Weitmann, Hans Dieter v Katies Ltd

[1977] FCA 76

HANS DJCTER K E i W 1 4 A ' R '

J33m'?m : ........ ........ ........ ........ 8 3

....... .'.:. ..... .(Appl.icnc$.). .. i i

........ ........ ........ ........ .

N!D

- : .. .KAT.XdS. 1-m.. ..?PO. .Q b k E . ...

........ ........ . rF.e~.?2?Kkn.?s I .

........ ........ ........ ........ .

1 November	1977
Sydney

- !

: !

I	,
!

CATCHWORDS 3

3

Trade Proctlces l.ct 1974-1977 - kppl . icat ion for

in junc t ion - sec t ion 52(1) - meaning of Ilmislead

o r deceive" - sec t ion 53 (c ) - meaning of

~ ~ s p o ~ ~ s o r s h i p ~ ~ - use o€ l lSaint GermainI1 as a t r a d e

mark - a p p l i c a b i l i t y of passing ofT principles.

Hans Dieter Weitman??

V.

Katies Ltd. and others

G No. 45 of 77

Befor-e Franlri J.

Sydney 1 November 1977.

Between

And K4TIES LTD. AI\K! 0TFX:F.S -

Respondents

I

REASONS FOR JUD3,TflNT

DELIVERED

The appl icant , N r . Hzns Dieter l!e.~trflai~n~ s6eks :XI i t I J a f A t d L Luia,

Zgainst i:ai;ies LinuCed and thrce o Lhzr conpdnles i n T.ihzt r , l J .gh t

broadly be c a l l e d the Katie; Croup (011 o€ whlcl? i will reiei- t o 8::.

I Ithe respondent * ) D The proceerlillgs are under S . 80 of 'ilie Trade

P rac t i ces Act 1974-1977 and are based u.pon ss.52 and 53(c) o f that I

Act. Stripped of refinements the basj.c facts ore t h a t t h e applicz!?:

has adopted appllcan t as i ts t r a d e mark the words "Saint Germain" The

has sough t r eg i s t r a t ion as t r a d e mar-1s f o r women's ou ter !

wear	c lo th ing of	the	words	"St.	Germain"	together	with	t h e l e t t e r s	~
!

llS.G.11 111 a p a r t i c u l a r form and a l s o t h e words "Sa in t Germainll

toge ther w i th t h e same l e t t e r s i n the same particular €orm.

The appl icant i s a clothing designer m d wholesaler. The

c lo th lng Ihich he sells wholesale ].S made abroad to his SpccificoT:.

and design by fore ign c lo th ing manufac turers . Par t icu lar ly

r e l e v a n t t o th i s c a s e a r e s h i r t s , i n c l u d i n g womenls T-sh i r t s , which

are manufactured €or him m Hong Kong and which he imports f o r s a l e .

subs-tantlally through	\:;hat	a r e known	as bou t iques , pa r t i cu la r ly	in
the middle and top level.

The respondect has imported several thousand T-shir ts in to

Aus t r a l i a v:ith t h e name IISalnt Germain" embroidered near the top

o f t he l e€ t s l eeve In l e t t e r s a b o u t one centllnetre i n helgh t.

No s a l e s have yet been made by the respondent of any of t h e s

shirts but it l n t e l i a s t o s e l l them with a small l a b e l a i ' f i x e d t o .

t he i n s ide	o f	t h e n e c k b a r i n g t h e	name	llScharade fo r I<a t i e s1# and	I
I

a lso bear ing a swing l a b e l t i e d t o thls neck l a b e l also bearmg I

t h e name l t I < a t i e s l l i n l e t t e r s of about 4 c e n ~ ~ m e t r e s i n h e i g h t .

it is a l leged by the app l i can t that a sale by the respondent :

of these shlrts would be in con t r aven t ion of S. 52( l ) , In t h a t i I;

would be to mislead o r deceive" and a l s o t h a t coliduct ! I . . . that is misleading o r deceptive o r i s l l k n l y '

it would be j n contravefitlon

of s .53(c) i n t h a t it would be a representa t ion tha t the eoods had I , I

a sponsorship which they d id not have.

2.

