Hacker v Sperrer
[2010] NTSC 64
•25/11/2010
Hacker Nominees (NT) Pty Ltd v Sperrer & Anor [2010] NTSC 64
PARTIES: HACKER NOMINEES (NT) PTY LTD AS TRUSTEE FOR HACKER SUPERANNUATION FUND v DERRECK FRANZ SPERRER AND
THE REGISTRAR GENERAL OF THE
NORTHERN TERRITORY
TITLE OF COURT: SUPREME COURT OF THE NORTHERN TERRITORY JURISDICTION: SUPREME COURT OF THE TERRITORY EXERCISING TERRITORY JURISDICTION FILE NO: 78 of 2010 (21024817) DELIVERED: 25 November 2010 HEARING DATES: 2 September 2010 JUDGMENT OF: MASTER LUPPINO CATCHWORDS: REAL PROPERTY – Caveats – Application to remove lapsing caveat –
Applicable principles – Improper purpose of registering caveats –Meaning
of “lot” – Whether an interest over part of a lot is caveatable –
Requirements for a valid caveat – Effect of delay in pursuing remedies –
Balance of convenience.
Land Titles Act s 4, 65, 66, 137, 138.
Law of Property Act s 30
Whallin v Bailbart Investments Pty Ltd (1987) 47 SASR 198; MacMichael &
Ors v NHR Forster Pty Ltd (1998) 8 NTLR 16; Love v Kempton & Anor
[2010] VSC 254; Commercial Bank of Australia Limited v Scheirholter &
Anor [1981] VR 292; Jerambak Holdings Pty Ltd & Ors v AustralAsean Pty
Ltd [2005] NTSC 38; Palm Gardens Consolidated Pty Ltd v PG Properties
Pty Ltd [2009] SASC 311; Ovenden v Palyaris (1974) 11 SASR 65; Stern v
McArthur (1988) 165 CLR 489; Kuper v Keywest Constructions Pty Ltd
(1990) 3 WAR 419; GPT Re Ltd v Lend Lease Real Estate Investments Pty
Ltd [2005] NSWSC 964; Keenen v Banks, unreported, Supreme Court (NT),
Kearney J, 28 July 1987; Branir Pty Ltd v Wallco Pastoral Company Pty Ltd
(2006) 18 NTLR 127);
REPRESENTATION:
Counsel:
Plaintiff: Mr Roper First Defendant: Mr Francis Second Defendant: Not Represented Solicitors:
Plaintiff: De Silva Hebron First Defendant: David Francis & Associates Second Defendant: Solicitor for the Northern Territory Judgment category classification: B
Judgment ID Number: LUP1005 Number of pages: 21 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE NORTHERN TERRITORY OF AUSTRALIA AT DARWIN Hacker Nominees (NT) Pty Ltd v Sperrer & Anor [2009] NTSC 64
No. 78 of 2010 (21024817)
BETWEEN:
HACKER NOMINEES (NT) PTY LTD
Plaintiff
AND
DERRECK FRANZ SPERRER
First Defendant
AND
THE REGISTRAR GENERAL OF THE
NORTHERN TERRITORY
Second Defendant
CORAM: MASTER LUPPINO
REASONS FOR DECISION
(Delivered 25 November 2010)
The matter before the Court is a Summons on Originating Motion by the
Plaintiff seeking removal of two caveats lodged by the First Defendant. The
Second Defendant was not represented at the hearing and will abide the
Court’s decision.
The evidence before the Court comprises the affidavit of James Kerr, the
Managing Director of the Plaintiff, sworn 22 July 2010 and the affidavit of
the First Defendant sworn 16 August 2010.
1
The relevant background facts are:
1. Forty Two Pty Ltd (“Forty Two”) is the owner of two lots of land at
Winnellie represented by Certificates of Title Volume 707 Folio 786
and Volume 712 Folio 506 (“the Land”).
2. Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Ltd (“ANZ”) holds a
mortgage over the Land. Although there is no evidence as to the
amount secured by that mortgage, the available evidence suggests
that Forty Two is in default.
3. Forty Two proposed to develop the Land by amalgamation and plan
of subdivision into two new lots of different configuration to the
current titles (“the Development”).
