Howkins v Commissioner of NT Police

[2008] NTSC 32

Howkins v Commissioner of Northern Territory Police & Anor [2008] NTSC 32

PARTIES:	HOWKINS, Jeffrey Keith
v
COMMISSIONER OF NORTHERN TERRITORY POLICE
AND
WERNHAM, Bruce Stewart
TITLE OF COURT:	SUPREME COURT OF THE NORTHERN TERRITORY
JURISDICTION:	SUPREME COURT OF THE NORTHERN TERRITORY exercising Territory jurisdiction
FILE NO:	137/07 (20733751)
DELIVERED:	19 August 2008
HEARING DATES:	17 June 2008
JUDGMENT OF:	THOMAS J
CATCHWORDS:

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW – JUDICIAL REVIEW the Commissioner’s powers – powers of Deputy Commissioner of Police – powers of prescribed members – delegation of power – whether decision incorrect according to law – whether a procedural error existed – whether procedure amounted to directory or mandatory – Police Administration Act.

Police Administration Act (NT), pt IV; ss 12, 12(1), 12(3), 14(3), 79, 81(2), 81(3),
81(3)(b), 84A(1), 84A(3), 84B, 84C, 84C(1)(b), 84C(2), 84D, 84D(k), 84F.
Police Administration Regulations (NT), regs 18(3), 19, 19(1)(d).
Interpretation Act (NT), ss 41, 41(2).

Attorney-General v Great Eastern Railway Co (1880) 5 App Case 473 at 479; Project Blue Sky Inc and Ors v Australian Broadcasting Authority (1998) 194 CLR 355 at 390, considered.

REPRESENTATION:

Counsel:  Solicitors:	Plaintiff:	L Silvester
Defendant:	M Grant QC
Plaintiff:	Ward Keller
Defendant:	Solicitor for the Northern Territory

Judgment category classification:	C
Judgment ID Number:	tho200802
Number of pages:	19
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE NORTHERN TERRITORY OF AUSTRALIA AT DARWIN

Howkins v Commissioner of Northern Territory Police & Anor [2008]

NTSC 32

No. 137/07 (20733751)

BETWEEN:

HOWKINS, Jeffrey Keith

Plaintiff

AND:

COMMISSIONER OF NORTHERN

TERRITORY POLICE

First Defendant

AND:

WERNHAM, Bruce Stewart

Second Defendant

CORAM:  THOMAS J

REASONS FOR JUDGMENT

(Delivered 19 August 2008)

1. This is an application pursuant to an originating motion dated 13 December

   2007 and summons on originating motion filed on the same date.

2. The originating motion seeks the following orders:

   1.         An Order in the nature of Certiorari quashing the second decision dismissing the Applicant from the Northern Territory Police Force.

   2.         An order in the nature of Mandamus compelling the First Defendant to reinstate the Plaintiff as a member of the Northern Territory Police Force at his previous rank of Constable; and

   3.         An order in the nature of Mandamus compelling the Second Defendant to reconsider the first and second decisions according to law.

   4.         Such further and other orders as the Court deems appropriate.

   5.         Costs.

3. The plaintiff also seeks a further order declaring that:

   “… the decision of the second defendant acting as Commissioner of
   Police made on 14 October 2007, to dismiss the plaintiff as a member
   of the Northern Territory Police Force was ultra vires the Police
   Administration Act, accordingly invalid and void ab initio.”

4. The originating motion refers to two decisions made by the second

   defendant on 14 October 2007. The first decision was a decision made on or

about 14 October 2007 to refer an Internal Memorandum prepared by
Commander Dowd, under s 84C(1)(b) of the Police Administration Act (“the

Act”), to the first defendant.

1. The memorandum had been prepared by Commander Gregory Dowd, a

   prescribed member under Part IV of the Act, and was dated 6 June 2007. It

was addressed to the second defendant in the second defendant’s capacity as
Deputy Commissioner (DCP Wernham). Commander Dowd set out his

findings and concluded that, on the balance of probabilities, Constable

Howkins had committed 55 breaches of discipline. Under the heading
“Current Situation” Commander Dowd stated he was unable to apply the

penalty needed to be imposed. He concluded with a recommendation.

