Virtuz (Migration) - [2025] ARTA 1464

VIRTUZ (MIGRATION) [2025] ARTA 1464 (28 JULY 2025)
DECISION AND
REASONS FOR DECISION
Applicant:Ms Maria Gladys Recto Virtuz
Respondent:  Minister for Immigration and Citizenship
Tribunal Number:  2406988

Tribunal:General Member C Stokes
Place:Adelaide
Date: 28 July 2025
Decision:The Tribunal sets aside the decision under review and remits the application for a Student (Temporary) (Class TU) visa for reconsideration in accordance with the order that the applicant meets the following criteria for a Subclass 500 (Student) visa:
·cl 500.212 of Schedule 2 to the Regulations.

Statement made on 28 July 2025 at 3:42pm
CATCHWORDS
MIGRATION – Student (Temporary) (Class TU) visa – Subclass 500 (Student) – genuine student – genuine temporary entrant – good academic progress to benefit future career – significant family ties in home country – husband’s work in the military – employment opportunities in home country – decision under review remitted
LEGISLATION
Migration Act 1958 (Cth), ss 65, 499; Direction No 108
Migration Regulations 1994, Schedule 2 cl 500.212
STATEMENT OF REASONS
APPLICATION FOR REVIEW

This is an application for review of a decision made by a delegate of the then Minister for Home Affairs on 18 March 2024 to refuse to grant the applicant a Student (Temporary) (Class TU) visa under s 65 of the Migration Act 1958 (Cth) (the Act).
The applicant applied for the visa on 27 September 2023. At the time of application, Class TU contained two subclasses: Subclass 500 (Student) and Subclass 590 (Student Guardian). The applicant applied for the visa to undertake study in Australia and does not claim to meet the criteria for a Subclass 590 (Student Guardian) visa.
The delegate in this case refused to grant the visa on the basis that the applicant did not satisfy the requirements of cl 500.212 of Schedule 2 to the Migration Regulations 1994 (Cth) (the Regulations) because they were not satisfied that she was a genuine applicant for entry and stay as a student.
On 2 April 2024, the applicant applied to the then Administrative Appeals Tribunal (AAT) for review. On 14 October 2024, the AAT became the Administrative Review Tribunal (the Tribunal). This decision and statement of reasons is a review of the delegate’s decision by the Tribunal.
The applicant appeared by videoconference before the Tribunal on 28 July 2025 to give evidence and present arguments. The applicant was assisted in relation to the review. The representative attended the Tribunal hearing.
Student visa application
In the applicant’s student visa application, she stated that she was born in the Philippines and her parents, siblings, close friends, relatives and pets remain there. Her husband, who is a soldier in the army also lives in the Philippines along with his mother and niece to whom she is close with. She claimed to be in regular contact with her family and intends to return to the Philippines after completing her study. The applicant claimed to be supported by her sister-in-law and brother in law financially in Australia. She claimed that she obtained a bachelor’s degree of science in Hotel and Restaurant Management in Caramoan, Camarines Sur, Philippines in April 2015. She then got work as a waitress in a restaurant, then in the kitchen of a café where she was later promoted to a barista position and later a shift supervisor. Following covid the applicant returned to her village where she started a small business selling Filipino delicacies. She claimed the proposed Certificate IV in Kitchen Management with Diploma of Hospitality Management is related to her education and previous work experience. She hoped that the internationally recognised courses will give her the tools and experience to further her career in the Philippines and she chose the course and college after doing research about them and their location, and she also researched her expected salary in the Philippines.
The applicant also provided the following documents in support of her application:
a.a copy of her passport, her birth certificate and marriage certificate
b.academic certificates, transcripts, employment records and the applicant’s CV
c.bank statements
d.a future job offer
e.a letter of support by her sister-in-law with supporting documents
f.the applicant’s Genuine Temporary Entrant statement
g.records in relation to her husband, his identity and his employment and health insurance membership
h.photographs of her family in the Philippines, on holiday in Singapore and on holiday in Australia
i.business clearance records and screenshots of social media posts from her business
j.a certificate of Overseas Student Health Cover.