4. The Plaintiff entered into an agreement to purchase the land in one
of the proposed new lots, namely proposed lot A on the relevant
plan (“Lot A”) and the First Defendant likewise in respect of the
other proposed lot (“Lot B”).
5. The agreements were subject to the Development and required Forty
Two to complete the Development.
6. A development permit for the Development was initially given on
24 October 2003 and it has since been extended. It is agreed that the
permit remains current.
2
7. That permit was subject to conditions including a condition required by the Darwin City Council for certain stormwater works. 8. The agreements referred to in subparagraph 4 hereof were in similar
terms and provided for substantial deposits, $250,000.00 in the case
of the Plaintiff and $220,000.00 in the case of the First Defendant,
with each being secured by mortgage over one of the two existing
titles. Those deposits were released to Forty Two to fund the works
necessary to complete the Development.
9. For reasons which are not relevant to the current application, Forty
Two was unable to satisfy the condition precedent and the necessary
works have not been completed.
10. The Plaintiff commenced proceedings in this Court against Forty
Two in action number 73 of 2008 seeking specific performance and,
in the alternative, damages.
11. In those proceedings the Plaintiff ultimately abandoned its claim for
specific performance and, on 29 April 2010, obtained a judgment
against Forty Two for the sum of $521,000 plus costs and interest.
12. The Plaintiff now wishes to enforce that judgment by Warrant of
Seizure and Sale against the Land.
3
13. On 1 April 2010 the First Defendant lodged caveats against the
Land claiming an interest as purchaser under his agreement with
Forty Two as referred to in subparagraph 4 hereof;
14. The caveats prevent the Plaintiff from enforcing its judgment over
the Land and therefore the Plaintiff seeks an order to remove the
caveats.
The legal principles in relation to applications to remove caveats are well
established. The onus is on the person claiming the caveatable interest, the
First Defendant in this case, to show why the caveat should not be removed.
The First Defendant must establish that it is reasonably arguable that he has
the caveatable interest claimed in the caveat. He must show that the caveat
has not been lodged frivolously or for an improper purpose. As with
applications for interlocutory injunctions, in applications for removal of a
caveat, the First Defendant must establish that the balance of convenience
lies in favour of preserving the caveats. See Whallin v Bailbart Investments
Pty Ltd, 1 MacMichael & Ors v NHR Forster Pty Ltd, 2 Love v Kempton &
Anor 3 , Commercial Bank of Australia Limited v Scheirholter & Anor 4 and
Jerambak Holdings Pty Ltd & Ors v AustralAsean Pty Ltd. 5
| [5] | The starting point in terms of the relevant legislation is section 138 of the |
| Land Titles Act (“the Act”). That provides as follows: |
(1987) 47 SASR 198
(1998) 8 NTLR 16
[2010] VSC 254
[1981] VR 292
[2005] NTSC 38
4
138 Lodging a caveat
(1) A caveat may be lodged by any of the following:
(a) a person claiming an interest in a lot;
(b) the RegistrarGeneral under section 18;
(c) the registered owner of the lot;
(d) a person to whom an Australian court has ordered that an
interest in a lot be transferred;
(e) a person who has the benefit of a subsisting order of an
Australian court in restraining a registered proprietor from
dealing with a lot.
(2) Omitted.
| [6] | Section 138 refers to a “lot”. That term is defined in section 4 of the Act as |
| follows: |
lot means a separate, distinct parcel of land created on:
(a) the recording of particulars of a deed of grant; or
(b) the registration of a plan of subdivision or a plan of
consolidation;
and includes a unit and common property, within the meaning of the
Unit Titles Act, a lot under Part IVB of that Act and a building lot
within the meaning of that Act, and a unit and common property
within the meaning of the Unit Title Schemes Act.
The argument advanced by Mr Roper, counsel for the Plaintiff, is that
section 138 only allows caveats to be lodged in respect of an interest in a
“lot”. By the definition of that term in section 4, an interest in land is not
the same as an interest in a lot and it is only the latter that can found a valid
caveat. Mr Roper submits that at best the First Defendant can claim an
5
interest in an intended but presently nonexistent ‘lot’ as the land which the
First Defendant has contracted to purchase only becomes a ‘lot’ on the
registration of the plan of subdivision. That registration has not occurred
and cannot occur as things presently stand.