1. The second decision referred to in the originating motion was a decision of

   the second defendant, in his capacity as the Acting Commissioner of Police,

   made on or about 14 October 2007, to accept the referral and impose, by way of penalty, an order dismissing the plaintiff from the Police Force of the Northern Territory.

2. Mr Silvester, counsel for the plaintiff, argues that under the Police

   Administration Act and Regulations, the Deputy Commissioner had no

   power to dismiss a member, Regulation 19(1)(d). It was submitted that no

report was delivered to the Commissioner with a recommendation to
dismiss. Accordingly, it is submitted no person acting or purporting to act

in that position under delegation, had the power to act under s 84D(k).

Mr Grant QC, on behalf of the first and second defendant, disputes the

plaintiff’s assertion that the dismissal of the plaintiff is invalid and should

be set aside.

1. With respect to the evidence in this matter, I rely on the affidavit of Robert

   Perry sworn 13 December 2007 and the affidavit of Helen Campbell sworn

   8 April 2008.

   Introduction

2. On 7 August 2006, Jeffrey Keith Howkins, a serving member of the

   Northern Territory Police Force, was served with a Notice of Alleged

   Serious Breach of Discipline pursuant to ss 79 and 84F of the Act. The

notice included 60 allegations of disciplinary breach. On 25 August 2006,
Mr Howkins responded to the notice by way of letter from his solicitor Ward

Keller. All but one of the allegations of breach were denied. An

investigation pursuant to s 81(3) of the Act was carried out. On

25 November 2006, Mr Howkins was charged with a “serious breach of

discipline” under s 84A(3). Notice of this was served upon him under s 84F

of the Act. Pursuant to s 84A(1) of the Act, Commander Dowd was
appointed as the “prescribed member”. He conducted a disciplinary hearing
under s 84B of the Act on 2 April 2007 and found that Mr Howkins had
committed 55 breaches of discipline. Commander Dowd made a written
determination as to his findings and called for submissions as to the penalty.

A copy of these findings are annexure marked RP4 to the affidavit of Robert

Frederick Perry sworn 13 December 2007. It is agreed that submissions on

penalty were received and considered.

1. On 6 June 2007, Commander Dowd forwarded an internal memorandum to

   the second defendant, DCP Wernham, in which he stated that he was “unable

   to apply the penalty needed to be imposed, as it is greater than the range of

   penalties open to me as a Commander under PART IV of the Police

Administration Act”. In that memorandum, Commander Dowd
recommended that Mr Howkins be cautioned in writing, fined $2,000, placed
on a good behaviour bond for 12 months and transferred to another locality.
The internal memorandum addressed to the second defendant from

Commander Dowd was under s 84C(1)(b) of the Police Administration Act

which provides as follows: 

“84C Action that may be taken after hearing

(1)	As soon as practicable after completing a hearing referred to in section 84B, the prescribed member or members conducting the hearing, if of the opinion that the member committed the
breach of discipline –
……
(b) shall, if not permitted by the Regulations to take the action or impose the fine the prescribed member or members considers appropriate, in writing, report the opinion indicating the reasons for it and recommending a course of action the Commissioner or prescribed member might consider taking in the matter.”

1. On 14 October 2007, DCP Wernham, acting as the Commissioner, issued an

order dismissing the plaintiff from the Northern Territory Police Force.
DCP Wernham had been delegated all of the powers of the Police

Commissioner by an instrument dated 11 April 2002 in accordance with

s 14(3) of the Act. Pursuant to s 12(1) of the Act, by an instrument dated
23 October 2006, the Minister for Police, Fire and Emergency Services

appointed DCP Wernham to act from time to time as the Commissioner during the absence of the Commissioner from the Territory, or from his

duties as Commissioner or during a vacancy of the office of Commissioner.

The absence of the Police Commissioner between 6 October 2007 and
14 October 2007, inclusive, has not been disputed. DCP Wernham prepared

detailed reasons for his decision to dismiss the plaintiff pursuant to s 84D.

These reasons are contained in a document titled “Reasons for Action”

which is Exhibit RFP7 to the affidavit of Robert Frederick Perry sworn
13 December 2007.