Evidence to the Tribunal
The applicant completed a Student Visa Information form in which she provided information about her personal and family background; educational background and work experience; why she decided to pursue international studies including why she chose to study in Australia and not in the Philippines or any other country; details regarding the courses she intends to complete and why she had chosen the Sydney Business and Travel Academy (SBTA); her future career plans; ties to the Philippines; and her financial situation.
The applicant also provided the following documents in support of her review application:
a.Confirmation of Enrolment (CoE) for Certificate IV in Kitchen Management and Diploma of Hospitality Management
b.Records of results and attendance of the Certificate IV in Kitchen Management course
c.A detailed statement of the applicant
d.A statement of the applicant’s husband
e.A statement of the applicant’s sister-in-law and her NSW driver’s licence
f.SBTA attendance certificate
g.SBTA statement of attainment of the Certificate IV in Kitchen Management course
h.a work placement agreement
i.a bundle of documents in relation to the applicant’s husband, his ties with the Philippines and his work in the military and their relationship (including evidence of his travel to Australia to visit the applicant and their daily communication)
j.photographs of the applicant and her husband’s one bedroom home in the Philippines
I also have before me a copy of the applicant’s record from the Department’s Provider Registration and International Student Management System (PRISMS) which includes information consistent with the applicant’s evidence about her studies.
For the following reasons, I set aside the decision under review and remit the visa application for reconsideration.
CONSIDERATION OF CLAIMS AND EVIDENCE
The criteria for a Subclass 500 (Student) visa are set out in Part 500 of Schedule 2 to the Regulations. The primary criteria in cl 500.211 to cl 500.218 must be satisfied by at least one applicant. Other members of the family unit, if any, who are applicants for the visa need only satisfy the secondary criteria. The issue in the present case is whether the applicant is a genuine applicant for entry and stay in Australia as a student.
Clause 500.212 requires as follows:
The applicant is a genuine applicant for entry and stay as a student because:
(a)the applicant intends genuinely to stay in Australia temporarily, having regard to:
(i)the applicant’s circumstances; and
(ii)the applicant’s immigration history; and
(iii)if the applicant is a minor—the intentions of a parent, legal guardian or spouse of the applicant; and
(iv)any other relevant matter; and
(b)the applicant intends to comply with any conditions subject to which the visa is granted, having regard to:
(i)the applicant’s record of compliance with any condition of a visa previously held by the applicant (if any); and
(ii)the applicant’s stated intention to comply with any conditions to which the visa may be subject; and
(c)of any other relevant matter.
Does the applicant intend genuinely to stay in Australia temporarily?
In considering whether the applicant satisfies cl 500.212(a), the Tribunal must have regard to Direction No 108, ‘Assessing the genuine temporary entrant criterion for Student visa and Student Guardian visa applications’, made under s 499 of the Act. This Direction, which is attached to this decision, requires the Tribunal to have regard to a number of specified factors in relation to:
a.the applicant’s circumstances in their home country, potential circumstances in Australia, and the value of the course to the applicant’s future;
b.the applicant’s immigration history, including previous applications for an Australian visa or for visas to other countries, and previous travel to Australia or other countries;
c.if the applicant is a minor, the intentions of a parent, legal guardian or spouse of the applicant; and
d.any other relevant information provided by the applicant, or information otherwise available to the decision maker, including information that may be either beneficial or unfavourable to the applicant.
The Direction indicates that the factors specified should not be used as a checklist but rather, are intended only to guide decision makers when considering the applicant’s circumstances as a whole, in reaching a finding about whether the applicant satisfies the genuine temporary entrant criterion.
I accept the applicant’s evidence at the hearing regarding her desire to move from the service industry to working as a chef. I accept she developed a passion for cooking when she started her own small business during covid. I also accept that she wishes to build on her practical experience working in the hospitality industry to do further study and increase the opportunities available to her in the Philippines. I accept the applicant’s enrolment in the Certificate IV in Kitchen Management and Diploma of Hospitality Management courses is compatible with her past employment in the Philippines as well as her future career goals. While she does already have a bachelor’s degree I accept her evidence that those qualifications only assisted her in gaining hospitality service roles but that she now wishes to work as a chef which requires additional training. The applicant provided clear evidence in relation to how the courses she enrolled in will assist her in securing a role as a chef. She also gave detailed evidence about the research she has undertaken in relation to her potential earnings on return to the Philippines as a chef. Finally, she explained that while culinary courses with apprenticeships to become a chef are available in the Philippines, I accept her evidence that those courses are not as advanced or practical and that the courses and work placements available in Australia provide more specialised skills and will develop her further. I accept the applicant’s studies in Australia are relevant to her career goals and have value in providing her with an opportunity to advance her career in the hospitality industry.