Mr Roper therefore contends that the caveats can only be found to be valid
if the term ‘interest in the lot’ as it appears in section 138 is construed to
include ‘an interest in a potential lot’ and such interpretation is inconsistent
with the definition of ‘lot’ in section 4.
Further Mr Roper submits that the creation of the two new lots depends on
the availability to the First Defendant of the remedy of specific performance
against Forty Two. As there has been delay by the First Defendant, that will
operate to deny specific performance.
Mr Francis, counsel for the First Defendant, argues that the caveats are
valid. He submits that the interest of the First Defendant is a future interest
in land which is recognised by section 30(1) of the Law of Property Act. He
submits that there have not been any delays which will operate to deny
specific performance and injunctive relief. As he asserts that there has been
a substantial increase in value since the First Defendant’s contract to
purchase was entered into, he says that the First Defendant will lose the
benefit of that increase in value if the Plaintiff is able to enforce its
judgment against the Land.
6
Addressing first the issue of the delay, the Plaintiff commenced its
proceedings in 2008. Those proceedings have been long and drawn out.
Those proceedings initially sought specific performance and damages
however the Plaintiff then abandoned specific performance and obtained
judgment for damages only.
| [12] | The First Defendant has only recently commenced a similar action. Mr |
| Francis submits that the First Defendant has monitored the Plaintiff’s | |
| proceedings and has worked at attempting to have the necessary subdivision | |
| works completed in the interim (as has the Plaintiff for that matter), and | |
| therefore he submits that the First Defendant cannot thereby be accused of | |
| delay. | |
| [13] | I disagree. The First Defendant has let the Plaintiff take the legal action and |
| incur all the costs and inconvenience of that litigation in the knowledge that | |
| the First Defendant would indirectly derive a benefit from those | |
| proceedings. He too could have issued proceedings and pursed orders for | |
| specific performance but chose not to. Although the claimed caveatable | |
| interest arose on 19 March 2007 the caveats were not lodged until 1 April | |
| 2010. That coincided approximately with the decision of the Plaintiff to | |
| abandon specific performance and to seek damages in lieu. The late action | |
| of the First Defendant operates harshly against the Plaintiff in the | |
| circumstances. Although this effect on the Plaintiff is not a relevant factor | |
| in determining whether the First Defendant would succeed in an action for |
7
specific performance against Forty Two, the overall delay remains relevant
to the balance of convenience.
| [14] | The Act came into force on 1 December 2000 and concurrently repealed the |
| Real Property Act. Other than some minor amendments to the definition of | |
| ‘lot’ in section 4 (which are not material to the issues in the current case) | |
| the definition of ‘lot’ has remained unchanged since then. Provisions in | |
| respect of caveats under the repealed Real Property Act were based on | |
| section 191 of that Act. That provided that any person with an interest in | |
| land could register a caveat. Specifically it provided: |
“Any settlor of land or beneficiary claiming under a will or
settlement, or any person claiming to be interested at law or in
equity, whether under an agreement, or under an unregistered
instrument, or otherwise howsoever in any land, may lodge a caveat
with the RegistrarGeneral forbidding the registration of any dealing
with such land, either absolutely or unless such dealing shall be
expressed to be subject to the claim of the caveator, or to any
conditions conformable to law expressed therein:”
Clearly therefore with the passing of the Act an entirely different regime
exists given the reference to an interest in a ‘lot’ in the current legislation as
opposed to an interest in land under the repealed legislation.
Relevant case law includes the South Australian cases of Palm Gardens
Consolidated Pty Ltd v PG Properties Pty Ltd 6 (“Palm Gardens”) and
Ovenden v Palyaris (“Ovenden”). 7 Both decisions related to section 191 of
the South Australian Real Property Act which is in identical terms to section
[2009] SASC 311
(1974) 11 SASR 65
8
191 of the repealed Real Property Act of the Northern Territory. Ovenden
was a decision of the Full Court of the South Australian Supreme Court.