I-t IS t o be noted tha’c t h e r e l i e f s o u g h t 1s i n t h e nĉ t u x C C :

a &a tmc- t i n p a c t i o n , in that al; t h e date of the hear ing no

conduct, such as IlAFj a l leged would la11 v n th in S . 52( 1) and s * ! 5 5 ( ~ > , I

had talren in junc t ion may place. Section aO(5) makes i l; c l e a r t!lat a f i n a l

be granted, Ihether o r n o t the conduct prohibxt~c? has:

been previously engaged in, i f in t he absence of a n in junc t ion it

appears t o t h e Court that the respondent will-engage i n conduct whit

_.

would c o n s t i t u t e a contravent ion o € S . 5 2 ( l ) o r S. 53(c) . Th i s i s so I .

v!hether o r n o t t h e r e i s (I. D . .an imminent danger of substantlal

damage t o any person ...l1 i f the respondent engages i n the conduct ._

sought to be prohlbited.

I wlll consider €irst of a l l -che quea t ions vhich a r i s e u d c ~ ,

S. 52 which provides : -

(1) A corpora t ion sha l l no t , m t r a d e o r commerce, eng;age .

i n c o n d m t that i s misleading o r decept ive o r i s l i k e l y t o L

mislead o r deceive.

I

(2) Nothing 111 the succeeding provisions of this Dlvis ion

s h a l l be taken as l i ~ n i t i n g by impl ica t ion the genera l i ty

of sub-section (1).

I Engaging i n conduct is def ined 111 S. 4 ( 2 ) . T h a t s ec t ion

p r o v i d e s t h a t a re ference to conduct , when tha t exp res s ion 1s used

. .	as	a noun,	s h a l l bB	read	as	a	re ference to the domg of	’l.. .any
l

‘ j act.. .‘l.

The respondents are corporat ions and are engaged i n t r a d e :

‘ I

o r commerce s o t h e q u e s t i o n t o be decj-ded i s whether it would be

l i k e l y t o m i s l e a d o r deceive within t‘ne meaning of s.52 if t h e

respondent exhibited a shirt for s a l e , o r sold such a shirt i n one

o f i t s r e t a i l s t o r e s , where that s h l r t b a r e t h e name ‘!Saint Gcrmain

on the s leeve =and a l a b e l a f f l x e d t o the. l n s i d e of t h e neck v h x h

bore the words “Scharade €or Kal;ies1l and l;he swing l a b e l b e a ~ ~ n g -chi .

name l1Katiesl1.

Vh~lst one should no t be too ready to apply to a case such

as t h i s , v h i c h a p p e a r s a t f i rs t glance to be i n t h e nai:urc o f a

3 . -.

passing o€f ac t io l l , the %a?:. re levant to such an action, I h:,-~- come to Lhe conclusion khat 111 a general sense much o C thai; l d r

conduct 1s misleading or decept ive o r l ike ly to lnlslead o r d c c e ~ . ~ .

The House of Lords i n Redc!almy v. --f E m h a 1896 A.C. 139,

held that a t r a d e r was n o t e n t i t l e d t o p a s s o f f his goods a8 the '

goods o f a110 t h e r t r a d e r by s e l l i n g them under-a name which is l l a b l ( '

to deceive be l iev ing purchasers (vhether immediate or ult ima-te) into

,

that they are buylng the goods 01 tha t o t h e r t r a d e r alt'no;

i n its primary meaning, the name vas merely a true desc r ip t ion o f

t h e goods. Lord Halsbury a t p.204 said:-

"For myself, I b e l i e v e t h a t t h e p r i n c i p l e o f law may be

v e r y p l a i n l y s t a t e d , and tha t i s , t h a t nobody has any

r i g h t t o represent h is goods as tl?e	goods of Somebody
else. I t

Lord IIerschel l a t p. 210 said:-

"The name o f a person, o r v o r d s forming par t o f a corrUxo~

s tock o€ language, may become s o f a r a s soc ia t ed vn th t he

goods of a p a r t i c u l a r maker that ik is capable o f proof

tha t the use o f them by Lhemselvcs without explanat ion

o r q u a l i f i 6 a t l o n by another manufac tu re r would deceLve

a purchase r i n to t he be l i e f that he was g e t t i n g t h e

! goods o f 'A! when he was rea l ly geL t lng t he goods of '13'. ,

I n a case of tlns d e s c r i p t l o n t h e mere proof by the

p l a i n t i f . € t h a t the defendant was using a mane, word, o r

8 1

device whlch he had adopLed to d i s t l ngu i sh h i s goods

would no t entitle him t o my r e l i e f . He could only

obta in IL by Proving fu r the r t ha t t he de€endan t was I

using it under such circunlsiances o r ln such manner as

to put o€€ his goods as t h e goods o€ t h e plaintiff. IT

he could succeed i n p r o v i n g t h i s I think he would, cjn

- 7 1 - k - ~ ~ l i ' - ~ ~ n d ~ v q ~ - i T h p s ?,P n n t l i - l e d tr, an lnymct lon ."

