MMA Offshore Vessel Operations Pty Ltd t/as MMA Offshore v Construction, Forestry and Maritime Employees Union
[2025] FWC 2409
Citation 1
(Para 1)
…the circumstances of the case. An example of the type of considerations that may be relevant to that assessment is the list provided by Lockhart J in Sterling Pharmaceuticals Pty Limited v The Boots Company (Australia) Pty Limited (1992) 34 FCR 287 in the following passage:[3]…
Mervyn Jonathan Kitay in his capacity as liquidator of Computer Accounting And Tax Pty Ltd (in liq) and Computer Accounting And Tax Pty Ltd (in liq) [No 12]
[2025] WASC 262
Citation 2
(Para 3)
…ia [2019] WASCA 23 [48]; see also Frigger v Professional Services of Australia Pty Ltd [No 2] [2023] WASC 246 [33] citing with approval Lockhart J in Sterling Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd v The Boots Company (Australia) Pty Ltd (1992) 34 FCR 287, 291. (a)which proceedings were commenced first; (b)whether the finalisation or termination of one proceeding is likely to have a material…
Frigger v Professional Services of Australia Pty Ltd [No 3]
[2025] WASC 258
Citation 3
(Para 2)
…ASCA 23 [48]; See also Frigger v Professional Services of Australia Pty Ltd [No 2] [2023] WASC 246 [33] (Archer J) citing with approval Lockhart J in Sterling Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd v The Boots Company (Australia) Pty Ltd (1992) 34 FCR 287, 291. (a)which proceedings were commenced first; (b)whether the finalisation or termination of one proceeding is likely to have a material…
Allen v Contrast Constructions Pty Ltd
[2025] QSC 18
Citation 4
…stry v Bairstow [2004] Ch 1, cited State Bank of New South Wales Ltd v Stenhouse Ltd (1997) Aust Tort Reps ¶81-423 (64,077), cited Sterling Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd v The Boots Company (Australia) Pty Ltd (1992) 34 FCR 287, cited COUNSEL: Mr R Allen (sol) appeared on his own behalf and on behalf of the second plaintiff M K Stunden for the defendant SOLICITORS: Project Legal for…
Communications, Electrical, Electronic, Energy, Information, Postal, Plumbing and Allied Services Union of Australia v Hitachi Rail Sts Australia Pty Ltd (Formerly Known as Ansaldo Sts Australia Pty Ltd)
[2024] FWC 2335
Citation 5
(Para 1)
…making that determination, and which are also to be applied by the Commission in deciding the present application, include the following, taken from Sterling Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd v The Boots Company (Australia) Pty Ltd (1992) 34 FCR 287:…
Boensch v Transport for NSW and Registrar General of New South Wales
[2023] NSWLEC 82
Citation 6
(Para 93)
…o the stage of the respective proceedings, the likely practical effect of an order and to balance the advantages and disadvantages to each party: Sterling Pharmaceuticals Pty Limited v The Boots Company (Australia) Pty Limited (1992) 34 FCR 287; [1992] FCA 72 at 290-291 (Lockhart J).…
Frigger v Professional Services of Australia Pty Ltd [No 2]
[2023] WASC 246
Citation 7
(Para 1)
…ending in another court, and it is desirable that those proceedings should proceed to their conclusion first. [10] Plaintiffs' Submissions [10]. [11] Sterling Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd v The Boots Company (Australia) Pty Ltd (1992) 34 FCR 287.…
Need Pty Ltd v Need Essentials U.S.A LLC
[2023] VSC 184
Citation 8
(Para 1)
…alifornia Proceeding actively participated in that proceeding prior to issuing this application to restrain the California Proceeding.[16] [15] Sterling Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd v The Boots Company (Australia) Pty Ltd (1992) 34 FCR 287, 290-1 (‘ Sterling ’), cited with approval by the High Court in both Henry (n 11) 590 and CSR v Cigna (n 2) 390. [16]Cf M Davies et al, Nygh’s C…
Wagners Properties Pty Ltd v Atlas House Removers Pty Ltd
[2023] QSC 40
Citation 9