That case involved a caveat to enforce an interest in land deriving from a
contract to purchase a proposed unit, which contract was subject to the issue
of strata titles. It was held that there was no caveatable interest on signing
such a contract. That was decided on the basis that the caveatee in that case
could not have obtained an order for specific performance. It was there held
that a caveatable interest only arose on the issue of the strata titles.
In the more recent decision of Palm Gardens, Kourakis J reviewed the
relevant authorities. Although bound by Ovenden, his Honour was of the
view that the decision in that case was based on the construction of the
specific condition precedent. He distinguished the case on that basis. His
Honour considered a number of cases decided since Ovenden, commencing
with Stern v McArthur, 8 which he said demonstrated a wider view of what
might constitute an equitable interest. In that case, it was said;
“The extent of the purchaser’s interest is to be measured by the
protection which equity will afford to the purchaser. That is really
what is meant when it is said that the purchaser’s interest exists only
as long as the contract is specifically enforceable by him. Specific
performance in this context does not mean specific performance in
the strict or technical sense of requiring the contract to be performed
in accordance with its terms. Rather it encompasses all of those
remedies available to the purchaser in equity to protect the interest
which he has acquired under the contract.” 9
(1988) 165 CLR 489
(1988) 165 CLR 489 at p 522523
9
Next, Kourakis J considered Kuper v Keywest Constructions Pty Ltd, 10
(“Keywest”). In that case, Malcolm CJ followed Stern v McArthur 11 and said “In my opinion in appropriate circumstances, the court will prepared
to protect the purchasers interest under a contract such as that in the
present case, at the so called inchoate stage, both by granting specific
performance in the sense of requiring the vendor to do all things
necessary to be done to procure registration of the strata plan, as well
as restraining the vendor by injunction by from dealing with the land
inconsistently with the purchasers right to specific performance of
the contract, both in the special sense and, subject to performance of
the condition, in the ordinary sense…In my opinion the estate or
interest claimed by the purchasers under the contract was sufficient
to grant a caveatable interest in the relevant land, notwithstanding
the conditional nature of the contracts.” 12
| [19] | Keywest also involved a contract for the purchase of land which was subject |
| to the registration of a strata plan. Malcolm CJ found that such an interest | |
| was caveatable and that was based on the enforceability of the agreement on | |
| equitable grounds. |
Lastly his Honour observed that in GPT Re Ltd v Lend Lease Real Estate
Investments Pty Ltd 13 (“GPT”) White J also took a wider view of the nature
of an equitable interest, albeit in the context of a different contractual
provision, where he said:
“…a purchaser under a contract, where the vendor’s obligation to
convey is subject to an unfulfilled condition, has an equitable
interest in the property which is sufficient to support a caveat,
notwithstanding that the purchaser is not then entitled to an order to
specific performance of the vendor’s obligation to convey, but is
entitled only to equitable relief in the form of an order to compel the
(1990) 3 WAR 419
(1988) 165 CLR 489
(1990) 3 WAR 419 at p 432
[2005] NSWSC 964
10
vendor to do that which is necessary on his part to be done to cause
the condition to be satisfied,…and an injunction to restrain the
vendor from dealing with land inconsistently with the purchasers
contractual rights.” 14
These authorities are to the effect that the First Defendant’s interest in the
current case is an equitable interest and would have amounted to a valid
caveatable interest, all other things being equal, under the repealed section
191 of the Real Property Act at least. The availability of specific
performance and injunctive relief is a vital aspect of that conclusion.
| [22] | In GPT however, White J expressed concerns where the subject conditions |
| involved the requirement to enforce action upon a third party. In that context | |
| he said: |
“… difficulties in conceptualising a proprietary interest in terms of
the availability of equitable relief to enforce the contract, where the
consent of a third party is required before an obligation to transfer
that property can arise, and that consent cannot be compelled.” 15
| [23] | That last concern is relevant to the current case given the need to complete |
| the storm water works before the subdivision can proceed. As I understand | |
| it, under the development permit the stormwater drainage works specified by | |
| Darwin City Council must be completed. To achieve that it was initially | |
| proposed to obtain an easement from the owner of a property adjoining the | |
| Land. It seems that the adjoining owner no longer agrees to grant the | |
| easement. Consistent with Keywest, the adjoining owner being entitled to | |
| refuse consent, a consent which cannot be compelled, specific performance |
[2005] NSWSC 964 at para 55
[2005] NSWSC 964 at para 57
11
is not achievable absent a variation to the development permit. That in turn
depends on the consent of other third parties, namely either the Darwin City
Council or the Development Consent Authority or both. This is because it
will require a variation of the conditions imposed by the Darwin City
Council. That may require a fresh approval by the Development Consent
Authority and that consent likewise cannot be compelled.