4.

' C h l s pzs.-,ag;o was c l te i l ln t h c Juclgnmt of the EL& C n c 1 L

i n Co1lit"c v. M r s a l i n o Gui_se:?pe E Frc!;ello Socj e t:) kvnnl>;*c: (191 5) I

16 C.L.R. 34i1 a t pp. 350-351 where the Court sa.Ld tha t ' t he

principles 01 law appl icable t o t he ca se t hen before it were those 5

i n the above passage from t h e judgment 02 Lord Hersche l l which t h e

Court described as 'I the often cited passage.!!

.,

Whether conduct i s decept ive j n t h e sub'jec t case m ~ be ~ t

e x m i n e d i n the light of vha t the a l leged decept ive words mean t o '

the re levant purchaser when used on the sleeve of t h e l a d i e s

T-sh i r t s as they a r e t o be so ld . T h i s involves two questions,

f irst , who is t o be considered as t h e rel.evant purchaser ar?d ceco?-:'.

what will t h e words mean t o t h a t p u r c h a s e r ? T h i s seems to ].end -W ;

two of the ques t ions which a r i se in a pass ing of€ ac t ion , f k s t ,

vha t i s the appropr i a t e c l a s s of p u r c h a s e r s t o be considered m-d

secondly, have the words "Saint Gerrnainl' acquired vhat is cormonly

c a l l e d a secondary meaning, namely do t'ney ind ica - t e t o the

appropr i a t e c l a s s of pul-chasers that t h e goods have come f r o m a ,

par t icu lar source , whether the nm,e of that source is Imom or not?

klxLlst I do no t wish t o say more than i s necessary t o declcle.

t h i s c a s e it seems l i k e l y that the quest ioi l whe-ther t he app l i can t I.

has any business or goodwill t o p r o t e c t , o r will s u f f e r any

damage by the condu'ct sought t o be prolllbj ted, are n o t , a t l e a s t i n

the absence of	some	pecul la r c i rcumstances , mat te rs o f s ign l f icaqce : '
under S. 52.

Connng now I;o t he f ac t s o f t he ca se , t he ev idence shows t1-k

t h e words "Saint Germam'! are a p t t o d e s c r i b e an a r e a i n P a r i s on

the Le f t Bank xhich is known as a cen t r e of t he f a sh ion world and

where a g r e a t number of fash ionable bout iques se l l ing l ad les

cl.othing are s i tua t ed .

I

The applicant called witnesses and gave evidence hlmself.

O f t h e witnesses, one was t h e e d i t o r 01 t h e mJgazine 'Node t , one ~

the e d i t o r of t h e magazine the 'Ragtrzder ' , t h ree ve re retailers,

as being from the purchasing publlc.

O f t h e two purchasers ca l led by the appl icant both had flrst ' .

known of purchased a garment coming from the appl icant bear ing Sa in t Germain as a Pashionable par t of P a r i s and l -a te r h &

the name

"Sairl; Germain. One purchaser said t h a t if she sav "Saint Grrma~r"

on a T - s h i r t she would probably enquire as t o who manufac-tured it

and the o ther sa id o€ the name U. . . . .first and foremost i n my mx?.

it represents a manufacturer of clo'ihcs, Saint German" ,&:I#: her

ev ideme ind ica ted that she rrould have thought It 77as a "Saint

Germaln" shirt and i t appears she would have been likely -to have

been misled o r deceived. Three of the four witnesses froln the

c l a s s of p rospec t ive purchasers ca l led by the respondent had never '

heard of o ther one had purchased Sa in t Germain i n r e l a t l o n t o a r t l c l e s of c lo th ing : t he

' I

a garment k? ar ing that name i n Sydney, an5 ' .

a l s o knew of Sa in t Germain as a p lace nme , bu t I consider tk& I€

she had been faced i n a Kat ies s tore v ikh the gannent the I.

respondent	proposes	t o sell she would not	have been misled	o	r
decelved.

No customers o r prospective customers were c a l l e d from

outs ide Sydney.

The t rade wi tnesses by and large Itnew of "Saint Germain1I as ,

I .	a	p lace	name	and	several of	them	had	never heard of the appl icant
I

I f o r of garments sold wholesale by h i m marked IlSaint Germain".

