New Island Developments Pty Ltd v New Island Investments One Pty Ltd
[2024] NSWSC 226
Citation 1
(Para 131)
…ontract: Monarch Steamship Co Ltd v A/B Karlshamns Oljefabriker [1949] AC 196; Reg Glass Pty Ltd v Rivers Locking Systems Pty Ltd (1968) 120 CLR 516; Bennett v Minister for Community Welfare (1992) 176 CLR 408. Whilst damages are assessed at the date of breach, subsequent events may be taken into account so that the damages awarded are as accura…
Hoho Property Pty Ltd v Bass Finance No 37 Pty Ltd
[2023] NSWSC 411
Citation 2
…orp (No 9) (2008) 39 WAR 1; [2008] WASC 239 Bennett v Minister for Community Welfare (1992) 176 CLR 408 BP Refinery (Westernport) Pty Ltd v Hastings Shire Council [1977] HCA 23; (1977) 180 CLR 266 Burns v MAN Automotive (Aust) Pty Ltd [1986] HCA 81; (1986) 161 CLR 653 Chappel v Hart [1998] HCA 55; (1998) 195 CLR 232 Commercial Bank of Australia…
Ugle v DIRECTOR-GENERAL of the Department for Family and Children's SERVICES
[2020] WASC 262
Citation 3
(Para 3)
…At first instance in Bennett v Minister for Community Welfare (1988) Aust Torts Reports 80‑210, Nicholson J described what the parties refer to in this application as the Bennett duty, at [11]: … the plaintiff is correct in his contention that the Director owed a fiduciary duty to him; that included in that duty was the obligation to assert righ…
McHugh v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs (No 2)
[2020] FCA 843
Citation 4
(Para 3)
…ennett v Minister for Community Welfare [1992] HCA 27; 176 CLR 408 ( Bennett (HCA) ) at 412 per Mason CJ, Deane and Toohey JJ; see also Bennett v Minister for Community Welfare (1988) Aust Torts Reports 80-210 ( Bennett (WASC) ) at 68,090 per Nicholson J and AZAEF at [48(2)] per Besanko J. However, the extent of the Minister’s obligations under…
In the matter of Act Land Pty Ltd (in liquidation)
[2019] NSWSC 1860
Citation 5
(Para 48)
…f contract: Monarch SS Co Ltd v A/B Karlshamns Oljefabriker [1949] AC 196; Reg Glass Pty Ltd v Rivers Locking Systems Pty Ltd (1968) 120 CLR 516; Bennett v Minister for Community Welfare (1992) 176 CLR 408. Whilst damages are assessed at the date of breach, subsequent events may be taken into account so that the damages awarded are as accurate a…
RS v HS
[2016] WADC 157
Citation 6
(Para 3)
…s not a comprehensive and exclusive test of causation, rather a value judgment may be called for: March v E & MH Stramare Pty Ltd (1991) 171 CLR 506, Bennett v Minister for Community Welfare (1992) 176 CLR 408; Medlin v State Government Insurance Commission (1995) 182 CLR 1; Chappel v Hart (1998) 195 CLR 232 and BGC Residential Pty Ltd v Fairwat…
Meredith v Commonwealth (No 2)
[2013] ACTSC 221
Citation 7
…Bennett v Minister for Community Welfare (1992) 176 CLR 408 Brownlie v Campbell (1880) 5 AC 925 Byrne v Australian Airlines Ltd (1995) 185 CLR 410 CAL No 14 Pty Ltd v Motor Accident Insurance Board (2009) 239 CLR 391 Caltex Oil (Australia) Pty Ltd v The Dredge “Willemstad” (1976) 136 CLR 529 Campbell v University of New South Wales (1992) 44 IR…
BHP Billiton Ltd v Hamilton
[2013] SASCFC 75
Citation 8
…SASCFC 73; (2012) 113 SASR 206; Bird v The Commonwealth (1988) 165 CLR 1, applied. Amaca Pty Ltd v King [2011] VSCA 447; Bennett v Minister for Community Welfare (1992) 176 CLR 408; Bonnington Castings Ltd v Wardlaw [1956] AC 613; Carson v John Fairfax & Sons Ltd (1993) 178 CLR 44; Chakravarti v Advertiser Newspapers Ltd (1998) 72 SASR 361; Com…
