Smirke on behalf of the Jurruru People v State of Western Australia (No 4)

[2022] FCA 993

FEDERAL COURT OF AUSTRALIA

Smirke on behalf of the Jurruru People v State of Western Australia (No 4) [2022] FCA 993

File number(s):

WAD 490 of 2016
WAD 537 of 2018
WAD 538 of 2018

Judgment of:

MORTIMER J

Date of judgment:

26 August 2022

Catchwords:

NATIVE TITLE – consent determination – where determination made on the basis of mediation following a contested determination of a separate question – where nominated prescribed body corporate differs from that determined to hold similar native title on behalf of a similar, but not identical, common law native title holding group

Legislation:

Federal Court of Australia Act 1976 (Cth), ss 22, 37M, 37N

Native Title Act 1993 (Cth), ss 13(1)(a), 56(2), 57(2), 67(1), 68, 84D(4), 87, 94A, 225

Native Title (Prescribed Bodies Corporate) Regulations 1999 (Cth), r 11

Cases cited:

Commonwealth v Clifton [2007] FCAFC 90; 164 FCR 335

Drill on behalf of the Purnululu Native Title Claim Group v State of Western Australia [2020] FCA 1510

Drury on behalf of the Nanda People v State of Western Australia [2018] FCA 1849

Drury on behalf of the Nanda People v State of Western Australia [2020] FCAFC 69; 276 FCR 203

Farrer on behalf of the Ngarrawanji Native Title Claim Group v State of Western Australia (No 4) [2021] FCA 1497

Freddie v Northern Territory [2017] FCA 867

Hughes (on behalf of the Eastern Guruma People) v State of Western Australia [2007] FCA 365

Jones on behalf of the Yinhawangka People v State of Western Australia [2017] FCA 801

Jurruru People v State of Western Australia [2012] FCA 2

Lander v State of South Australia [2012] FCA 427

Lovett on behalf of the Gunditjmara People v State of Victoria [2007] FCA 474

Moses v Western Australia [2007] FCAFC 148; 160 FCR 148

Mouda on behalf of Joombarn-Buru Native Title Claimants v State of Western Australia [2021] FCA 1233

Peterson v State of Western Australia [2013] FCA 518

Smirke on behalf of the Jurruru People v State of Western Australia (No 2) [2020] FCA 1728
Smirke on behalf of the Jurruru People v State of Western Australia (No 3) [2021] FCA 1122

Smirke on behalf of the Jurruru People v State of Western Australia [2015] FCA 939

Taylor on behalf of the Yamatji Nation Claim v State of Western Australia [2020] FCA 42

Thudgari People v State of Western Australia [2009] FCA 1334

Ward v State of Western Australia [2006] FCA 1848

Wurrunmurra on behalf of the Bunuba People v State of Western Australia [2015] FCA 1480

Division:

General Division

Registry:

Western Australia

National Practice Area:

Native Title

Number of paragraphs:

59

Date of hearing:

26 August 2022

Counsel for the applicant in WAD537/2018 and WAD538/2018:

Stephen Wright SC

Solicitor for the applicant in WAD537/2019 and WAD538/2018:

Yamatji Marlpa Aboriginal Corporation

Counsel for the applicant in WAD490/2016, the twelfth to fifteenth respondents in WAD537/2018 and the tenth to thirteenth respondents in WAD538/2018:

Tina Jowett

Solicitor for the applicant in WAD490/2016, the twelfth to fifteenth respondents in WAD537/2018 and the tenth to thirteenth respondents in WAD538/2018:

Cross Country Native Title Services

Counsel for the first respondent in each proceeding:

Griff Ranson SC

Solicitor for the first respondent in each proceeding:

State Solicitor’s Office

ORDERS

WAD 537 of 2018

BETWEEN:

IVAN SMIRKE, ALEC ALEXANDER AND KELLMAN LIMERICK

Applicant

AND:

STATE OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA & ORS

Respondents

WAD 538 of 2018

BETWEEN:

IVAN SMIRKE, ALEC ALEXANDER AND KELLMAN LIMERICK

Applicant

AND:

STATE OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA & ORS

Respondents

WAD 490 of 2016

BETWEEN:

ROY TOMMY, NANCY TOMMY, MARY MILLS & ANOR

Applicant

AND:

STATE OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA & ORS

Respondents

ORDER MADE BY:	MORTIMER J
DATE OF ORDER:	26 AUGUST 2022

THE COURT NOTES THAT:       

A.Pursuant to s 87(1) of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth), the parties have filed with the Court a Minute of Proposed Consent Determination of Native Title.

