Hu v The King - [2025] NSWCCA 66

Court of Criminal Appeal

Supreme Court

New South Wales

Medium Neutral Citation: Hu v R [2025] NSWCCA 66
Hearing dates: 21 March 2025
Date of orders: 2 May 2025
Decision date: 02 May 2025
Before: Davies J at [1];
Wright J at [2];
Sweeney J at [189]
Decision:
(1) In respect of ground 1 to the extent that leave to appeal under s 5(1)(b) of the Criminal Appeal Act 1912 (NSW) is required, the applicant has leave to appeal.
(2) In respect of grounds 2 and 4, leave to appeal under s 5(1)(b) of the Criminal Appeal Act 1912 (NSW) and r 4.15 of the Supreme Court (Criminal Appeal) Rules 2021 (NSW) is refused.
(3) In respect of ground 3, the applicant has leave to appeal under s 5(1)(b) of the Criminal Appeal Act 1912 (NSW).
(4) In respect of ground 5, leave under r 4.15 of the Supreme Court (Criminal Appeal) Rules 2021 (NSW) is refused.
(5) The appeal under grounds 1 and 3 is dismissed.

Catchwords:
CRIME – appeals – appeals against conviction – admissibility of tendency evidence – where matters in issue at time of pre-trial ruling not significantly different from matters in issue at close of evidence at trial – where tendency evidence still had significant probative value at close of evidence and probative value outweighed danger of unfair prejudice – where tendency direction given – no error established
CRIME – appeals – appeals against conviction – miscarriage of justice – jury directions – tendency directions – content of tendency directions and standard of proof – where directions and summing up when considered as a whole would not deflect jury from their proper task of determining whether elements of offences proved beyond reasonable doubt – no miscarriage of justice
EVIDENCE – tendency evidence – significant probative value – where asserted tendency is broad – where there is a gap in period where tendency is asserted – given matters in issue the tendency evidence had significant probative value – where probative value outweighed the danger of unfair prejudice – no error in pre-trial ruling
STATUTORY INTERPRETATION – definition – definition of “under authority of” in s 61H(2) Crimes Act 1900 (NSW) – whether person receiving treatment from an osteopath is “in the care of” and thus “under the authority of” the osteopath – no error in so directing jury

Legislation Cited:
Crimes Act 1900 (NSW), ss 61D(1A) (repealed), 61E (repealed), 61H(2), 61J(1) and (2)(e), 61KD(1)(a), 61M(1) and (3)(c) (repealed), 61O (repealed), 66C(2)
Crimes (Amendment) Act 1989 (NSW)
Crimes (Child Assault) Amendment Act 1985 (NSW)
Criminal Appeal Act 1912 (NSW), ss 5(1), 6(1)
Criminal Procedure Act 1986 (NSW), ss 130A, 161A
Evidence Act 1995 (NSW), ss 97,101
Interpretation Act 1987 (NSW), ss 34(1)(a), 34(2)(f)
Supreme Court (Criminal Appeal) Rules 2021 (NSW), r 4.15

Cases Cited:
Astill v R [2024] NSWCCA 118
Hargraves v The Queen (2011) 245 CLR 257; [2011] HCA 44.
Hughes v The Queen (2017) 263 CLR 338; [2017] HCA 20
Huxley v The Queen [2023] HCA 40; (2023) 98 ALJR 62
Huynh v The Queen (2013) 214 CLR 1; [2013] HCA 6
JS v R [2022] NSWCCA 145
KSC v R [2012] NSWCCA 179
Liberato v The Queen 159 CLR 507; [1985] HCA 66
Manojlovic v R; R v Manojlovic [2020] NSWCCA 315
McPhillamy v The Queen [2018] HCA 52; 92 ALJR 1045
Moore (a pseudonym) v The King [2024] HCA 30; 98 ALJR 1119
New South Wales Aboriginal Land Council v Minister Administering the Crown Lands Act (2016) 260 CLR 232; [2016] HCA 50
New v R [2025] NSWCCA 32
Rassi v R [2023] NSWCCA 119
Shepherd v The Queen (1990) 170 CLR 573; [1990] HCA 56
Taylor v R [2020] NSWCCA 355
The Queen v Bauer (2018) 266 CLR 56; [2018] HCA 40
TL v The King (2022) 275 CLR 83; [2022] HCA 35
Wardell v R [2025] NSWCCA 26

Category: Principal judgment
Parties: Ming Jie (Jason) Hu (Applicant)
Rex (Respondent)
Representation:
Counsel:
G James KC / A Chauvet (Applicant)
E Nicholson (Respondent)
Solicitors:
Greenfield Lawyers (Applicant)
Solicitor for Public Prosecutions (NSW) (Respondent)

File Number(s): 2019/00354752
Publication restriction: Pursuant to Crimes Act 1900 (NSW), s 578A(2), publication of any matter which identifies or is likely to identify any of the complainants is prohibited
Decision under appeal

Court or tribunal:

District Court of NSW at Sydney

Jurisdiction:

Criminal

Date of Decision:

1 December 2023

Before:

Huggett DCJ

File Number(s):

2019/00354752

HEADNOTE

[This headnote is not to be read as part of the judgment]

The applicant was convicted in the New South Wales District Court of one count of aggravated indecent assault and one count of aggravated sexual intercourse without consent, in relation to two female complainants. The jury was unable to reach a verdict in respect of two other charges of aggravated sexual touching involving two different complainants. At the time of the relevant conduct, the applicant was a practicing osteopath, and the complainants were his patients receiving osteopathic treatment. The applicant sought leave to appeal the convictions on five grounds.

Grounds 1 and 2 related to the circumstance of aggravation, namely the complainants being “under the authority” of the applicant. The issues raised by the first two grounds were:

i) On the proper construction of the words “under the authority of” as defined in s 61H(2) of the Crimes Act, was a patient receiving treatment from an osteopath under the osteopath’s authority at that time?
ii) Did the trial judge misdirect the jury in respect of the complainant being “under the authority of” the applicant element of each offence?

Grounds 3, 4 and 5 dealt with issues related to tendency evidence and its admissibility. The issues raised by these grounds were:

iii) Was the evidence of each complainant cross-admissible as tendency evidence?
iv) Did the trial judge err by directing the jury in relation to tendency evidence when the tendency evidence lacked significant probative value because the facts in issue said to be proved by the tendency were no longer in issue?
v) Did the directions in relation to tendency evidence lead to a miscarriage of justice in light of the preferred approach to such directions set out in Director of Public Prosecutions v Benjamin Roder(a pseudonym) [2024] HCA 15 at [37]; 98 ALJR 644?

The Court held (Wright J with Davies and Sweeney JJ agreeing) refusing leave to appeal on grounds 2, 4 and 5 and granting leave on grounds 1 and 3 and dismissing the appeal:

i) On the proper construction of s 61H(2), when a patient is receiving treatment from and thus “in the care … of” a health care professional the patient is “under the authority of” the health care professional. [47] – [49]
ii) There was no error in the directions of the trial judge to the jury in respect of the element of being under the authority of the applicant at the relevant times. [65] – [66]
iii) Given the matters in issue at the time of the pre-trial hearing, the tendency evidence had significant probative value and the probative value outweighed the danger of unfair prejudice. Consequently, the evidence of each complainant was cross-admissible as tendency evidence. [120], [124] – [125]
iv) The tendency evidence still had significant probative value in relation to the factual matters in issue at the conclusion of the evidence at trial and the probative value continued to outweigh the danger of unfair prejudice to the applicant. Thus, the trial judge did not err by instructing the jury as to tendency evidence. [141] – [142]
v) Although the tendency direction was not in accordance with the preferred approach as set out in Director of Public Prosecutions v Benjamin Roder(a pseudonym) [2024] HCA 15 at [37]; 98 ALJR 644 and JS v R [2022] NSWCCA 145 at [43], when the summing up is considered as a whole, the jury would not have been deflected from their proper task of determining whether each element of each offence had been proved beyond reasonable doubt and there was no miscarriage of justice. [166], [169], [180]

JUDGMENT

DAVIES J: I agree with Wright J.
WRIGHT J: Between 2013 and 2019, the applicant, Mr Ming Jie Hu, was an osteopath practising in Sydney under the business name Back Pain Solutions.
On 29 August 2023, he was found guilty of: one count of aggravated indecent assault of a patient in February 2013, count 1; and, one count of aggravated sexual intercourse without consent in relation to another patient in September 2019, count 2. The jury was unable to reach a verdict on two other counts of aggravated sexual touching without consent, counts 3 and 4, which related to two other patients in October 2019.
By a notice of appeal filed on 16 October 2024, the applicant seeks to appeal against his conviction on counts 1 and 2.

Background

The charges

The applicant was charged with four offences. Each of the offences related to a separate complainant. I shall refer to the four complainants as JB, NK, AF and KC.^[1] The four offences were as follows:
1. This is done to support compliance with s 578A(2) of the Crimes Act 1900 (NSW) which prohibits the publication of any matter which identifies the complainant in prescribed sexual offence proceedings or which is likely to lead to the identification of the complainant.

Count 1 – aggravated indecent assault of JB contrary to s 61M(1) (now repealed) of the Crimes Act 1900 (NSW) between 1 and 28 February 2013;

Count 2 – aggravated sexual intercourse with NK without consent contrary to s 61J(1) of the Crimes Act on 30 September 2019;

Count 3 – aggravated sexual touching of AF without consent contrary to s 61KD(1)(a) of the Crimes Act on 8 October 2019; and

Count 4 – aggravated sexual touching of KC without consent contrary to s 61KD(1)(a) of the Crimes Act on 28 October 2019.

In each case, the aggravating circumstances were said to be that the complainant was under the applicant’s authority.

Pre-trial ruling

On 11 July 2023, Abadee DCJ heard and ruled on the applicant’s application for a separate trial for each count on the indictment. As stated by his Honour, the only basis for the application was the Crown’s intention to rely on evidence from each complainant as being cross-admissible as tendency evidence in relation to the counts involving the other complainants.^[2] As a result, his Honour also considered and ruled on the admissibility of the tendency evidence.
2. R v Hu (District Court (NSW) Abadee DCJ, 11 July 2023, unrep), p 1.
His Honour’s conclusion was that the tendency evidence was admissible and “[t]here being no other ground for severance of the counts, the [applicant’s] motion is dismissed”.^[3]
3. R v Hu (District Court (NSW) Abadee DCJ, 11 July 2023, unrep), p 20.