Plaintiff’s Submissions

1. Mr Silvester, counsel for the plaintiff, submitted that on 6 June 2007,

   Commander Dowd forwarded the internal memorandum concerning the

   plaintiff to the second defendant, DCP Wernham. At this time, Commander

   Dowd was acting pursuant to s 84C(1)(b) of the Act and DCP Wernham as

   the Deputy Commissioner of Police, was a “prescribed member” for the

   purposes of reg 18(3) of the Police Administration Regulations (“the

   Regulations”) and received the memorandum in his capacity as the

   “prescribed member” under s 84C(1)(b) of the Act. The disciplinary powers

of the Deputy Commissioner of Police are limited by reg 19(1)(d) of the
Regulations. DCP Wernham was not, at that time, acting as the

Commissioner of Police.

1. On 14 October 2007, some five months later, DCP Wernham issued a written

order terminating the plaintiff’s employment in the Northern Territory
Police Force. At the time when he issued the written order, DCP Wernham

was acting as the Commissioner of Police. Counsel for the plaintiff submitted that the powers provided by s 84D(k) of the Act were not available to DCP Wernham as a report had not been received by him in his

capacity as Commissioner as required by that section and, as such,
DCP Wernham had no power to terminate the appointment of the plaintiff

pursuant to s 84D(k).

1. The plaintiff submits that DCP Wernham declined or failed, as a prescribed

member, to act on Commander Dowd’s report and chose to wait until he was
acting as the Commissioner of Police to act unilaterally under s 84D(k) of
the Act. The plaintiff further submits that the Commissioner of Police had

no power to act on the memorandum supplied by Commander Dowd as the
internal memorandum had not been submitted to the Commissioner of Police

as required by s 84C(1)(b) of the Act but to a prescribed member.

1. Further, counsel for the plaintiff submitted that except in circumstances

where the public interest is invoked, the Commissioner has no role to play in
the determination of guilt and the imposition of a penalty unless the

prescribed member, who conducted the investigation, was of the view that

the complaint should be dealt with by dismissal and, in those circumstances,

may deliver the report to the Commissioner.

Defendants’ Submissions

1. Mr Grant QC, on behalf of the first and second defendant, submitted that it

was open to the Commissioner (or acting Commissioner) to take whatever
action he “might consider taking in the matter”. The defendants argue that
an acting Commissioner has the same powers as the Commissioner (s 12 of
the Act and s 41 of the Interpretation Act (NT)).

1. Further, it is submitted on behalf of the defendants that although the report

was addressed to DCP Wernham, that the following statement in the report
shows that it was in fact directed to the Commissioner. The report provides:

“… [h]aving come to the above conclusion I am required to report
the breach of discipline to the Commissioner, pursuant to section
81(3)(b) and 84C(1)(b) of the Act and I recommend the following
…”

1. The defendants note that the reference to s 81(3)(b) in the above passage is

an error as that section is irrelevant to the statement, however, submit that
this does not vitiate the report or its disposition.

1. The defendants go on to state that invalidity can only arise in situations

where the decision-maker has failed to comply with a condition which
directs the manner of the exercise of the power. The test for determining the

issue of validity was stated by the High Court in Project Blue Sky Inc and

Ors v Australian Broadcasting Authority (1998) 194 CLR 355 at 390 per

McHugh, Gummow, Kirby and Hayne JJ: 

“A better test for determining the issue of validity is to ask whether it
was a purpose of the legislation that an act done in breach of the
provision should be invalid. This has been the preferred approach of
the courts in this county in recent years … In determining the question
of purpose, regard must be had to “the language of the relevant
provision and the scope of the object of the whole statute”.

1. The defendants submit that even if the report prepared by Commander Dowd

was made solely for the second defendant, that there had been no breach of
any relevant statutory requirement or condition as the statute does not
dictate that the report be made to a prescribed member who is permitted by

the Regulations to take the recommended course of action.

[21]   The defendants further submit that the plaintiff’s contention that the

Commissioner has no power to dismiss unless the prescribed member who

conducted the investigation is of the view that the member should be
dismissed is incorrect. They contend that there is nothing in the legislation

that is suggestive of an intention to constrain the Commissioner (or
prescribed member) by the recommendations made by the investigating

member, but rather that that contention is inconsistent with the discretion
recognised by s 84C(1)(b) of the Act, that is that the Commissioner or
prescribed member, as the case may be, need only consider the

recommendation of the member who conducted the hearing.