…f South Australia Inc v Industrial Relations Commission of South Australia (2012) 249 CLR 398 Sterling Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd v The Boots Company (Australia) Pty Ltd (1992) 34 FCR 287 To v Choi [2011] QSC 2 Walton v Gardiner (1993) 177 CLR 378 COUNSEL: M C Long for the applicant P Sams for the respondent SOLICITORS: Thynne & Macartney for the applicant PHV Law Solicitors & Co…
United Petroleum Pty Ltd v Istanikzai
[2023] FCA 149
Citation 10
(Para 4)
…A leading authority in this area is Sterling Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd v The Boots Company (Australia) Pty Ltd (1992) 34 FCR 287 ( Sterling Pharmaceuticals ). Lockhart J observed at 290 – 291: The court has a general power to control its own proceedings, and that power extends to enable it to order a temporary stay of proceedings in various circumstances including the case where…
Its Eco Pty Ltd v BPS Financial Limited (No 2)
[2023] FCA 110
Citation 11
(Para 24)
…ower of the Court to control its own proceedings extends to enabling the Court to order a temporary stay of proceedings in appropriate circumstances: Sterling Pharmaceuticals Pty Limited v The Boots Company (Australia) Pty Limited (1992) 34 FCR 287 at 290–291 (and the cases cited therein).…
Mr Jordan Christopher Styche v The Commonwealth of Australia (Represented by the Australian Signals Directorate)
[2022] FWC 273
Citation 12
…[2] Sterling Pharmaceuticals Pty Limited v The Boots Company (Australia) Pty Limited (1992) 34 FCR 287 at [16] cited in Sharon Bowker; Annette Coombe; Stephen Zwarts v DP World Melbourne Limited T/A DP World; Maritime Union of Australia, The-Victorian Branch and Others [2014] FWC 7326 at [5].…
Rajput v Gill and Anor (Ruling)
[2022] VCC 314
Citation 13
…td (ACN 080 350 812) v John Stanley Young and Mary Anne Young [2016] VSCA 69 ; National Australia Bank Ltd v Human Group Pty Ltd [2019] NSWSC 1404; Sterling Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd v The Boots Company (Australia) Pty Ltd (1992) 34 FCR 287; Bella Products Pty Ltd v Creative Designs International Ltd (2009) 258 ALR 538 Ruling: Application granted.…
Epic Games, Inc v Google LLC (Stay Application)
[2022] FCA 66
Citation 14
…iada Maritime Corporation v Cansulex Ltd [1987] AC 460 SST Consulting Services Pty Ltd v Rieson [2006] HCA 31; 225 CLR 516 Sterling Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd v The Boots Company (Australia) Pty Ltd (1992) 34 FCR 287 Tamaya Resources Limited (in liq) v Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu (A Firm) [2016] FCAFC 2; 332 ALR 199 Telesto Investments Limited v UBS AG [2013] NSWSC 503; 94 ACSR 29 T…
Shaw v Singh
[2021] FCA 1207
Citation 15
(Para 1)
…I note that the principles articulated by Lockhart J in Sterling Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd v The Boots Company (Australia) Pty Ltd (1992) 34 FCR 287; [1992] FCA 72 (and adopted by McKerracher J in Burrup ) were approved as applicable principles by the Full Court in Oswal v Burrup Fertilisers Pty Ltd (Receivers and Managers Appointed) [2011] FCAFC 117 at [29] ( Oswal ). See also…
Porter, in the matter of Slater (No 2)
[2020] FCA 1547
Citation 16
(Para 10)
…ts conclusion before the Federal Court proceeding is determined. 9The parties advance arguments by reference to a list of considerations collected in Sterling Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd v The Boots Company (Australia) Pty Ltd (1992) 34 FCR 287. A number of cases in this Court and others have followed the approach taken by Lockhart J in Sterling Pharmaceuticals . Sterling Pharmace…
Wigmans v AMP Ltd
[2019] NSWCA 243
Citation 17
(Para 63)
…corporate group may be suing related parties in another corporate group in relation to the same or a similar underlying issue: see, for example, Sterling Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd v The Boots Company (Australia) Pty Limited (1992) 34 FCR 287; [1992] FCA 71. Or the same or related parties may be suing each other or the related parties about, or in relation to, the same underlying is…
