well after the times prescribed for doing so had expired. It would appear that returns for each of the eight years in question were forwarded to the Australian Taxation Office under cover of a letter dated 19 September 2005 from the applicant’s tax agent, Gertos Savell Katos, on about 30 September 2005.
It is necessary to record certain information in relation to the 8 returns seriatim as follows:
Year ended 30 June 1996
·    Income tax return signed by the taxpayer against the date 15 September 2005, declaring the information provided to be ‘true and correct’.
·    On page 2 of 2 of the return a taxable income of $76,804 was disclosed. Under the heading ‘INCOME’ the following appeared:
‘INCOME
3     Group certificates and tax stamps
Main salary and wage occupation
  ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICER
Occupation code  X 5999
C P Agents Pty Limited  31252.00             C 76804
= = = = = = = =
8     Total of tax instalments deducted  $     31252.00
= = = = = = = =’
·The income tax return when lodged was accompanied by a 1996 Group Certificate said to have been issued by C P Agents Pty Limited ACN 062 002 019 on 18 July 1996. The Group Certificate suggested that in the period 1 July 1995 to 30 June 1996 the applicant had been paid $76,804 by way of salary, wages, etc and that tax instalments deducted from that income had totalled $31,252.00.
·As at 18 July 1996 there was no company in existence by the name ‘C P Agents Pty Limited’. On 8 October 1993 Clean Fast Pty Limited was registered with the ACN 062 002 019. That company changed its name to C P Agents Pty Limited on 29 April 1997.
·On 13 August 1997 the company was wound up under a Creditors’ Voluntary Winding Up, Christopher Damien Darin becoming the liquidator of the company on that day.
·The company was deregistered on 23 March 2005.
·Until 4 April 1996 the directors and secretaries of the company had been ‘Chris Perdis’ (the applicant) and ‘Stella Perdis’, who had also been the sole shareholders of the company with one share each. As from 4 April 1996, the applicant was the sole director and secretary.
·On 28 December 2006 a Notice of Assessment was issued to the applicant assessing his taxable income at $76,804.00, as returned. On that income, tax of $26,699.88 was assessed together with $1,152.06 by way of Medicare levy and $41,121.29 by way of additional tax for the late lodgement of the return, a total of $68,973.23 being due for payment on the assessment.
·An ‘Explanation of Changes’ endorsed on the foot of the Notice of Assessment recorded that there had been an adjustment to the credits of $‘-31252.00’ against which the relevant entry was ‘Tax Instalment Deductions – Adjusted as a result of audit or investigation’.
·The Notice of Assessment issued on 28 December 2006 followed the transmission of a letter from the Deputy Commissioner of Taxation to the applicant dated 30 November 2006 headed:
‘DECISION ON INCOME TAX AUDIT
PAYE Tax Instalment Deductions
For Income Years 1996 and 1998 – 2000’
The Deputy Commissioner’s letter was accompanied by an ‘Adjustment Sheet’ and ‘Reasons for Decision’.
The Adjustment Sheet in respect of the year ended 30 June 1996 relevantly provided:
‘Adjustments to PAYE Instalment Deductions
PAYE Instalment Deductions claimed  $31,252
Less
Overstated PAYE Instalment Credits  -     $31,252
Amended PAYE Instalment Credits  $   0.00’
The attached ‘REASONS FOR DECISION’ included:
‘Issues raised by this Audit:
Are you entitled to a PAYE credit of $31,252 for the year ended 30 June 1996?
Are you entitled to a PAYE credit of $32,448 for the year ended 30 June 1998?
Are you entitled to a PAYE credit of $33,592 for the year ended 30 June 1999?
Are you entitled to a PAYE credit of $34,476 for the year ended 30 June 2000?
Is there a tax shortfall amount for the years ended 30 June 1996 and 1998 – 2000?
We considered these to be the relevant facts:
You were a director and employee of CP Agents Pty Ltd (CP) and Cleanfast Property Maintenance Agents Pty Ltd (CF) during the years ending 30 June 1996 and 1998 – 2000.
On 30 September 2005, you lodged your income tax returns for the years ended 30 June 1996 and 1998 – 2000. Your returns were prepared and lodged by a registered tax agent.
In your income tax returns for the years ended 30 June 1996 and 1998 – 2000 you disclosed salary and wage gross income and claimed tax withholding (sic) credits as follows:

Year ending
30 June Gross Income
$ Tax withholding credit
$ Payer

1996 76,804 31,252 CP

1998 79,404 32,448 CF

1999 81,640 33,592 CF

2000 83,720 34,476 CF
On 28 September 2006, we issued to you an income tax audit letter asking you to provide information in relation to the PAYE TIDs claimed, with the relevant supporting documentation – full details of the name of the entity including Group Employer Number with documents lodged and details of payments made for the years ended 30 June 1996, 1998, 1999 and 2000.
On 1 November 2006 your tax agent requested an extension of time until 10 November 2006, to collate and provide the relevant records.
On 10 November 2006 your tax agent responded to our audit letter providing the following information and documentation:
·    1996 – 2000 Group Certificates and 2001 – 2003 PAYG Payment Summaries
·    A number of anomalies were discovered in the group certificates and payment summaries.
·    The 1998, 1999 and 2000 Group Certificates issued showed the employer as Clean Fast Pty Ltd, where in fact it was Cleanfast Property Maintenance Agents Pty Ltd.
·    This was an error presumably made by a staff member of the Cleanfast Property Maintenance Agents Pty Ltd.
·    The payer’s name on the 2001, 2002 and 2003 PAYG Payment Summaries is incorrect and there is no ABN. The correct name of the payer is Cleanfast Property Maintenance Agents Pty Ltd.
·    On 27 April 2004 it was decided to wind up Cleanfast Property Maintenance Agents Pty Ltd and a resolution was passed to wind up the company on 11 May 2004.
·    A declaration (dated 9 November 2006) made by you, outlining your period of employment with each entity and your employment duties and responsibilities.

No supporting documentation was received regarding the Group Employer Number of each entity with the documents lodged and details of any payments made. According to our records neither entity was registered for PAYE.
Our Decision:
Are you entitled to a PAYE credit of $31,252 for the year ended 30 June 1996?
No.
Are you entitled to a PAYE credit of $32,448 for the year ended 30 June 1998?
No.
Are you entitled to a PAYE credit of $33,592 for the year ended 30 June 1999?
No.
Are you entitled to a PAYE credit of $34,476 for the year ended 30 June 2000?
No.
Why have we made this decision:
The Pay As You Earn (PAYE) provisions are contained in Division 2 of Part VI of Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 (ITAA 1936).
Section 221H(2) of ITAA 1936 states:
Entitlement to credit – deductions by employer
If:
(a) an employer has made any deductions in respect of an employee under this Division during a year of income, and
(b) an assessment has been made of the tax payable, or the Commissioner is satisfied that no tax is payable, by the employee in relation to the year of income; the employee is entitled to a credit equal to the sum of the deductions.

“Deduction” means a deduction under section 221C or section 221D from the salary or wages of an employee.
Under section 221H(2) an employee is entitled to a credit equal to the amount of deduction made from payments of salary and wages. If it can be established that an entity did not actually “deduct” an amount under section 221C or 221D, the employee would not be entitled to a credit for any amount under section 221H(2) of ITAA 1936.
Application of the law to your circumstances
You lodged your income tax returns for the years ending 30 June 1996, 1998, 1999 and 2000 on 30 September 2005 and claimed PAYE credits of $31,252, $32,448, $33,592 and $34,476 respectively. During this time, you were a director of CP Agents Pty Ltd (CP) and Cleanfast Property Maintenance Agents Pty Ltd (CF). Therefore, you were not in an arms length relationship to your employer.
We requested from you the employer copies of your group certificates for the years ending 30 June 1996, 1998, 1999 and 2000. Other than the employee copies of your group certificate for 1996 – 2000, you have not provided any evidence to support your contention that PAYE was deducted from payments of salary and wages made to you.

In any case, the issue of a group certificate is not conclusive evidence that PAYE deductions have been made from payments of salary and wages. Information available within the Tax Office supports the conclusion that the company has not fulfilled its obligation to deduct and remit the amounts of PAYE deductions during the years ending 30 June 1996 – 2000.
Therefore, we will exclude the PAYE credits returned in your income tax returns for the years ending 30 June 1996 and 1998 – 2000.
Penalty
In relation to the 2000 and earlier Income years penalties are imposed on tax shortfall amounts ….
Only certain credits are taken into account in determining a tax shortfall amount. Tax Instalment deductions are not credits that are included in the calculation of a tax shortfall.
Accordingly no penalty can be imposed on the over-claiming of tax instalment deductions in the years ending 30 June 1996 and 1998-2000.’

Year ended 30 June 1997
·    Income tax return signed by the taxpayer against the date 15 September 2005, declaring the information provided to be ‘true and correct’.
·    On page 2 of 3 of the return a taxable income of $79,508 was disclosed. Under the heading ‘INCOME’ the following appeared:
‘INCOME
3     Group certificates and tax stamp sheets
Main salary and wage occupation
ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICER
                 Occupation code                   X 5999
C P Agents Pty Limited  33436.00             C 79508
…
= = = = = = = =
8     Total of tax instalments deducted  $     33436.00
= = = = = = = =’
·    The income tax return when lodged was accompanied by a 1997 Group Certificate said to have been issued by C P Agents Pty Limited ACN 062 002 019 on 9 August 1997 (a Saturday). The Group Certificate suggested that in the period 1 July 1996 to 30 June 1997 the applicant had been paid $79,508 by way of salaries, wages, etc and that tax instalments deducted from that income had totalled $33,436.00.
·    On 28 December 2006 a Notice of Assessment was issued to the applicant assessing his taxable income at $79,508, as returned. On that income, tax of $27,970.76 was assessed together with $1,351.63 by way of Medicare levy and $37,890.46 by way of additional tax for the late lodgement of the return, a total of $67,212.85 being due for payment on the assessment.
·    An ‘Explanation of Changes’ endorsed on the foot of the Notice of Assessment recorded that there had been an adjustment to the credits of $‘-33436.00’ against which the relevant entry was ‘Tax Instalment Deductions – Adjusted as a result of audit or investigation’.
·    The Notice of Assessment issued on 28 December 2006 followed the transmission of a letter from the Deputy Commissioner of Taxation to the applicant dated 28 September 2006 headed:
‘DECISION ON INCOME TAX AUDIT
PAYE Tax Instalment Deductions – Year ended 30 June 1997’
The Deputy Commissioner’s letter was accompanied by an ‘Adjustment Sheet’ and ‘Reasons for Decision’.
The Adjustment Sheet in respect of the year ended 30 June 1997 relevantly provided:
‘Adjustments to PAYE Instalment Deductions
PAYE Instalment Deductions claimed  $33,436
Less
Overstated PAYE Instalment Credits  -     $33,436
Amended PAYE Instalment Credits  $   0.00’
The attached ‘REASONS FOR DECISION’ included:
‘Issues raised by this Audit:
Are you entitled to a PAYE credit of $33,436 for the year ended 30 June 1997?
1. Are you entitled to a PAYG Withholding of $44,668 for the year ended 30 June 2001?
2. Are you entitled to a credit for PAYG Withholding of $49,140 for the year ended 30 June 2002?
3. Are you entitled to a credit for PAYG Withholding of $49,179 for the year ended 30 June 2003?
…
We considered these to be the relevant facts:
You were a director and employee of “CP” Ltd (sic) and “CF” Pty Ltd during the years ending 30 June 1997 till 30 June 2003.
On 30 September 2005, you lodged your income tax returns for the years ended 30 June 1997 to 30 June 2003. Your returns were prepared and lodged by a registered tax agent.
In your income tax returns for the year ended 30 June 1997 and 2001 to 2003 you disclosed salary and wage gross income as and claimed tax withholding credits on PAYE certificate or PAYG summaries as follows:

Year ending
30 June Gross income
$ Tax withholding credit
$ Payer

1997 79,508 33,436 CP

2001 92,092 44,668 CF

2002 101,296 49,140 CF

2003 101,400 49,179 CF
On 24 November 2005, we contacted your tax agent by phone and requested the original payer copies of your 1997 Group Certificate and 2001 to 2003 PAYG Payment Summaries. He responded on the 30 November 2005; however, he enclosed the payee copies of the above accompanied with a letter dated 24 November 2005.
On 25 November 2005, we contacted your tax agent by phone and advised we received his letter and supporting documentation we requested. Upon reviewing the information sent, we found the payee and not the payer copies (as requested) were received. Your tax agent advised that this is all the information they have on file for you and the companies, as all the other information is with the liquidator, as the company was under external administration and had a controller appointed. He advised he would contact me and provide the liquidator’s details.
On 6 December 2005, your tax agent contacted our office and provided us with the liquidator’s contact details. The same day, we contacted the liquidator’s office by phone and left a message with his assistant – with our contact details and to return my call requesting:
i. 1997 Group Certificate (Payer copy)
ii. 2001 to 2003 Payment Summaries (Payer copies) of your payments
iii.1997 Annual PAYE Reconciliation, 2001 to 2003 PAYG Payment Summary Statements and Business Activity Statements (BAS), for the companies involved.
For the latter, we asked for details of the Australian Business Number (ABN) under which the documents had been lodged.
iv.Details and supporting documentation of payments that have been paid.

On five further occasions we contacted the liquidator to verify progress in providing us with the supporting documentation requested above. According to our records, none of the above have been sent and lodged with our office.
On 27 February 2006 we contacted the liquidator by phone. He advised he has searched through all the archived records for you and the entities for the above years and was not able to find any of the above information requested. Thus, he assumes that none of the above have been lodged, sent and paid.
Following this call, we contacted your tax agent on two further occasions regarding the requests made above with the liquidator. On 6 March 2006, your tax agent returned my call and advised he will contact the liquidator regarding the file/information he has on yourself and your entities. Depending on the response he receives, he will contact you regarding any information, details and supporting documentation you may have. He was given seven (7) days to respond.
On 17 March 2006, we issued you an income tax audit letter, asking you to provide information (within 28 days), in relation to the salary and wages income declared and PAYE/PAYG withholding credit claimed in your income tax returns with the relevant supporting documentation for the years 30 June 1997, 2001 to 2003.
Your tax agent responded to our audit letter in writing on 3 April 2006 advising:-
- you hold no records in relation to the company, and
- all files were supplied directly to the company administrators once appointed (upon their request).

Our Decision:
Are you entitled to a PAYE credit of $33,436 for the year ended 30 June 1997?
No.
1. Are you entitled to a credit for PAYG Withholding of $44,668 for the year ended 30 June 2001?
No.
2. Are you entitled to a credit for PAYG Withholding of $49,140 for the year ended 30 June 2002?
No.
3. Are you entitled to a credit for PAYG Withholding of $49,179 for the year ended 30 June 2003?
No.
…
Why have we made this decision:
[The material under this heading is the same as that appearing in the corresponding document referred to at [11] above, albeit later in point of time.]
Application of the law to your circumstances
You lodged your income tax return for the year ended 30 June 1997 on 30 September 2005 and declared gross salary and wages $79,508 and claimed PAYE credit of $33,436. During this time, you were a director of “CP” Pty Ltd. Therefore, you were not in an arms length relationship to your employer.
In November 2005, we contacted your tax agent and requested copy of your Group Certificate for the year ended 30 June 1997. On 30 November 2005, we received a response from your tax agent who provided a payee copy of the 1997 Group Certificate and Payment Summaries for the years ended 30 June 2001 to 2003.
We contacted your tax agent by phone on 1 December 2005 requesting payer copies of the above. He was unable to assist us, as all the information was with the liquidator, so on 6 December 2005 we contacted the liquidator’s office by phone requesting the above and asking for evidence that PAYE was withheld (sic) from payments of salary and wages paid to you for the year ended 30 June 1997. The liquidator advised at a later date that after searching through the archived files, none of the requested information could be found.
Other than the payee copies of your group certificate for 1997 and payment summaries for 2001 – 2003 years, you have not provided any other evidence to support your contention that PAYE was deducted from payments of salary and wages made to you.
The issue of a group certificate is not conclusive evidence that PAYE deductions have been deducted from payments of salary and wages. Information available within the Tax Office supports the conclusion that the company has not fulfilled its obligation to deduct and remit the amounts of PAYE deductions during the year ended 30 June 1997. Thus, we are unable to verify that the amounts claimed have actually been deducted (sic) from payments of salary and wages made to you.
Therefore, we will exclude the PAYE credit returned in your income tax return for the years ended 30 June 1997.
The Pay As You Go (PAYG) withholding provisions are contained in Part 2-5 of Schedule 1 to the Taxation Administration Act 1953 (“TAA”).
Section 18-15 of Schedule 1 to the TAA provides:
18-15 Tax credit for recipient of withholding payments
(1) A person is entitled to a credit equal to the total of the *amounts withheld from *withholding payments made to a person during an income year if:
(a)an assessment has been made of the income tax payable by the person for the income year, or
(b)the Commissioner is satisfied that no income tax is payable by the person for the income year.

Amount withheld is defined in section 995-1 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 (“ITAA 1997”). An amount withheld by an entity from a withholding payment means:

(a)an amount that the entity withheld from a payment under Division 12 in Schedule 1 to the Taxation Administration Act 1953.

An amount withheld by an entity from a withholding payment includes amounts withheld under a withholding variation upwards. These variations are effected under the withholding declaration process set out in section 15-50 of the PAYG provisions. The effect of this provision is that the amounts withheld under a variation upwards become amounts “required to be withheld” under Division 12.
Withholding payment is also defined in section 995-1 of the ITAA 1997 to mean:

(a)a payment from which an amount must be withheld under Division 12 in Schedule 1 to the Taxation Administration Act 1953 (even if the amount is not withheld); or
(b)an alienated personal services payment in respect of which Division 13 in that Schedule requires an amount to be paid to the Commissioner; or
(c)a non-cash benefit in respect of which Division 14 in that Schedule requires an amount to be paid to the Commissioner.

An amount withheld from a payment to an employee or a company director is an amount withheld under section 12-35 and section 12-40 of Schedule 1 to the TAA. Under section 18-15 of Schedule 1 to the TAA, a payee is entitled to a credit equal to the amount withheld. If it can be established that an entity did not actually “withhold” an amount from a payment of remuneration to an employee or company director under section 12-35 or section 12-40 of Schedule 1 to the TAA, the payee would not be entitled to a credit for any amount under section 18-15 of Schedule 1 to the TAA.
Application of the law to your circumstances
You lodged your income tax returns for the years ended 30 June 2001, 2002 and 2003 on September 2005 and declared gross salary and wages of $92,092, $101,296 and $101,400, and claimed pay as you go withholding credits of $44,668, $49,140 and $49,179 respectively. During this time you were a director of “CF” Pty Ltd. You were not in an arms length relationship to your employer.
In November 2005, we contacted your tax agent and requested copies of your Payment Summaries for the years ended 30 June 2001, 2002 and 2003. On 30 November 2005, we received a response from your tax agent who provided payee copies of the Payment Summaries for the years requested.
We contacted your tax agent by phone on 1 December 2005 requesting payer copies of the above. As he was unable to assist us, as all the information was with the liquidator, on 6 December 2005 we contacted the liquidator’s office by phone requesting the above and asking for evidence that PAYGW was withheld from payments of salary and wages paid to you during the years ended 30 June 2001 to 30 June 2003 inclusive.
You have not provided any other evidence to support your contention that PAYGW was deducted from payments of salary and wages made to you.
The issue of a Payment Summary solely is not conclusive evidence that PAYGW has been deducted (sic) from payments of salary and wages. Information available within the Tax Office supports the conclusion that the company has not fulfilled its obligation to report and remit the amounts of PAYGW during the years ended 30 June 2001 to 30 June 2003. Hence, we are unable to verify that the amounts claimed have actually been deducted (sic) from payments of salary and wages made to you.
Therefore, we will exclude the PAYGW returned in your income tax returns for the years ended 30 June 2001, 30 June 2002 and 30 June 2003.
Penalty Year ended 30 June 1997
In relation to the 2000 and earlier income years, penalties are imposed on tax shortfall amounts under Part VII of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 (ITM 1936). A tax shortfall is defined in section 222A of the ITAA 1936 and broadly means the difference between the tax properly payable by the taxpayer and the tax that would have been payable if it were assessed on the basis of the taxpayer’s return for the year of income.
Only certain credits are taken into account in determining a tax shortfall amount. Tax instalment deductions are not credits that are included in the calculation of a tax shortfall.
Accordingly, no penalty can be imposed on the over-claiming of tax instalment deductions in the year ended 30 June 1997.
Tax Shortfall Penalty – Years ended 30 June 2001 to 2003
Under section 28475 (sic) of Schedule 1 to the Taxation Administration Act 1953 (TAA 1953), an administrative penalty can be imposed where:
· you or your agent make a false or misleading statement, and
· the statement results in a shortfall amount.

A false or misleading statement can result, for example, if you omit assessable income from your tax return, or if you over-claim a tax deduction, tax offset, credit or payment.
This false or misleading statement must result in a shortfall amount.
Under Item 2 of sub-section 284-80(1) of the TM 1953, you can have a shortfall amount if:
·    the Commissioner must pay or credit an amount to you under a taxation law;
·    this amount is worked out on the basis of a statement made by you or your agent; and
·    this amount is more than it would be if you or your agent had not made a false or misleading statement.