1. Counsel for the defendants further argued that there is nothing in the

   plaintiff’s contention that if a report is sent to an officer with limited powers

of disposition, that the range of penalties available is limited by the powers
of the officer to whom the report was delivered and that the report cannot be
further referred to an officer with greater powers.

Construction of the Legislation

1. The plaintiff submits that the proper construction of the relevant provisions

of the Act is that the jurisdiction of the Commissioner to dismiss, is, other
than in cases demanded by the public interest, confined to circumstances in

which, as a result of a report under s 84C(1)(b), the Commissioner’s
jurisdiction is enlivened and he or she is called upon to exercise a discretion

as to penalty under s 84D of the Act. Counsel for the plaintiff further
submits that the dismissal of the plaintiff by DCP Wernham, in his capacity
as acting Commissioner of Police, absent a report to the Commissioner as
required by s 84C(1)(b) of the Act, was an error of the Commissioner’s
jurisdiction under s 84D of the Act and was ultra vires the Commissioner’s

powers and thus invalid.

1. Section 84C of the Act regulates the actions that may be taken following a

   hearing for a charge of breach of discipline. It states:

   “84C Action that may be taken after hearing

(1)

As soon as practicable after completing a hearing referred to in section 84B, the prescribed member or members conducting the hearing, if of the opinion that the member committed the

breach of discipline –

(a)	may take such action in relation to, or impose such fine on, the member permitted by the Regulations as the prescribed member of members think fit; or
(b)	shall, if not permitted by the Regulations to take the action or impose the fine the prescribed member or members considers appropriate, in writing, report the opinion indicating the reasons for it and recommending a course of action the Commissioner or prescribed member might consider taking in the matter.

(2)

A report under subsection (1)(b) shall be delivered to –

(a)	the Commissioner or the prescribed member who made the appointment or appointments under section 84A(1); or
(b)	a prescribed member who is permitted by the Regulations to take the action or impose the fine recommended in the report.”

1. Counsel for the defendants submitted that a natural and sensible reading of

   this section would result in the understanding that:

(a) a prescribed member under the act could take any action they felt was appropriate if it was within their power under the

Regulations; or,

(b)	that if the appropriate action was not within their power, to
write a report recommending a course of action to the Commissioner or to a prescribed member and then deliver that

report to either the prescribed member who convened the hearing or a prescribed member with the power under the

Regulations to take the action recommended.

1. Section 84D of the Act states the orders that a Commissioner or prescribed

member may make following receipt of a report made pursuant to s
84C(1)(b). It states:

“84D Order of Commissioner or prescribed member

The Commissioner or prescribed member, on receiving a report prepared under section 84C(1)(b), may take no further action on the matter or (in the case of a prescribed member, to the extent that the Regulations so permit) –

(a)	counsel and caution the member;
(b)	cause the member to be formally cautioned in writing;
(c)	take no further action on the basis that the member be of good behaviour for a period, not exceeding 12 months, fixed by the Commissioner or prescribed member;
(d)	impose on the member a fine not exceeding $2,000;
(e)	reduce the member to a rank below the rank which the member held at the date of the hearing;
(f)	reduce the rate of salary of the member to a rate of salary within the limits of the salary fixed for the rank held by the member;
(g)	transfer the member –

(i)        from the position held by the member in the Police Force to another position in the Police Force; and/or

(ii)      from the locality in the Territory where the member is stationed to another locality in the Territory;

(h)	suspend the member from the Police Force, for a period not exceeding 3 months, subject to such conditions as the Commissioner specifies;
(j)	order the member to pay, by way of costs, compensation or restitution, such amount as the Commissioner or prescribed member considers appropriate to the matter; or
(k)	dismiss the member from the Police Force,

or do any one or more of those things, to have effect either
concurrently or sequentially.”

1. Counsel for the defence submitted that a natural and sensible reading of

s 84C would result in the understanding that a prescribed member to whom
the report is delivered may:

(a)	take no further action on the matter;
(b)	take the action recommended, if they have the power to do so under

the Regulations; or,

(c)

if they consider a more severe action is appropriate, either,

(i)	take more severe action if it is within their power; or,
(ii)	pass the report to the Commissioner, who may then take

whatever action he considers appropriate under this section.