SAB v PMC
[2013] WADC 1
Citation 9
…AM v KB [2007] VSC 429 Bennett v Minister for Community Welfare (1992) 176 CLR 408 BGC Residential Pty Ltd v Fairwater Pty Ltd [2012] WASCA 268 Briginshaw v Briginshaw (1938) 60 CLR 336 Browne v Dunn (1893) 6 R 67 (HL) Chappel v Hart (1998) 195 CLR 232 Jones v Dunkel (1959) 101 CLR 298 March v E & MH Stramare Pty Ltd (1991) 171 CLR 506 Medlin v…
Burns v The Queen
[2011] NSWCCA 56
Citation 10
(Para 1)
…Causation has often caused problems for the law: March v Stramare (E & MH Pty Ltd) (1991) 171 CLR 506; Bennett v Minister for Community Welfare (1992) 176 CLR 408; Adeels Palace Pty Ltd v Moubarak [2009] HCA 48; (2009) 239 CLR 240; R v Smith [1959] 2 QB 35; Campbell v The Queen (1980) 2 A Crim R 157; R v Pagett (1983) 76 Cr App R 279; Royall v T…
Woolworths Ltd v Strong
[2010] NSWCA 282
Citation 11
(Para 26)
…oof on any fact relevant to causation always rests on the plaintiff. 7.34The Panel believes that this recommendation has a wider significance. In Bennett v Minister for Community Welfare (1992) 176 CLR 408, 420-421 Gaudron J said: ‘…generally speaking, if an injury occurs within an area of foreseeable risk then, in the absence of evidence that t…
Pecenka v Minister for Health
[2010] WADC 163
Citation 12
(Para 1)
…each of duty and any harm suffered by the person to whom the duty is owed is a question of fact to be determined on the balance of probabilities (see Bennett v Minister for Community Welfare (1992) 176 CLR 108 (McHugh J), 428). As stated in March v E & MH Stramare Pty Ltd (1991) 171 CLR 506, 515, the issue of causation must be determined by appl…
Australian and New Zealand Banking Group Limited v Aldrick Family Company Pty Limited
[2010] NSWSC 1000
Citation 13
(Para 3)
…was caused by the defendant's breach, whether the plaintiff grounds its case in contract, tort or statute. Causation is a question of fact, not law: Bennett v Minister for Community Welfare (1992) 176 CLR 408 at 412-13. Leaving aside, for present purposes, differences between the statutory and other causes of action, the relevant question is wh…
Marriott v Attorney-General HC Auckland Civ-2008-404-001437
[2010] NZHC 2455
Citation 14
…he appellant to do what he should have done was a causal factor which continued to operate despite the respondents retaining their own solicitor: see Bennett v Minister for Community Welfare (1992) 176 CLR 408 at 423, per Gaudron J and McHugh J (at 428-429); March vE&MH Stramare Pty Ltd (1991) 171 CLR 506. The existence of a causal connection is…
Le Brun v Joseph [No 2]
[2010] WASCA 52
Citation 15
…Bennett v Minister for Community Welfare (1992) 176 CLR 408 Chappel v Hart (1998) 195 CLR 232 Devries v Australian National Railways Commission (1993) 177 CLR 472 Imbree v McNeilly [2008] HCA 40; (2008) 236 CLR 510 Jones v Dunkel (1959) 101 CLR 298 Le Brun v Joseph [2006] WADC 200 March v E & MH Stramare Pty Ltd (1991) 171 CLR 506 Naxakis v West…
Sadiqi v Commonwealth (No 2)
[2009] FCA 1117
Citation 16
…o of Australasia Ltd (1932) 48 CLR 391 Bass v Permanent Trustee Co Ltd (1999) 198 CLR 334 Bennett v Minister for Community Welfare (1988) Aust Tort Reports 80-210 Bennett v Minister for Community Welfare (1992) 176 CLR 408 CBS Productions Pty Ltd v O’Neill (1985) 1 NSWLR 601 Commonwealth v Verwayen (1991) 170 CLR 394 Crowe v The Commonwealth (19…