Productivity Partners Pty Ltd and Australian Skills Quality Authority
[2018] AATA 4878
Citation 18
(Para 15)
…in relation to similar issues. • Generally balancing the advantages and disadvantages to each party.[5] [5] Sterling Pharmaceuticals Pty Limited v The Boots Company (Australia) Pty Limited (1992) 34 FCR 287, 291.…
Viscariello v Tamasauskas
[2018] SASC 111
Citation 19
(Para 25)
…the case might only require a temporary rather than permanent stay.[1] [1] As to the power to grant a temporary stay in such circumstances, see Sterling Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd v The Boots Company (Australia) Pty Ltd (1992) 34 FCR 287 at 290-291; UDP Holdings Pty Ltd v Ironshore Corporate Capital Ltd [2016] VSC 400 at [39]; Palmer v Citic Ltd [2017] WASC 253 at [7]-[9]; and th…
Palmer v CITIC Ltd
[2017] WASC 253
Citation 20
(Para 1)
…orary stay or adjournment pending the completion of other proceedings which are likely to affect the proceedings sought to be stayed or adjourned. In Sterling Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd v The Boots Company (Australia) Pty Ltd (1992) 34 FCR 287, 294 Lockhart J said: There is obviously a substantial difference between a motion for a permanent stay or dismissal of a proceeding and a…
Hancock v Rinehart
[2017] NSWSC 1869
Citation 21
(Para 7)
…derations include the degree of progress of the competing proceedings, and the time at which each of the proceedings will be heard and determined. 1. Sterling Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd v The Boots Company (Australia) Pty Ltd (1992) 34 FCR 287; [1992] FCA 71.…
Tameeka Group Pty Ltd v Landan Pty Ltd
[2015] FCA 1218
Citation 22
(Para 20)
…relating to a stay of proceedings pending determination of proceedings raising the same issues in another jurisdiction were set out by Lockhart J in Sterling Pharmaceuticals Pty Limited v The Boots Company (Australia) Pty Limited (1992) 34 FCR 287 ( Sterling ) at 290–291: The court has a general power to control its own proceedings, and that power extends to enable it to order a temp…
Macquarie Bank Ltd v Juno Holdings S.a.r.l
[2015] NSWSC 919
Citation 23
(Para 18)
…It is common ground that the relevant principles are as stated by Lockhart J in Sterling Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd v The Boots Company (Australia) Pty Ltd (1992) 34 FCR 287 and summarised by Brereton J in In the matter of Treadtel International Pty Ltd [2014] NSWSC 1406 at [12]:…
ResMed Limited v Australian Manufacturing Workers' Union (No 2)
[2015] FCA 537
Citation 24
(Para 19)
…The AMWU submits that the relevant principles to be applied in the exercise of that discretion are articulated by Lockhart J in Sterling Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd v The Boots Company (Australia) Pty Limited (1992) 34 FCR 287 ( Sterling Pharmaceuticals ). In that case, Lockhart J held at 290-291 that the Court has a general power to control its own proceedings, which extends to enabl…
Trio Brothers Trading Pty Ltd v Road Runner Company Pty Ltd
[2015] FCA 374
Citation 25
(Para 23)
…In Sterling Pharmaceuticals Pty Limited v The Boots Company (Australia) Pty Limited (1992) 34 FCR 287, The Boots Company (Australia) Pty Ltd (“Boots”) sought orders that the proceeding brought against it in the Federal Court by Sterling Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd (“Sterling”) be stood out of the list or stayed until the hearing and determination of proceedings pending in the High Court o…
Lockyer Valley Regional Council v Zaczane Holdings Pty Ltd
[2015] QPEC 15
Citation 26
(Para 1)