B.The Minute is in relation to an area covered by the entirety of the applications WAD 490 of 2016 and WAD 538 of 2018 (formerly WAD327/2012) and the balance of application WAD 537 of 2018 (formerly WAD6007/2000) (together, the Determination Area).

C.The Minute reflects the Court’s findings in Smirke on behalf of the Jurruru People v State of Western Australia (No 2) [2020] FCA 1728 and Smirke on behalf of the Jurruru People v State of Western Australia (No 3) [2021] FCA 1122, and also gives effect to agreements subsequently reached by the parties in mediation and after further compromise following mediation.

D.The terms of the agreement involve the making of consent orders for a determination of native title pursuant to ss 87 and 94A of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) that native title exists in relation to the land and waters of the Determination Area.

E.The parties acknowledge that the effect of the making of the determination is that the members of the native title claim groups, in accordance with the traditional laws acknowledged and the traditional customs observed by them, should be recognised as the native title holders for the Determination Area as set out in the determination.

BEING SATISFIED that a determination of native title in the terms set out in Attachment A would be within the power of the Court and, it appearing to the Court appropriate to do so, pursuant to sections 87 and 94A of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) and by the consent of the parties:

THE COURT ORDERS THAT:

1.There be a determination of native title in the terms proposed in these orders, despite any actual or arguable defect in the authorisation of the applicant in WAD 490 of 2016 to seek and agree to a consent determination pursuant to s 87 of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth).

BY CONSENT THE COURT ORDERS THAT:

1.Pursuant to subsection 67(1) of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth), proceedings WAD 490 of 2016, WAD 537 of 2018 and WAD 538 of 2018 be determined together.

2.In relation to the Determination Area, there be a determination of native title in WAD 490 of 2016, WAD 537 of 2018 and WAD 538 of 2018 in the terms provided for in Attachment A (‘the determination’).

3.In respect of the Yinhawangka Area (as defined in paragraph 14 of the determination), the Gobawarrah Yinhawangka Aboriginal Corporation (ICN 9813) shall hold the determined Yinhawangka native title in trust for the Yinhawangka People pursuant to section 56(2)(b) of the Native Title Act1993 (Cth).

4.In respect of the Jurruru Area (as defined in paragraph 14 of the determination), the Jurruru Aboriginal Corporation RNTBC (ICN 8251) shall hold the determined Jurruru native title in trust for the Jurruru People pursuant to section 56(2)(b) of the Native Title Act1993 (Cth).

5.In respect of the Overlap Area (as defined in paragraph 14 of the determination), the Gobawarrah Yinhawangka Aboriginal Corporation (ICN 9813) shall hold the determined Yinhawangka native title in trust for the Yinhawangka People pursuant to section 56(2)(b) of the Native Title Act1993 (Cth) and the Jurruru Aboriginal Corporation RNTBC (ICN 8251) shall hold the determined Jurruru native title in trust for the Jurruru People pursuant to section 56(2)(b) of the Native Title Act1993 (Cth).

6.Within 28 days of the Agreement, which forms Schedule Seven to the determination, being executed by the Gobawarrah Yinhawangka Aboriginal Corporation (ICN 9813) and the Jurruru Aboriginal Corporation RNTBC (ICN 8251), the Gobawarrah Yinhawangka Aboriginal Corporation (ICN 9813) shall file and serve a document notifying the Court and parties of that fact.

7.Order 5 of these Orders and paragraph 5 of the determination shall not take effect unless and until the notice in Order 6 has been filed.

8.In the event the Agreement referred to in Order 6 has not been executed within 6 months of the date of these Orders, or such later time as this Court may order, the matter is to be listed for further directions.

9.Subject to Order 10, there be no order as to costs.

10.The question of costs against Yamatji Marlpa Aboriginal Corporation (ICN 2001) in WAD 490 of 2016, WAD 537 of 2018 and WAD 538 of 2018 be reserved, subject to the filing of the interlocutory application(s) contemplated by the order of Mortimer J dated 24 February 2022 in proceeding WAD 490 of 2016.

Note:      Entry of orders is dealt with in Rule 39.32 of the Federal Court Rules 2011.