There witnesses that they in~ght be l i k e l y -to be decelved l€ they saw i s evidence from several o€ t he app l i can t * S t r a d e

a

shirt with "Saint Germain" marked on -the sleeve on d i sp l ay a t a

ICaties s t o r e as i s proposed, but I consider that they are personc o

a p a r t i c u l a r c l a s s .

6 .

I do not cons ide r t ha t these trade wi-tnesscs are l lk~>l . - ; tq

purchase one of t h e r e l e v a n t shlrks from a Rat ies S tore . I t 1 2

t h e c l a s s of persons \rho a r e s u c h p ~ o s p e c t ~ b c p m h a s e r s thaI J S the 1

class	t o	be	cons?_dered In	t h i s	case , a lmost t c the exc lus ion	o f	a i l
o thers .

There asked €or garments as "Sain-t Germaln1! garmen-tS .I i s some evidence that sorx? cus tomers o f th ree re ta i le r$

Both the President of - the Fashion Industry Assoclat ion and '

t he P res iden t o€ the Apparel Inpor te rs Assoc la t ion sa id i n e n d e n c e

that they rrould no t th ink a s h i r t d i s p l a y e d f o r s a l e as proposed i n

a Kat les s t o r e , and rnrked as proposed, would have any a s soc la t lon ,

with t h e applicant.

There was a considerable amount of evidence re l ied on by the i

r e s p o n d e n t , d l r e c t e d t o e s t a b l i s h tha t the bus iness o f t h e a p p l i c a q

lay through bout iques and that t h e c l a s s of customer l i k e l y t o

purchase the relevant shir-cs from ICzties, was a clzss of customer

who d i d not purchase clothing requlremenk from boutiques. I

I

accept this as be ing of some iulportance in consider ing whether

prospect ive purchasers , who may a t t a c h a secor?dary meaning to the I

words "Saint Germain", would be l i k e l y t o be deceived o r misled.

The appl icant first adopted the	name	"Saint Germain Fzshionsl.	I 1
!

i n J anua ry 1976 and,has since carried on business under that name.

He has used the trade mark I1St. Germainll s ince 1974.

I

The appl icant has spent some ten thousand do l la rs

I

advert is ing eoods under the name "St . Germain" OT "Saxt t Germam"

and khis lncluded expenditure on s t a t ione ry , bus iness ca rds ,

invoices , give-away p l a s t i c bags and swing t i c k e t s . I n this

judgnent I viill no t draw any d i s t i n c t i o n between !!St. Germam" and

!'Saint Germain1I 8s I do EO t	consider any d i r f e r e n c e t o be	of
s ign i f icance .

P r i o r t o comxencement of this ac t ion on 1 July 1977, the

appl icant had received publ ic iky by v i r t u e of advertisements In

7.

the' Sydney "Daiky i5lrror.I1 on 1 J ~ l l ' 1C?76; ille S)dney I1Sun1' LUI

19 Jarluai-y 1977, the lVeekly Couricr l l (qipa-en t l y a s ~ b u r b ~ ~ r ;

paper) on 29 June 19'77; m d the Sydmy "Dally Telegraphll 011 YJ Jurlc I

1977. In add i t lon r e l evan t ma te r i a l by Iray o f advertiselnent or

otlxx-wise	had	a l so appea red i n	t he	"Ragtraber" o€ 1-15 Ju ly 1976,	j
1

15-30 November 1-976 December 1976, and I appro?:%xately, June 1977 ; .

in IVogue Australiall o f Nay 1377 aud,appro~lnraEely,J~~ne 19'77; arr;cl '

I

I .

tlr,Todell Magazine of June 1977.

Two of t hese adve r t i s emen t s a r e fo r a shop ca l led 'Eern icc I

L

I

a t Dondi Junct lon and the appl . icantzs name i s mentioned a s one 02- ;

eleveil fl'I'op Fashion labels . l' The adver t i sement in the Sydney l tSL~~; ' l

i s by The advertisemen-t i n David Jones and features the name "St. Gmmaintl prominently. it

t h e l l D a i l y 1f i r ror l1 1s perhaps more of a 1 I

feature	ar ' i ic le	and	t h e	name	"Saint	Gernain"	appears	only once i n	,
small	l e t t e r s .