Athanassiou v Hanekamp
[2009] WADC 8
Citation 17
…Bennett v Minister for Community Welfare (1992) 107 ALR 617 Jongen v CSR (1992) Aust Torts Reports 81-192 Lisle v Brice [2002] 2 Qd R 168 Lyle v Soc [2009] WASCA 3 Medlin v State Government Insurance Commission (1995) 182 CLR 1 NSW Insurance Ministerial Corporation v Myers (1995) 21 MVR 295 Southgate v Waterford (1990) 21 NSWLR 427 Telstra Corpo…
McMurtrie v The Quadriplegic Centre Board of Management
[2008] WADC 170
Citation 18
…Amaca Pty Ltd v Hannell (2007) 34 WAR 109 Bankstown Foundry Pty Ltd v Braistina (1985-6) 160 CLR 301 Bennett v Minister for Community Welfare (1992) 176 CLR 408 City of Stirling v Tremeer (2006) 32 WAR 155 Crombie v Uniting Church in Australia Property Trust (WA) (1997) 17 WAR 291 Czatyrko v Edith Cowan University [2005] HCA 14; (2005) 79 ALJR 8…
Nguyen v Cosmopolitan Homes
[2008] NSWCA 246
Citation 19
…ity Act 2002 Civil Liability Amendment (Personal Responsibility) Act 2002 Home Building Act 1989 CASES CITED: Bennett v Minister for Community Welfare (1992) 176 CLR 408 Bradshaw v McEwans Pty Ltd (1951) 217 ALR 1 Briginshaw v Briginshaw (1938) 60 CLR 336 Brodie v Singleton Shire Council (2001) 206 CLR 512 Carr v Baker (1936) 36 SR (NSW) 301 Cas…
Do (an infant) by his next best friend Lan Thi Hoang v King Edward Memorial & Princess Margaret HOSPITALS' BOARD
[2008] WADC 118
Citation 20
(Para 1)
…each of duty and any harm suffered by the person to whom the duty is owed is a question of fact to be determined on the balance of probabilities (see Bennett v Minister for Community Welfare (1992) 176 CLR 408, McHugh J at p 428).…
Johnston v Morien
[2008] WADC 96
Citation 21
…Beach Petroleum NL v Abbott Tout Russell Kennedy (1999) 48 NSWLR 1 Bennett v Minister for Community Welfare (1992) 176 CLR 408 Berryman v Hames Sharley (WA) Pty Ltd [2008] WASC 59 Boardman v Phipps [1967] 2 AC 46 Bond Corp Pty Ltd v Thiess Contractors Pty Ltd (1987) 14 FCR 215 BP Refinery (Westernport) Pty Ltd v Hastings Shire Council (1977) 180…
Berryman v Hames Sharley (WA) Pty Ltd
[2008] WASC 59
Citation 22
…st Ltd (1999) 197 CLR 1 Australian Broadcasting Corporation v XIVth Commonwealth Games Ltd (1988) 18 NSWLR 540 Bellgrove v Eldridge (1954) 90 CLR 613 Bennett v Minister for Community Welfare (1992) 176 CLR 408 BP Refinery (Westernport) Pty Ltd v Hastings Shire Council (1977) 180 CLR 266 Byrne & Frew v Australian Airlines Ltd (1995) 185 CLR 410 C…
Jeffrey v Witherow
[2007] WADC 20
Citation 23
…Bennett v Minister for Community Welfare (1992) 176 CLR 408 Betts v Whittingslowe (1945) 71 CLR 637 Birkholz v R J Gilbertson Pty Ltd (1985) 38 SASR 121 Breen v Williams (1996) 186 CLR 71 The Board of Management of Royal Perth Hospital v Frost, unreported; FCt SCt of WA; Library No 970069; 26 February 1997 Bonnington Castings Ltd v Wardlaw [1956…
Shire of Corrigin v Hunter Holdings Pty Ltd
[2007] WASCA 31
Citation 24
(Para 3)
…nreasonable" before it can amount to a new intervening act. See McHugh J in Medlin v State Government Insurance Commission (1995) 182 CLR 1 at 22 and Bennett v Minister for Community Welfare (1992) 176 CLR 408 at 428 per McHugh J; Chappel v Hart (1998) 195 CLR 232 at [93] per Kirby J and M'Kew v Holland & Hannen & Cubitts (Scotland) Ltd [1970] S…