ATTACHMENT A

DETERMINATION

THE COURT ORDERS, DECLARES AND DETERMINES THAT:

Existence of native title: section 225 Native Title Act

1.Subject to paragraph 2, Jurruru native title and Yinhawangka native title exist in the Determination Area in the manner set out in paragraphs 6 and 7 of this determination.

2.No native title exists in those parts of the Determination Area that are identified in Schedule Three.

Native title holders: section 225(a) Native Title Act

3.In the Yinhawangka Area, Yinhawangka native title is held by the Yinhawangka People.

4.In the Jurruru Area, Jurruru native title is held by the Jurruru People.

5.In the Overlap Area:

(a)Yinhawangka native title is held by the Yinhawangka People; and

(b)Jurruru native title is held by the Jurruru People.

The nature and extent of native title rights and interests: sections 225(b) and 225(e) Native Title Act

6.Subject to paragraphs 2, 8, 9, 10 and 13, the nature and extent of the Yinhawangka native title in relation to the Yinhawangka Area and the Overlap Area is that it confers the following non-exclusive rights, including the right to conduct activities necessary to give effect to them, on the Yinhawangka People:

(a)the right to live, being to enter and remain on the land, to camp and erect shelters and other structures for that purpose, and travel over and visit any part of the land and waters;

(b)the right to hunt, fish, gather, take and use the traditional resources;

(c)the right to take and use water;

(d)the right to engage in cultural activities and the transmission of cultural knowledge, including:

(i)visiting places of cultural or spiritual importance and maintaining, caring for, and protecting those places by carrying out activities to preserve their physical or spiritual integrity; and

(ii)conducting ceremony and ritual, including burial and burial rites; and

(e)the right to be accompanied by those people who, though not native title holders and who (for the avoidance of doubt) cannot themselves exercise any native title right, are:

(i)spouses, parents or children of the native title holders; or

(ii)people required by or entering in connection with traditional law and custom for the performance of ceremonies or cultural activities.

7.Subject to paragraphs 2, 8, 9, 10 and 13, the nature and extent of the Jurruru native title in relation to the Jurruru Area and the Overlap Area is that it confers the following non-exclusive rights, including the right to conduct activities necessary to give effect to them, on the Jurruru People:

(a)the right to enter and remain on the land, camp, erect temporary shelters, and travel over and visit any part of the land and waters;

(b)the right to hunt, fish, gather, take and use the traditional resources;

(c)the right to take and use water;

(d)the right to engage in cultural activities, including:

(i)visiting places of cultural or spiritual importance and maintaining, caring for, and protecting those places by carrying out activities to preserve their physical or spiritual integrity; and

(ii)conducting ceremony and ritual; and

(e)the right to be accompanied by those people who, though not Jurruru People, are:

(i)spouses, parents or descendant of one or more Jurruru person; or

(ii)people required by traditional law and custom for the performance of ceremonies or cultural activities.

Qualifications on the native title rights and interests

8.The native title rights and interests are subject to and exercisable in accordance with:

(a)the laws of the State and the Commonwealth, including the common law; and

(b)the traditional laws and customs of the Yinhawangka People and/or the Jurruru People (as the case may be) for personal, domestic and communal purposes (including social, cultural, religious, spiritual and ceremonial purposes).

9.Notwithstanding anything in this determination, there are no native title rights and interests in the Determination Area in relation to:

(a)minerals as defined in the Mining Act 1904 (WA) (repealed) and in the Mining Act 1978 (WA), except to the extent that ochre is not a mineral pursuant to the Mining Act 1904 (WA);

(b)petroleum as defined in the Petroleum Act 1936 (WA) (repealed) and in the Petroleum and Geothermal Energy Resources Act 1967 (WA);

(c)geothermal energy resources and geothermal energy as defined in the Petroleum and Geothermal Energy Resources Act 1967 (WA); or

(d)water lawfully captured by the holders of the Other Interests.

10.The native title rights and interests set out in paragraphs 6 and 7 do not confer:

(a)possession, occupation, use and enjoyment on the Yinhawangka People or the Jurruru People to the exclusion of all others; or

(b)a right to control access to, or use of, the land and waters of the Determination Area or its resources.

Areas to which ss 47, 47A or 47B of the Native Title Act applies

11.For the avoidance of doubt, sections 47, 47A and 47B of the Native Title Act do not apply to disregard any prior extinguishment in relation to the Determination Area.