…nterests of justice are best served by the grant of a stay, having regard to all relevant factors.[12] [10] McMahon v Gould (1982) 7 ACLR 202 at 206; Sterling Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd v The Boots Company (Australia) Pty Ltd (1992) 34 FCR 287 at 294. [11] McMahon v Gould (1982) 7 ACLR 202 at 206, affirmed in White v ASIC [2013] QCA 357 at [12], [16]. [12] McMahon v Gould (1982)…
Commissioner of Taxation v Oswal (No 3)
[2015] FCA 276
Citation 27
(Para 22)
…ding situations where it is desirable that proceedings in another forum are finalised before the proceedings before the Court are further progressed: Sterling Pharmaceuticals Pty Limited v The Boots Company (Australia) Pty Limited (1992) 34 FCR 287 at 290-291; see also Henry v Henry (1996) 185 CLR 571 at 590 and CSR Limited v Cigna Insurance Australia Limited (1997) 189 CLR 345 at 390…
Abacus Associates Pty Ltd v Graham Rowley (t/a APL/QBC Partnership)
[2015] QCATA 37
Citation 28
(Para 13)
…and Investments Commission v Lindberg (2009) 76 ACSR 181; [2009] VSC 566 at [218]; Carson v Legal Services Commission & Anor [2000] NSWCA 308; Sterling Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd v The Boots Company (Australia) Pty Limited (1992) 34 FCR 287 at 290-291; Software Engineers Australia (NSW) Pty Ltd v Bonket Pty Ltd (2002) 140 IR 112; [2002] FCA 1168 at [21]; James Trowse Constructions P…
Oswal v Apache Corporation
[2014] FCA 642
Citation 29
(Para 19)
…nding in another court and it is desirable that those proceedings should be finalised before the proceedings before the Court are further progressed: Sterling Pharmaceuticals Pty Limited v The Boots Company (Australia) Pty Limited (1992) 34 FCR 287 at 290-291.…
Steadmark Pty Limited v Bogart Lingerie Limited
[2013] VSC 402
Citation 30
(Para 1)
…the case where proceedings are pending in another court and it is desirable that those proceedings should proceed to their conclusion first.[78] [78] Sterling Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd v The Boots Company (Australia) Pty Ltd (1992) 34 FCR 287; Hughes Motor Service Pty Ltd v Wang Computer Pty Ltd [1978] FCA 49; [1978] 35 FLR 346; DA Technology Australia Pty Ltd v Discreet Logic I…
Bogart Lingerie Limited v Steadmark Pty Ltd
[2013] VSC 212
Citation 31
(Para 1)
…ng could be narrowed. [18]see, in particular, Henry v Henry [1995] 185 CLR 571; Raveh v Official Receiver of the State of Israel [2002] WASCA 27; Sterling Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd v The Boots Company (Australia) Pty Ltd (1992) 34 FCR 287; Hughes Motor Service Pty Ltd v Wang Computer Pty Ltd [1978] 35 FCR 346; DA Technology Australia Pty Ltd v Discreet Logic Inc [1994] FCA 958;…
MG Lines Pty Ltd t/as Coniston Station v Navi
[2013] NTSC 20
Citation 32
…[4] Sterling Pharmaceuticals Pty Limited v The Boots Company (Australia) Pty Limited (1992) 34 FCR 287 at 291.…
Imagatec P/L v Gosley-Fuller
[2012] QDC 15
Citation 33
(Para 1)
…im, in arriving at a determination it will normally be appropriate to have regard to considerations such as those listed by Lockhart J in Sterling Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd v The Boots Company (Australia) Pty Ltd (1992) 34 FCR 287: at [48].…
Oswal v Burrup Fertilisers Pty Ltd (Receivers and Managers Appointed)
[2011] FCAFC 117
Citation 34
(Para 2)
…as no dispute about the applicable principles. The primary Judge was asked to, and did, consider and adopt the considerations listed by Lockhart J in Sterling Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd v The Boots Company (Australia) Pty Ltd (1992) 34 FCR 287 at 291 ( Sterling Pharmaceuticals ). His Honour there said: In my opinion relevant considerations to be taken into account in the present…
Burrup Fertilisers Pty Ltd (Receivers and Managers Appointed) v Oswal
[2011] FCA 424
Citation 35
(Para 9)