I accept the applicant’s reasons for undertaking her study in Australia, as opposed to in the Philippines or another country, to be reasonable. I also accept the applicant’s evidence regarding why she chose STBA. The applicant has provided evidence that she successfully completed a Certificate IV in Kitchen Management in July 2025 with excellent attendance. Further, she has just commenced a Diploma of Hospitality Management which she expects will be completed in December 2025. I accept that the applicant has been continuously enrolled and that her successful completion of the Certificate IV course is compelling evidence that she is a genuine student.
I accept that the applicant has a husband in the Philippines, in addition to her parents and siblings and that she is in regular contact with them (especially her husband), via phone and video calls. I accept the applicant’s evidence that she intends to return to her family in the Philippines, and she has a strong desire to do so, particularly to reunite with her husband. I accept the evidence about her husband’s strong familial and economic ties to the Philippines and that he would have difficulty obtaining work in Australia given he is employed by the Philippine army and does not have any experience in civilian occupations. I accept her connection to her family in the Philippines serves as a strong incentive for her to return there. The applicant also gave evidence in relation to her connection to her local community, including her church in the Philippines as well as her family owning property and that she and her husband have built a one-bedroom home on her family’s land. I do not consider her economic circumstances present as a significant incentive for her not to return to the Philippines.
The applicant confirmed that she does not have any potential military service obligations or political or civil unrest concerns in her home country or that there are any other reasons why she would not return to the Philippines.
As to the applicant’s potential circumstances in Australia, I accept the applicant’s education and living expenses are being met by her sister-in-law and brother-in-law who live in Australia and that her connections to Australia is limited to her relationship with them and their 3 children. I have considered whether the sister-in-law and her family’s residence in Australia would encourage the applicant to remain here following the completion of her course. However, in all the circumstances, I am not satisfied this is the case. I find that the applicant has significant familial ties in the Philippines, which along with her employment aspirations, outweighs her connections to Australia. There is also no evidence to suggest that the applicant has entered into a relationship of concern to facilitate a successful visa outcome and I am satisfied that she remains married to her husband who remains in the Philippines. Further, the applicant demonstrated a knowledge of her living arrangements in Australia as well as knowledge of her course and education provider.
There is no evidence before me to suggest that the applicant has had any travel, visa or immigration issues in the past and she confirmed that she complied with her visitor visa conditions and has not applied for any other visas, had any other visas cancelled or refused.
Considering all of the above, in particular the applicant’s academic progress during her time in Australia, her personal ties to the Philippines and the evidence she has provided indicating that she would return to the Philippines at the completion of her studies, I am satisfied that the applicant intends genuinely to stay in Australia temporarily. Accordingly, the applicant meets cl 500.212(a).
Does the applicant intend to comply with visa conditions?
For the applicant to meet cl 500.212(b), the Tribunal must be satisfied that the applicant intends to comply with any conditions subject to which the visa is granted, having regard to the applicant’s record of compliance with any condition of any visa they previously held, and the applicant’s stated intention to comply with any conditions to which the visa may be subject.
A visa granted to an applicant who meets the primary criteria must have the following conditions imposed (cl 500.611(1)): 8105 (work limitation), 8202 (enrolment/course progress/course attendance), 8501 (health insurance), 8516 (continue to satisfy criteria), 8517 (dependents’ education), 8532 (arrangements for under 18s) and 8533 (notify address/education provider). For visa applications made on or after 1 July 2022, condition 8208 (no critical technology related study without approval) must also be imposed. The following conditions may also be imposed in some cases (cl 500.611(2)): 8535 (limited visa entitlement), 8303 (no disruptive or violent activity) and 8534 (limited visa entitlement).