The nature and extent of any Other Interests

12.The nature and extent of the Other Interests are described in Schedule Four.

Relationship between native title rights and Other Interests

13.Except as otherwise provided for by law, the relationship between the native title rights and interests described in paragraphs 6 and 7 and the Other Interests is that:

(a)to the extent that any of the Other Interests are inconsistent with the continued existence, enjoyment or exercise of the native title rights and interests, the native title rights and interests continue to exist in their entirety, but the native title rights and interests have no effect in relation to the Other Interests to the extent of the inconsistency during the currency of the Other Interests; and otherwise,

(b)the existence and exercise of the native title rights and interests do not prevent the doing of any activity required or permitted to be done by or under the Other Interests, and the Other Interests, and the doing of any activity required or permitted to be done by or under the Other Interests, prevail over the native title rights and interests and any exercise of the native title rights and interests, but do not extinguish them.

Definitions and Interpretation

14.In this determination, unless the contrary intention appears:

"Determination Area" means the land and waters described in Part 1 of Schedule One and depicted on the map at Schedule Two;

"Jurruru Area" means the land and waters depicted with a green hatch pattern in the map at Schedule Two;

"Jurruru People" means the people described in Schedule Six;

"land" has the same meaning as in the Native Title Act and, for the avoidance of doubt, includes any natural collection of water found on the land which does not fall within the definition of "waters";

"Native Title Act" means the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth);

"Other Interests" means the legal or equitable estates or interests and other rights in relation to the Determination Area described in Schedule Four and referred to in paragraph 12;

"Overlap Area" means the land and waters described in Part 2 of Schedule One and depicted by way of a blue cross-hatch pattern in the map at Schedule Two;

"resources" means flora, fauna, and other natural resources such as charcoal, stone, soil, sand, clay, gravel, timber, resin and ochre (except, for the avoidance of doubt, ochres for use in the manufacture of porcelain, fine pottery or pigments which are minerals pursuant to the Mining Act 1904 (WA) (repealed));

"Titles Validation Act" means the Titles (Validation) and Native Title (Effect of Past Acts) Act 1995 (WA);

"use" does not include use by way of trade;

"waters" has the same meaning as in the Native Title Act;

"Yinhawangka Area" means the land and waters depicted with a purple hatch pattern in the map at Schedule Two; and

"Yinhawangka People" means the people described in Schedule Five.

15.In the event of any inconsistency between the written description of an area in Schedule One, Three or Four and the area as depicted on the map at Schedule Two, the written description prevails.

SCHEDULE ONE

Part 1 – External boundary of the determination area

The Determination Area, generally shown as bordered in blue on the map at Schedule Two, comprises all land and waters bounded by the following description:

All those land and waters commencing at Latitude 23.067387 South, Longitude 117.161894 East being a point on the present boundary of Native Title Determination WAD340/2010 Yinhawangka Part A (WCD2017/003) and extending generally southeasterly along the boundaries of that native title determination to Latitude 23.101992 South, Longitude 117.229480 East being a point on the present boundary of Native Title Determination WAD216/2010 Yinhawangka Part B (WCD2017/003); Then generally southerly and generally southeasterly along the boundaries of that native title determination to Latitude 23.701669 South, Longitude 117.739187 East being a point on the present boundary of Native Title Determination WAD72/1998 Nharnuwangga Wajarri and Ngarlawangga (WCD2000/001); Then southwesterly along the boundary of that native title determination to Latitude 23.716124 South being a point on the eastern boundary of Pastoral Lease N049718 (Mininer); Then southwesterly to Latitude 23.727920 South, Longitude 117.694158 East; Then southwesterly to a southern boundary of Pastoral Lease N049718 (Mininer) at Longitude 117.669525 East being a point on the present boundary of Native Title Determination WAD72/1998 Nharnuwangga Wajarri and Ngarlawangga (WCD2000/001); Then generally southwesterly along the boundaries of that native title determination to an eastern boundary of Pastoral Lease N050510 (Pingandy) at Latitude 23.835574 South; Then generally southwesterly through the following coordinate points:

LATITUDE (SOUTH)	LONGITUDE (EAST)
23.855564	117.459929
23.891595	117.393929
23.924224	117.345668
23.946174	117.304098

Then southwesterly to Latitude 23.952345 South, Longitude 117.294870 East being a point on the present boundary of Native Title Determination WAD6007/2000 Jurruru People Part A (WCD2015/002); Then generally southwesterly, generally northwesterly and generally northerly along the boundaries of the native title determination to Latitude 23.098784 South, Longitude 117.169473 East being a point on the boundary of Native Title Determination WAD126/2005 Puutu Kunti Kurrama and Pinikura 2 (WCD2015/003); Then northwesterly along the boundary of that native title determination back to the commencement point.