…The parties advance arguments by reference to a list of considerations collected in Sterling Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd v The Boots Company (Australia) Pty Ltd (1992) 34 FCR 287. A number of cases in this Court and others have followed the approach taken by Lockhart J in Sterling Pharmaceuticals . Sterling Pharmaceuticals concerned litigation in New Zealand similar to that subseq…
Director of Public Prosecutions (Cth) v Marker
[2011] WADC 64
Citation 36
…inancial Transaction Reports Act 1988 (Cth) Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (Cth) Case References: Murcia & Associates v Grey [2001] WASCA 240; 25 WAR 209 Sterling Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd v The Boots Company (Australia) Pty Ltd (1992) 34 FCR 287 JURISDICTION : DISTRICT COURT OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA IN CHAMBERS LOCATION : PERTH CITATION : DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC PROSECUTIONS (CTH) -v- MARKE…
Groves v Commissioner of Taxation
[2011] FCA 222
Citation 37
(Para 12)
…e that power required the making of a discretionary value judgement. I accept as correct each of these propositions. A case relied upon by Dr Groves, Sterling Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd v The Boots Company (Australia) Pty Ltd (1992) 34 FCR 287 ( Sterling Pharmaceuticals ), illustrates them. It is frequently cited in cases concerning applications like the present for the summary o…
Mediterranean Olives Financial Pty Ltd v Loaders Traders Pty Ltd (Subject to Deed of Company Arrangement) (No 1)
[2011] FCA 177
Citation 38
…proceeding delayed – applications refused. Cases cited: Aon Risk Services Australia Ltd v Australian National University (2009) 239 CLR 175 Sterling Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd v The Boots Company (Australia) Pty Ltd (1992) 34 FCR 287 Date of hearing: 15 December 2010 Date of last submissions: 15 December 2010 Place: Melbourne Division: GENERAL DIVISION Category: Catchwords Number…
McConnell Dowell Constructors (Aust) Pty Ltd v The Ship ‘Asian Atlas'
[2011] FCA 174
Citation 39
(Para 9)
…In Sterling Pharmaceuticals Pty Limited v The Boots Company (Australia) Pty Limited (1992) 34 FCR 287 (‘ Sterling ’), Lockhart J considered a motion for orders that a proceeding in the Federal Court either be stood out of the list or stayed until the hearing and determination of proceedings pending in the High Court of New Zealand. His Honour said that the Court had a general power to…
Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Axis International Management Pty Ltd
[2009] FCA 852
Citation 40
(Para 21)
…The Court has a general power to control its own proceedings which includes a power to stay proceedings: Sterling Pharmaceuticals Pty Limited v The Boots Company (Australia) Pty Ltd (1992) 34 FCR 287 at 290). It also has power by virtue of O20 r 5 of the Federal Court Rules to stay proceedings which are an abuse of the process of the Court. Proceedings will be an abuse of process…
Wide Bay Conservation Council Inc v Burnett Water Pty Ltd
[2008] FCA 1900
Citation 41
(Para 19)
…r to grant a temporary stay of those proceedings in various circumstances is not in doubt. The authority cited by Burnett Water for this proposition, Sterling Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd v The Boots Company (Australia) Pty Ltd (1992) 34 FCR 287 at 290 certainly exemplifies this but in the different context of similar proceedings pending in a foreign jurisdiction. More pertinent is…
Pilbara Iron Ore Pty Ltd v Ammon
[2008] WASCA 202
Citation 42
…King (1936) 55 CLR 499 L & W Developments Pty Ltd v Della [2003] NSWCA 140; (2003) 135 IR 118 O'Grady v Northern Queensland Co Ltd (1990) 169 CLR 356 Sterling Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd v The Boots Company (Australia) Pty Ltd (1992) 34 FCR 287 Tiufino v Warland [2000] NSWCA 110; (2000) 50 NSWLR 104 Wiltrading (WA) Pty Ltd v Lumley General Insurance Ltd [2005] WASCA 106; (2005) 30…
Pilbara Iron Ore Pty Ltd v Ammon