There is nothing before me to suggest the applicant has breached any condition on any visa granted to her to date. The applicant also provided evidence at the hearing that she intends to comply with all conditions imposed on any student visa granted to her.
On the basis of the above, I am satisfied that the applicant intends to comply with the conditions subject to which the visa is granted as required by cl 500.212(b).
Is the applicant a genuine applicant for entry and stay as a student because of any other relevant matter?
For the applicant to meet cl 500.212(c), the Tribunal must be satisfied that the applicant is a genuine applicant for entry and stay as a student because of any other relevant matter (in addition to the requirements in cl 500.212(a) and (b)).
I find that there is no other relevant matter to consider that may raise concerns that the applicant is not a genuine applicant for entry and stay as a student.
Accordingly, I am satisfied that the applicant is a genuine applicant for entry and stay as a student as required by cl 500.212.
Given the above findings, the appropriate course is to remit the application for the visa to the Minister to consider the remaining criteria for a Subclass 500 (Student) visa.
I find there is no other relevant matter to consider that may raise concerns that the applicant is not a genuine applicant for entry and stay as a student.
Accordingly, I am satisfied that the applicant is a genuine applicant for entry and stay as a student as required by cl 500.212.
Given the above findings, the appropriate course is to remit the application for the visa to the Minister to consider the remaining criteria for a Subclass 500 (Student) visa.
DECISION
The Tribunal sets aside the decision under review and remits the application for a Student (Temporary) (Class TU) visa for reconsideration, in accordance with the order that the applicant meets the following criteria for a Subclass 500 (Student) visa:
·cl 500.212 of Schedule 2 to the Regulations.
Dates of hearing(s): 28 July 2025
Representative for the Applicant: Mr Peng Cheng (MARN: 1172863)
Attachment – Direction No 108
DIRECTION NUMBER 108 – ASSESSING THE GENUINE TEMPORARY ENTRANT CRITERION FOR STUDENT VISA AND STUDENT GUARDIAN VISA APPLICATIONS
(Section 499)
I, CLARE O’NEIL, Minister for Home Affairs and Minister for Cyber Security give this Direction under section 499 of the Migration Act 1958 (the Act).
Dated:
Clare O’Neil

Minister for Home Affairs and Minister for Cyber Security
Note: Section 499(1) of the Act empowers the Minister to give a written direction to a person or body having functions or powers under the Act if the directions are about the performance of those functions; or the exercise of those powers. Under section 499(2) of the Act, the direction must not be inconsistent with the Act or the Migration Regulations 1994. Under section 499(2A) of the Act, the person or body must comply with the Direction.
Part 1 - Preliminary
Name of Direction
This Direction is Direction No. 108 – Assessing the genuine temporary entrant criterion for Student visa and Student Guardian visa applications.
It may be cited as Direction No. 108.
Commencement
This Direction commences on 23 March 2024.
Revocation
Direction No. 69, given under section 499 of the Act, is revoked.
Interpretation
Act means the Migration Act 1958.
Finally determined has the same meaning as is set out in subsections 5(9) and (9A) of the Act.
Genuine temporary entrant means a person who satisfies the genuine temporary entrant criterion for Student visa or Student Guardian visa applications.
Genuine temporary entrant criterion refers to clause 500.212(a), 500.312(a) and 590.215(a) at Schedule 2 to the Regulations.
Home country has the same meaning as the definition of that term in regulation 1.03 in Part 1 of the Regulations.
Regulations mean the Migration Regulations 1994.
Relative has the same meaning as the definition of that term in regulation 1.03 in Part 1 of the Regulations.
Spouse has the same meaning as the definition of the term in section 5F of the Act.
Student visa means a Subclass 500 (Student) visa
Student Guardian visa means a Subclass 590 (Student Guardian) visa.
Application
This Direction applies to delegates performing functions or exercising powers under section 65 of the Act in relation to assessing an applicant against the genuine temporary entrant criterion for Student visa applications and Student Guardian visa applications (as applicable).