The commencement of the trial and evidence

On 1 August 2023, the trial before Huggett DCJ began and there was discussion with counsel concerning the circumstances of aggravation and the concept of being “under the authority” of another person.
On 2 August 2023, the jury was empanelled and during her Honour’s opening remarks to the jury, a brief outline of the elements of the offences charged was given and this included an explanation of the circumstances of aggravation by a complainant being “under the authority of” the accused and the Crown’s contention in that regard.
By way of evidence, the Crown called each complainant, five complaint witnesses, a chiropractor at Back Pain Solutions and the Officer In Charge.
The evidence in the defence case included that of the applicant as well as evidence from two expert witnesses: Dr Andrew Korda, an obstetrician and gynaecologist; and Dr Allan Terrett, a chiropractor. The defence also called evidence from three character witnesses, including one patient of the applicant who did not experience any conduct such as that which formed the basis for any of the four counts.

The closing addresses and summing up

Draft directions, including in relation to tendency evidence, and the form of written directions proposed to be given, including in relation to the element of being “under the authority” of the applicant, were provided by the trial judge to the parties for comment. The Crown’s closing address referred to the Crown’s submissions as to the circumstances of aggravation. The defence closing address did not include any substantial submissions concerning whether the complainants were “under the authority” of the applicant. In the summing up, the trial judge directed the jury orally and in writing in relation to the complainant being “under the authority” of the applicant for the purpose of the aggravating circumstances element of each charge. The summing up also contained directions in relation to tendency evidence which were based to some extent on the suggested tendency evidence directions in the Criminal Trial Bench Book. The oral directions were substantially in accordance with the draft directions provided. As a result of a request from counsel for the defence, her Honour gave a further direction in relation to drawing inferences and the standard of proof but no redirection was sought in respect of the element of “being under the authority” of the applicant or tendency evidence.

The verdicts

On 29 August 2023, the jury returned verdicts of guilty on counts 1 and 2 but could not agree on the remaining two counts, counts 3 and 4. A second trial in respect of counts 3 and 4 is scheduled to commence on 1 September 2025.

The sentence

On 1 December 2023, the applicant was sentenced to an aggregate sentence of imprisonment for 3 years and 6 months, commencing on that date, with a non-parole period of 1 year and 9 months expiring on 31 August 2025.

The appeal

A notice of intention to appeal was filed on 19 December 2023. The notice of appeal was filed on 16 October 2024 and sought to appeal against the convictions in respect of counts 1 and 2 on four grounds, with an additional ground 5 added by leave granted at the hearing on 21 March 2025, as follows:

“Ground 1: At the trial, the learned DCJ Huggett SC erred in holding that it was open to find that the mere fact of the Appellant providing osteopathic treatment to each of the Complainants at the time of the offending established the circumstance of aggravation alleged, namely being under his authority.
Ground 2: The combination of her Honour’s directions to the jury both at the commencement of the trial and during summing up, as well as the closing submissions of the Crown, that the circumstance of aggravation of “under authority” meant a patient receiving treatment from an osteopath, misdirected the Jury and this misdirection amounted to a miscarriage of justice.
Ground 3: Both the learned pre-trial DCJ Abadee, and the learned trial DCJ Huggett SC, erred in ruling that the evidence on each count, and particularly count 1 and 2, would be cross admissible against each other count and for that reason refusing the Appellant’s application for separate trials by:
(a) in determining that the evidence sought to be adduced as tendency evidence was capable of establishing a relevant tendency;
(b) determining that the proposed tendency evidence had significant probative value;
(c) in determining that the probative value of the tendency evidence substantially outweighed the danger of unfair prejudice.

Ground 4: Her Honour DCJ Huggett SC erred in directing the jury that the evidence on each count was by reason of the tendency admissible to prove the relevant conduct and intent as referred to in the tendency notice, after the evidence at trial demonstrated that the acts, to the exception of the penetration in count 2, were not in dispute, and that the issue was that ambit of proper treatment in respect of which the asserted tendency would have little, if any, probative value and was otherwise highly prejudicial.
Ground 5: Her Honour’s directions in regards to tendency, in the light of the recent decision of New v R [2025] NSWCCA 32, were confusing to the jury and/or erroneous such as to undermine the standard of proof when considered as a whole, leading to a miscarriage of justice.”

These grounds fall into two groups by subject matter. Grounds 1 and 2 relate to the circumstances of aggravation and whether the complainants were “under the authority” of the applicant. These two grounds can be dealt with together.
Grounds 3, 4 and 5 relate to the tendency evidence admitted and, in particular, whether the evidence should have been found to be admissible as tendency evidence and the directions given by the trial judge in relation to the tendency evidence.

Grounds 1 and 2 – The circumstances of aggravation

The first two grounds of appeal raise in substance the issue of whether a person who was a patient of, and actually receiving treatment from, an osteopath was “under the authority” of the osteopath for the purposes of ss 61J(2)(e) and 61M(3)(c) of the Crimes Act.
Ground 1 focused on what was said to be the trial judge’s error “in holding that it was open to find” that the fact that the applicant was providing osteopathic treatment to the complainants meant they were “under his authority”. Ground 2 contended that directing the jury to that effect amounted to a misdirection and led to a miscarriage of justice.

Submissions

In relation to the first ground, the applicant referred to comments made by the trial judge when discussing the element of “under authority” with counsel prior to the empanelling of the jury, during her opening remarks to the jury and in discussion with counsel concerning directions to the jury and submitted that:

“35. In effect, her Honour, held that the legal requirements for the establishment of the aggravating circumstance of “under the authority of” could or would be made out simply by proof that the Complainant was at the time of the alleged offending receiving osteopathic treatment from the Appellant as that was a form of care which triggered a relevant relationship.”

It was then submitted in substance that on the proper construction of the definition of “under the authority of another person” in s 61H(2) of the Crimes Act, the words “in the” in the expression “in the care of” suggest a relationship where a person has a right to control or a right to command another person. In addition, it was said that the references to “care”, “supervision” or “authority”, in the definition are a compound phrase defining the essential control features of the relationship, namely control which enables an accused to exert a lawful power or some such influence and it is not enough that there be some “caring or concerned relationship”. Thus, it was submitted:

“38. Each of these complainants were adult, not disabled and could not have been regarded as being “under the authority” of a treating osteopath in the normal use of language. Whilst he may have been providing treatment, he was not supervising or exerting authority and on a purposive reading of the section, as well as on the ordinary meaning of the language, the simple provision of treatment would not appear to meet the necessary requirement.”

The applicant’s ultimate submission in this regard was that, based on the trial judge’s view that the relationship of osteopath and patient gave rise to the patient being “under authority” and her directions to the jury in that regard, the trial judge’s directions “could only have been understood by the jury to be a final direction of law to the effect that they should find the element proven”.
This was said to raise a question of law and thus leave to appeal was not required by virtue of s 5(1)(a) of the Criminal Appeal Act 1912 (NSW). Alternatively, however, leave was sought if ground 1 involved a question of mixed fact and law within s 5(1)(b) of that Act. It was submitted that r 4.15 of the Supreme Court (Criminal Appeal) Rules 2021 (NSW) (the Criminal Appeal Rules) did not apply in the circumstances of the present case.
The applicant noted that he sought leave to appeal on ground 2 which related to there being a misdirection by the trial judge as to the circumstances to be considered when determining whether the aggravating circumstances were made out. It was said that r 4.15 did not apply in this regard. Referring to the same passages from the trial judge’s opening remarks, the Crown’s closing address and her Honour’s directions to the jury as referred to above, the applicant contended that the directions would have left the jury with the overwhelming impression that a patient receiving care or treatment from an osteopath amounted to that person being “under the authority” of that person. It was submitted that, as a consequence, the jury was deprived of the opportunity to make any finding other than that the circumstance of aggravation was established. This was said also to have a flow-on effect in respect of each of the counts.

On these bases, the applicant submitted that her Honour’s “determinations” concerning the aggravating circumstance and directions to the jury were in error and that a miscarriage of justice was thereby occasioned, and the convictions should be set aside. It was also said that, given that the misdirection affected the real issues between the parties at trial, a new trial should be ordered.
The Crown submitted that, although the first ground of appeal was framed as involving an error in the trial judge’s “holding” that it was open to find that the complainants were “under the authority” of the accused merely because they were receiving osteopathic treatment from him, there was no such “holding” whether by way of ruling, finding or otherwise; nor was such a ruling sought. Thus, it was submitted there was no “wrong decision on any question of law” so as to fall within the second limb in s 6(1) of the Criminal Appeal Act.
The Crown also contended that, contrary to the applicant’s position in these proceedings, at first instance it had been accepted by the applicant that the relationship between the applicant and the complainants was capable of establishing the circumstances of aggravation but it remained a question of fact for the jury. It was noted that trial counsel for the accused did not submit in his closing address that the circumstances of aggravation had not been made out.
To the extent that the applicant submitted that it was not open to the jury to find that the element of circumstances of aggravation was made out, it was noted that this did not advance a ground that asserted an erroneous finding by the trial judge. The Crown also observed that there was no ground of appeal contending that the verdicts of the jury were unreasonable or unable to be supported by the evidence, in regard to the circumstances of aggravation.
As to the second ground, the Crown noted that it asserted a miscarriage of justice arising out of misdirection of the jury concerning the “under authority” circumstances of aggravation and contended that r 4.15 did apply since trial counsel for the accused had been provided with the proposed directions and raised no objection and did not seek any relevant redirection.
After referring to the principles concerning the duties of a trial judge in relation to instructing the jury, the Crown submitted that, in the context of the whole of the summing up, the jury would not have been left with the overwhelming impression that the element of being “under authority” had been established and they were not deprived of the opportunity to make any other finding. It was contended that the trial judge was only required to instruct the jury on so much of the law as the jury needed to decide the real issues in the trial and, given the way in which the trial had been conducted, the trial judge was not required to instruct the jury on possible meanings of the under authority element or possible ways it might be proved.
Furthermore, it was submitted by the Crown that the summing up did not deflect the jury from its fundamental task of deciding whether the elements of the offences charged were proved beyond reasonable doubt. It was noted that trial counsel raised no objection to the directions and this was said to be an indication that no miscarriage of justice had occurred.
It was submitted that leave to appeal should be refused.

Consideration

In respect of each count, it was in issue whether the element that the offence occurred in “circumstances of aggravation”, because the complainant was “under the authority of” the applicant, was proved beyond reasonable doubt.
At the heart of the applicant’s submissions in respect of grounds 1 and 2, is the proper construction of the words “under the authority of” in:

s 61M(3)(c) of the Crimes Act as in force at February 2013 for the purposes of defining the relevant “circumstances of aggravation” in s 61M(1); and

s 61J(2)(e) of the Crimes Act as in force at October 2019 for the purposes of defining the relevant “circumstances of aggravation” in s 61J(1).

At the relevant time, s 61M provided, inter alia:

“(1) Any person who assaults another person in circumstances of aggravation, and, at the time of, or immediately before or after, the assault, commits an act of indecency on or in the presence of the other person, is liable to imprisonment for 7 years.
…
(3) In this section, circumstances of aggravation means circumstances in which:
…
(c) the alleged victim is (whether generally or at the time of the commission of the offence) under the authority of the alleged offender, …”.