Under section 18-15 of Schedule 1to (sic) the TM 1953, you are entitled to a credit equal to the amount withheld from your withholding payments for an income year after 1 July 2000. Withholding payments include payments of salary to an employee.   Therefore, where you or your agent makes a false or misleading statement in regard to this credit, you can have a tax shortfall amount.
Where a false or misleading statement has been made, the shortfall amount is the difference between:
·    the amount the Commissioner must pay or credit to you worked out on the basis of the statement; and
·    what the credit or payment would have been if the false or misleading statement had not been made.

In your 2001 taxation return, you over claimed your credit for PAYG withheld by $44,668. Therefore, you have a shortfall amount for the 2001 year.
In your 2002 taxation return, you over claimed your credit for PAYG withheld by $49,140. Therefore, you have a shortfall amount for the 2002 year.
In your 2003 taxation return, you over claimed your credit for PAYG withheld by $49,179. Therefore, you have a shortfall amount for the 2003 year.
Reasonable care
Where this shortfall amount results from a failure by you or your agent to take reasonable care to comply with a taxation law, a penalty can be applied at the rate of 25% of the shortfall amount.
The reasonable care standard is discussed in the Taxation Ruling TR 94/4. As noted at paragraph 8 of the Ruling, the reasonable care test requires you to take the care that a reasonable, ordinary person would take in your circumstances to fulfill your tax obligations.
Where you have tried your best to lodge a correct return – having regard to your experience, education, skill and other relevant circumstances – you will not be liable to pay a penalty.
You do not meet the reasonable care standard simply by using the services of a tax agent or tax advisor. Your agent must also take reasonable care in preparing your taxation return.
Application to your circumstances
We consider that you or your tax agent did not take reasonable care in declaring your salary and wage income and claiming your PAYE & PAYG withholding credits. We have made this decision based on the following factors:
·    it is your responsibility to lodge a tax return that is correct.
·    you were a director of “CF” Pty Ltd during the years ended 30 June 2001 to 30 June 2003 inclusive.
·    as a director you have a responsibility to deduct, report and remit PAYGW from salary and wages to the Commissioner, and
·    you have failed to provide sufficient evidence to support that PAYGW included in your income tax return was deducted from payments made to you by “CF” Pty Ltd.

Therefore, as we consider that you did not take reasonable care in the preparation of your 2001 to 2003 taxation returns, the base penalty will be imposed on your shortfall amount for the 2001, 2002 and 2003 years at the rate of 25%.
Reasonably arguable position
Where a shortfall amount exceeds the greater of $10,000 or 1% of your tax payable, a different penalty provision can apply. This penalty can apply where your shortfall amount results from you applying a tax law to a matter or identical matters in a way which is not ‘reasonably arguable.’
In your income tax returns for the years ended 30 June 2001 to 2003, you claimed PAYG withholding credits (from salary and wages) which your company has not remitted. As PAYG withholding credit was overstated - $44,668, $49,140 and $49,179 respectively, the shortfall amount is more than the greater of $10,000 or 1% of the income tax payable by you.
We consider that you do not have a reasonably arguable position in regard to the application of the law to the over-claimed credits. We have made this decision based on the following:
· as a director of “CF” Pty Ltd, you were fully aware that the credit did not exist,

Therefore, you are liable for a base penalty of 25% of your shortfall amount resulting from the overstated PAYG withholding credit.
Base Penalty
Where one or more base penalty amounts arises in relation to the same shortfall amount, and the two base penalty amounts are the same, then that is the base penalty which will apply.
As the base penalty amounts for lack of reasonable care and not having a reasonably arguable position are both 25%, base penalty will be imposed on your shortfall amount on your shortfall amount resulted (sic) from the overstated PAYG withholding credit for the years ended 30 June 2001 to 2003 at the rate of 25%.
Remission of penalty
Under section 298-20 of Schedule 1 to the TAA 1953, the Commissioner of Taxation may remit all or part of a penalty imposed on a shortfall amount. Taxation Ruling TR 94/7 provides guidelines as to when this discretion may be exercised. The Ruling states that the discretion to remit tax penalty should be exercised in only those exceptional cases where, having regard to all the circumstances, the application of penalty would provide a clearly unreasonable or unjust result.
We have considered all the facts and circumstances concerning your over-claimed credit for tax deducted and tax withheld. Based on the guidelines in TR94/7, we do not consider that the application of penalty in your case would provide an unreasonable or unjust result.
Therefore, the penalty imposed on your shortfall amounts (for the 2001 – 2003 years) will not be remitted.’