| [24] | I now turn to consider whether the specific wording of section 138 of the |
| Act affects the application of these principles to the current case. | |
| [25] | Northern Territory authorities (Keenen v Banks, 16 and Branir Pty Ltd v |
| Wallco Pastoral Company Pty Ltd 17 ) (“Branir”) are not useful in this | |
| context. Although in Branir, there is mention of the term ‘lot’ as that term is | |
| used in section 4 of the Act, there was no discussion of its meaning. Keenan | |
| dealt with section 191 of the Real Property Act but the decision in that case | |
| was specific to the facts of that case and there was no argument there as to | |
| whether the relevant interest was caveatable. Had that been an issue in that | |
| case then arguably it would have been found to be a caveatable interest if | |
| the approach in Palm Gardens was adopted. | |
| [26] | Looking at the definition of ‘lot’ in section 4 and section 138 of the Act |
| alone, it would be easy to conclude that the definition of ‘lot’ must preclude | |
| an interest in land other than the entire land covered by either an existing | |
| title or the land delineated as a lot in a plan of subdivision. The definition |
unreported, Supreme Court (NT), Kearney J, 28 July 1987
(2006) 18 NTLR 127
12
seems to support that and seems to refer to something other than a part of
such land given the very specific words used in the preface to the definition
and the limited ways by which a ‘lot’ can be created. That would also be
consistent with the use of the word ‘lot’ in other sections of the Act, in
particular in the definition of ‘term’ in section 4 and in sections 65 and 66
dealing with leases. Those provisions specifically refer to ‘part of a lot’.
Clearly a lease might only be in relation to part of the land in a title or ‘lot’.
| [27] | If the term ‘lot’ as defined in section 4 could refer to ‘part of a lot’ then the |
| specific inclusion of words to that effect in the definition of ‘term’ and in | |
| sections 65 and 66 would be otiose. That therefore suggests only caveats | |
| over an entire ‘lot’ are permitted. However section 137 of the Act, which | |
| deals with the requirements of caveats provides as follows: |
137 Requirements of caveats
(1) A caveat must be signed by or for the caveator.
(2) The caveat must state:
(a) the name of the caveator;
(b) an address where documents can be served on the
caveator;
(c) unless the RegistrarGeneral dispenses with it, the name
and address of:
(i) the registered owner of the lot affected by the
caveat; and
(ii) anyone else having the right to deal with the lot
affected by the caveat;
(d) the registered interest affected by the caveat;
13
(e) the lot affected by the caveat or, if the caveat relates to
only a part of a lot, a description of the affected part;
(f) the interest claimed by the caveator; (g) the grounds on which the interest is claimed; and
(h) the extent of the prohibitions as to dealings.
(3) This section applies to all caveats under this Act.
| [28] | Section 137(2)(e) clearly contemplates that a caveat can be registered over |
| ‘part of a lot’. The Act must be read as a whole for interpretation purposes | |
| and when that occurs the interpretation pressed by Mr Roper is untenable in | |
| the light of the reference to ‘part of a lot’ in section 137(2)(e). He argues | |
| that despite the reference to ‘part of a lot’ in section 137(2)(e), the | |
| definition of ‘lot’ means that the extant caveats still do not comply as the | |
| plan of subdivision has not been approved. However the caveats are | |
| registered over ‘lots’ in a plan of subdivision, namely the plan of | |
| subdivision whereby the two current titles were created. Therefore the fact | |
| that the plan of subdivision forming part of the Development is not | |
| registered is irrelevant. |
The overall result is that subject to compliance with the requirements of the
Act, a caveat over part of the land comprised within a ‘lot’ is permissible.