At the relevant time, s 61J provided, inter alia:

“(1) Any person who has sexual intercourse with another person without the consent of the other person and in circumstances of aggravation and who knows that the other person does not consent to the sexual intercourse is liable to imprisonment for 20 years.
(2) In this section, circumstances of aggravation means circumstances in which—
…
(e) the complainant is (whether generally or at the time of the commission of the offence) under the authority of the accused person, …”.

At both relevant times, s 61H(2) of the Crimes Act provided a definition of “under the authority of” as used in both s 61M(1) and s 61J(1) in the following terms:

“For the purposes of [the relevant provisions], a person is under the authority of another person if the person is in the care, or under the supervision or authority, of the other person.”

The structure of s 61H(2) indicates that it is intended to broaden the ambit of the meaning of the expression “under the authority of another person” to include being:

“in the care … of the other person”; and

“under the supervision … of the other person”,

in addition to being “under the authority … of the other person”.

The structure of s 61H(2) and the different, ordinary meanings of the words “care”, “supervision” and “authority” do not suggest that the subsection was intended to operate as an hendiadys or as one composite expression designed to convey a single idea of when a person is “under the authority of another person”. The three elements of the definition do not appear to work together to create a new composite or portmanteau result. Rather, each of the three elements appears to have independent work to do in determining whether particular facts fall within the description of being “under the authority of another person”. This is similar to the situation in New South Wales Aboriginal Land Council v Minister Administering the Crown Lands Act (2016) 260 CLR 232; [2016] HCA 50 at [14] (French CJ, Kiefel, Bell and Keane JJ) where it was held that the expression “lawfully used or occupied” was not a composite expression but was to be understood by separate consideration of the words “used” and “occupied” because those two terms referred to different concepts and a natural reading of the phrase was that either a lawful use or a lawful occupation of the land would defeat a relevant claim.
This approach is supported by the observation in relation to the definition in s 61H(2) by this Court in KSC v R [2012] NSWCCA 179 by McClellan CJ at CL (with whom Davies and Fullerton JJ agreed), at [125]:

“Each of the words “care”, “supervision” and “authority” are ordinary English words which the jury would have had no difficulty in understanding.”

Furthermore, and by way of example, in Manojlovic v R; R v Manojlovic [2020] NSWCCA 315 Hoeben CJ at CL (with Button and N Adams JJ agreeing) held in effect, at [79], that the element of circumstances of aggravation could be satisfied by evidence establishing that the complainant was “in the care of her teacher mentor”. It was not suggested that it would be necessary to consider whether the complainant was under also the supervision, authority or subject to the control of that person.
No other authority suggests or requires a different approach to be taken.
In addition, there does not appear to be anything in the context, scope or purpose of the relevant provisions, or the Crimes Act as a whole, which would suggest that an approach different to that set out above is required or appropriate in relation to s 61H(2).
Finally, under s 34(1)(a) and (2)(f) of the Interpretation Act 1987 (NSW), the second reading speech may be taken into account to confirm that the meaning of the provision is the ordinary meaning conveyed by the text of the provision. Section 61H(2) was introduced in 1989 by the Crimes (Amendment) Act 1989 (NSW) and was applicable to sexual offending against persons of any age as described in ss 61J and 61M, as well as to such offending against persons under 16 years of age in s 61O. The relevant Second Reading Speech for the 1989 Act noted that the aggravating categories “encompass[ed] the existing aggravating features in the Crimes Act” such as “where the victim is under the authority of the offender” but were extended to include additional features, which are not presently relevant.^[4] The “under the authority” circumstance of aggravation, with a definition in materially the same form as s 61H(2), had originally been introduced into the Crimes Act by the Crimes (Child Assault) Amendment Act 1985 (NSW). That circumstance of aggravation in the 1985 Act only applied to offending against persons under 16 years of age, namely the offences in ss 61D(1A), 61E(1A) and (2A), 66C(2) of the Crimes Act at that time. In the second reading speech for the 1985 Act,^[5] it was said:^[6]

“The new range of offences also give special emphasis to the relationship of the offender to the victim. If the offender is found to be in a position of care, supervision or authority over the child, then harsher penalties apply. Thus the law recognises far more comprehensively than it did before, the more serious nature of abuse by a parent, de facto parent, person in charge of an institution or family friend. …”
4. New South Wales Legislative Assembly, Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 28 November 1989 at 13569.
5. New South Wales Legislative Assembly, Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 12 November 1985 at 9323.
6. New South Wales Legislative Assembly, Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 12 November 1985 at 9325.

Notwithstanding that the “under the authority” circumstance of aggravation had originally been limited to offending against persons under 16 years of age, its application was extended by the 1989 Act to include offending against a person without any age restriction. The Second Reading Speech for the 1985 Act made clear that the three positions which might give rise to a person being under the authority of another person were “a position of care, supervision or authority”. This indicates that the three different types of positions were to be considered independently and not as a composite. The examples given in the Second Reading Speech for the 1985 Act were naturally limited at that time to those which might be most applicable to children under 16 years of age. It does not appear, however, that those examples were intended to limit, rather than illustrate, the circumstances in which a person may be found to be “under the authority” of another person for the purposes of the relevant provisions of the 1985 Act. Nor would it appear that the examples were intended to limit the types of positions which might amount to being “under the authority” for the purposes of the more general provisions introduced by the 1989 Act, such as s 61M and s 61J of the Crimes Act.
In my view, on the proper construction of s 61H(2) each of the three elements: being in the care of a person; being under the supervision of a person; and, being under the authority of a person, can and should operate independently in determining what relationships might fall within the description of being “under the authority of another person” for the purposes of the circumstances of aggravation referred to in provisions such as s 61M(1) and (3)(c) and s 61J(1) and (2)(e).
It follows that an alleged victim or complainant (person A) will be “under the authority of” the alleged offender or the accused person (person B), if person A is “in the care of” the person B. As observed by this Court in KSC, “care” in this context is an ordinary English word. In s 61H(2), it should be given its ordinary English meaning. This includes the underlying concept that the second person is responsible for the welfare, in one form or another, of the first person. In this context, the ordinary meaning of “care” includes “health care”, that is treatment by a health care professional, whether that be a surgeon, osteopath or other such professional. A person receiving health care treatment is in ordinary usage said to be “in the care of” the health care professional. A person undergoing surgery can be said to be “in the care of” the surgeon; a person receiving osteopathic treatment can be said to be “in the care of” the osteopath. This usage of “care” captures the underlying concept of a health care professional being responsible for the welfare of a patient because of the relationship between the patient and the health care professional and the dependence of the patient while receiving treatment on the professional training and conduct of the health care professional.
In short, on the proper construction of the relevant provisions, when there is a relationship of patient and health care professional and the patient is receiving treatment from the health care professional, the patient is “in the care of”, and thus “under the authority of”, the health care professional for the purposes of s 61H(2) and ss 61M and 61J.
For these reasons, I do not accept the applicant’s submissions that s 61H(2) refers to:

“a compound phrase defining the essential control features of the relationship. The extended definition of authority was never intended to extend beyond those having some lawful or recognised authority to control the conduct of others, such as teachers, guardians, those in loco parentis. It is not enough that there be a caring or concerned relationship. The feature of control to enable an Accused to exert a lawful power or some such influence is essential”.

Accordingly, it was open to the jury to be satisfied that a complainant was “in the care of”, and thus “under the authority of”, the applicant if the complainant was receiving osteopathic treatment from the applicant in his capacity as an osteopath at the relevant time.
It follows from this that, even if Huggett DCJ “held” in any relevant sense “that it was open to find that the mere fact of the [applicant] providing osteopathic treatment to each of the complainants at the time of the offending established the circumstance of aggravation alleged, namely being under his authority”, as the applicant contended in ground 1, there was no error.
More specifically, the applicant relied on certain comments or statements by the trial judge as demonstrating error for the purposes of ground 1. These included a discussion before the jury was empanelled in which her Honour said:^[7]

“By definition, the authority includes under the care, a patient is under the care of a treating practitioner. And if the practitioner, be a dentist, be it an osteopath, be it a chiropractor, be it a doctor, they’re under their care, so it is a relationship.”
7. Tcpt, 1 August 2023, p 5(2-5).

This, however, was not a ruling by her Honour. It was an attempt to encapsulate a possible view of the law in relation to one of the potential issues at trial in order to determine what was really in issue. The trial judge accepted, however, that counsel for the defence did not apparently accept that encapsulation since her Honour continued in the same passage:^[8]

“Anyway, all I’m trying to do – that’s not the issue in dispute – I’m not suggesting by what I’ve said that it makes it any easier to prove what is in issue, but I’m trying to remove unnecessary complication. And if that is not conceded, then the Crown will have to open on the alternative, I guess. But it does seem to me, it comes within care. Anyway, perhaps I’ll leave that both, to you.…”
8. Tcpt, 1 August 2023, p 5(5-10).

Even though her Honour accepted that whether the complainants were “under the authority” of the applicant remained in issue, her encapsulation of the construction of “under the authority” was not erroneous. There was no basis in these comments for finding that ground 1 had been made out.
Further, the applicant relied on comments by the trial judge when discussing appropriate directions to the jury with counsel that:^[9]

“He’s a treating practitioner, and I could go on and say the law recognises that a doctor treating a patient – or a medical practitioner, a person in a health field, treating a patient – they are in their care.”
9. Tcpt, 14 August 2023, p 424(42-45).

Once again, this was not a ruling by her Honour but a discussion as to whether the element of “under the authority” was really in dispute. The trial judge went on immediately after to say to defence counsel:^[10]

“If I give that definition, am I not really saying that that’s not really an issue in this trial? Can you think about it, at least?”
10. Tcpt, 14 August 2023, p 424(45-47).

Moreover, the directions which were eventually given to the jury in this regard reflected the position of defence counsel in that the issue of whether the complainant was “in the care of” and therefore “under the authority of” the applicant was left to the jury as a question of fact. There was also no error in this direction.
In summary, none of the matters raised in respect of ground 1 established that there was any error made by the trial judge as submitted by the applicant.
To the extent that the applicant requires leave in respect of ground 1 under s 5(1)(b) of the Criminal Appeal Act, I would grant leave because the issue of the proper construction of the phrase “under the authority of” in s 61H(2) raised a point of general principle. Nonetheless, the appeal on ground 1 should be dismissed for the reasons given above.
Ground 2 involved in substance the contentions that the trial judge misdirected the jury by saying that “the circumstance of aggravation of ‘under authority’ meant a patient receiving treatment from an osteopath” and that this misdirection led to a miscarriage of justice.
The passages from her Honour’s opening remarks and summing up to the jury which were impugned under ground 2 included most pertinently the following:

From the opening remarks:^[11]
11. Opening Remarks (Huggett DCJ), 2 August 2023, p 26(22-24).