Year ended 30 June 1998
·    Income tax return signed by the taxpayer against the date 15 September 2005, declaring the information provided to be ‘true and correct’.
·    On page 2 of 4 of the return a taxable income of $79,404 was disclosed. Under the heading ‘INCOME’ the following appeared:
INCOME
1     Group certificates
Main salary and wage occupation
ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICER
                 Occupation code                   X 5999
Clean Fast Pty Limited  32448.00             C 79404
…
= = = = = = =
Total tax instalments deducted  $    32448.00
= = = = = = =
·    The income tax return when lodged was accompanied by a 1998 Group Certificate said to have been issued by Clean Fast Pty Limited ACN 062 002 019 on 24 July 1998. The Group Certificate suggested that in the period 1 July 1997 to 30 June 1998 the applicant had been employed by Clean Fast Pty Limited ACN 062 002 019 and had been paid $79,404 by way of salary, wages, etc and that tax instalments deducted from that income had totalled $32,448.00.
·    As at 24 July 1998 there was no company in existence by the name ‘Clean Fast Pty Limited’. On 8 October 1993 Clean Fast Pty Limited was registered with the ACN 062 002 019, but it changed its name to C P Agents Pty Limited on 29 April 1997.
·    On 13 August 1997 the company was wound up under a Creditors’ Voluntary Winding Up, Christopher Damien Darin having been appointed as the liquidator of the company on that day.
·    There is no evidence to suggest that the applicant was an employee or otherwise entitled to remuneration from C P Agents Pty Limited ACN 062 002 019, formerly known as Clean Fast Pty Limited, between 1 July 1997 and 30 June 1998. It is highly unlikely that the company had any employees after it entered into liquidation on 13 August 1997.
·    On 28 December 2006 a Notice of Assessment was issued to the applicant assessing his taxable income at $79,404, as returned. On that income, tax of $27,921.88 was assessed together with $1,191.06 by way of Medicare levy and $30,925.78 by way of additional tax for the late lodgement of the return, a total of $60,038.72 being due for payment on the assessment.
·    An ‘Explanation of Changes’ endorsed on the foot of the Notice of Assessment recorded that there had been an adjustment to the credits of $‘-32448.00’ against which the relevant entry was ‘Tax Instalment Deductions – Adjusted as a result of audit or investigation’.
·    The Notice of Assessment issued on 28 December 2006 followed the transmission of a letter from the Deputy Commissioner of Taxation to the applicant dated 30 November 2006 referred to at [16] in respect of the year ended 30 June 1996.
·    The attached Adjustment Sheet in respect of the year ended 30 June 1998 relevantly provided:
‘Adjustments to PAYE Instalment Deductions
PAYE Instalment Deductions claimed  $32,448
Less
Overstated PAYE Instalment Credits  -     $32,448
Amended PAYE Instalment Credits  $   0.00’
The attached ‘REASONS FOR DECISION’ dealt compendiously with the PAYE credits claimed by the applicant for the years ended 30 June 1996, 30 June 1998, 30 June 1999 and 30 June 2000. It is unnecessary for present purposes to quote any more of the Reasons for Decision than have already been quoted at [16] above. It will be recalled that under the heading ‘Our Decision’ the following relevantly appeared:
‘Are you entitled to a PAYE credit of $32,448 for the year ended 30 June 1998?
No.’
Year ended 30 June 1999
·    Income tax return signed by the taxpayer against the date 15 September 2005, declaring the information provided to be ‘true and correct’.
·    On page 2 of 6 of the return a taxable income of $81,640 was disclosed. Under the heading ‘INCOME’ the following appeared:
‘INCOME
1     Group certificates
Main salary and wage occupation
ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICER
                 Occupation code                   X 5999
Clean Fast Pty Limited  33592.00             C 81640
…
= = = = = = =
Total tax instalments deducted  $    33592.00
= = = = = = =’
·    The income tax return when lodged was accompanied by a 1999 Group Certificate said to have been issued by Clean Fast Pty Limited ACN 062 002 019 on 13 August 1999. The Group Certificate suggested that in the period 1 July 1998 to 30 June 1999 the taxpayer had been paid $81,640 by way of salary, wages, etc and that tax instalments deducted from that income had totalled $33,592.00.
·    As at 13 August 1999 there was no company in existence by the name ‘Clean Fast Pty Limited’. On 8 October 1993 Clean Fast Pty Limited was registered with the ACN 062 002 019, but that company changed its name to C P Agents Pty Limited on 29 April 1997.
·    On 13 August 1997 the company was wound up under a Creditors’ Voluntary Winding Up, Christopher Damian Darin becoming the liquidator of the company on that day.
·    There is no evidence to suggest that the applicant was an employee or otherwise entitled to remuneration from C P Agents Pty Limited ACN 062 002 019, formerly known as Clean Fast Pty Limited, between 1 July 1998 and 30 June 1999. It is highly unlikely that the company had any employees after it entered into liquidation on 13 August 1997.
·    On 28 December 2006 a Notice of Assessment was issued to the applicant assessing his taxable income at $81,640, as returned. On that income, tax of $28,972.80 was assessed together with $2,041.00 by way of Medicare levy and $30,049.90 by way of additional tax for the late lodgement of the return, a total of $61,063.70 being due for payment on the assessment.
·    An ‘Explanation of Changes’ endorsed on the foot of the Notice of Assessment recorded that there had been an adjustment to the credits of $‘-33592.00’ against which the relevant entry was ‘Tax Instalment Deductions – Adjusted as a result of audit or investigation’.
·    The Notice of Assessment issued on 28 December 2006 followed the transmission of a letter from the Deputy Commissioner of Taxation to the applicant dated 30 November 2006 referred to at [16] in respect of the year ended 30 June 1996.
·    The attached Adjustment Sheet in respect of the year ended 30 June 1999 relevantly provided:
‘Adjustments to PAYE Instalment Deductions
PAYE Instalment Deductions claimed  $33,592
Less
Overstated PAYE Instalment Credits  -     $33,592
Amended PAYE Instalment Credits  $   0.00’
·    The attached ‘REASONS FOR DECISION’ dealt compendiously with the PAYE credits claimed by the taxpayer for the years ended 30 June 1996, 30 June 1998, 30 June 1999 and 30 June 2000. It is unnecessary for present purposes to quote any more of the Reasons for Decision than have already been quoted at [16] above. It will be recalled that under the heading ‘Our Decision’ the following relevantly appeared:
‘Are you entitled to a PAYE credit of $33,592 for the year ended 30 June 1999?
No.’
Year ended 30 June 2000
·    Income tax return signed by the taxpayer against the date 15 September 2005, declaring the information provided to be ‘true and correct’.
·    On page 2 of 7 of the return a taxable income of $83,720 was disclosed. Under the heading ‘INCOME’ the following appeared:
‘INCOME
1     Group certificates
Main salary or wage occupation
ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICER
                 Occupation code                   X 5999
Clean Fast Pty Limited  34476.00             C 83720
…
= = = = = = =
Total tax instalments deducted  $    34476.00
= = = = = = =’
·    The income tax return when lodged was accompanied by a 2000 Group Certificate said to have been issued by Clean Fast Pty Limited ACN 062 002 019 on 18 July 2000. The Group Certificate suggested that in the period 1 July 1999 to 30 June 2000 the taxpayer had been employed by Clean Fast Pty Limited ACN 062 002 019 and had been paid $83,720 by way of salary, wages, etc and that tax instalments deducted from that income had totalled $34,476.00.
·    As at 18 July 2000 there was no company in existence by the name ‘Clean Fast Pty Limited’. On 8 October 1993 Clean Fast Pty Limited was registered with the ACN 062 002 019 but it changed its name to C P Agents Pty Limited on 29 April 1997.
·    On 13 August 1997 the company was wound up under a Creditors’ Voluntary Winding Up, Christopher Damian Darin becoming the liquidator of the company on that day.
·    There is no evidence to suggest that the applicant was an employee or otherwise entitled to remuneration from C P Agents Pty Limited (in liquidation) ACN 062 002 019, formerly known as Clean Fast Pty Limited, between 1 July 1999 and 30 June 2000. It is highly unlikely that the company had any employees after it entered into liquidation on 13 August 1997.
·    On 28 December 2006 a Notice of Assessment was issued to the applicant assessing his taxable income at $83,720, as returned. On that income, tax of $29,950.40 was assessed together with $2,093.00 by way of Medicare levy and $25,801.53 by way of additional tax for the late lodgement of the return, a total of $57,844.93 being due for payment on the assessment.
·    An ‘Explanation of Changes’ endorsed on the foot of the Notice of Assessment recorded that there had been an adjustment to the credits of $‘-34476.00’ against which the relevant entry was ‘Tax Instalment Deductions – Adjusted as a result of audit or investigation’.
·    The Notice of Assessment issued on 28 December 2006 followed the transmission of a letter from the Deputy Commissioner of Taxation to the applicant dated 30 November 2006 referred to at [16] in respect of the year ended 30 June 1996.
·    The attached Adjustment Sheet in respect of the year ended 30 June 2000 relevantly provided:
‘Adjustments to PAYE Instalment Deductions
PAYE Instalment Deductions claimed  $34,476
Less
Overstated PAYE Instalment Credits  -     $34,476
Amended PAYE Instalment Credits  $   0.00’
·    The attached ‘REASONS FOR DECISION’ dealt compendiously with the PAYE credits claimed by the applicant for the years ended 30 June 1996, 30 June 1998, 30 June 1999 and 30 June 2000. It is unnecessary for present purposes to quote any more of the Reasons for Decision than have already been quoted at [16] above. It will be recalled that under the heading ‘Our Decision’ the following relevantly appeared:
‘Are you entitled to a PAYE credit of $34,476 for the year ended 30 June 2000?
No.’
Year Ended 30 June 2001
·    Income tax return signed by the taxpayer against the date 15 September 2005, declaring the information provided to be ‘true and correct’.
·    On page 2 of 5 of the return a taxable income of $110,969 was disclosed. Under the heading ‘INCOME’ the following appeared in respect of salary and wages:
‘INCOME
1     Salary or wages
Main salary or wage occupation
Administrative officer
Occupation codeX              5999
Payer’s ABN          Tax withheld    Gross payment
44668.00        C 92092
2     Allowances, earnings, tips, director’s fees, etc  K      0
Total tax withheld$ 44668.00’
·    The income tax return when lodged was accompanied by a PAYG Payment Summary – Individual Non Business for the year ended 30 June 2001 said to have been issued by Clean Fast Pty Limited on 16 July 2001. The Payment Summary suggested that in the year ended 30 June 2001 the taxpayer had been paid gross payments of $92,092 and that ‘tax withheld’ from that income totalled $44,668.
·    As at 16 July 2001 there was no company in existence by the name ‘Clean Fast Pty Limited’. On 8 October 1993 Clean Fast Pty Limited was registered with the ACN 062 002 019, but it changed its name to C P Agents Pty Limited on 29 April 1997.
·    On 13 August 1997 C P Agents Pty Limited was wound up under a Creditors’ Voluntary Winding Up, Christopher Damian Darin becoming the liquidator of the company on that day.
·    There is no evidence to suggest that the applicant was an employee or otherwise entitled to remuneration from Clean Fast Pty Limited at any time between 1 July 2000 and 30 June 2001. It is highly unlikely that the company had any employees after it entered into liquidation on 13 August 1997.
·    On 28 December 2006 a Notice of Assessment was issued to the applicant assessing his taxable income at $110,969, as returned. On that income, tax of $39,535.43 was assessed together with $2,774.22 by way of Medicare levy, a total of $42,309.65 being due for payment on the assessment.
·    An ‘Explanation of Changes’ endorsed on the foot of the Notice of Assessment recorded that there had been an adjustment to the credits of $‘-44668.00’ against which the relevant entry was ‘Tax Withheld – Adjusted as a result of audit or investigation’.
·    The Notice of Assessment issued on 28 December 2006 followed the transmission of a letter from the Deputy Commissioner of Taxation to the applicant dated 28 September 2006 headed:
‘DECISION ON INCOME TAX AUDIT
PAYG Withholding Credit – For Income Years 2001, 2002 and 2003’
The Deputy Commissioner’s letter was accompanied by ‘Adjustment Sheets’ and ‘Reasons for Decision’.
·    The attached Adjustment Sheet in respect of the year ended 30 June 2001 relevantly provided:
‘Adjustments to PAYG Withholding Credits
PAYG withholding credits claimed  $44,668
Less
Overstated PAYG Withholding Credits                 -     $44,668
Amended PAYG Withholding Credits  $   0.00’
·    The attached ‘REASONS FOR DECISION’ dealt compendiously with the PAYE credits claimed by the applicant for the year ended 30 June 1997 and the PAYG credits claimed by the applicant for the years ended 30 June 2001, 30 June 2002 and 30 June 2003. It is unnecessary for present purposes to quote any more of the Reasons for Decision than have already been quoted at [17] above.
Year ended 30 June 2002
·    Income tax return signed by the taxpayer against the date 15 September 2005, declaring the information provided to be ‘true and correct’.
·    On page 2 of the return a taxable income of $118,331 was disclosed. Under the heading ‘Income’ the following appeared in respect of salary or wages:
‘Income
1     Salary or wages
      Your main salary or wage occupation

Administrative officer Occupation code X 5999

Payer’s Australian Business Number  Tax withheld           Gross payment

49140.00 C   101296.00
…

Total tax withheld $       49140.00 ’

·    The income tax return when lodged was accompanied by a PAYG Payment Summary – Individual Non Business for the year ended 30 June 2002 said to have been issued by Clean Fast Pty Limited on 13 July 2002. The Payment Summary suggested that in the year ended 30 June 2002 the applicant had been paid gross payments of $101,296 and that ‘tax withheld’ from that income totalled $49,140.
·    As at 13 July 2002 there was no company in existence by the name ‘Clean Fast Pty Limited’. On 8 October 1993 Clean Fast Pty Limited was registered with the ACN 062 002 019 but it changed its name to C P Agents Pty Limited on 29 April 1997.
·    On 13 August 1997 C P Agents Pty Limited was wound up under a Creditors’ Voluntary Winding Up, Christopher Damian Darin becoming the liquidator of the company on that day.
·    There is no evidence to suggest that the applicant was an employee or otherwise entitled to remuneration from Clean Fast Pty Limited at any time between 1 July 2001 and 30 June 2002. It is highly unlikely that the company had any employees after it entered into liquidation on 13 August 1997.
·    On 28 December 2006 a Notice of Assessment was issued to the applicant assessing his taxable income at $118,331, as returned. On that income, tax of $42,995.57 was assessed together with $2,958.27 by way of Medicare levy, a total of $45,953.84 being due for payment on the assessment.
·    An ‘Explanation of Changes’ endorsed on the foot of the Notice of Assessment recorded that there had been an adjustment to the credits of $‘-49140.000’ against which the relevant entry was ‘Tax Withheld – Adjusted as a result of audit or investigation’.
· The Notice of Assessment issued on 28 December 2006 followed the transmission of a letter from the Deputy Commissioner of Taxation to the applicant dated 28 September 2006 to which reference was made at [17] above.
·    The attached Adjustment Sheet in respect of the year ended 30 June 2002 relevantly provided:
‘Adjustments to PAYG Withholding Credits
PAYG Withholding Credits claimed  $49,140
Less
Overstated PAYG Withholding Credits                 -     $49,140
Amended PAYG Withholding Credits  $   0.00’

· The attached ‘REASONS FOR DECISION’ dealt compendiously with the credits claimed by the applicant for PAYE deducted for the year ended 30 June 1997 and credits claimed by the applicant for PAYG withheld for the years ended 30 June 2001, 30 June 2002 and 30 June 2003. It is unnecessary for present purposes to quote any more of the Reasons for Decision than have already been quoted at [17] above.

Year ended 30 June 2003
·    Income tax return signed by the taxpayer against the date 15 September 2005, declaring the information provided to be ‘true and correct’.
·    On page 2 of the return a taxable income of $125,995 was disclosed. Under the heading ‘Income’ the following appeared in respect of salary or wages:
‘Income
1     Salary or wages
      Your main salary or wage occupation

Administrative officer – type unspe Occupation Code X 6111

Payer’s Australian Business Number

49179.00 C 101400.00
…

Total tax withheld $ 49179.00 ’

·    The income tax return when lodged was accompanied by a PAYG Payment Summary – Individual Non Business for the year ended 30 June 2003 said to have been issued by Clean Fast Pty Limited on 9 August 2003 (a Saturday). The Payment Summary suggested that in the year ended 30 June 2003 gross payments were made to the applicant of $101,400 and that ‘tax withheld’ from that income totalled $49,179.
·    As at 9 August 2003 there was no company in existence by the name ‘Clean Fast Pty Limited’. On 8 October 1993 Clean Fast Pty Limited was registered with the ACN 062 002 019 but that company changed its name to C P Agents Pty Limited on 29 April 1997.
·    On 13 August 1997 the company was wound up under a Creditors’ Voluntary Winding Up, Christopher Damian Darin becoming the liquidator of the company on that day.
·    On 28 December 2006 a Notice of Assessment was issued to the applicant assessing his taxable income at $125,995, as returned. On that income, tax of $46,597.65 was assessed together with $3,149.87 by way of Medicare levy, a total of $49,747.52 being due for payment on the assessment.
·    An ‘Explanation of Changes’ endorsed on the foot of the Notice of Assessment recorded that there had been an adjustment to the credits of $‘-49179.000’ against which the relevant entry was ‘Tax Withheld – Adjusted as a result of audit or investigation’.