The I1Ragtrader1l I s on ly d l r ec t ed t r ade . t he t o I

The Germainll i n a way whlch is n o t prominent. adve r t i s emen t s i n l'Vogue" only show t h e name "Saint

Wodell is an Austral ian fashjon magazine directed t o shopper

in boutiques and aboirt 20,000 t o 25. ,000 copies o€ the Winter 1977

i s sue were so ld i n Austral ia mainly t o the public through newsagent.

and nevs stands. T l i i s I s sue o f WodeI8 contained a f u l l page

advertisement and a l so a s h o r t n o t e l i s t i n g a number o f s to re s ,

abou t t h i r ty - f ive i n number, where apparent ly Sa in t Germain a r t l c l c l

could be purchased. Apart from the fac t t h a t o n l y Vogue11 and 11140dc

would reach the publ ic ou ts ide New South Wales, the press publicity

m evidence i s s o sclall as t o be almost ins1gnificar. t .

There-was some evldence of shop liindow disp lays featuring

t h e name "St. Germainll'or "Saint Gelmain" a t Bondi Junc t lon , ROW

Bay and IXree but a p p a r m t l y no T-sh i r t s were fea tured .

Therc i s also evidence of several f a sh ion pa rades i n Sydney,

e i t h e r d i r e c t e d t o consumers o r to t h e t r a d e , where t h e applicant I r

' I

I

and good q u a l i t y no d i s t i nc t iveness i n t he dcs jgn 111 any re l evax l '

es tabl ished. ! vas sense

Between J u l y 1976 and Ju ly 197: approximately 8009 T - c h ~ r t s

bearing the name "Sain t Gerlnain" had been s o l d by t h e a p p l l c x l t to '

r e t a i l e r s who charged approximately $14 per garment. Duri~lg the -

same pe r iod be tmen 70,000 and 90,000 garments vere sold by the

appl icant , each bear ing the name "Sain t Gcrmainll on a labe l a t tac i ;e

to the garment, and the applicant S gxrments so l a b e l l e d have LeeL: 1

s o l d t o Australia.	t h e	p u b l i c	thmuugh	about	350-400	r e t a i l	o u t l e t s	i n	i
I

There was no detai l .ed evidence about the re ta i lers

apa r t from those who were ca l l ed . About 4016 of t h e s a l e s :.?as i n

New South Vales, about 20% i n V i c t o r i a , about 2052 i n V e s t e r n I

Aus t ra l l a , t he ba l ance i n Oueensl.and, t i e Aus t r a l i an Cap i t a l i

Terr i tory, South Austral ia , the Northera Territory, with virtually

no s a l e s i n Tasmania.

Since Saint C-errnain i s a p p l i e d t o 8n a r e a i n P a r i s , t o some ,

ex ten t it f a l l s within the category of geographical words. The

o r i g i n of the words.Saint Germain i n my opinion makes it r a t h e r

d i f f i c u l t ror these words to acquire a secondary meaning.

I

I Another f e a t u r e i s that the proposed use of t h e rrords is on ,

the s leeve p a r t i c u l a r l y of T-sh i r t s . It was e s t a b l i s h e d i n e v i d e w e , t h a t

-

i n r ecen t yea r s , t he re has been a p r a c t i c e whxh

commenced overseas , and which has ex-tended t o A u s t r a l i a , of pu t t i ng

prace names on the sleeves o r pockcts of womenPS shirts. I

c o n s i d e r t h a t , i n g e n e r a l , a re levant purchaser , even with some

ltnovledge of the words "Saint Germainl! as applied to a woman's

s h i r t by the appl. icant, would not be l i k e l y to conclude, v.'Lttilout

f u r t h e r e x a m ~ n a t i o n , t h a t a s h i r t which bore that name had einarate,:

: .

3.

b

Oxford I X c h o n a r y 1 S : "To cause t o bel ieve Wh3t is f a l s e ; t o

mislead as l;o a ma-Lter of f a c l ; , t o l e a d m t o e r ro r , t o i m p o x upin:

delude, ta!,e in .

The most a p p r o p r i a t e d e f i n i t i o n i n t h a t d i c t i o n a r y f o r t h e

word I1mislcadt1	is:	"To lead a s t r a y ill a c t i o n br	conduct;	to lead	I
' .

i n t o e r r o r : t o cause -GO e r r .