“And the final element that the Crown must prove for each of these charges is what is called circumstances of aggravation. Now, the law defines various things as being circumstances of aggravation. One is where a person was under the authority of another person. The words “under the authority” means that a person is under the care of or the supervision of or – yeah, the care of another person and as I understand it, the Crown will say in a therapeutic context, in terms of an osteopath that a person having an osteopathic consultation is under that osteopath’s care. So that is what “in circumstances of aggravation” means here. It means that this indecent touching occurred in the context of the patient being in the care of the osteopath. I should however say that the law provides that if you were satisfied that an indecent assault occurred, an indecent touching but you were not satisfied beyond reasonable doubt as to the patient being under the care of the osteopath, you would be permitted to return a verdict on – I will give you the – essentially, you will have this provided in writing for you in due course if need be but you would be entitled if the only issue you were not in agreement upon was this issue of care under the authority of.
You would be permitted to deliver a verdict of the charge but without that circumstance of aggravation; the care relationship established. Please do not look too alarmed. I am simply trying to draw to your attention what is it that the Crown must prove beyond reasonable doubt. …”

From the summing up:^[12]
12. Summing Up (Huggett DCJ), 21 August 2023, pp 27-28.

“The fifth element is that the Crown must prove that the complainant was under the accused's authority.
A person is under the authority of another person if the person is in the care of the other person at the relevant time.
If the Crown fails to prove beyond reasonable doubt that the complainant was in the accused's care and therefore fails to prove that the complainant was under the accused's authority and this is the only element the Crown has failed to prove, your verdict would be not guilty as charged but guilty of the non- aggravated form of Count 1.
Perhaps I should qualify. I said before that the Crown has to prove all elements to prove an offence. That is correct. However, if the only element the Crown has failed to prove is that the complainant was under authority – under the care of the accused – and that is the only element in each instance that had not been proven beyond reasonable doubt, then you would be entitled to say “not guilty as charged,” because you will see in all of the counts of the Indictment it has got, “in circumstances of aggravation under authority,” so not guilty as charged but guilty of the non- aggravated form of Count 1. In other words, all of the other elements have been proven it is just under authority that has not been proven.”

From the written directions to the jury:^[13]

“To prove the offence alleged in count [1, 2, 3 or 4], the Crown must prove beyond reasonable doubt that:
…
[5. or 4.] the complainant was under the accused’s authority.
…
Under Authority
A person is under the authority of another person if the person is in the care of the other person at the relevant time.
If the Crown fails to prove beyond reasonable doubt that the complainant was in the accused’s care and therefore under his authority and this is the only element the Crown has failed to prove, your verdict would be not guilty as charged but guilty of non-aggravated form of Count [1, 2, 3 or 4].”
13. Written directions to jury, MFI 19.

In light of the construction of the words “under the authority of” and “in the care of” set out above, there was no error in any of her Honour’s remarks or directions.
Furthermore, the duty of a trial judge is to determine what the real issues in the case are and to direct the jury on only so much of the law as they need to know to guide them to a decision on those issues: Huynh v The Queen (2013) 214 CLR 1; [2013] HCA 6 at [31] (French CJ, Kiefel, Bell and Gageler JJ). In the present case, after making enquiry of counsel for the applicant, the trial judge determined that it was in issue whether the circumstances of aggravation element had been made out in respect of each count. Consequently, her Honour directed the jury on that issue.
As set out in the passages from the oral and written directions quoted above, the directions were appropriately limited to the applicable aspect of the definition of “under the authority of” set out in s 61H(2) in the context of a health care professional's relationship with a patient, namely, that “[a] person is under the authority of another person if the person is in the care of the other person at the relevant time”. As has already been noted, in this context “care” is an ordinary English word. It was not necessary for the trial judge to define the word “care” for a jury and doing so would involve substituting a different word or words for the very word used in the statute with the attendant risk of error or misdirection.
In these circumstances, there was no misdirection by the trial judge.
More specifically, there was no misdirection by the trial judge directing the jury “that the circumstance of aggravation of ‘under authority’ meant a patient receiving treatment from an osteopath”, as expressly contended under ground 2. No such direction was given by the trial judge during the summing up. The trial judge’s opening remarks to the jury did include the words “in terms of an osteopath that a person having an osteopathic consultation is under that osteopath’s care”. Nonetheless, when the sentence in which those words occur is considered as a whole, it is clear that in this comment her Honour was summarising the Crown’s position and not giving a direction of law to the jury. The full sentence is:^[14]

“The words ‘under authority’ means that a person is under the care of or the supervision of or – yeah, the care of another person and as I understand it, the Crown will say in a therapeutic context, in terms of an osteopath that a person having an osteopathic consultation is under that osteopath’s care.” (Emphasis added.)
14. Tcpt, 2 August 2023, p 26(24-29).

Finally, in Huxley v The Queen [2023] HCA 40; (2023) 98 ALJR 62 (Huxley), Gordon, Steward and Gleeson JJ held:

“40. The principles governing miscarriage of justice by instructions to the jury were considered in Hargraves v The Queen.[(2011) 245 CLR 257]. The plurality identified the relevant principle, “expressed at a high level of abstraction”, as follows:
‘[T]he judge's instructions to the jury, whether by way of legal direction or judicial commentary on the facts, must not deflect the jury's attention from the need to be persuaded beyond reasonable doubt of the accused's guilt before returning a verdict of guilty.’

41. Accordingly, ‘[i]n every case, the ultimate question must be whether, taken as a whole, the judge's instructions to the jury’ deflected the jury ‘from its fundamental task of deciding whether the prosecution proved the elements of the charged offence beyond reasonable doubt’. The plurality emphasised that ‘[w]hether there has been on any ... ground whatsoever a miscarriage of justice must always require consideration of the whole of the judge's charge to the jury’.” (Footnotes omitted)

Having regard to the issues in the proceedings and the directions in the summing up taken as a whole in the context of the trial including the opening remarks, there was nothing which could properly be said to have deflected the jury’s attention from the need to be persuaded beyond reasonable doubt of each of the elements of the relevant offence and of the accused’s guilt including the element of being “under the authority of” the applicant. Accordingly, there was no basis for finding that there was a miscarriage of justice as contended for by the applicant under ground 2.
Since the applicant’s trial counsel was provided with the relevant proposed directions by the trial judge and raised no objection and did not seek any redirection either during or at the end of the summing up, r 4.15 applies. In addition, because ground 2 involved a question of mixed law and fact, leave under s 5(1)(b) of the Criminal Appeal Act is also required. In the absence of any misconstruction of the definition of “under the authority of”, any misdirection or any miscarriage and in all the circumstances, in my opinion, leave under s 5(1)(b) and under r 4.15 should be refused in respect of ground 2.

Grounds 3, 4 and 5 – The tendency evidence and directions

Introduction

Ground 3 contended, in effect, that Abadee DCJ’s ruling that the evidence of each complainant was admissible as tendency evidence was erroneous insofar as it determined that:

the evidence was capable of supporting the asserted tendency;

the evidence had significant probative value; and

the probative value of the tendency evidence substantially outweighed the danger of unfair prejudice.

Grounds 4 and 5 related to the directions given to the jury concerning the tendency evidence.
Leave to appeal was sought in respect of grounds 3 and 4 under s 5(1)(b) of the Criminal Appeal Act but it was contended that leave under r 4.15 of the Criminal Appeal Rules was not required. Leave to appeal under r 4.15 was sought in respect of ground 5.

Ground 3 – Submissions

The applicant observed, in relation to the asserted tendencies in the tendency notice served on 17 July 2022, that no evidence was adduced by the Crown about the applicant’s treatment of patients other than the complainants during the period between 2013 and 2019.
After referring to the principles to be applied in determining the admissibility of tendency evidence under ss 97 and 101 of the Evidence Act, the applicant submitted that the only tendency asserted was to act in a particular way which was so broad and general that the evidence and common features relied on by the Crown did not in fact establish the asserted tendency and did not have significant probative value for the purpose of determining issues at the trial.
Of the six common features relied on by the Crown it was submitted that five were so general that they could not support the tendency in that they referred to common features of osteopathic treatment for back pain, including the removal of underwear and massaging in and around the upper thigh. Rather than being tendency evidence, it was submitted that it in effect invited, if anything, coincidence reasoning but this was not the basis relied on by the Crown.
It was also submitted that Abadee DCJ misstated the defence’s position on what was in issue for the purposes of the trial, holding that where the applicant touched each complainant was a live issue. It was contended that his Honour did not then limit the tendency evidence to that issue but allowed it to be used in relation to whether the conduct was sexually inappropriate or indecent.
The applicant submitted, in relation to whether the probative value outweighed unfair prejudice, that where the main issue at trial was whether the touching was sexual or for a medical purpose the cross admissibility of the complainants’ evidence “would lead to overwhelmingly unfair persuasion that all the touching was sexual”. In this regard, it was also said that the probative value was also outweighed by the unfair prejudice because of the terms of the tendency which included that the touching was “indecent”.
The submission was made that, despite Abadee DCJ noting that the relevant differences included greater potential for prejudice, his Honour ruled that the evidence was cross-admissible notwithstanding that the conduct the subject of count 1 occurred 6 years earlier with no evidence of a continued tendency and the conduct the subject of count 2 was vastly different from the conduct in the other counts.
The Crown submitted, after referring to the applicable principles, that the relevant facts in issue were correctly identified by Abadee DCJ and the detail and the descriptions given by each of the complainants of the touching was in dispute, including but not limited to the conduct alleged in respect of count 2.
On the question of significant probative value, the Crown submitted that the tendency evidence, if accepted, was influential in proving that the applicant had a tendency to be inappropriate in a sexual way with female patients who were attending appointments with him in his capacity as an osteopath in that the evidence included that he pulled down the underwear of four female patients below the buttocks or completely removed it, without request or explanation, made sexual or flirtatious comments and touched them close to or inside the vagina. It was noted that there was no evidence that the removal of a patient’s underwear was required for any therapeutic osteopathic purpose.
The fact that count 2 concerned touching inside the vagina as opposed to near the vagina was submitted by the Crown not to be a significant difference, because tendency evidence did not need to establish directly all elements of an offence charged, or be the same conduct as charged if the asserted tendency would make any of the relevant facts in respect of a count more likely. The Crown then identified what it contended were the common features.
It was submitted that it was not correct that, because the applicant’s treatment of the complainants for a therapeutic purpose might mean touching within 2-3 centimetres of the genitals, that the tendency evidence therefore added nothing beyond general relevance. The removal of underwear without warning, the flirtatious or sexual comments at about the relevant times and the nature of the touching were said to be strongly supportive of the existence of the asserted tendency and, in turn, strongly supported the proof of the relevant facts in issue.
The Crown also submitted that tendency evidence could have significant probative value where, as in this case, a fact in issue was the reasonable possibility that one complainant had misconstrued innocent conduct.
In relation to the fact that the conduct the subject of count 1 was alleged to have occurred approximately six years prior to the conduct the subject of counts 2, 3 and 4, the Crown submitted that this did not preclude the evidence of the count 1 conduct having significant probative value.
As to whether any danger of unfair prejudice was outweighed by the probative value of the tendency evidence, the Crown submitted the unfair prejudice identified by the applicant, that if the jury heard evidence from multiple complainants regarding their state of mind would deflect the jury from their proper task, would not be likely to arise in the present case. Further, it was said in effect that proper directions to the jury would ensure that such unfair prejudice would not arise. It was also contended that the difference in the nature of the conduct alleged in count 2 would not lead to unfair prejudice by misuse of that evidence.
Finally it was submitted that even if there were some residual risk of unfair prejudice it was outweighed by the significant probative value of the tendency evidence. In all the circumstances, the Crown’s position was that the tendency evidence was correctly admitted.