1. Counsel for the defendants noted that s 84D permits action by the

   Commissioner, “on receiving a report prepared under s 84C(1)(b)” and that

   the legislation does not require “delivery”. Counsel for the defence submits

   that this is a clear indication that the obligation to deliver the report under

   s 84C(2) does not constrain the Commissioner’s discretion in s 84D.

   Was the first decision of the second defendant incorrect according to law?

2. The plaintiff argues that the first decision by DCP Wernham to forward the

   report by Commander Dowd was incorrect according to law. The plaintiff argues that upon receipt of the internal memorandum the second defendant was, by reg 19(1)(d), empowered to do no more than any one or more of the

   powers specified in s 84D of the Act other than dismissing a member under

   subsection (k) of that section.

[30]   Regulation 19 states the disciplinary powers of prescribed members as

follows:

“(1) For the purposes of section 84D of the Act, a prescribed

member of the rank of –

…

(d) Deputy Commissioner may do one or more things specified in section 84D of the Act other than dismiss a member under paragraph (k) of that section.”

1. The plaintiff argues that the powers available to DCP Wernham were limited

   by reg 19 of the Regulations and that, as such, the powers available to

   DCP Wernham did not include the power of dismissal under s 84D(k).

   Additionally, the plaintiff argues that the only powers available to

   DCP Wernham were stated in s 84D and that, as such, he had no power to

   forward the memorandum to the Commissioner.

2. The plaintiff referred to the cases of Attorney-General v Great Eastern

   Railway Co (1880) 5 App Cas 473 and Project Blue Sky Inc v Australian

   Broadcasting Authority (1998) 194 CLR 355. In the earlier case, Lord

   Selbourne LC, at p 479, stated that:

   “It would … be contrary to sound principle to imply … a condition,
   not expressed in the clause, if the words, as they stand, would be
   sensible and operative without it”.

3. It is submitted, on behalf of the plaintiff, that in order to find that

DCP Wernham had the power to forward the memorandum to the
Commissioner, such a power would necessarily need to be implied into the

statute.

1. I do not accept this submission. The wording of s 84D does not require the

   delivery of the report to Commissioner, but merely requires that the

   Commissioner “receive” the report. The decision of the legislature to use a

   different expression indicates that there was intent that the word have a

   different meaning. Counsel for the defence argue that there is a clear

   indication that the obligation to deliver a report to either a prescribed

member or the Commissioner does not constrain a prescribed member or the
Commissioner from later receiving the report.

1. Counsel for the defendants argued that the use of the word “delivered” in

contrast to the use of the word “received” in s 84D was indicative of a
legislative intention that the report need not be delivered to the

Commissioner, but only received in order to enliven s 84D. They also

submitted that the memorandum, although delivered to the second
defendant, was in fact addressed to the Commissioner and received by the

second defendant as the Commissioners’ delegate or, in the alternative, as
his agent. They also argue that there is no requirement in the legislation for

the direct delivery of the report.

1. Counsel for the plaintiff argued that the powers under s 84D are only

enlivened on the report being “delivered” to the Commissioner and that that
was a mandatory requirement of s 84C(1)(b).

1. I disagree with the plaintiff’s argument and find that the decision of the

second defendant to forward the report to the Commissioner was not
incorrect according to law. On a natural construction of s 84D of the Act,

there is no requirement that a report prepared under s 84C be directly

delivered to the Commissioner. Section 84D can be reasonably understood

to be enlivened on receipt of a report by the Commissioner, or prescribed

member as the case may be, without the additional requirement that the
report have been delivered directly.

Was the second decision of the second defendant ultra vires the
Commissioner’s powers?

1. The second decision of the second defendant was the decision to dismiss the

   plaintiff. Counsel for the plaintiff argues that the second defendant,

   DCP Wernham, had no power to act under s 81(2) and s 84D to dismiss the

   plaintiff. Counsel for the defendant disagrees and argues that it was within

   DCP Wernham’s power as acting Commissioner to dismiss the plaintiff.