Hannell v Amaca Pty Ltd (Formerly James Hardie & Co Pty Ltd)
[2006] WASC 310
Citation 25
…Abadon v The Queen [1983] 1 WLR 126 Barker v Corus UK Ltd [2006] UKHL 20 Bennett v Minister for Community Welfare (1992) 176 CLR 408 Bonnington Castings Ltd v Wardlaw [1956] AC 613 Brawski v Quayle [1966] VR 382 Chappel v Hart (1998) 195 CLR 232 City of Stirling v Tremeer [2006] WASCA 73 Clyne v State Rail Authority of New South Wales [2005] NSW…
Moss v Amaca Pty Ltd (Formerly James Hardie and Co Pty Ltd)
[2006] WASC 311
Citation 26
…Abadon v The Queen [1983] 1 WLR 126 Barker v Corus UK Ltd [2006] UKHL 20 Bennett v Minister for Community Welfare (1992) 176 CLR 408 BI (Contracting) Pty Ltd v The Myer Emporium Ltd [2005] NSWCA 305 Bonnington Castings Ltd v Wardlaw [1956] AC 613 Brawski v Quayle [1966] VR 382 Chappel v Hart (1998) 195 CLR 232 City of Stirling v Tremeer [2006] W…
Reid v Lim
[2006] WADC 212
Citation 27
(Para 3)
…not a comprehensive and exclusive test of causation, rather, a value judgment may be called for: March v E & MH Stramare Pty Ltd (1991) 171 CLR 506, Bennett v Minister for Community Welfare (1992) 176 CLR 408 and Medlin v State Government Insurance Commission (1995) 182 CLR 1 and Chappel v Hart (1998) 195 CLR 232. A causal connection will be ma…
Ellis, Executor of the Estate of Paul Steven Cotton (Dec) v The State of South Australia
[2006] WASC 270
Citation 28
…027 Barker v Corus (UK) Ltd [2006] UKHL 20; [2006] 3 All ER 785 Beavis v Apthorpe [1963] NSWR 1176 Bendix Mintex Pty Ltd v Barnes (1997) 42 NSWLR 307 Bennett v Minister for Community Welfare (1992) 176 CLR 408, Betts v Whittingslowe (1945) 71 CLR 637 Birkholz v R J Gilbertson Pty Ltd (1985) 38 SASR 121 Bonnington Castings Ltd v Wardlaw [1956] AC…
Scofield v Gorman
[2006] WADC 93
Citation 29
…Bennett v Minister for Community Welfare (1952) 176 CLR 408 Brown & Anor v Churchill [2006] WASCA 17 Butler v Gray (1944) 46 WALR 91 Chappel v Hart (1998) 195 CLR 232 CSR v Eddy (2005) 80 ALJR 59 Dray v Collins (2006) WASCA 15 Fogarty v Creasey [2002] NSWCA 318 Henrick v Kubale [2001] WASCA 274 March v E & MH Stramare Pty Ltd (1991) 171 CLR 506…
City of Stirling v Tremeer
[2006] WASCA 73
Citation 30
…Bennett v Minister for Community Welfare (1992) 176 CLR 408 Bonnington Castings Ltd v Wardlaw [1956] AC 613 Chappel v Hart (1998) 195 CLR 232 Fairchild v Glenhaven Funeral Services Ltd [2003] 1 AC 32 Fox v Percy (2003) 214 CLR 118 Henville v Walker (2001) 206 CLR 459 I & L Securities Pty Ltd v HTW Valuers (Brisbane) Pty Ltd (2002) 210 CLR 109 Mc…
Marsden v Ydalia Holdings (WA) Pty Ltd
[2006] WASCA 52
Citation 31
…Ainger v Coffs Harbour City Council [2005] NSWCA 424 Bennett v Minister for Community Welfare (1992) 176 CLR 408 Branir Pty Ltd v Owston Nominees (No 2) Pty Ltd (2001) 117 FCR 424 Commissioner of Main Roads v Jones (2005) 79 ALJR 1104 Consolidated Broken Hill Ltd v Edwards (2005) Aust Torts Rep 81-815 CSR Ltd v Della Maddalena [2006] HCA 1 Fox v…
Sestich v Van Heemst
[2006] WADC 23
Citation 32
(Para 3)
…The position in law was also explained by the High Court in Bennett v Minister for Community Welfare (1992) 176 CLR 408 per Gaudron J at 420‑421: "And although it is sometimes necessary for a plaintiff to lead evidence as to what would or would not have happened if a particular common law duty had been performed, generally speaking, if an injury…