Ground 3 – Consideration

It was not in dispute that, in considering whether Abadee DCJ erred in concluding that the evidence of the complainants was admissible as tendency evidence, this Court is to apply the “correctness standard”. I accept that this is so and that the Court is to determine for itself the correct outcome while making due allowance for such “advantages” as may have been enjoyed by the judge who conducted the hearing: Moore (a pseudonym) v The King [2024] HCA 30 at [14] (Gageler CJ, Edelman, Steward, Gleeson and Beech-Jones JJ); 98 ALJR 1119; The Queen v Bauer (2018) 266 CLR 56; [2018] HCA 40 at [61] (Kiefel CJ, Bell, Gageler, Keane, Nettle, Gordon and Edelman JJ).
Furthermore, the applicant accepted that the evidence relied on by the Crown for the purposes of the application before Abadee DCJ and relevant circumstances at the time of his Honour’s ruling were not so significantly different from the evidence and circumstances at trial as to render consideration of his Honour’s ruling inutile or inappropriate as might in some situations be the case: ^[15] see the discussion by Dhanji J in New v The King [2025] NSWCCA 32 at [186]-[204].
15. Tcpt, 21 March 2025, p 6(38-49).
To be admissible as tendency evidence in a case such as the present, evidence must satisfy both ss 97 and 101 of the Evidence Act. Those sections provide relevantly for present purposes as follows:

“97 The tendency rule
(1) Evidence of the … conduct of a person, or a tendency that a person has or had, is not admissible to prove that a person has or had a tendency … to act in a particular way … unless—
(a) the party seeking to adduce the evidence gave reasonable notice in writing to each other party of the party’s intention to adduce the evidence, and
(b) the court thinks that the evidence will, either by itself or having regard to other evidence adduced or to be adduced by the party seeking to adduce the evidence, have significant probative value.

…
101 Further restrictions on tendency evidence and coincidence evidence adduced by prosecution
(1) This section only applies in a criminal proceeding and so applies in addition to sections 97 and 98.
(2) Tendency evidence about a defendant … that is adduced by the prosecution cannot be used against the defendant unless the probative value of the evidence outweighs the danger of unfair prejudice to the defendant.
…”.

There was also no substantial dispute as to the applicable principles in relation to tendency evidence and they can be briefly stated. In the present case, since notice under s 97(1)(a) had been given, the first issue to be determined is whether that tendency evidence will, either by itself or having regard to other evidence adduced or to be adduced by the party seeking to adduce the evidence, have significant probative value under s 97(1)(b). Assessment of the probative value of evidence requires that the possible use to which the evidence might be put be taken at its highest, which assumes that the evidence is reliable and credible: TL v The King (2022) 275 CLR 83; [2022] HCA 35 (TL) at [28] (Kiefel CJ, Gageler, Gordon, Steward and Gleeson JJ) and the authorities there cited.
For evidence to have “significant probative value”, it must be “important” or “of consequence” to the assessment of the probability of the existence of a fact in issue and it is sufficient if the disputed evidence together with other evidence makes significantly more likely any facts making up the elements of the offence charged: TL at [28].
The High Court in Hughes v The Queen (2017) 263 CLR 338; [2017] HCA 20 observed at [41] (Kiefel CJ, Bell, Keane and Edelman JJ) that the assessment of whether tendency evidence has significant probative value in relation to each relevant count involves consideration of two interrelated but separate matters:

the extent to which the evidence supports the tendency; and

the extent to which the tendency makes more likely the facts making up the charged offence.

Their Honours concluded in the same paragraph of Hughes:

“In summary, there is likely to be a high degree of probative value where (i) the evidence, by itself or together with other evidence, strongly supports proof of a tendency, and (ii) the tendency strongly supports the proof of a fact that makes up the offence charged.”

If the requirements of s 97(1)(a) and (b) of the Evidence Act are met, s 101(2) requires, in a criminal proceeding such as the present, that the Court consider whether the probative value of the tendency evidence about the applicant outweighs the danger of unfair prejudice to him. If not, then the tendency evidence is not to be admitted. In order to carry out the weighing exercise, a view must be formed of the degree of significance of the probative value of the tendency evidence and the degree of danger of unfair prejudice.
Some of the factors which may affect the degree of significance of the probative value of the evidence sought to be adduced as tendency evidence were collected by Bell P in Taylor v R [2020] NSWCCA 355 at [122 xiv (a) to (i)]. These factors included most relevantly for present purposes:

the number of times the tendency asserted has manifested itself in the evidence sought to be adduced;

the similarity of the circumstances in which the other conduct occurred; and

the distance in time between the underlying evidence of the tendency and the charges in relation to which the evidence is sought to be adduced.

As to the danger of unfair prejudice, tendency evidence is inherently prejudicial as it involves a reasoning process along the following lines “he did it before; he has a propensity to do this sort of thing; the likelihood is that he did it again on the occasion in issue”: Hughes v The Queen (2017) 263 CLR 338; [2017] HCA 20 (Hughes) at [70] (Gageler J). In Hughes, Kiefel CJ, Bell, Keane and Edelman JJ also explained at [17]:

“… The reception of tendency evidence in a criminal trial may occasion prejudice in a number of ways. The jury may fail to allow that a person who has a tendency to have a particular state of mind, or to act in a particular way, may not have had that state of mind, or may not have acted in that way, on the occasion in issue. Or the jury may underestimate the number of persons who share the tendency to have that state of mind or to act in that way. In either case the tendency evidence may be given disproportionate weight. In addition to the risks arising from tendency reasoning, there is the risk that the assessment of whether the prosecution has discharged its onus may be clouded by the jury’s emotional response to the tendency evidence. …”

The essential concept of the danger of unfair prejudice caused by the admission of tendency evidence is harm to the interests of the accused by reason of a risk that the jury will use the evidence improperly in some unfair way: The Queen v Bauer (2018) 266 CLR 56; [2018] HCA 40 at [73]( Kiefel CJ, Bell, Gageler, Keane, Nettle, Gordon and Edelman JJ).
As noted above, in the present case there was no dispute that the tendency notice dated 12 July 2022 met the requirement in s 97(1)(a).
The substance of the tendency evidence was identified in that notice as the evidence of each of the four complainants as set out in their statements.
The tendencies asserted in that notice were:

“(1) his tendency to be inappropriate in a sexual manner with women in his care and to act on that tendency.
(2) his tendency to act on it, namely his tendency to indecently assault females who were his patients and under his authority as an osteopath, at Back Pain Solutions at Sydney from February 2013 to October 2019 whilst they were in his treatment room.”

It can be observed that these tendencies are somewhat repetitive and are expressed in part in terms which are legal characterisations of the conduct or circumstances rather than identifying the conduct itself. This is somewhat unsatisfactory. Nonetheless in the present case, no point was taken at the hearing before Abadee DCJ or at the trial as to whether the framing of the tendencies in the tendency notice was defective. There was no ground of appeal which sought to challenge the tendency notice on the basis that the formulation of the tendencies was defective in some way.
Further and in any event, Huggett DCJ in her tendency directions to the jury, effectively and without demur from the Crown or the defence, remedied some of the difficulties by recasting the tendency in the following way:^[16]

“Part of the Crown case is that the accused had a tendency to be inappropriate in a sexual way with women in his care and that he acted on that tendency in February 2013 and up until October 2019 when he deliberately engaged in indecent and sexual contact with female patients who were being treated by him.”
16. Summing Up (Huggett DCJ), 21 August 2023, p 64-65.

With the notice requirement in s 97(1)(a) having been met, the next question is whether the court thinks that the evidence will, either by itself or having regard to other evidence adduced or to be adduced by the party seeking to adduce the evidence, have significant probative value: s 97(1)(b) of the Evidence Act. In order to determine the probative value of the tendency evidence, it is essential to understand the facts or matters in issue in the proceedings. The applicant’s general position for the purposes of the pre-trial hearing, and also in effect at trial, was, as recorded by Abadee DCJ, that:^[17]

“[t]he alleged sexual touching and intercourse did not occur. The nature of any touching that did occur was carried out for proper medical (osteopathic) purposes.”
17. R v Hu (District Court (NSW) Abadee DCJ, 11 July 2023, unrep), p 6.

More specifically, the pertinent facts in issue were identified by the applicant in his written submissions before Abadee DCJ in the following terms:

“The occurrence of the specific acts alleged to constitute each offence (as those acts are described by the respective complainants) will be in issue in the trial. That is to say,it is in issue that the [applicant]:
a.   Touched the inside of [JB’s] thighs within 2-3 cm of her exposed vagina in circumstances that would constitute an indecent assault;
b.   Touched the inside of [KC’s] thighs within 1cm of her exposed vagina in circumstances that would constitute sexual touching;
c.   Touched or penetrated [NK’s] vagina with his finger/s;
d.   Touched the buttocks of [AM] within 2-3 inches of her vagina in circumstances that would constitute sexual touching.” (underlining in original)

More generally, Abadee DCJ correctly identified the factual issues in the proceedings as including:^[18]

“(1) Whether the accused sexually touched or indecently assaulted any of the complainants.
(2) Whether the accused digitally penetrated the vagina of complainant NK.
(3) Whether the nature of any touching that did occur was carried out for proper medical (osteopathic) purposes.
(4) Whether any touching that did occur in the course of osteopathic consultations has been misinterpreted by the complainants.
(5) Whether the complainants were under the authority of the accused.”
18. R v Hu (District Court (NSW) Abadee DCJ, 11 July 2023, unrep), p 6.