This Direction also applies to members of the Administrative Appeals Tribunal; or the Administrative Review Tribunal, upon its establishment; who review the decisions of primary decision-makers in relation to a Student visa or Student Guardian visa application.
This Direction applies in relation to Student visa applications and Student Guardian visa applications made before 23 March 2024 but not finally determined on that date, including such visa applications that are remitted from the Administrative Appeals Tribunal; or the Administrative Review Tribunal, upon its establishment; or a Court.
The genuine temporary entrant criterion must be satisfied by all applicants who make an application for a Student visa and seek to satisfy the primary or secondary criteria, or an application for a Student Guardian visa and seek to satisfy the primary criteria.
Note: Direction No. 106 applies in relation to Subclass 500 (Student) visa applications and Student Guardian visa applications made on or after 23 March 2024, including visa applications made on or after that date that are remitted from the Administrative Appeals Tribunal; or the Administrative Review Tribunal, upon its establishment; or a Court.
Preamble
The Australian Government operates a student visa program that enables people who are not Australian citizens or Australian permanent residents to undertake study in Australia. A person who wants to undertake a course of study under the student visa program must obtain a student visa before they can commence a course of study in Australia. A successful applicant must be both a genuine temporary entrant and a genuine student.
An applicant who is a genuine temporary entrant will have circumstances that support a genuine intention to temporarily enter and remain in Australia, notwithstanding the potential for this intention to change over time to an intention to utilise lawful means to remain in Australia for an extended period of time or permanently.
The genuine temporary entrant criterion for Student visa applications requires the Minister to be satisfied that the applicant intends genuinely to stay in Australia temporarily, having regard to:
a) the applicant’s circumstances; and
b)the applicant’s immigration history; and
c)if the applicant is a minor — the intentions of a parent, legal guardian or spouse of the applicant; and
d)any other relevant matter
This Direction provides guidance to decision makers on what factors require consideration when assessing the above paragraphs a) to d), to determine whether the applicant genuinely intends to stay in Australia temporarily.
Decision makers must take a reasonable and balanced approach between the need to make a timely decision on a Student visa or Student Guardian visa application and the need to identify those applicants who, at time of decision, do not genuinely intend to stay in Australia temporarily.
Part 2 – Directions
Assessing the genuine temporary entrant criterion
1.Decision makers should not use the factors specified in this Direction as a checklist. The listed factors are intended only to guide decision makers when considering the applicant’s circumstances as a whole, in reaching a finding about whether the applicant satisfies the genuine temporary entrant criterion.
2.Decision makers should assess whether, on balance, the genuine temporary entrant criterion is satisfied, by:
a)considering the applicant against all factors specified in this Direction; and
b)considering any other relevant information provided by the applicant (or information otherwise available to the decision maker)
3.Decision makers may request additional information and/or further evidence from the applicant to demonstrate that they are a genuine temporary entrant, where closer scrutiny of the applicant's circumstances is considered appropriate.
4.Circumstances where further scrutiny may be appropriate include but are not limited to:
a)information in statistical, intelligence and analysis reports on migration fraud and immigration compliance compiled by the department indicates the need for further scrutiny;
b)the applicant or a relative of the applicant has an immigration history of reasonable concern;
c)the applicant intends to study in a field unrelated to their previous studies or employment; and
d)apparent inconsistencies in information provided by the applicant in their Student visa application or Student Guardian visa application.
5.An application for a Student visa or a Student Guardian visa should be refused if, after weighing up the applicant’s circumstances, immigration history and any other relevant matter, the decision maker is not satisfied that the applicant genuinely intends a temporary stay in Australia.
The applicant’s circumstances
6.Decision makers should have regard to the applicant’s circumstances in their home country and the applicant’s potential circumstances in Australia.
7.For primary applicants of Student visas, decision makers should have regard to the value of the course to the applicant’s future.
8.Weight should be placed on an applicant’s circumstances that indicate that the Student visa or Student Guardian visa is intended primarily for maintaining residence in Australia.