Wilkins v Council of the City of Broken Hill
[2005] NSWCA 468
Citation 33
…Civil Liability Act 2002, s5D(3)(b) Evidence Act s79 CASES CITED: Bendix Mintex Pty Ltd v Barnes (1997) 42 NSWLR 307 Bennett v Minister for Community Welfare (1992) 176 CLR 408 Betts v Whittingslowe (1945) 71 CLR 637 Chappel v Hart (1998) 195 CLR 232 Commissioner of Main Roads v Jones [2005] HCA 27, 79 ALJR 1104 Forbes v Selleys Pty Ltd [2004]…
Smith v Moloney
[2005] SASC 305
Citation 34
(Para 3)
…tion. Counsel placed particular reliance on the decisions in Chappel v Hart (1998) 195 CLR 232; Medlin v SGIC (1995) 182 CLR 1; Bennett v Minister for Community Welfare (1992) 176 CLR 408 and March v E & MH Stramare Pty Limited (1991) 171 CLR 506.…
Graham v Remo Constructions P/L
[2005] NSWCA 225
Citation 35
…ration of Betts v. Whittingslowe reasoning - decision on facts. CASES CITED: Fox v. Percy (2003) 77 ALJR 989 Betts v. Whittingslowe (1945) 71 CLR 637 Bennett v Minister for Community Welfare (1992) 176 CLR 408 TC by his tutor Sabatino v. State of New South Wales [2001] NSWCA 380 PARTIES: Charles Graham – appellant Remo Constructions Pty Ltd – 1s…
Thomas v Perkins
[2005] WASCA 119
Citation 36
…Bennett v Minister for Community Welfare (1993) 176 CLR 408 March v E & MH Stramare Pty Ltd (1991) 171 CLR 506…
Robertson v Gillman Bros Mining Contractors Pty Ltd
[2005] WADC 95
Citation 37
…Bankstown Foundry Pty Ltd v Braistina (1986) 160 CLR 301; (1986) 60 ALJR 362; (1986) 55 ALR 1; (1986) A Tort Rep 80-012 Bennett v Minister for Community Welfare (1992) 176 CLR 408 Canny v John Pfeiffer Pty Ltd (1980) 33 ALR 203 Chance v Alcoa of Australia Ltd (1990) A Tort Rep 81-017 Chappel v Hart (1998) 195 CLR 232 Cockatoo Dockyard Pty Ltd v…
Broadhurst v Del Pino
[2005] WASCA 82
Citation 38
…Baum v Greenhalgh [2003] WASCA 62 Bennett v Minister for Community Welfare (1992) 176 CLR 408 Jones v Dunkel (1959) 101 CLR 298 Mount Lawley Pty Ltd v Western Australian Planning Commission [2004] WASCA 149 Tran v Claydon [2003] WASCA 318 Westrac Equipment Pty Ltd v King [2004] WASCA 188 Ansett Transport Industries (Operations) Pty Ltd v Wraith…
Hunter Area Health Service v Presland
[2005] NSWCA 33
Citation 39
…pital Trading Pty Ltd [2003] NSWSC 1195 Ashrafi Persian Trading Co Pty Ltd v Ashrafinia (2002) Aust Torts Rep 81-636 Barnes v Hay (1998) 12 NSWLR 337 Bennett v Minister for Community Welfare (1992) 176 CLR 408 Beresford v Royal Insurance Company Ltd [1937] 2 KB 197; [1938] AC 586 Boruschewitz v Kirts 554 NE 2d 1112 Burrows v Rhodes [1899] 1 QB 8…
Harris Scarfe Limited (Receivers and Managers Appointed) (in Liquidation) v Ernst & Young (Reg)
[2005] SASC 113
Citation 40
…; March v E & MH Stramare Pty Ltd (1991) 171 CLR 506; Duke Group (In Liquidation) v Arthur Young (No.13) (1991) 5 ACSR 212; Bennett v Minister for Community Welfare (1992) 176 CLR 408; Medlin v State Government Insurance Commission (1995) 182 CLR 1; Arthur Young v Tieco International (1995) 182 LSJS 367; Southern Cross Airlines Holdings Ltd v Ar…
Kuppers v New South Wales Fire Brigades
[2005] NSWSC 193
Citation 41
…LR 464 Sutherland Shire Council v Baltica General Insurance Company Limited (1996) 39 NSWLR 87 March v E & MH Stramare Pty Limited (1991) 171 CLR 506 Bennett v Minister for Community Welfare (1992) 176 CLR 408 Commonwealth of Australia v McLean (1996) 41 NSWLR 389 National & General Insurance Company Limited v South British Insurance Company Lim…