The “common features” identified in the tendency notice were said to include the following:

“● The allegations all concern females;
● They were all patients who went to Back Pain Solutions to seek treatment;
● The alleged offences all occurred from February 2013 to October 2019;
● In each instance, the accused was their osteopath treating them;
● Each alleged offence occurred in the accused’s treatment room;
● Each alleged offence involved the accused taking off or pulling down the complainant’s underwear without warning and massaging the inner upper thighs of the complainant’s very close to their vagina and/or anus.”

The evidence which the Crown relied on as tendency evidence of each of the complainants included most relevantly evidence in their police statements that in the course of providing osteopathic services to the complainant in his treatment room:

the applicant removed the complainant’s underwear completely or pulled down her underwear below her buttocks, without asking for permission to do so or explaining why that was being done;

the applicant made flirtatious or sexual comments at about the time of the relevant conduct; and

the applicant massaged the complainant and in doing so his fingers went close or very close to, or inside, the complainant’s vagina.

Taking the tendency evidence at its highest, I am of the view that it strongly supports proof of a tendency on the part of the applicant to be inappropriate in an indecent or sexual way with women in his care and that he acted on that tendency in February 2013 and in September and October 2019 by engaging in indecent or sexual contact with female patients who were being massaged by him in his treatment room. As the brief summary of the evidence above makes clear, in most regards the conduct was substantially similar in each case. There were, however, some differences.
One difference to which attention was drawn was that, in one case, the applicant’s fingers went not only close or very close to the complainant’s vagina but also inside. Touching in the close vicinity of, or inside, the vagina is inherently sexual in nature and may be indecent and those characterisations are generally only likely to be inapplicable where there is informed consent and the touching is for a legitimate purpose consistent with the consent obtained. In my opinion, the difference between the conduct the subject of count 2 and the other counts is a difference as to the seriousness of conduct not a difference in the essential nature of the conduct.
Another difference was that one incident occurred in 2013 and the remaining three incidents occurred six years later in 2019. In my view, this does not weaken the proof of the existence of the tendency to such an extent that it would not be found that the evidence relevantly lacked significant probative value. In McPhillamy v The Queen [2018] HCA 52; 92 ALJR 1045 (McPhillamy), conduct a decade earlier in a different context was found to provide only weak support for the existence of a tendency on the part of the appellant in that case to act on a sexual interest in young teenage boys under his supervision. Kiefel CJ, Bell, Keane and Nettle JJ explained why that was so in the circumstances of that case, at [30]:

“It may be accepted that the evidence that the appellant had acted on his sexual interest in young teenage boys on the occasions with ‘B’ and ‘C’ [a decade earlier] is relevant to proof that he committed the offences alleged by ‘A’, but it is not admissible as tendency evidence unless it is capable of significantly bearing on proof of that fact. In the absence of evidence that the appellant had acted on his sexual interest in young teenage boys under his supervision in the decade following the incidents at the College, the inference that at the dates of the offences he possessed the tendency is weak.”

In the present case, however, similar reasoning is not applicable for a number of reasons. First, the evidence said to establish the tendency in respect of each later incident was not limited to the evidence of the incident six years earlier. The other incidents in 2019 also provided support for the existence of that tendency both in 2019 and 2013 and vice versa. Secondly, the earlier and later incidents relied on in the present case had a greater degree of similarity than the earlier and later incidents relied on in McPhillamy and the nature of the asserted tendency was more specific in this case. Thirdly, although there is no evidence of similar conduct between 2013 and 2019, the other evidence to be adduced by the Crown included that JB, the complainant in respect of the 2013 incident, made a complaint later in 2013 to the Osteopathy Council of New South Wales and to the Health Care Complaints Commission (HCCC) concerning the applicant’s conduct in 2013. An inference is available that, as a result of that complaint, the applicant was careful not act on his tendency for a period and possibly until September 2019.
Furthermore, in this context, the flirtatious or sexual nature of the comments made by the applicant at about the time of the touching indicated that it was likely that the touching involved a sexual or indecent element and was not done solely, if at all, for a legitimate therapeutic purpose. From the fact that the complainants’ underwear was removed completely or to below the buttocks without permission being sought or any explanation being given in each case, the inference was available that the applicant did not attempt to give a legitimate therapeutic justification for his conduct because there was none and he perceived that if consent was sought it might well be refused. In this way, the tendency evidence supported the conclusion that the touching was not only not done with the informed consent of the complainant but was also not merely proper osteopathic treatment.
For all these reasons, I am satisfied that the tendency evidence, by itself or together with other evidence, strongly supported proof of the tendency and thus had significant probative value in establishing that the applicant had the asserted tendency and that Abadee DCJ was also correct so to conclude.
As to the second question whether the tendency makes more likely the facts making up the charged offences, the elements of the offences charged which were relevantly in issue included: (a) where precisely the complainants were touched; (b) whether the touching in each case was relevantly indecent or sexual in nature or was undertaken for a proper osteopathic purpose; (c) whether any touching that did occur was misinterpreted by the complainants; and, (d) whether the complainants were under the authority of the applicant.
In my view, the tendency evidence taken at its highest, by itself and in combination with the other evidence to be adduced by the Crown, would be influential or important in establishing that each complainant was touched very close to or inside the vagina. For the reasons explained above, the fact that the evidence of one incident involved digital penetration of the vagina did not detract from its probative value in respect of other incidents where the touching was only said to be close or very close to the vagina and vice versa. The difference in the area touched was only a matter of degree rather than being a relevantly different form of conduct.
Furthermore, the tendency evidence as to the touching, the comments made at about that time and the removal of underwear without explanation or consent and the tendency thereby established would also make more likely to a significant extent that the touching was done indecently or for a sexual purpose and not solely or only as part of proper osteopathic treatment, also for essentially the same reasons as set out above.
The tendency evidence as to the location of the touching and circumstances of the incidents also had significant probative value in relation to the issue of whether the complainants each misinterpreted what occurred. It made it more likely that there was no misinterpretation. In addition, the evidence supported the finding that the relevant incident occurred when each complainant was receiving treatment from and thus under the authority of the applicant at the relevant time.
In this case, there was significant similarity between the conduct and circumstances evidencing the tendency and each relevant offence charged. In this situation, the tendency asserted was not, given the matters identified above, so general as to reduce its impact on the strength of the inferential mode of reasoning involved in relying on tendency evidence.
In short, in my view, the tendency evidence did have significant probative value in that, accepted at its highest, it would make more likely to a significant extent that relevant facts in issue were established. Accordingly, the requirement in s 97(1)(b) that the evidence will, either by itself or having regard to other evidence adduced or to be adduced by the party seeking to adduce the evidence, have significant probative value was satisfied in the present case. There was no error in Abadee DCJ reaching his same conclusion.
The requirements in s 97(1) of the Evidence Act having been satisfied, it is necessary to turn to consider whether the probative value of the tendency evidence in the present case outweighed the danger of unfair prejudice to the applicant, as required by s 101(2) of the Evidence Act.
In considering the degree of significance of the probative value of the tendency evidence, I have taken into account that the tendency asserted has manifested itself four times with substantial similarity in circumstances and generally within a short time frame of two months, except for the 2013 incident. The evidence of JB’s complaints to the Osteopathy Council and the HCCC, however, provides at least a potential explanation for the absence of further incidents for six years until 2019. Thus, the apparent hiatus in similar conduct between 2013 and 2019 does not, in my view, significantly weaken the probative value of the tendency.
Having regard to the nature of the tendency evidence in the context of other evidence adduced by the Crown and the matters in issue, in my assessment the tendency evidence has considerable probative value.
As to the danger of unfair prejudice, it does not appear to me that there is a substantial risk that the jury would use the tendency evidence improperly in some unfair way. Given the nature of the alleged offending, the issues at trial including whether any touching that did occur was only such as was proper osteopathic treatment, the addresses of counsel and the directions given in the summing up, the jury would not be likely to reason unfairly by not considering independently whether the conduct in respect of each charge had a proper osteopathic purpose and was not sexual or indecent in the circumstances. Similarly, there was also unlikely to be a substantial risk that the jury would give the tendency evidence disproportionate or undue weight. The tendency evidence was not so complex as to be confusing or distracting. Nor did it involve the applicant being required to answer a multiplicity, or indeed any instances, of uncharged conduct. Although the evidence included the complainant’s reactions to what occurred as part of the descriptions of the conduct, this was relevant to the issue of whether the complainant in each particular case misunderstood what occurred. The nature of that evidence was not such as to lead to the significant risk that the jury would be overwhelmed into concluding that all the touching was sexual or indecent in nature without due and independent consideration of each incident. Nor would it be likely to result in the tainting of the jury’s consideration of whether the elements of each offence charged had been proved beyond reasonable doubt, given the directions on that matter to be given in the summing up.
Accordingly, when the probative value of the evidence is weighed against the danger of unfair prejudice, in my view, the probative value outweighs the danger of unfair prejudice and the requirement in s 101(2) is satisfied. Abadee DCJ also reached this conclusion and did not err in so doing.
For all these reasons, the evidence in respect of each count was cross admissible as tendency evidence in respect of each other count and there was no error in Abadee DCJ’s ruling in that regard, as contended under ground 3. Consequently, there was also no error in the conclusion that the application for separate trials should consequently be dismissed, as also contended under ground 3. Since the ground was arguable and was fully argued, I would grant leave to appeal on ground 3 under s 5(1)(b) of the Criminal Appeal Act but would dismiss the appeal on that ground.

Ground 4 – Submissions

As noted above, both grounds 4 and 5 related to the directions given by the trial judge in relation to tendency evidence but the issues raised are different and it is convenient to deal with them separately.
Ground 4 appeared to be intended to deal with the situation where there was no error found in the ruling by Abadee DCJ because of the matters in issue at that time but, because the matters in issue at the trial had changed, the tendency evidence concerning other counts should not then have been admitted in respect of each count in question. Ground 4 involved contentions that:

the evidence at trial demonstrated that the applicant’s acts, other than the penetration in count 2, were not in dispute and the only real dispute was as to the “ambit of proper treatment”;

the asserted tendency would have little if any probative value in respect of the “ambit of proper treatment” issue; and

the asserted tendency was otherwise highly prejudicial.