· The Notice of Assessment issued on 28 December 2006 followed the transmission of a letter from the Deputy Commissioner of Taxation to the applicant dated 28 September 2006 to which reference has been made at [17] above.
·    The attached Adjustment Sheet in respect of the year ended 30 June 2003 relevantly provided:
‘Adjustments to PAYG Withholding Credits
PAYG Withholding Credits claimed  $49,179
Less
Overstated PAYG Withholding Credits                 -     $49,179
Amended PAYG Withholding Credits  $   0.00’

· The attached ‘REASONS FOR DECISION’ dealt compendiously with the credits claimed by the applicant for PAYE deducted for the year ended 30 June 1997 and credits claimed by the applicant for PAYG withheld for the years ended 30 June 2001, 30 June 2002 and 30 June 2003. It is unnecessary for present purposes to quote any more of the Reasons for Decision than have already been quoted at [17] above.
Penalty in respect of the years ended 30 June 2001, 30 June 2002 and 30 June 2003

It may be observed that in respect of the Notices of Assessment for the years ended 30 June 2001, 30 June 2002 and 30 June 2003 no late lodgement penalty was included as it had been in the Notices of Assessment for the years ended 30 June 1996 – 30 June 2000 inclusive. The reason for this was that a separate ‘Notice of assessment and liability to pay penalty’ was issued to the applicant on 5 December 2006 which relevantly provided as follows:
‘This notice is to advise you that a penalty has been imposed in relation to your Income Tax Return because you have a shortfall amount. This occurs when the tax liability you previously worked out is less than it should have been, or your entitlement to a payment or credit is more than it should have been.
Income Year      Penalty Amount   Reason for penalty     Due date for payment
2001            $11167.00           Lack of reasonable care
2002            $12285.00           Lack of reasonable care
2003            $12294.75           Lack of reasonable care
TOTAL        $35746.75  29 Dec 06
This penalty has been recorded on your account. It is in addition to your liability to pay the shortfall amount and any interest charge, which are not shown on this notice.
…’
(Emphasis added)
The making of deductions and the remittance thereof to the Commissioner
In respect of the years ended 30 June 1996, 30 June 1997, 30 June 1998, 30 June 1999 and 30 June 2000 s 221C of the Assessment Act provided for regulations to be made prescribing the rates of deductions to be made by employers from payments of salary or wages that employees receive or are entitled to receive in respect of a week or part of a week.
By s 221C(1A) of the Assessment Act employers were to make deductions under the PAYE system. Section 221C(1A) relevantly provided:
‘221C(1A)Where an employer pays to an employee salary or wages [before 1 July 2000], the employer shall, at the time of paying the salary or wages, make a deduction from the salary or wages at such rate (if any) prescribed in accordance with subsection (1) as is applicable. …’
(The words in square brackets were introduced into the Assessment Act effective 22 December 1999)
At all material times the Assessment Act has made provision for the payment to the Commissioner of amounts deducted by employers from salaries or wages paid to employees in accordance with s 221C(1A) of the Assessment Act. Until 30 June 1998 the relevant obligation to remit the amounts deducted to the Commissioner was to be found in s 221F of the Assessment Act. In respect of the period 1 July 1998 – 30 June 2000 the relevant obligation was to be found in Division 1AAA of Part VI of the Assessment Act. Needless to say, strict time limits were imposed upon employers to make payments of amounts deducted from the salaries or wages of employees in accordance with s 221C(1A) of the Assessment Act.
In relation to the PAYG system, corresponding provisions required employers as ‘entities’ (see s 960-100 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 (Cth)) to withhold amounts from salaries and wages paid to individuals as employees (see section 12-35 and 15-10 of Schedule 1 to the Administration Act).
A corresponding provision in respect of the remittal of amounts withheld under the PAYG system to the Commissioner was to be found in section 16-70 et seq of Schedule 1 to the Administration Act. Once again there were strict time limits imposed within which amounts that had been withheld were to be paid to the Commissioner.
Under section 16-20 of Schedule 1 to the Administration Act an entity that withheld amounts as required by Division 12 of Schedule 1 from the salary or wages of an employee was discharged from ‘all liability to pay or account for that amount to any entity except the Commissioner’.
There was no comparable provision to that contained in section 16-20 of Schedule 1 to the Administration Act in the Assessment Act in respect of deductions made by an employer from the salary or wages of an employee as required by s 221C(1A) of the Assessment Act under the PAYE system.
At no material time was there a requirement that employers retain amounts deducted or withheld under the PAYE system or the PAYG system in some identifiable form. Although the provisions of the relevant legislation assumed that the relevant employer would have sufficient funds to pay the Commissioner the amount of the deductions or amounts withheld as required, the employer was never obliged to pay those amounts into a trust account or any other separate bank account or to deal with them in a way which separated those amounts from its other monies (see per Ormiston J in Deputy Federal Commissioner of Taxation v Sargon (1985) 85 ATC 4206 at 4209).
In respect of the audits of the applicant’s claim for credit in respect of PAYE tax instalment deductions referred to in his tax return for the year ended 30 June 1997 and his claims for PAYG withholding credits as referred to in his tax returns for the years ended 30 June 2001, 30 June 2002 and 30 June 2003, the letters initiating them were two letters from the Deputy Commissioner of Taxation to the applicant dated 17 March 2006. The letter in respect of the year ended 30 June 1997 included the following:
‘… we sometimes check the accuracy of information given to us in tax returns. As part of this process, we are reviewing the amount of Pay As You Earn (PAYE) Tax Instalment Deductions (TIDs) paid by CP Agents Pty Ltd during the year ended 30 June 1997.
We have no record of the company remitting PAYE TIDs or lodging a Reconciliation Statement in respect of group certificates for the period 1 July 1996 to 30 June 1997. Therefore, we are unable to confirm if any PAYE TID credit is available for the employees of the company.
In order that we can consider your claim for PAYE TID credit, please provide details of the amount of all salary and wages paid and PAYE TIDs deducted from such payments during the year ended 30 June 1997. You should also provide any documentary evidence that is available to support your entitlement to PAYE TID credit.
If the PAYE TIDs have been remitted, please provide full details of the name of the entity including the Group Employer Number under which these documents have been lodged and details of any payments that have been made.
If you are unable to provide evidence that the salary and wages payments have been made and PAYE TIDs deducted, then we may be unable to allow any PAYE TID credit claimed by you in your income tax return. …
Please note, we have sent you a separate letter requesting information about the amount of Pay As Yo (sic) Go (PAYG) Total Tax Withheld paid by Clean Fast Pty Ltd for the years ending 30 June 2001 till 2003.’
The ‘separate letter’ referred to was the second letter from the Deputy Commissioner of Taxation to the applicant dated 17 March 2005 (sic). It related to the applicant’s claims for PAYG withholding credits as referred to in his tax returns for the years ended 30 June 2001, 30 June 2002 and 30 June 2003. In its terms it mirrored the other letter dated 17 March 2006. It included the following:
‘… we are reviewing the amount of Pay As You Go (PAYG) Withholding paid by Clean Fast Pty Ltd for the income years 30 June 2001 till 2003.
We have no record of Business Activity Statements (BAS) or a Payment Summary Statement being lodged by the company for the income years 1 July 2001 till 30 June 2003. Therefore, we are unable to confirm if any PAYG Withholding credit is available for employees of the company.
In order that we can consider your claim for PAYG Withholding credit, please provide details of the amount of all salary and wages paid to you and PAYG Withholding deducted from such payments for the income years 30 June 2001 till 2003. You should also provide any documentary evidence that is available to support your entitlement to PAYG Withholding credit.
If you are unable to provide evidence that the PAYG Withholding has been deducted from your salary and wages payments, then we may be unable to allow the PAYG Withholding credit claimed by you in your income tax return. Penalties may also be applied where a shortfall amount results from the disallowance of a PAYG Withholding credit. Our decision will be based on your particular circumstances so you should provide an explanation and supporting evidence as to why any mistake has occurred.
If the company has lodged its BAS and remitted PAYG Withholding, please provide full details of the name of the entity including the Australian Business Number (ABN) under which these documents have been lodged and details of any payments that have been made. If the company has not lodged its BAS and Payment Summary Statement, you should ensure that any outstanding Business Activity Statements and Payment Summary Statement are lodged immediately.
…’
By a letter dated 3 April 2006, the applicant’s tax agents responded to the letters of 17 March 2006 directed to the applicant, the second of which was referred to as a letter of 17 March ‘2005’. The relevant letter was headed:
‘Re: Cleanfast Property Maintenance Agents Pty Ltd
ABN: 29 078 361 369’
Inter alia, it provided:
‘I understand you seek clarification on Pay As You Go credits paid by the above mentioned company.
Our office has also received correspondence from yourself in regards to CP Agents Pty Ltd. There seems to be a misunderstanding. CP Agents Pty Ltd does not exist.
The trading entity has always been Cleanfast Property Maintenance Agents Pty Ltd.
In the 1997 period Cleanfast Property Maintenance Agents Pty Ltd was trading as CP Agents. A registered trading name belonging to the above company.
We possess no records in relation to the company. …
…’
It will be recalled that on 8 October 1993 Clean Fast Pty Limited was registered with the ACN 062 002 019 and that it changed its name to C P Agents Pty Limited on 29 April 1997. On the same day, namely 29 April 1997, Cleanfast Property Maintenance Agents Pty Limited was registered with the ACN 078 361 369 and ABN 29 078 361 369. That company, in turn, changed its name to C P Jiff Pty Limited on 6 April 2004.
Between 29 April 1997 and 31 October 1997 the sole director and secretary of Cleanfast Property Maintenance Agents Pty Ltd was Scott Van Houten. Between 31 October 1997 and 22 February 1999 the sole director and secretary of Cleanfast Property Maintenance Agents Pty Limited was the applicant. Between 22 February 1999 and 1 July 2000 the sole director and secretary of Cleanfast Property Maintenance Agents Pty Limited was Con Mitropolos. On 1 July 2000 the applicant again became the sole director of Cleanfast Property Maintenance Agents Pty Limited, later C P Jiff Pty Limited.
On 11 May 2004 C P Jiff Pty Limited, formerly Cleanfast Property Maintenance Agents Pty Limited, was wound up under a Creditors’ Voluntary Winding Up, Christopher Damian Darin becoming the liquidator of the company on that day. On 12 July 2007 C P Jiff Pty Limited (in liquidation) was deregistered. The applicant was the sole shareholder of C P Jiff Pty Limited, formerly known as Cleanfast Property Maintenance Agents Pty Limited, with two shares on which a total of $2 had been paid.
On 6 December 2005 Mr Constantine Savell, a partner in the accountancy firm Girtos Savell Katos, who were the applicant’s tax agents, telephoned Mr Mario Tomaras, an Active Compliance Officer in the Micro Enterprises and Individuals business line of the Australian Taxation Office. According to paragraph 6 of an affidavit sworn by Mr Savell on 14 May 2007 he provided Mr Darin’s details to Mr Tomaras. By 6 December 2005 Mr Darin had become the liquidator of both C P Agents Pty Limited, formerly known as Clean Fast Pty Limited, and also C P Jiff Pty Limited, formerly known as Cleanfast Property Maintenance Agents Pty Limited. In paragraph 6 Mr Savell said that on or about 6 December 2005 he provided Mr Tomaras with ‘the details of the Liquidator who had the carriage of the matter to wind up CP Agents Pty Ltd (1996-1997 year) and Clean fast Property Maintenance Agents Pty Ltd A.C.N. 078 361 369 (Years ending 30^th June 1998-2001, 2002 and 2003)’.
In response to Mr Savell’s evidence, Mr Tomaras, in paragraph 50 of his affidavit sworn 3 October 2007 said:
‘… While I admit Mr Savell gave me the details of Christopher Darin being the liquidator of C P Agents (formerly known as Clean Fast Pty Limited) at no time did he:
50.1mention the company name Cleanfast Property Maintenance Agents Pty Limited or provide me with the ACN 078 361 369; or
50.2suggest that Cleanfast Property Maintenance Agents Pty Limited was the payer of salary and wages to the Applicant in respect of the years of income ended 30 June 2001 to 2003; or
50.3suggest that Cleanfast Property Maintenance Agents Pty Limited had withheld PAYG amounts in respect of any payments made to the Applicant in respect of the years of income ended 30 June 2001 to 2003; or
50.4tell me that Christopher Darin “had carriage of the matter to wind up Cleanfast Property Maintenance Agents Pty Limited ACN 078 361 369”
…’
Mr Tomaras was not challenged in respect of this evidence, which I accept as correct. In my opinion Mr Savell’s evidence goes no further than establishing that he provided Mr Darin’s details to Mr Tomaras. The words ‘who had the carriage of the matter to wind up CP Agents Pty Ltd (1996-1997 year) and Clean fast Property Maintenance Agents Pty Ltd A.C.N. 078 361 369 (Years ending 30^th June 1998-2001, 2002 and 2003)’ are nothing other than commentary. They do not provide evidence as to the words that were used by Mr Savell when he provided Mr Tomaras with Mr Darin’s details.
The ‘second’ audit in respect of the applicant’s claims for credits in respect of PAYE tax instalment deductions said to have been made for the years ended 30 June 1996, 30 June 1998, 30 June 1999 and 30 June 2000 was initiated by a letter from the Deputy Commissioner of Taxation to the applicant dated 28 September 2006. Inter alia, that letter stated:
‘In order that we can consider your claim for PAYE TIDs, please provide details of the amount of all salary and wages paid and PAYE TIDs deducted from such payments during the years ended 30 June 1996, 1998, 1999 and 2000. You should also provide any documentary evidence that is available to support your entitlement to PAYE TIDs.
If you have remitted PAYE TIDs, please provide full details of the name of the entity including the Group Employer Number under which these documents have been lodged and details of any payments that have been made.
If you are unable to provide evidence that the salary and wages payments have been made and PAYE tax instalments deducted, then we may be unable to allow any PAYE TID credit claimed by you in your income tax returns. …’
In a facsimile sent on 1 November 2006 to the Australian Taxation Office by Mr Tsoukatos of Gertos Savell Katos, the applicant’s tax agents, he said:
‘Further to our telephone conversation today, we confirm that we are in receipt of your letters dated 28 September 2006 that relate to the income tax audit of Mr Perdikaris for the years 1996 to 2003 inclusive.
We note that the letters had specified a past due date for the return of any additional information to substantiate the taxpayer’s withholding credits.
The process of sourcing this additional information is a lengthy process, given the age of the records, access to archives and access to records held by the liquidator of the taxpayer’s former employer.
This is an onerous task that cannot be completed by the due dates imposed in your letters, and for this reason, we respectfully request that you defer the issue of any assessments, allowing the taxpayer sufficient time to table the substantiating records. We trust that the taxpayer will have additional information provided to you on or before 10 November 2006.
…’
By a letter dated 10 November 2006 to the Deputy Commissioner of Taxation, the applicant’s tax agents said in respect of the applicant:
‘We refer to the Income Tax Returns lodged for the years ending 30 June 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002 and 2003 wherein the Taxpayer claimed credits pursuant to PAYG amounts withheld (sic) from his salary.
We understand the basis to defer assessment of the Income Tax Returns lodged was that there was no evidence that the relevant employer had set aside payments for services having the character of wages and salaries.
It is submitted that the relevant issue at law is whether the characterisation of the payments received by the Taxpayer is in consideration for services provided by the Taxpayer in his capacity as an employee.
The following documents are submitted in support of the claim that the Taxpayer received or was entitled to receive payments in his capacity as an employee.
a) Duty Statement
b) Inchoate Group Certificates and PAYG Payment summaries
…’
(Emphasis added)
No ‘additional information to substantiate the taxpayer’s withholding credits’ was forthcoming.
The evidence does not sheet home any responsibility whatsoever to the Australian Taxation Office for any understanding that the applicant’s tax agents may have had in relation to the deferral of assessment of the applicant’s income tax returns.
Notwithstanding the identification of the applicant’s employer as Clean Fast Pty Limited in each of the applicant’s tax returns for the years ending 30 June 1998, 30 June 1999 and 30 June 2000, the applicant’s tax agents, who prepared those returns, said in their letter to the respondent of 10 November 2006:
‘1998, 1999 and 2000 Group Certificates were issued showing the employer as Clean Fast Pty Ltd ACN 062 002 019. It is observed that the identity of the employer was in fact Cleanfast Property Maintenance Agents Pty Ltd ACN 078 361 369.
This error was made presumably by a member of the staff of Cleanfast Property Maintenance Agents Pty Ltd ACN 078 361 369, who appears to have copied the ACN of the former employer, probably believing that a name change had occurred and not the creation of a new company that was made on the 29/04/1997.’
No errant ‘member of the staff of Cleanfast Property Maintenance Agents Pty Ltd ACN 078 361 369’ provided any evidence to the Deputy Commissioner to support the applicant’s tax agents’ speculation. Furthermore, no Group Certificates issued by Cleanfast Property Maintenance Agents Pty Limited ACN 078 361 369 in respect of salary or wages paid by that company to the applicant and deductions therefrom, were ever submitted to the respondent.
In respect of the years ended 30 June 2001, 30 June 2002 and 30 June 2003 the applicant’s tax agents said in their letter of 10 November 2006:
‘It is observed in respect of these years that name of the employer is in error and that there is no ACN stated in the PAYG Payment Summary. The correct name is Cleanfast Property Maintenance Agents Pty Ltd and the ACN is 078 361 369.’
Once again it may be observed that no evidence was provided to the Deputy Commissioner to support the tax agents’ assertion that there had been an error made in the preparation of the relevant PAYG payment summaries. No evidence was provided to the Deputy Commissioner by the ‘authorised person’ who issued the payment summaries on behalf of Clean Fast Pty Limited to establish that he or she had inadvertently referred to the wrong company when nominating Clean Fast Pty Limited as the relevant payer. Furthermore, no evidence was provided to explain the omission by the relevant authorised person of the ‘Payer’s ABN or withholder payer number’ from the relevant PAYG payment summaries. In addition, no PAYG payment summaries issued, if at all, by Cleanfast Property Maintenance Agents Pty Limited ACN 078 361 369 in respect of tax withheld from salary or wages paid by that company to the applicant, were ever submitted to the respondent.