The applicant’s circumstances in their home country
9.When considering the applicant’s circumstances in their home country, decision makers should have regard to the following factors:
a)whether the applicant has reasonable reasons for not undertaking the study in their home country or region if a similar course is already available there. Decision makers should allow for any reasonable motives established by the applicant;
b)the extent of the applicant’s personal ties to their home country (for example family, community and employment) and whether those circumstances would serve as a significant incentive to return to their home country;
c)economic circumstances of the applicant that would present as a significant incentive for the applicant not to return to their home country. These circumstances may include consideration of the applicant’s circumstances relative to the home country and to Australia;
d)military service commitments that would present as a significant incentive for the applicant not to return to their home country; and
e)political and civil unrest in the applicant’s home country. This includes situations of a nature that may induce the applicant to apply for a Student visa or Student Guardian visa as means of obtaining entry to Australia for the purpose of remaining indefinitely. Decision makers should be aware of the changing circumstances in the applicant’s home country and the influence these may have on an applicant’s motivations for applying for a Student visa or a Student Guardian visa.
10.Decision makers may have regard to the applicant’s circumstances in their home country relative to the circumstances of others in that country.
The applicant’s potential circumstances in Australia
11.In considering the applicant’s potential circumstances in Australia, decision makers should have regard to the following factors:
a)The applicant’s ties with Australia which would present as a strong incentive to remain in Australia. This may include family and community ties;
b)evidence that the student visa programme is being used to circumvent the intentions of the migration programme;
c)whether the Student visa or Student Guardian visa is being used to maintain ongoing residence;
d)whether the primary and secondary applicant(s) have entered into a relationship of concern for a successful Student visa outcome. Where a decision maker determines that an applicant and dependant have contrived their relationship for a successful Student visa outcomes, the decision maker may find that both applicants do not satisfy the genuine temporary entrant criterion; and
e)the applicant’s knowledge of living in Australia and their intended course of study and the associated education provider; including previous study and qualifications, what is a realistic level of knowledge an applicant is expected to know and the level of research the applicant has undertaken into their proposed course of study and living arrangements.
Value of the course to the applicant’s future
12.Decision makers should have regard to the following factors when considering the value of the course to the applicant’s future:
a)whether the student is seeking to undertake a course that is consistent with their current level of education and whether the course will assist the applicant to obtain employment or improve employment prospects in their home country. Decision makers should allow for reasonable changes to career or study pathways; and
b)relevance of the course to the student’s past or proposed future employment either in their home country or a third country; and
c)remuneration the applicant could expect to receive in the home country or a third country, compared with Australia, using the qualifications to be gained from the proposed course of study.
The applicant's immigration history
13.An applicant’s immigration history refers both to their visa and travel history.
14.When considering the applicant’s immigration history, decision makers should have regard to the following factors:
a)Previous visa applications for Australia or other countries, including:
i.if the applicant previously applied for an Australian temporary or permanent visa, whether those visa applications are yet to be finally determined (within the meaning of subsection 5(9) of the Act), were granted, or grounds on which the application(s) were refused; and
ii.if the applicant has previously applied for visa(s) to other countries, whether the applicant was refused a visa and the circumstances that led to visa refusal.
iii.b. Previous travels to Australia or other countries, including:
iv.if the applicant previously travelled to Australia, whether they complied with the conditions of their visa and left before their visa ceased, and if not, were there circumstances beyond their control;
v.whether the applicant previously held a visa that was cancelled or considered for cancellation, and the associated circumstances;
vi.the amount of time the applicant has spent in Australia and whether the Student visa or Student Guardian visa may be used primarily for maintaining ongoing residence, including whether the applicant has undertaken a series of short, inexpensive courses, or has been onshore for some time without successfully completing a qualification; and
vii.if the applicant has travelled to countries other than Australia, whether they complied with the migration laws of that country and the circumstances around any non-compliance.
If the applicant is a minor — the intentions of a parent, legal guardian or spouse of the applicant
15.If the primary or secondary applicant for a Student visa is a minor, decision makers should have regard to the intentions of a parent, legal guardian or spouse of the applicant.
Any other relevant matters
16.Decision makers should also have regard to any other relevant information provided by the applicant (or information otherwise available to the decision maker) when assessing the applicant’s intention to temporarily stay in Australia. This includes information that may be either beneficial or unfavourable to the applicant.