[39] In the letter dismissing the plaintiff, DCP Wernham stated:

“I, Bruce Stewart Wernham, Acting Commissioner of Police, having this notice.”

considered the Prescribed Member’s opinion and report together with
the matters put to the Prescribed Member at hearing and following,
have decided for the reasons dated 14 October 2007, which are also
attached (*), to dismiss you as a member of NT Police. I hereby
terminate your appointment as member and dismiss you from the Police
Force of the Northern Territory pursuant to Section 84D(k) of the Act.

1. Section 84D(k) gives the Commissioner the power to dismiss members from

   the Police Force. I have already given my reasons for accepting that this

section had been enlivened in the circumstances. Section 12(1) of the Act
allows the appointment of a member to the position Commissioner.
Section 12(3) states:

“Where a person is appointed to act as the Commissioner, a Deputy appointment under subsection (1) –

(a)

a reference in a law of the Territory to the Commissioner, as the case may be, includes a reference to the person so appointed to act; and

(b) that person has all the powers, functions and duties conferred or imposed upon the Commissioner, a Deputy Commissioner or an Assistant Commissioner, as the case may be, by any law of the Territory.”

[41] Section 41(2) of the Interpretation Act states:

“Where an Act confers a power or imposes a duty on the holder of an office or the occupier of a position or designation as such, the power may be exercised and the duty shall be performed by the person for

the time being holding or occupying or performing the duties of the
office, position or designation.”

1. By an instrument dated 23 October 2006, the Minister for Police, Fire and

   Emergency Services appointed Bruce Stewart Wernham to act as

   Commissioner from time to time pursuant to s 12(1) of the Act. Section

   12(1) states:

   “The Minister may appoint a member to act from time to time as the Commissioner, Deputy Commissioner or Assistant Commissioner, as the case may be, during the absence from the Territory or from duty or from duty of the Commissioner, Deputy Commissioner or

   Assistant Commissioner or a vacancy in any of those offices.”

2. Accordingly, DCP Wernham, in his capacity as acting Commissioner had all

   the powers of the Commissioner for the period of time that the

   Commissioner was absent from the Territory. In an affidavit sworn by

   Helen Campbell on 8 April 2008, she states that the instrument of delegation

   had remained in force at all times since the 23 October 2006 to the date of

   her affidavit. I accept this. I also accept that between 6 October 2007 and

   14 October 2007, inclusive, the Commissioner of Police was absent from the

   Territory and that DCP Wernham was acting Commissioner during that

   period pursuant to the instrument of delegation dated 23 October 2006. As

earlier established, it was open to the Commissioner to dismiss the plaintiff
pursuant to s 84D(k) of the Act. Accordingly, it was open to DCP

Wernham, in his capacity as acting Commissioner to act pursuant to that

section.

1. In addition, by an instrument dated 11 April 2002, the Commissioner of

   Police delegated all of his powers to the person “acting in or performing the

   duties of Deputy Commissioner of Police” in pursuance to s 14(3) of the

   Act. That section states that, “The Commissioner may, in writing, delegate

   to a person the Commissioner’s powers or functions under this Act”. In an

affidavit sworn by Helen Campbell on 8 April 2008, she states that the
instrument of delegation had remained in force at all times since its

formation until the date of her affidavit. I accept this.

[45]   Accordingly, under this instrument of delegation, DCP Wernham had power,

in his capacity as Deputy Commissioner, to dismiss the plaintiff pursuant to

s 84D(k).

1. The essence of the plaintiff’s complaint is that as Deputy Commissioner the

second defendant had no power to deliver the internal memorandum from
Commander Dowd to the Commissioner or to himself as Acting

Commissioner. It is asserted on behalf of the plaintiff that the second

defendant, either in his capacity as Deputy Commissioner or at a later time

as Commissioner, did not have the power to dismiss the plaintiff.

1. The second defendant received the report originally in his capacity as

   Deputy Commissioner and subsequently in his capacity as Acting

   Commissioner. If this does amount to a procedural error (and I am not

satisfied that it does), then I would consider it to be a procedure that is
directory rather than mandatory. Having regard to the scheme of the

legislation, the object of the legislation and the circumstances of the case

the procedure which did occur does not give grounds for quashing the

decision of the second defendant or for declaring that decision to be invalid

or void ab initio.

Orders

[48] The summons on originating motion is dismissed.

[49] I will hear the parties on the question of costs.