On 5 April 2007 the respondent filed a ‘Notice of Objection to Competency’ which provided as follows:
‘The Respondent objects to the jurisdiction of this Court to try this application to the extent that it seeks an order under the Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act 1977 on the grounds that:
1.The application is incompetent because it seeks review under the Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act 1977 (the ADJR Act) of alleged decisions that are not “decisions to which this Act applies”, as defined in s.3 of the ADJR Act.
2.The alleged “decisions” do not exhibit the criteria of a “reviewable decision”:
(a)as stated by Mason CJ in Australian Broadcasting Tribunal v Bond [1990] 170 CLR 321 at 337 in that the “decisions” are not decisions “for which provision is made by or under a statute” or decisions “which are final or operative or determinative, at least in a practical sense…”, nor
(b)as stated by Gummow, Callinan and Heydon JJ in Griffith University v Tang [2005] 221 CLR 99 at [89], namely:
i.the decision(s) must be expressly or impliedly required or authorised by the enactment; and
ii.the decision must itself confer, alter or otherwise affect legal rights or obligations, and in that sense the decision must derive from the enactment.
3.In respect of the years of income ended 30 June 1996 to 30 June 2000 inclusive, section 221H (2) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 itself prescribes the consequences that apply if a taxpayer’s employer has in fact made instalment deductions from the taxpayer employee’s income.
4.In respect of the years of income ended 30 June 2001 to 30 June 2003 inclusive, section 18-15 of Schedule 1 of the Taxation Administration Act 1953 itself prescribes the consequences that apply if a taxpayer’s employer has in fact withheld amounts (i.e. income tax instalment deductions) from the taxpayer employee’s income.
5.The Respondent has merely informed the Applicant of the consequences of the application of those provisions in the absence of evidence that the Applicant’s employer did:
5.1.make instalment deductions (in respect of the years ended 30 June 1996 to 30 June 2000 inclusive); or
5.2.withhold amounts (in respect of the years of income ended 30 June 2001 to 30 June 2003 inclusive)
from the Applicant’s income in each of the relevant years of income.
6.The Respondent has not made reviewable decisions to which the ADJR Act applies.’
Putting to one side whether any ground was established or whether any relief would be futile or should be refused on some other basis, the respondent conceded that the Court had jurisdiction to deal with the application under s 39B of the Judiciary Act (see Richard Walter).
In relation to the prayers for relief under the ADJR Act the respondent submitted that the Court was without jurisdiction for the following reasons:
·    ‘No alleged decision of the respondent, referred to in these proceedings, was a “decision” to which the ADJR Act applies, as it had neither of the indicia of such a decision identified in Griffith University v Tang (2005) 221 CLR 99 per Gummow, Callinan and Heydon JJ at [89]. “.. See also Australian Broadcasting Tribunal v Bond (1990) 170 CLR 321 337.. Section 221H of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 (“ITAA 36”) does not “require or authorise” a decision (to use the language of Griffith University) or provide for the making of a decision (to use the language of Bond) that alters or affects legal rights or obligations. It is section 221H itself that has that effect; not any decision made by the respondent. The fact that the respondent, as a practical matter, forms a view as to how that section applies to the applicant and acts upon that view does not mean that the respondent is making a “decision…under an enactment”. The position is comparable with Century Yuasa Batteries Pty Ltd v FC of T (1997) 143 ALR 477 at 487 (lines 40-47). The respondent’s point is not that the decision is excluded by Sched 1 of the ADJR Act (as to which see Coco v Commissioner of Taxation (1993) 42 FCR 219;’ (Footnotes omitted)
·    ‘Nor was it “conduct” to which section 6 of the ADJR Act applies, as it was not for the purpose of making any “decision” to which that Act applies;’
·    ‘Equally, there cannot here be said to have been any failure to make a “decision” to which the ADJR Act applies, such as might be actionable under section 7 of that Act, because there was no relevant duty: The alleged “decision” which the applicant claims was not made was not one to which the ADJR applies – see (a) above.’
In Griffith University v Tang (2005) 221 CLR 99, Gummow, Callinan and Heydon JJ said at [89]:
‘89The determination of whether a decision is “made … under an enactment” involves two criteria: first, the decision must be expressly or impliedly required or authorised by the enactment; and, secondly, the decision must itself confer, alter or otherwise affect legal rights or obligations, and in that sense the decision must derive from the enactment. A decision will only be “made … under an enactment” if both these criteria are met. It should be emphasised that this construction of the statutory definition does not require the relevant decision to affect or alter existing rights or obligations, and it will be sufficient that the enactment requires or authorises decisions from which new rights or obligations arise. Similarly, it is not necessary that the relevantly affected legal rights owe their existence to the enactment in question. Affection of rights or obligations derived from the general law or statute will suffice.’
Inquiries
The respondent’s records revealed that C P Agents Pty Limited was not registered with the respondent as a group employer in respect of the years of income ended 30 June 1996 to 30 June 2000 or for any other years of income.
The respondent’s ATO matching system records indicated that the company with the ABN 29 078 361 369 did not report or pay any amounts for PAYG withholding to the respondent for any period subsequent to 1 July 2000.
After receiving a letter from the applicant’s tax agents, Gertos Savell Katos, dated 24 November 2005, Mr Tomaras had a conversation with Mr Savell in which conversation to the following effect took place:
Tomaras:‘We have received your letter and supporting documentation. I have looked at the information you have sent me but you have sent the payee copies and not the payer copies of the relevant group certificate and payment summaries.’
Savell:‘This is all the information that I have on file for Mr Perdikaris and the company. All the other information in respect of the company is with the liquidator …’
On 27 February 2006 Christopher Darin said to Mr Tomaras ‘I’ve searched through all the records for the companies and Mr Perdikaris for 1997, 2001, 2002 and 2003 years as to whether any group tax has been paid to the Tax Office but I can’t find any documents. I assume that none of the documents have been sent to the ATO and no group tax has been paid’.
On 6 March 2006 Mr Tomaras had a further conversation with Mr Savell in which conversation to the following effect took place:
Tomaras:‘I rang in relation to Mr Perdikaris’ matter. I have spoken with the liquidator and he says he doesn’t have any documents that give me any information or any proof that the PAYE tax for the year ended 1997 and the PAYG Withholding for the years ended 30 June 2001, 2002 and 2003 for the companies concerned has been paid to the Tax Office or document have been lodged.’
Savell:‘We don’t hold any documents. They should all be with the liquidator. I will contact the liquidator to see what he has got on file or what information he has in relation to Mr Perdikaris. I will also contact Mr Perdikaris to see whether he has any information or proof that PAYG Withholding or group tax has been paid by the companies that issued the payment summaries and group certificates. I’ll get back to you.’
Consideration
It is clear that proper enquiries were made by the respondent of the applicant in relation to evidence that might have established that PAYE deductions had been made by the applicant’s employer in respect of the applicant in relation to the years of income ended 30 June 1996, 30 June 1997, 30 June 1998, 30 June 1999 and 30 June 2000, and further, that PAYG amounts had been withheld by the relevant payer from amounts paid to the applicant in respect of the years of income ended 30 June 2001, 30 June 2002 and 30 June 2003 (see the letters from the respondent to the applicant of 28 September 2006 and 17 March 2006 (two letters) referred to above).
It will be recalled that in her first-mentioned letter the respondent said:
‘In order that we can consider your claim for PAYE TIDs, please provide details of the amount of all salary and wages paid and PAYE TIDs deducted from such payments …. You should also provide any documentary evidence that is available to support your entitlement to PAYE TIDs.
…
If you are unable to provide evidence that the salary and wages payments have been made and PAYE tax instalments deducted, then we may be unable to allow any PAYE TID credit claimed by you in your income tax returns. …’
In the first letter of 17 March 2006 referred to above the respondent had said to the applicant:
‘We have no record of the company remitting PAYE TIDs or lodging a Reconciliation Statement in respect of group certificates for the period 1 July 1996 to 30 June 1997. Therefore, we are unable to confirm if any PAYE TID credit is available for the employees of the company.
In order that we can consider your claim for PAYE TID credit, please provide details of the amount of all salary and wages paid and PAYE TIDs deducted from such payments during the year ended 30 June 1997. You should also provide any documentary evidence that is available to support your entitlement to PAYE TID credit.
…
If you are unable to provide evidence that the salary and wages payments have been made and PAYE TIDs deducted, then we may be unable to allow any PAYE TID credit claimed by you in your income tax return.’
The second letter of 17 March 2006 the respondent had said to the applicant:
‘We have no record of Business Activity Statements (BAS) or a Payment Summary Statement being lodged by the company for the income years 1 July 2001 till 30 June 2003. Therefore, we are unable to confirm if any PAYG Withholding credit is available for employees of the company.
In order that we can consider your claim for PAYG Withholding credit, please provide details of the amount of all salary and wages paid to you and PAYG Withholding deducted from such payments for the income years 30 June 2001 till 2003. You should also provide any documentary evidence that is available to support your entitlement to PAYG Withholding credit.
If you are unable to provide evidence that the PAYG Withholding has been deducted from your salary and wages payments, then we may be unable to allow the PAYG Withholding credit claimed by you in your income tax return. …’
The respondent’s ‘Reasons for Decision’ forwarded to the applicant under cover of the respondent’s letters dated 30 November 2006 and 28 September 2006 (two letters) make it clear that the paucity of relevant information in relation to the making of PAYE deductions and the withholding of PAYG payments, provided by the applicant, told against his claims for credits.
It will be recalled that the in the ‘Reasons for Decision’ accompanying the respondent’s letter of 30 November 2006 the respondent said:
‘We requested from you the employer copies of your group certificates for the years ending 30 June 1996, 1998, 1999 and 2000. Other than the employee copies of your group certificate for 1996 – 2000, you have not provided any evidence to support your contention that PAYE was deducted from payments of salary and wages made to you.’
(Emphasis added)
Similarly, in the respondent’s ‘Reasons for Decision’ forwarded to the applicant under cover of the respondent’s letters of 28 September 2006 the respondent said:
‘We contacted your tax agent by phone on 1 December 2005 requesting payer copies of the above [the applicant’s group certificate for the year ended 30 June 1997]. He was unable to assist us, as all the information was with the liquidator, so on 6 December 2005 we contacted the liquidator’s office by phone requesting the above and asking for evidence that PAYE was withheld (sic) from payments of salary and wages paid to you for the year ended 30 June 1997. …
Other than the payee copies of your group certificate for 1997 and payment summaries for 2001 – 2003 years, you have not provided any other evidence to support your contention that PAYE was deducted from payments of salary and wages made to you.
…
We contacted your tax agent by phone on 1 December 2005 requesting payer copies of the above [the applicant’s payment summaries for the years ended 30 June 2001, 30 June 2002 and 30 June 2003]. He was unable to assist us, as all the information was with the liquidator, so on 6 December 2005 we contacted the liquidator’s office by phone requesting the above and asking for evidence that PAYGW was withheld from payments of salary and wages paid to you during the years ended 30 June 2001 to 30 June 2003 inclusive.
You have not provided any other evidence to support your contention that PAYGW was deducted from payments of salary and wages made to you.
…’
(Emphasis added)
In the respondent’s ‘Reasons for Decision’ forwarded under cover of her letter dated 30 November 2006 she also said:
‘Information available within the Tax Office supports the conclusion that the company has not fulfilled its obligation to deduct and remit the amounts of PAYE deductions during the years ending 30 June 1996 – 2000.’
(Emphasis added)
I do not consider that, by using the expression ‘deduct and remit’, the respondent was asserting that the applicant’s employer had failed to relevantly make PAYE deductions as required. Rather, the respondent was focussing upon the failure of the applicant’s employer to discharge its remittal obligation. A failure to remit will not, of itself, establish that there was a failure to make the requisite PAYE deductions, but a non-remittal will legitimately put into question whether deductions were made.
Similarly, in the respondent’s Reasons for Decision forwarded under cover of her letters of 28 September 2006 she said:
‘The issue of a group certificate is not conclusive evidence that PAYE deductions have been deducted from payments of salary and wages. Information available within the Tax Office supports the conclusion that the company has not fulfilled its obligation to deduct and remit the amounts of PAYE deductions during the year ended 30 June 1997. …
…
The issue of a Payment Summary solely is not conclusive evidence that PAYGW has been deducted (sic) from payments of salary and wages. Information available within the Tax Office supports the conclusion that the company has not fulfilled its obligation to report and remit the amounts of PAYGW during the years ended 30 June 2001 to 30 June 2003.’
(Emphasis added)
Similar comments may be made in respect of these Reasons as were made in respect of the reasons previously considered at [88]. In relation to the three PAYG years, it may be observed that the respondent’s reasons do not deal with the applicant’s employer’s obligation to ‘withhold and remit’ but rather, the payer’s obligation to ‘report and remit’.
The fact that the respondent forwarded letters to the applicant dated 30 November 2006 and 28 September 2006 reporting upon its audits, before the eight notices of assessment were issued on 28 December 2006, is of no moment.
Under the relevant legislation set out at [61] above the Commissioner was not obliged to credit any sum in payment or part payment of the relevant tax unless, firstly, the relevant employer had made PAYE deductions from which the sum of the deductions could be derived and, secondly, the Commissioner had assessed the amount of tax payable by the relevant employee, to the payment or part payment of which the sum of the deductions could be applied.
Plainly, until the relevant notices of assessment were issued, the occasion for the Commissioner to credit sums could not have arisen. But this did not preclude the respondent from addressing, before the notices of assessment were issued, whether the relevant employer had ‘made any deductions’ in respect of the relevant employee in the years in question.
Under the relevant legislation set out at [62] above, the respondent had no obligation to ‘credit’ any sums. The imperative ‘must credit’ was not employed. The legislation simply ‘entitled’ an employee to a credit equal to the sum of the deductions that had been made in respect of the employee. It was then for the Commissioner to credit the relevant sum of the deductions.
Under the relevant legislation applicable to the PAYG regime, set out at [63] above, the imperative ‘must credit’ was not used to impose an obligation upon the Commissioner rather, the legislation simply ‘entitled’ an employee to a credit equal to the total of the amounts withheld by the relevant payer from payments made to the relevant employee.
The obligatory crediting of the sums of the deductions in payment or part payment of the tax payable under an assessment, the entitlement of an employee to a credit equal to the sum of the deductions under the PAYE system and the entitlement of an employee to a credit equal to the total of the amounts withheld under the PAYG system did not form part of the assessment process. They were matters which were consequential upon the making by the Commissioner of assessments of the employee’s taxable income and of the tax payable thereon. They were germane to the discharge by taxpayers, who had been employees in receipt of salaries or wages, of their tax liabilities, not to the determination of the relevant tax payable.
True it is that a determination that an employer has not made PAYE deductions or that a payer has not withheld PAYG amounts from payments made to an employee will negate any obligation on the Commissioner to credit the sum of the deductions in payment or part payment of the relevant tax or deny the entitlement of the employee to a credit equal to the sum of the deductions or the total of the PAYG amounts withheld, but such a determination will not constitute a decision made under an enactment.
In my opinion, the determinations did not answer the description of being decisions made under an enactment in the requisite sense as explained by Gummow, Callinan and Heydon JJ in Griffith University v Tang (see [74] above). They did not, in my opinion, by themselves confer, alter or otherwise affect legal rights or obligations and in that sense derive from the relevant enactment.
Were the respondent to bring recovery proceedings against the applicant, the applicant would not be precluded by the determinations from asserting that his employer had made the relevant PAYE deductions or withheld the relevant PAYG amounts, for which he contends. All that the determinations do is deny the applicant the credits which he contends the Commissioner must make or to which he submits that he has become entitled, unless and until he establishes, he carrying the onus of proof, that his employer made the deductions or withheld the payments as claimed.
Nothing that was said by Adams J in Laurent v The Law Society of New South Wales [2000] NSWSC 1103 (‘Laurent’) assists the applicant in the present case. In Laurent the plaintiffs sought to set aside a decision of the Council of the Law Society of New South Wales in relation to a claim made against the Solicitors’ Fidelity Fund. Section 80 of the Legal Profession Act 1987 (NSW) (‘the Legal Profession Act’) made provision for claims against the Fidelity Fund to be made in writing in the form approved by the Law Society. Section 80(3) provided for the Law Society to investigate claims made against the Fidelity Fund and to determine the claims by wholly or partly allowing, compromising, settling or disallowing them. For there to be a successful claim against the Fidelity Fund it was necessary that there be a ‘dishonest default’ or a failure to account within the meaning of the Legal Profession Act. Absent a conviction, it was necessary for the Council of the Law Society to make a finding of dishonesty before a claim could be allowed on either basis.
Plainly, determinations made by the Council of the Law Society under the Legal Profession Act had an entirely different character from determinations made by the respondent in respect of PAYE deductions said to have been made by an employer during a year of income and PAYG amounts said to have been withheld from payments by way of salary or wages made to a person such as the applicant during a year of income.