I m of the opinion that one sktould cons lder the re levant '

customers as t h o s e l i k e l y t o be buyjflg shirts Irom a ICaties ]-e tall

s to re . Tne evidence 5 h O T I S thax such a person is l i k e l y to be a

f a l r l y t y p i c a l meinbzr of the commuinty vho i s not seekixg to

purchase a pa r t i cu la r ly h igh f a sh ion a r t i c l e , bu t s eek ing vhzt

might be descr ibed as good value for money. In my opinion, the I

appl icant has no t shown that t h e words "Saint Germainll, a p p a r h g '

on the s leeve o f l ad ics shlrts so ld as proposed i n a ICatles s t o r e .

i s l ikely which I m concerned i s h a t o f s e l l i n g to deceive such customers . The r e l emnt conddc t 17iT;h

such shlrts, as proposed,

in a Kat ies s tore . I am n o t r e q ~ ~ i r e d t o consider {hat would be

t h e p o s l t i o n i f an ac tua l case of deception had been shom, but,

whatever inay be t h e p o s i t i o n i n t h a t c a s e , I am s a t i s f i e d 50 far

a s a quia ti.me-t & d i c a t i o n i s concerned, thal; 1 must conslder

whether a r easonab ly s ign i f l can t number of po ten t i a l pu rchzse r s

would be l i k e l y t o be misled o r d e c e l v e d j u s t i n t h e same way as .

this question should be considered i n a passing off ac t ion . I t

was nob suggested tha t the use of t h e word "Saint Germam" on t h e

sleeve of a lady ' S shirt was decep Live i n t h e s e n s e that It

might mislead purchasers i n t o be l iev ing that t h e goods had an

o r i g m i n Pari S.

I have considered vhether any help can be got from an

of the courts

examination of the approach/in the United Sta-tes of America t o

10.

Federal Trade Commission a i ~ d thal;, i n g e n e r a l , i n looking zt I

whether an o r t r a d e name principles veTy smilar t o those adopted a c t 1.5 L1nCaj.r or d e c e p t i v e i n r e l a t h t o a t r a d e mark I

3.11

determming passing off cases in Aus t ra l i a have been applied

(see general ly , Uni ted States Code Rnno bated T i t l e 15, paral;raph 45

notes 80-82, m d Coruus J u r i s Securldt1n Vol. 87 pagss 643-049. )

I am n o t s a t l s f l e d that the appl icant has made o u t a ;~y camw I

under s.52.

I pass now to t he c l a im unde r s . 53 (c ) . I h m e t o co lx ider

vhe ther the responder t , i f it s o l d T-shirts I wlth Saint German on

the sleeve and 111 one of i t s r e t a i l stoi'e', would ir, connection

with t h e sui~ply of goods, represent that those goods had a

sponsorship ~ 1 1 1 ~ 1 1 they d id not have. I cons idw that the mere

plac ing of an a r t i c l e on d i s p l a y f o r sale I n a shop, i s , m g e r 2 r a l ;

sufficient t o make any r e l evan t words thereon , vinich a r e c l e a r i y

v i s i b l e , a representa t ion by the t rader v i thout any s p e c l f i c

a t t e n t i o n b e i r g d i r 6 c t e d t o the vords, or ~ ! ~ t h o u t any statement by

the trader (see Given v. C.V. Holland (IIoldlngs) Pty. Lrmited -

d e l i v e r e d i n this Court on 23 June 1977).

The next ques t ion i s vhe-ther the words a s t hey would be

displayed on l a d i e s s h i r t s Xouid represent any sponsorship.

I n my secondary meaxing before opinion the words would have t o acqujre an appropriate

It could be szicl that they represcnted a

sponsorship of the g p x l s , but evcn I€ sucn a secondary memlng had

been e s t ab l i shed i n t h i s case I doubt whether the word

l lsponsorship" covers the ac t ivi-hes of a wholesaler, whose on ly ?.c L:

of llsponsol,shlpil 1s t h e a c q u i s a h o n of goods from a manufah l r e r

I

Ilsponsor" seems t o be: [lone who e n t e r s i n t o a n engagement, makes l

% I I

a Iorrnal	provise	o r pledge o n behalf of aQotliel': sure ty .	The	i
j

word lkponsorshlplr in connect lor? with t rade marks o r t r a d e namcs

seems t u envisage some thing more a long the l ines o f a c e r t i f l c a t ~ o a

mark. It i s appropriate t o say that I accept the evldence of

Mr. NOSS, a d i r cc to r o f Ka t i e s Lmi ted , th2t Iihen the sh l r - t s

!

bear ing the name IISalnt Germainll were ordered by the resporcient 1

it vas unaware o f t h e use o€ that nane by the app l l can t . i I

I add tha t , if I had thought some r e l i e f ?:as appropr ia te , .

I	only	would	ha\-e	granted	a	qua l i€ i ed j n junc t ion r e s t r a in ing t he	I
I

relevant use of t h e word "Sain t Ger1r1ai.n~~ wi-Lhout c l e a r l y i