As to the statutory formalities, I did not have the benefit of submissions
from counsel on this issue and presumably both counsel considered that the
statutory formalities had been complied with. However in the course of
preparing these reasons I formed the view that one of the caveats did not
satisfy the statutory formalities. I contemplated calling for further
14
submissions but elected not to given that this was not the only basis of my
decision to order the removal of the caveats.
Of the two caveats registered by the First Defendant one is taken over the
whole of a lot. Caveat number 724224 registered over Certificate of Title
Volume 712 Folio 506 is not over ‘part of a lot’ as the contract entered into
by the First Defendant covers all of that land. However that contract also
covers part of the land in Certificate of Title Volume 707 Folio 786.
Accordingly caveat 724225, which applies to the latter title, is over ‘part of
a lot’. Section 137(2)(e) of the Act requires the affected part of the lot to be
described. Compliance with section 137(2) is mandatory. I think the reasons
that the requirements are mandatory are evident when the effects and
consequences of lodging a caveat are considered, see for example Love v
Kempton & Anor. 18
| [32] | In my view, section 137(2)(e) requires a proper description of the affected |
| part, sufficient to identify with precision the part of the lot over which the | |
| caveatable interest is claimed. This requirement appears to be distinct from | |
| the requirement to specify the interest claimed as that is a separate | |
| requirement contained in section 137(2)(f). The only reference to a part of a | |
| lot in the subject caveat is in the panel dealing with the interest claimed. | |
| Although there is a reference to the relevant Certificate of Title, in terms of | |
| the ‘Lot Description’ the document contains only a reference to “Portion | |
| 1318”. Noting that the whole of the land in the relevant Certificate of Title |
[2010] VSC 254
15
is also Portion 1318, the interest is claimed over the entire lot. At the very
least the part of the lot over which the interest is claimed is not set out.
The panel in respect of the “GROUNDS OF CLAIM” specifies “As
Purchaser of Proposed Lot B forming part of Portions 1318 & 1138,
Hundred of Bagot pursuant to Contract of Sale dated 19 March 2007”. This
is precisely the same description as is contained in caveat number 724224,
which, as I point out above, is over the whole of a lot. As an aside, if it is
suggested that this is what makes the caveat comply with section 137(2)(e),
it is anomalous that the same description can refer to claim over both the
whole of a lot as well as a part of a lot. Although that description contains a
reference to ‘Proposed Lot B’, there is no description of that lot sufficient to
enable determination of the extent of the interest claimed without possession
of a copy of the contract referred to. As a caveat is intended to give notice at
large of a claimed interest, a description of the part of the lot affected by the
caveat by reference to a private document is not sufficient.
The notes forming part of the caveat supports this view. Note 6, which
relates to the description of the land affected by the caveat, stipulates, inter
alia, “If the caveat affects part only of the land in a title the description
should be given. Any necessary diagram should be endorsed above or on an
annexures sheet (Form 95) or a survey plan deposited with the Surveyor
General may be referred to.” In my view, even if the panels for the
description of the land and for the grounds of claim are read together for the
purposes of satisfying section 137(2)(e), the description overall is not
16
sufficient. On its face, the relevant caveat only shows that an interest in a
part of a lot is claimed. It does not however describe the affected part as is
required for compliance with section 137(2)(e). In my view, that renders the
caveat invalid.
On my interpretation of section 137 of the Act caveat number 724225
registered over Certificate of Title Volume 707 Folio 786 is invalid as it
stands. Although the Supreme Court can, in the exercise of its inherent
jurisdiction, order a caveat to be amended after registration, that is beyond
my authority as Master. If I was empowered to do so, and if such an
application were made, I do not consider it appropriate that such an order be
made given the stage which this matter has reached. There will be an order
for removal of that caveat in any event.