Were the determinations of the respondent open to review it could not be said that the respondent failed to accord the applicant procedural fairness. The applicant was afforded an opportunity to put information and submissions to the respondent in support of an outcome that supported his interests. In my opinion it was not incumbent upon the respondent to afford the applicant an interview before making the determinations which she made.
Natural justice and fairness are not to be equated. In the context of administrative decision-making it is more appropriate to speak of a duty to act fairly or to accord procedural fairness (per Mason J, as his Honour then was, in Kioa v West (1985) 159 CLR 550 at 583).
In most cases the critical question is not whether the principles of natural justice apply. It is: what does the duty to act fairly require in the circumstances of the particular case? (see per Kitto J in Mobil Oil Australia Proprietary Limited v The Commissioner of Taxation (1963) 113 CLR 475 at 504, per Mason J in Kioa v West at 585 and per Ellicott J in Finch v Goldstein (1981) 36 ALR 287).
The expression ‘procedural fairness’ more aptly conveys the notion of a flexible obligation to adopt fair procedures which are appropriate and adapted to the circumstances of the particular case. The statutory power must be exercised fairly, i.e. in accordance with procedures that are fair to the individual in the light of the statutory requirements, the interests of the individual and the interests and purposes, whether public or private, which the statute seeks to advance or protect or permits to be taken into account as legitimate considerations (per Mason J in Kioa v West at 585 cf Salemi v MacKellar [No. 2] (1977) 137 CLR 396 at 451 per Jacobs J).
Fairness is not an abstract concept. It is essentially practical. Whether one talks in terms of procedural fairness or natural justice, the concern of the law is to avoid practical injustice (per Gleeson CJ in Re Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs; Ex parte Lam (2003) 214 CLR 1 (‘Lam’) at [37]).
The content of the requirement for procedural fairness may fluctuate during the course of particular administrative decision-making (per Gaudron and Gummow JJ in Re Refugee Review Tribunal; Ex parte Aala (2000) 204 CLR 82 (‘Aala’) at [62]; see also per McHugh and Gummow JJ in Lam at [48]).
Insofar as the determinations of the respondent may have constituted decisions, it is clear that the respondent did not identify a wrong issue, ask herself a wrong question, ignore relevant material, rely on irrelevant material to make an erroneous finding or reach a mistaken conclusion. Furthermore there was no question of Wednesbury unreasonableness (see Williams v Minister for Justice and Customs of the Commonwealth of Australia [2007] FCAFC 33 at [32]-[39]). There was no jurisdictional error.
In considering the respondent’s determinations, it is not in point to ask whether her factual conclusions were right. The relevant question related to the respondent’s processes, not her actual decision.
The determinations of the respondent in this case were not determinations as to the time at which amounts credited by the Commissioner should take effect within the meaning of s 221H(4B) of the Assessment Act as in force in the years of income ended 30 June 1996 – 30 June 2000 inclusive. Determinations under s 221H(4B) are predicated upon an obligation or entitlement to a credit of the sum of the deductions made by an employer, in payment or part payment of the relevant tax.
Discretion
Were the applicant otherwise entitled to Constitutional writ relief, in the circumstances of the present case, as recorded above, I would consider the matter to be one where, it would be appropriate for the Court, in the exercise of its discretion, to decline to order the relief sought (see generally per Gaudron and Gummow JJ in Aala at [43]-[62] and, in particular, [53]).
Decision
For the reasons indicated above, grounds 1, 2, 4, 5(b), 5(c), 6 and 7 fail. It follows that grounds 8, 9 and 10 also fail.
Furthermore, it should be observed in relation to the applicant’s challenges to the assessment of penalties in respect of the years of income ended 30 June 2001, 30 June 2002 and 30 June 2003 that such challenges were restricted by s 298-30 of Schedule 1 to the Administration Act to proceedings under Part IVC of the Administration Act on a review or appeal relating to the assessment. The application for an order for review presently before the Court is not such a proceeding. Section 298-30 provided:
‘298-30(1)The Commissioner must make an assessment of the amount of an administrative penalty under Division 284.
(2)An entity that is dissatisfied with such an assessment made about the entity may object against it in the manner set out in Part IVC of the Taxation Administration Act 1953.
(3)The production of a notice of such an assessment, or of a copy of it certified by or on behalf of the Commissioner, is conclusive evidence of the making of the assessment and of the particulars in it.
(4)Subsection (3) does not apply to proceedings under Part IVC of the Taxation Administration Act 1953 on a review or appeal relating to the assessment.’
In an affidavit of Mr Savell sworn 2 April 2007 he referred to a printout which he caused to be made on 21 February 2007 of what he described as ‘the running balance of the Applicants intergrated account (sic)’ which commenced 1 November 2006. The evidence of Farisha Ali, a Tax Technical Officer in the Micro Enterprises and Individuals business line of the Australian Taxation Office, was that the document in question, to which Mr Savell referred, was ‘an itemised statement of account and not an RBA [a Running Balance Account under the Administration Act]’. Given the findings which have been made, it is unnecessary to make any finding as to whether or not the account to which Mr Savell referred was a Running Balance Account, or as to the consequences which may have flowed from it being such an account.
In my opinion the application should be dismissed with costs which will, of course, include the costs of the proceedings in the Federal Magistrates Court of Australia SYG 3824 of 2006, subject to the agreement of the parties in relation thereto, to which reference has been made.