It was submitted by the applicant that, in these circumstances, the tendency evidence that had been admitted in the trial was no longer significantly probative, and thus putting it to the jury as tendency evidence amounted to a miscarriage of justice, particularly when it was left to the jury as admissible for all purposes on all counts.
The applicant then submitted that this Court should hold the evidence, particularly as it related to counts 1 and 2 was not cross-admissible and not admissible as tendency evidence. Consequently, it was said that leave to appeal (if necessary) should be granted, the appeal should be upheld and the convictions and sentences quashed.
The Crown’s submissions in relation to this ground included that the applicant was bound by the conduct of the proceedings by his counsel at trial and, under s 130A of the Criminal Procedure Act 1986 (NSW), a pre-trial order such as that made by Abadee DCJ in the present case was binding on the trial judge unless, in the opinion of the trial judge, it would not be in the interests of justice for the order to be binding. Since the applicant did not seek to revisit Abadee DCJ’s order and no ruling or adjudication was given in that respect by the trial judge, it was submitted that Abadee DCJ’s order remained binding and, furthermore, there was no wrong decision on a question of law within the second limb of s 6(1) of the Criminal Appeal Act.
It was further contended by the Crown that, since the pre-trial order remained binding, there was no error or miscarriage occasioned by the trial judge directing the jury on how the tendency evidence could be used and not used. Indeed, it was said that the trial judge was obliged to instruct the jury properly in that regard.

The question is whether the existence of the tendency alleged makes it more likely that he did conduct himself as the Crown alleges on any of the occasions the subject of the counts. That is the only way the accused’s tendency to be inappropriate in a sexual way with women in his care and that he acted on that tendency between the dates charged can be used by you.
If you accept the Crown's argument in relation to the accused having the tendency alleged and that it does make it more likely that he committed the offences alleged, proof as to his guilty [sic] would not automatically follow. You would still have to consider in relation to each count whether the accused in fact acted in accordance with that tendency by committing the conduct alleged in each count. Relevant to that would be the evidence of Ms Regan, his patient, who the accused treated between 2017 to 2019, and she said he always acted professionally when treating her and she had no concerns in relation to his treatment, and furthermore that the accused must have seen thousands of patients since 2013.
You must also understand that finding the accused had the tendency the Crown alleges would not be enough to prove his guilt. It may assist the Crown to prove that he committed one, or some, or all of the offences charged, but it is not enough of itself. Ultimately, you must decide whether the specific offence with which the accused is being charged has been proved by the Crown. That decision must be based upon the evidence relevant to that charge, and particularly the evidence of the complainant named within that count.
So, while establishing that the accused had the tendency alleged might assist the Crown to prove a charge, tendency reasoning can therefore only support the Crown case. It could not substitute for a complainant if you otherwise took the view the complainant's evidence was not sufficiently reliable to act upon.” (Underlining added.)

In the underlined parts of the tendency direction, the trial judge in effect directed or invited the jury to consider whether they were satisfied that some or all of the conduct which was the subject of the tendency evidence occurred. This was not in accordance with the preferred approach set out in Roder at [37] and JS at [43]. Nonetheless, other parts of the tendency direction focused the jury’s attention on whether the evidence established the tendency rather than the conduct, consistent with the preferred approach in Roder and JS, including:

“The Crown argues you would be satisfied the accused had this tendency because you would accept each complainants’ evidence about how the accused behaved in the relevant appointments including what he said in those appointments”; and

“If you find that evidence does establish that the accused had the tendency the Crown alleges … then you can use that finding in considering whether it is more likely that he committed the specific offences with which he is charged”.

In addition, the tendency direction itself included specific directions which emphasised that, although the tendency evidence might establish the tendency, the tendency could not, by itself, establish the conduct the subject of any particular charge. These included:

“The question is whether the existence of the tendency alleged makes it more likely that he did conduct himself as the Crown alleges …. That is the only way the accused’s tendency … can be used by you”^[26],

“If you accept the Crown's argument in relation to the accused having the tendency alleged and that it does make it more likely that he committed the offences alleged, proof as to his guilty [sic] would not automatically follow”^[27], and

“finding the accused had the tendency the Crown alleges would not be enough to prove his guilt”.^[28]
26. Summing Up (Huggett DCJ), 21 August 2023, p 66.
27. Summing Up (Huggett DCJ), 21 August 2023, p 66.
28. Summing Up (Huggett DCJ), 21 August 2023, p 66.

Similarly, the risk of the jury impermissibly reasoning that by finding the conduct and thus the tendency were established they could, without more, conclude that any of the conduct the subject of a charge was proved was minimised by the directions that:

“If you accept the Crown's argument in relation to the accused having the tendency alleged and that it does make it more likely that he committed the offences alleged … You would still have to consider in relation to each count whether the accused in fact acted in accordance with that tendency by committing the conduct alleged in each count”^[29] and her Honour referred to the evidence that might indicate that the applicant apparently did not act in accordance with the tendency on many occasions:

“[Proof of the tendency] may assist the Crown to prove that he committed one, or some, or all of the offences charged, but it is not enough of itself. Ultimately, you must decide whether the specific offence with which the accused is being charged has been proved by the Crown. That decision must be based upon the evidence relevant to that charge, and particularly the evidence of the complainant named within that count”:^[30]^, and

“while establishing that the accused had the tendency alleged might assist the Crown to prove a charge, tendency reasoning can therefore only support the Crown case. It could not substitute for a complainant if you otherwise took the view the complainant's evidence was not sufficiently reliable to act upon.”^[31]
29. Summing Up (Huggett DCJ), 21 August 2023, p 66.
30. Summing Up (Huggett DCJ), 21 August 2023, pp 66-67.
31. Summing Up (Huggett DCJ), 21 August 2023, p 67.

When the tendency direction is considered as a whole, it is unlikely that the jury would have been deflected from their proper task because the direction erroneously focused their attention on whether the tendency evidence established the conduct rather than the asserted tendency. In my view, the tendency direction adequately emphasised that the tendency evidence was relied on to establish the tendency asserted and, if the jury was satisfied that the tendency was established, this would not by itself establish any of the conduct in any of the counts.
The other directions given by the trial judge as part of the summing up also strongly support the conclusion that the jury in the present case would not have been deflected from their task of determining whether the Crown had proved the elements of each of the charged offences beyond reasonable doubt or that the standard of proof of beyond reasonable doubt would have been effectively undermined. The trial judge gave appropriate and careful directions concerning the onus and standard of proof, the elements of the offences and the need for separate consideration of each count, in accordance with Roder at [37].
In particular, her Honour’s summing up also included the following concerning the onus and standard of proof: ^[32]

“Before you may return a verdict of guilty in relation to any count, the Crown must satisfy you that the accused is guilty of the offence alleged in that count. The accused does not have anything to prove. He does not have to place any evidence before you. Indeed, he does not have to even ask a single question. The burden of proof never shifts to the accused. …
To discharge its burden of proof, the prosecution must prove the accused’s guilt beyond reasonable doubt.
You have probably heard that expression before and those words mean exactly what they say – proof beyond reasonable doubt. It is an expression that has been part of our criminal justice system for centuries. It is an expression which requires no further elaboration from trial judges, so please do not ask for further guidance. What I can say however is this.
Some of you may know that there are two standards of proof known to our law. The civil standard of proof is on the balance of probabilities – what is more probably than not. That standard has no application at all here because this is not a civil trial; it is a criminal trial.
A suspicion that the accused might be guilty of one or more of the offences charged is a long way below the criminal standard. A decision that the accused is probably guilty of one or more of the offences charged or is more likely than not to have done so also full short of what is required.
What is required in this trial, a criminal trial, is a much higher standard of satisfaction – proof of the essential elements of each offence alleged beyond reasonable doubt. …”
32. Summing Up (Huggett DCJ), 21 August 2023, pp 10-11.

The summing up also included directions on the need to consider each count separately and to be satisfied of each element of each count beyond reasonable doubt as follows:^[33]
33. Summing Up (Huggett DCJ), 21 August 2023, p 11-22.

“At the end of the day, the onus of proof on the Crown means that before you could find the accused guilty, you must separately consider the allegation made in each count and ask yourselves whether you are satisfied beyond reasonable doubt the Crown has proved all essential elements for that offence and thereby proved the offence alleged.
Expressed differently, you should ask yourselves is there any reasonable possibility the accused is not guilty of each offence alleged against him, understanding that he is entitled to the benefit of any reasonable doubt should such doubt exist in your mind at the end of your consideration of all of the evidence, the submissions and these directions of law.
…
The fact is an accused person is not guilty of anything unless and until his guilt is proved by the Crown beyond reasonable doubt.
The counts are tried together in the one trial as a matter of convenience and because the allegations arise out of a connected set of events.
However, convenience and practicality must not be allowed to override justice. It is for the Crown to separately prove each offence and you are required to separately consider the evidence relevant to each count and to return a verdict in relation to each count – in other words, four verdicts.
In order to do that you will need to determine whether the essential elements for each offence charged have been proved by the Crown beyond reasonable doubt.
Giving separate consideration to the individual counts and the different issues that might arise in relation to each count means you are entitled to bring in verdicts of guilty on one or some counts and not guilty on another count or counts if there is a logical reason for that outcome. In other words, your verdicts might all be not guilty, your verdicts might all be guilty, but your verdicts might be a mix. They do not have to be the same.”

The trial judge also gave written and oral directions concerning the elements of each count and, in those regards, the summing up included: ^[34]

“The first few paragraphs [of the written directions] just repeat what I have said to you – that the Crown bears the burden of proving the guilt of the accused on each count beyond reasonable doubt. Before you could return a verdict of guilty on any count, the Crown must prove beyond reasonable doubt all elements in respect of the offence alleged in that count.
The accused is presumed to be innocent unless and until you are satisfied the Crown has proved his guilt beyond reasonable doubt.
The burden of proof never shifts to the accused. There is no obligation on him to prove any fact or issue in dispute.”
34. Summing Up (Huggett DCJ), 21 August 2023, p 27.

The written directions as to the elements of each offence for each count, MFI 19, commenced:

“The Crown bears the burden of proving the guilt of the accused on each count beyond reasonable doubt. This means that before you could return a verdict of guilty on any count, the Crown must prove beyond reasonable doubt all elements in respect of the offence alleged in that count.” (Emphasis in original).

This point was also emphasised throughout the written and oral directions concerning the elements of each offence. By way of example, in relation to count 1, in the summing up the trial judge identified the relevant complainant, JB, and the general nature of the conduct alleged by the Crown and referred to where some of the evidence might be found. Her Honour’s oral directions then continued:^[35]

“Acknowledging that the accused has nothing to prove, whilst he accepts that his hand did come within a few centimetres of the outer lips, or to use the medical term, the labia of [JB’s] genitalia while he was treating her, his position is that he had a lawful purpose to do so because it occurred in the course of proper osteopathic therapeutic treatment.
So, to prove the offence alleged in Count 1 the Crown must prove beyond reasonable doubt five essential elements: [the five elements of the offence in count 1 were then set out and a more detailed explanation of each element was then given].”
35. Summing Up (Huggett DCJ), 21 August 2023, p 24.