Mr Roper also argued that both caveats should be removed as they were
lodged for an improper purpose. He submitted that the caveats have been
lodged to provide the First Defendant with a tactical advantage in settlement
negotiations. In support he relies on some emails from the First Defendant’s
solicitors to the Plaintiff’s solicitors where two alternative proposals for
resolution of the matter were suggested. Although there is no dispute that
the proposals have been put, I do not consider that the evidence supports Mr
Roper’s submission. The principle Mr Roper relies upon derives from cases
17
such as Goldstraw v Goldstraw, 19 Love v Kempton & Anor 20 and Commercial
Bank of Australia Limited v Scheirholter & Anor. 21
| [37] | In this case however, in my view the proposals for a resolution have been |
| legitimately made. There is nothing in those proposals or anywhere in the | |
| evidence which suggests that the caveats have only been registered to secure | |
| a tactical advantage in conjunction with those proposals. There can be no | |
| dispute that, unlike in Kempton, the First Defendant does not have a | |
| legitimate contract as the basis for his claimed caveatable interest. On the | |
| facts in Kempton it was plain that there was no valid contract of purchase | |
| and the caveator in that case must have known that. That cannot be said of | |
| the current case. In my view although the negotiations are ancillary to the | |
| caveats, it has not been established that the motivation for registering the | |
| caveats was only, or even predominantly, to secure a negotiating advantage. |
I now turn to consider the balance of convenience. This applies to caveat
number 724224 given my view that caveat number 724225 is invalid.
However, if I am wrong in my conclusion as to the validity of caveat number
724225, most of what follows will apply equally to that caveat.
There are a number of competing factors relevant to the balance of
convenience. Firstly the First Defendant will lose the benefit of the
appreciation in value since he entered into his contract to purchase if the
[2002] VSC 491
[2010] VSC 254
[1981] VR 292
18
caveats are removed. That is not necessarily correct as that may be reflected
in the damages the First Defendant may be able to claim against Forty Two,
similar to the assessment of damages in the Plaintiff’s proceedings. In any
event, on the other hand the preservation of the caveats will deprive the
Plaintiff of the ability to enforce the judgment he obtained after diligently
taking and concluding legal proceedings over an extended period of time.
Relevant also are the proposals submitted by the First Defendant. One
involved or required the parties to work together to jointly complete the
development and effect the proposed subdivision. That has not been agreed
and there are considerable practical difficulties as to the completion of the
necessary works, albeit they are not insurmountable. The other and more
recent proposal involves a joint sale of the Land as it stands. If the First
Defendant is prepared to entertain such a proposal, there will be very little
difference in the position of the parties in that event as compared to the
position if the caveats are ordered to be removed. The only remaining issue
would be the distribution of funds, something which would also need to be
resolved if the parties agreed to a joint sale as proposed.
Also relevant are possible actions by mortgagees. The Plaintiff and the First
Defendant have a mortgage but over different titles. ANZ has a mortgage
over both titles. Forty Two must be in default of the mortgages to the parties
and the evidence shows that there is default also in respect of ANZ’s
mortgage. Although there is some priority in place between ANZ and the
First Defendant, that only relates to one title. Hence a mortgagee sale can
19
occur even if the caveats stand and irrespective of whether that is a sale of
one or both titles. That will thwart the First Defendant’s ability to compel
completion of the Development.
If I am correct in my assessment of the validity of caveat 724225 then even
if I were not to order the removal of the other caveat, the Plaintiff would
still be able to execute against one title. The First Defendant’s ability to
compel completion of the Development would again be thwarted.
Lastly there are issues with the Development and uncertainty as to whether
those issues can be resolved. There are concerns of the First Defendant’s
delay. There are serious concerns as to whether specific performance can or
will be ordered and the caveats serve no useful purpose if specific
performance is not ordered.
In my view the balance of convenience is strongly in favour of the removal
of the caveats.
Accordingly I order;
1. The requirement of Rules 5.03(1) and 8.02 are dispensed with
pursuant to rule 45.05(2).
2. The Plaintiff is authorised to commence these proceedings by
originating motion in Form 5C.
3. That the Registrar General for the Northern Territory forthwith
removes from the Register of Interests caveat number 724225
20
registered over Certificate of Title Volume 707 Folio 786 and caveat
number 724224 registered over Certificate of Title Volume 712 Folio
506.
I will hear the parties as to costs and any other ancillary orders.
21
0
8
0