I certify that the preceding one hundred and fourteen (114) numbered paragraphs are a true copy of the Reasons for Judgment herein of the Honourable Justice Graham.
Associate:
Dated: 21 December 2007

Counsel for the Applicant: D E Grieve QC, D A Smallbone and J Cohen

Solicitor for the Applicant: Ian J Kalaf

Counsel for the Respondent: N J Williams SC and G T Johnson

Solicitor for the Respondent: Australian Government Solicitor

Date of Hearing: 24 and 25 October 2007

Date of Judgment: 21 December 2007

IN THE FEDERAL COURT OF AUSTRALIA
NEW SOUTH WALES DISTRICT REGISTRY	NSD 499 OF 2007

BETWEEN:	CHRISTOPHER PERDIKARIS Applicant
AND:	DEPUTY COMMISSIONER OF TAXATION Respondent

JUDGE:	GRAHAM J
DATE OF ORDER:	21 DECEMBER 2007
WHERE MADE:	SYDNEY

IN THE FEDERAL COURT OF AUSTRALIA
NEW SOUTH WALES DISTRICT REGISTRY	NSD 499 OF 2007

JUDGE:	GRAHAM J
DATE:	21 DECEMBER 2007
PLACE:	SYDNEY

Year ending 30 June	Gross Income $	Tax withholding credit $	Payer
1996	76,804	31,252	CP
1998	79,404	32,448	CF
1999	81,640	33,592	CF
2000	83,720	34,476	CF

Year ending 30 June	*Gross income* $	*Tax withholding credit* $	*Payer*
1997	79,508	33,436	CP
2001	92,092	44,668	CF
2002	101,296	49,140	CF
2003	101,400	49,179	CF

Counsel for the Applicant:	D E Grieve QC, D A Smallbone and J Cohen
Solicitor for the Applicant:	Ian J Kalaf
Counsel for the Respondent:	N J Williams SC and G T Johnson
Solicitor for the Respondent:	Australian Government Solicitor
Date of Hearing:	24 and 25 October 2007
Date of Judgment:	21 December 2007