After dealing with the elements of the offences, the trial judge noted that the applicant had given evidence and summarised that evidence for the jury. Her Honour then gave a Liberato direction in relation to the applicant’s evidence.^[36] After giving further directions which were not the subject of any challenge on this appeal, her Honour took a break which was intended to be “about 15 minutes”.^[37] This short break did not, in my view, have any relevant impact on the adequacy of the summing up.
36. Liberato v The Queen (1985) 159 CLR 507 at 515; [1985] HCA 66.
37. Summing Up (Huggett DCJ), 21 August 2023, p 50.
When the jury returned, the trial judge continued the summing up dealing with complaint evidence and then gave the directions in relation to tendency reasoning which have been quoted in full above. The trial judge then completed the summing up by briefly summarising the main points from the addresses of counsel that had not already been referred to.
When asked whether there was anything further that was required, trial counsel for the defence raised one matter, in the absence of the jury.^[38] This did not concern the tendency direction but rather concerned whether, in relation to inferences, her Honour had directed the jury that “before an inference adverse to the accused could be drawn, they must be satisfied that it was the only rational inference that could be drawn in the circumstances”. There was some discussion in which counsel for the defence accepted what her Honour indicated she proposed to say to the jury in that regard. This led to the following additional direction being given:^[39]

“Can I just remind you that I have told you that a fact can be proved by direct or indirect evidence. It does not matter how it is proved, but where an element is proved by indirect evidence, by inferences, for example what [NK] said she felt, she did not see it but that is proved by a number of facts and circumstances, any fact that is proved indirectly, just like any fact proved directly that proves an element, must be established beyond reasonable doubt because all elements must be proved beyond reasonable doubt. I trust that is clear.
You need to take care when drawing conclusions from indirect evidence. Consider all the evidence and only draw reasonable conclusions based on evidence to accept and where, as I say, you are using indirect evidence to prove an element, because it is an element it needs to be proved beyond reasonable doubt.”
38. Summing Up (Huggett DCJ), 21 August 2023, p 74.
39. Summing Up (Huggett DCJ), 21 August 2023, p 81.

The vice identified in JS and Roder which may result from a jury being directed or invited to find whether the tendency evidence of charged acts established that the conduct occurred (at a standard of proof less than beyond reasonable doubt) and to rely on that finding to prove the asserted tendency and then to rely on the tendency to prove that the charged acts occurred was that such directions had the potential to undermine the necessity for proof of each charge beyond reasonable doubt: Roder at [26], JS at [40].
In my view, the careful directions given by the trial judge in her summing up, and especially the repeated emphasis on the need to prove each element of each offence beyond reasonable doubt, eliminated any potential for the necessity for proof of each charge beyond reasonable doubt to have been undermined in the present case. There was no significant prospect of the jury being deflected from their proper task of determining whether the applicant was guilty of each count beyond reasonable doubt. In these regards, the circumstances of the present case are similar to those in JS itself and Wardell, in which the same conclusion was reached.
I am confirmed in this view by the fact that the jury did not convict the applicant on all counts. Bell CJ (with Stern JA and Button J agreeing) observed in Astill v R [2024] NSWCCA 118 at [60] and [61]:

“60. It is plain from the pattern of verdicts, i.e. the jury not convicting the Applicant on all counts and not convicting on all counts relating to the same complainant, that the jury was astute to deal with each charge separately as directed by the trial judge and did not treat the tendency evidence in an unthinking, uncritical or uniform way. The trial judge’s instructions to the jury included the following:
“…you must, of course, subject to my direction on tendency, consider each charge separately on the indictment, as I directed you earlier. And giving separate consideration to the individual counts means that you are entitled to bring in verdicts of ‘guilty’ on one count and ‘not guilty’ on some other counts if there is a logical reason for that outcome.”

61. The outcome of the jury’s deliberations was consistent with the members of the jury not only conscientiously having discharged their duty but also understanding and following the trial judge’s directions.”

Similar observations apply in the present case; the fact that the jury was unable to reach verdicts in relation to counts 3 and 4 indicates that the jury did not treat the tendency evidence in an unthinking way or as effectively allowing them to apply a lesser standard of proof than beyond reasonable doubt in respect of each element of each offence charged.
In addition, on my review of the tendency direction and of the summing up as a whole, they were not confusing or overly complicated.
Finally, trial counsel for the applicant did not seek any redirection in relation to tendency evidence in the present case. This suggests that, in the context of the trial, there was no perception of a miscarriage of justice occasioned by the form of the tendency direction. A similar point was made in Astill at [62]. Nonetheless, in this regard, it should be borne in mind that the trial in the present case took place before the High Court’s judgment in Roder was delivered, even though the judgment in JS had been handed down more than a year before the trial.
In light of the summing up read as a whole and in the context of the trial, in my view, there was no basis for concluding that the jury would have been deflected from their proper task of determining whether each of the elements of each offence had been proved by the Crown beyond reasonable doubt. Thus, there was no miscarriage of justice in the relevant sense explained in Huxley.
In these circumstances, in my view, leave under r 4.15 of the Criminal Appeal Rules should be refused in respect of ground 5.
Given the refusal of leave under r 4.15, it is unnecessary to consider the question of leave under s 5(1)(b) of the Criminal Appeal Act. Nonetheless, even if leave under s 5(1)(b) had been granted, for essentially the same reasons as those given above, I would have dismissed the appeal on ground 5.

Proposed orders

Accordingly, I propose that the orders of the Court should be:

In respect of ground 1 to the extent that leave to appeal under s 5(1)(b) of the Criminal Appeal Act 1912 (NSW) is required, the applicant has leave to appeal.

In respect of grounds 2 and 4, leave to appeal under s 5(1)(b) of the Criminal Appeal Act 1912 (NSW) and r 4.15 of the Supreme Court (Criminal Appeal) Rules 2021 (NSW) is refused.

In respect of ground 3, the applicant has leave to appeal under s 5(1)(b) of the Criminal Appeal Act 1912 (NSW).

In respect of ground 5, leave under r 4.15 of the Supreme Court (Criminal Appeal) Rules 2021 (NSW) is refused.

The appeal under grounds 1 and 3 is dismissed.

SWEENEY J: I agree with Wright J.

**********

Endnotes

Decision last updated: 02 May 2025

Medium Neutral Citation:	Hu v R [2025] NSWCCA 66
Hearing dates:	21 March 2025
Date of orders:	2 May 2025
Decision date:	02 May 2025
Before:	Davies J at [1]; Wright J at [2]; Sweeney J at [189]
Decision:	(1) In respect of ground 1 to the extent that leave to appeal under s 5(1)(b) of the Criminal Appeal Act 1912 (NSW) is required, the applicant has leave to appeal. (2) In respect of grounds 2 and 4, leave to appeal under s 5(1)(b) of the Criminal Appeal Act 1912 (NSW) and r 4.15 of the Supreme Court (Criminal Appeal) Rules 2021 (NSW) is refused. (3) In respect of ground 3, the applicant has leave to appeal under s 5(1)(b) of the Criminal Appeal Act 1912 (NSW). (4) In respect of ground 5, leave under r 4.15 of the Supreme Court (Criminal Appeal) Rules 2021 (NSW) is refused. (5) The appeal under grounds 1 and 3 is dismissed.
Catchwords:	CRIME – appeals – appeals against conviction – admissibility of tendency evidence – where matters in issue at time of pre-trial ruling not significantly different from matters in issue at close of evidence at trial – where tendency evidence still had significant probative value at close of evidence and probative value outweighed danger of unfair prejudice – where tendency direction given – no error established CRIME – appeals – appeals against conviction – miscarriage of justice – jury directions – tendency directions – content of tendency directions and standard of proof – where directions and summing up when considered as a whole would not deflect jury from their proper task of determining whether elements of offences proved beyond reasonable doubt – no miscarriage of justice EVIDENCE – tendency evidence – significant probative value – where asserted tendency is broad – where there is a gap in period where tendency is asserted – given matters in issue the tendency evidence had significant probative value – where probative value outweighed the danger of unfair prejudice – no error in pre-trial ruling STATUTORY INTERPRETATION – definition – definition of “under authority of” in s 61H(2) Crimes Act 1900 (NSW) – whether person receiving treatment from an osteopath is “in the care of” and thus “under the authority of” the osteopath – no error in so directing jury
Legislation Cited:	Crimes Act 1900 (NSW), ss 61D(1A) (repealed), 61E (repealed), 61H(2), 61J(1) and (2)(e), 61KD(1)(a), 61M(1) and (3)(c) (repealed), 61O (repealed), 66C(2) Crimes (Amendment) Act 1989 (NSW) Crimes (Child Assault) Amendment Act 1985 (NSW) Criminal Appeal Act 1912 (NSW), ss 5(1), 6(1) Criminal Procedure Act 1986 (NSW), ss 130A, 161A Evidence Act 1995 (NSW), ss 97,101 Interpretation Act 1987 (NSW), ss 34(1)(a), 34(2)(f) Supreme Court (Criminal Appeal) Rules 2021 (NSW), r 4.15
Cases Cited:	Astill v R [2024] NSWCCA 118 Hargraves v The Queen (2011) 245 CLR 257; [2011] HCA 44. Hughes v The Queen (2017) 263 CLR 338; [2017] HCA 20 Huxley v The Queen [2023] HCA 40; (2023) 98 ALJR 62 Huynh v The Queen (2013) 214 CLR 1; [2013] HCA 6 JS v R [2022] NSWCCA 145 KSC v R [2012] NSWCCA 179 Liberato v The Queen 159 CLR 507; [1985] HCA 66 Manojlovic v R; R v Manojlovic [2020] NSWCCA 315 McPhillamy v The Queen [2018] HCA 52; 92 ALJR 1045 Moore (a pseudonym) v The King [2024] HCA 30; 98 ALJR 1119 New South Wales Aboriginal Land Council v Minister Administering the Crown Lands Act (2016) 260 CLR 232; [2016] HCA 50 New v R [2025] NSWCCA 32 Rassi v R [2023] NSWCCA 119 Shepherd v The Queen (1990) 170 CLR 573; [1990] HCA 56 Taylor v R [2020] NSWCCA 355 The Queen v Bauer (2018) 266 CLR 56; [2018] HCA 40 TL v The King (2022) 275 CLR 83; [2022] HCA 35 Wardell v R [2025] NSWCCA 26
Category:	Principal judgment
Parties:	Ming Jie (Jason) Hu (Applicant) Rex (Respondent)
Representation:	Counsel: G James KC / A Chauvet (Applicant) E Nicholson (Respondent) Solicitors: Greenfield Lawyers (Applicant) Solicitor for Public Prosecutions (NSW) (Respondent)
File Number(s):	2019/00354752
Publication restriction:	Pursuant to Crimes Act 1900 (NSW), s 578A(2), publication of any matter which identifies or is likely to identify any of the complainants is prohibited
Decision under appeal	Court or tribunal: District Court of NSW at Sydney Jurisdiction: Criminal Date of Decision: 1 December 2023 Before: Huggett DCJ File Number(s): 2019/00354752