Ridgway v Amaca Pty Ltd
[2004] NSWDDT 42
Citation 42
…dence on the balance of probabilities that applied to the plaintiff as an individual. In that context I relied upon the judgment of Justice McHugh in Bennett v Minister for Community Welfare (1992) 176 CLR 408 and 428 where he applied March v Stramare Pty Ltd (1991) 171 CLR 506 and 515 stating:-…
McDonald v Girkaid Pty Ltd
[2004] NSWCA 297
Citation 43
…tley v Austrust Limited [1999] HCA 6; (1999) 197 CLR 1 Australian Iron and Steel Pty Limited (1957) 97 CLR 89 Beckwith v The Queen (1976) 135 CLR 569 Bennett v Minister for Community Welfare (1992) 176 CLR 408 Brear v British Paints Ltd [1978] 2 NSWLR 253 Bull v Attorney-General (NSW) [1913] HCA 60; (1913) 17 CLR 370 Byrne v Australian Airlines…
Tusyn v State of Tasmania
[2004] TASSC 50
Citation 44
…nd ward is one of the established fiduciary categories: see Hospital Products Ltd v United States Surgical Corporation Inc (1984) 156 CLR 41 at 141f; Bennett v Minister for Community Welfare (1992) 176 CLR 408 at 426f. The Board was, in my view, arguably obliged to Ms Williams to act in her interest and in a way that truly provided, in a manner…
New South Wales & v Thomas; New South Wales v Welling
[2004] NSWCA 52
Citation 45
(Para 24)
…found based on the mere co-existence of a duty to take precautions against a risk, breach of that duty and the occurrence of that risk. See also Bennett v Minister for Community Welfare (1992) 176 CLR 408, 420.…
Tran v Claydon
[2003] WASCA 318
Citation 46
(Para 1)
…. The High Court has in a number of recent decisions considered what is required for a plaintiff to make out a prima facie case of causal connection: Bennett v Minister for Community Welfare (1992) 176 CLR 408 per Gaudron J at 420‑421, per McHugh J at 428; Chappel v Hart (1998) 195 CLR 232 per McHugh J at 244; Rosenberg v Percival (2001) 205 CLR…
Pearce v Burke
[2003] WASCA 109
Citation 47
…Abalos v Australian Postal Commission (1990) 171 CLR 167 Bendix Mintex Pty Ltd v Barnes (1997) 42 NSWLR 307 Bennett v Minister for Community Welfare (1992) 176 CLR 408 Briers v Atlas Tiles Ltd [1978] VR 151 Calder v Boyne Smelters Ltd [1991] 1 Qd R 325 Commonwealth v Amann Aviation Pty Ltd (1991) 174 CLR 64 Commonwealth v McLean (1996) 41 NSWLR…
Balcomb v Morris
[2003] WADC 80
Citation 48
(Para 15)
…He also referred me to the analysis of causation in Bennett v Minister for Community Welfare (1992) 66 ALJR 550 per Gaudron J.…
Mobile Innovations Limited v Vodafone Pacific Limited
[2003] NSWSC 166
Citation 49
…Commonwealth Games Ltd (1988) 18 NSWLR 540 Australis Media Holdings v Telstra Corporation (1998) 43 NSWLR 104 Beaton v McDivitt (1987) 13 NSWLR 162 Bennett v Minister for Community Welfare (1992) 176 CLR 486 Biotechnology Australia Pty Ltd v Pace (1988) 15 NSWLR 130 B&M Readers’ Service v Anglo Canadian Publishers Pty Limited [1950] Ontario Repo…
Lloyd Russell Jones v Commissioner of Main Roads
[2002] WASCA 307
Citation 50
…Bennett v Minister for Community Welfare (1992) 176 CLR 408 Betts v Whittingslowe (1945) 71 CLR 637 Birkholz v R J Gilbertson Pty Ltd (1985) 38 SASR 121 Brodie v Singleton Shire Council (2001) 206 CLR 512 Brodie v Singleton Shire Council (2001) 75 ALJR 992 Chappel v Hart (1998) 195 CLR 232 Galea v Galea (1990) 19 NSWLR 263 March v Stramare (E &…