[2008] WASC 108
Citation 43
(Para 6)
…rt necessarily involved. However, counsel for PIO submits that the decision should turn on a consideration of the factors identified by Lockhart J in Sterling Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd v The Boots Company (Australia) Pty Ltd (1992) 34 FCR 287. There, the parties were engaged in litigation in the Federal Court of Australia and in the High Court of New Zealand in which similar iss…
Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Original Mama's Pizza and Ribs Pty Ltd (ACN 093 465 046)
[2006] FCA 302
Citation 44
(Para 14)
…l its own proceedings has been considered in Hughes Motor Service Pty Ltd v Wang Computer Pty Ltd (1978) 35 FLR 346 (‘ Wang ’) at 351 to 354, and Sterling Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd v The Boots Company (Australia) Pty Ltd (1992) 34 FCR 287 (‘ Sterling Pharmaceuticals ’). As McClelland CJ in Equity said in Tamas v Silver Beach Resort Pty Ltd (unreported, NSWSC, 13 July 1994): ‘a p…
Temwood Holdings Pty Ltd v Western Australian Planning Commission
[2004] WASCA 65
Citation 45
(Para 5)
…ts and causes of action are litigated in two different courts; that it is only enlivened if the two actions involve substantially the same issues – Sterling Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd v The Boots Company (Australia) Pty Ltd (1992) 34 FCR 287. It contends that the issues in the arbitration are not substantially the same issues as these in the High Court appeal and are in fact enti…
Westfield Management Ltd v Direct Factory Outlets Homebush Pty Limited
[2003] NSWLEC 258
Citation 46
…ectricity Commission of New South Wales [No 3] (1985) 66 LGRA 307; Minister for Local Government v South Sydney City Council (No 3) [2002] NSWCA 327; Sterling Pharmaceuticals Pty Limited v The Boots Company (Australia) Pty Limited (1992) 34 FCR 287 DATES OF HEARING: 12/09/2003 DATE OF JUDGMENT: 09/15/2003 LEGAL REPRESENTATIVES: APPLICANTS Mr IM Jackman SC with Mr J Staljar (barrister)…
Commonwealth of Australia v Cockatoo Dockyard Pty Ltd
[2003] NSWCA 192
Citation 47
…64 The Commonwealth referred to Hughes Motor Services Pty Limited v Wang Computer Pty Limited (1978) 35 FLR 346 (“ Hughes ”) and Sterling Pharmaceuticals Pty Limited v The Boots Company (Australia) Pty Limited (1992) 34 FCR 287 (“ Sterling Pharmaceuticals ”) in support of the proposition that a factor to take into account in determining whether or not to grant a stay is the practical…
Reinsurance Australia Corporation Ltd v HIH Casualty and General Insurance (in liq)
[2003] FCA 56
Citation 48
(Para 6)
…a temporary stay ought to be granted pending the determination of the UK and USA proceedings in accordance with the decision of Lockhart J in Sterling Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd v The Boots Company (Australia) Pty Ltd (1992) 34 FCR 287 (“ Sterling ”).…
Software Engineers Australia (NSW) Pty Ltd v Bonket Pty Ltd
[2002] FCA 1168
Citation 49
(Para 4)
…This issue was the subject of consideration in Sterling Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd v The Boots Company (Australia) Pty Limited (1992) 34 FCR 287. Lockhart J said at 290‑291: “The court has a general power to control its own proceedings, and that power extends to enable it to order a temporary stay of proceedings in various circumstances including the case where proceedings are pendin…
Australian Associated Motor Insurers Ltd v NRMA Insurance Ltd
[2002] FCA 1061
Citation 50
…VR 257 cited Chapman v Luminis Pty Ltd [2001] FCA 1106 referred to Sterling Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd v The Boots Company (Australia) Pty Ltd (1992) 34 FCR 287 cited Lanitis v Lanitis (1970) 1 WLR 503 cited Boyd v Halstead [1985] 2 Qd R 429 referred to Banque Commerciale SA (in Liquidation) v Akhil Holdings Ltd (1989-1990) 169 CLR 279 cited Dare v Pulham (1982) 148 CLR 658 cite…