Note:Geographic Coordinates provided in Decimal Degrees.

All referenced Deposited Plans and Diagrams are held by the Western Australian Land Information Authority, trading as Landgate.
Cadastral boundaries sourced from Landgate’s Spatial Cadastral Database dated 1^st October 2021.

For the avoidance of doubt, the Determination Area excludes any land and waters the subject of the following native title determinations:

·Native Title Determination WAD126/2005 Puutu Kunti Kurrama and Pinikura #2 (WCD2015/003) as determined in the Federal Court on 02/09/2015.

·Native Title Determination WAD340/2020 Yinhawangka Part A (WCD2017/003) as determined in the Federal Court on 18/07/2017.

·Native Title Determination WAD216/2010 Yinhawangka Part B (WCD2017/003) as determined in the Federal Court on 18/07/2017.

·Native Title Determination WAD72/1998 Nharnuwangga Wajarri and Ngarlawangga (WCD2000/001) as determined in the Federal Court on 29/08/2000.

·Native Title Determination WAD6007/2000 Jurruru People Part A (WCD2015/002) as determined in the Federal Court on 01/09/2015.

Datum:Geocentric Datum of Australia 2020 (GDA2020)

Prepared By:      Graphic Services (Landgate) 8^th November 2021

Use of Coordinates:
Where coordinates are used within the description to represent cadastral or topographical boundaries or the intersection with such, they are intended as a guide only. As an outcome of the custodians of cadastral and topographic data continuously recalculating the geographic position of their data based on improved survey and data maintenance procedures, it is not possible to accurately define such a position other than by detailed ground survey.

Part 2 – Description of the overlap area

All those lands and waters commencing at the intersection of an eastern boundary of Native Title Determination WAD6007/2000 Jurruru People Part A (WCD2015/002) with Latitude 23.451864 South and extending northeasterly along the boundary of that native title determination to Latitude 23.389912 South; Then generally southeasterly through the following coordinate points:

LATITUDE (SOUTH)	LONGITUDE (EAST)
23.390572	117.154045
23.390601	117.154151
23.390636	117.154256
23.390677	117.154358
23.390723	117.154457
23.390774	117.154553
23.390829	117.154646
23.390890	117.154736
23.392146	117.156483
23.392216	117.156575
23.392292	117.156662
23.392372	117.156744
23.393792	117.158109
23.393869	117.158179
23.393949	117.158245
23.394033	117.158305
23.394120	117.158360
23.394210	117.158410
23.394302	117.158455
23.394396	117.158493
23.394492	117.158527
23.397822	117.159564
23.397922	117.159592
23.398024	117.159613
23.398126	117.159629
23.398229	117.159638
23.398332	117.159640
23.398436	117.159636
23.400785	117.159472
23.400896	117.159461
23.401007	117.159442
23.401116	117.159416
23.401224	117.159382
23.401329	117.159341
23.401432	117.159293
23.401529	117.159240
23.401532	117.159239
23.401628	117.159178
23.401721	117.159110
23.401810	117.159037
23.401894	117.158957
23.402517	117.158335
23.402536	117.158445
23.402692	117.160316
23.402705	117.160434
23.402725	117.160551
23.402751	117.160667
23.402784	117.160781
23.402823	117.160892
23.402868	117.161001
23.402920	117.161106
23.404501	117.164124
23.404596	117.167516
23.404602	117.167624
23.404613	117.167733
23.404630	117.167840
23.404653	117.167946
23.404681	117.168051
23.404714	117.168154
23.405697	117.170940
23.405739	117.171048
23.405786	117.171153
23.405840	117.171255
23.405898	117.171353
23.405962	117.171447
23.406031	117.171537
23.406105	117.171623
23.406184	117.171703
23.406267	117.171778
23.406353	117.171848
23.406444	117.171912
23.406538	117.171970
23.408459	117.173074
23.409722	117.174525
23.409733	117.174537
23.410971	117.175991
23.411048	117.176076
23.411129	117.176155
23.411215	117.176229
23.411305	117.176298
23.411398	117.176360
23.411494	117.176416
23.411594	117.176466
23.411696	117.176509
23.411801	117.176545
23.411907	117.176574
23.412015	117.176596
23.412123	117.176611
23.412233	117.176619
23.412342	117.176620
23.412452	117.176614
23.412561	117.176600
23.412669	117.176579
23.412775	117.176551
23.414249	117.176114
23.414358	117.176078
23.414464	117.176035
23.414567	117.175984
23.414667	117.175927
23.414764	117.175863
23.414857	117.175792
23.414946	117.175715
23.415029	117.175633
23.415108	117.175544
23.415182	117.175451
23.415250	117.175353
23.415313	117.175250
23.415369	117.175143
23.415419	117.175033
23.415462	117.174919
23.415499	117.174803
23.415529	117.174685
23.415748	117.173702
23.415762	117.173629
23.416308	117.170680
23.416325	117.170573
23.416337	117.170464
23.416406	117.169595
23.416507	117.169619
23.417082	117.170019
23.417764	117.171462
23.418137	117.172386
23.418196	117.172666
23.418164	117.172765
23.418138	117.172867
23.418116	117.172970
23.418100	117.173074
23.417982	117.173965
23.417831	117.174504
23.417803	117.174617
23.417781	117.174731
23.417766	117.174847
23.417756	117.174964
23.417754	117.175081
23.417757	117.175197
23.417767	117.175314
23.417784	117.175429
23.417807	117.175544
23.417836	117.175656
23.417871	117.175767
23.418063	117.176314
23.418104	117.176422
23.418152	117.176528
23.418205	117.176630
23.418264	117.176729
23.418328	117.176824
23.418397	117.176914
23.418998	117.177651
23.419076	117.177741
23.419159	117.177826
23.419247	117.177905
23.420214	117.178714
23.420553	117.179222
23.420614	117.179308
23.420679	117.179390
23.420748	117.179468
23.420821	117.179542
23.420898	117.179612
23.420978	117.179677
23.421061	117.179737
23.421594	117.180096
23.421697	117.180355
23.421738	117.180451
23.421784	117.180544
23.421834	117.180634
23.421889	117.180721
23.421948	117.180804
23.422657	117.181760
23.422723	117.181843
23.422793	117.181923
23.422866	117.181998
23.422944	117.182068
23.423708	117.182723
23.423784	117.182784
23.423862	117.182841
23.423943	117.182894
23.424026	117.182941
23.424112	117.182984
23.424552	117.183191
23.424785	117.183521
23.424857	117.183617
23.424934	117.183708
23.425017	117.183793
23.425104	117.183873
23.425196	117.183946
23.425292	117.184013
23.425392	117.184073
23.425494	117.184126
23.426490	117.184601
23.427692	117.185483
23.427727	117.185509
23.427736	117.185515
23.428965	117.186361
23.429034	117.186407
23.430409	117.187263
23.430706	117.187660
23.430850	117.188185
23.430880	117.188285
23.430915	117.188384
23.430955	117.188480
23.430999	117.188574
23.431048	117.188665
23.431102	117.188753
23.431948	117.190063
23.432011	117.190154
23.432078	117.190241
23.432150	117.190324
23.432226	117.190402
23.432306	117.190475
23.432390	117.190542
23.432477	117.190605
23.434388	117.191888
23.434480	117.191946
23.434575	117.191998
23.434673	117.192044
23.434774	117.192083
23.436105	117.192559
23.437559	117.193520
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23.552312	117.415711
23.552334	117.415829
23.552363	117.415945
23.552399	117.416059
23.552441	117.416171
23.552489	117.416279
23.552544	117.416384
23.552604	117.416485
23.552670	117.416582
23.552741	117.416674
23.552817	117.416761
23.552898	117.416843
23.552984	117.416920
23.553073	117.416991
23.553167	117.417055
23.553264	117.417114
23.553364	117.417166
23.553467	117.417211
23.553572	117.417249
23.553679	117.417280
23.553788	117.417303
23.553898	117.417320
23.554009	117.417329
23.554119	117.417331
23.554230	117.417325
23.554341	117.417312
23.555045	117.417205
23.555156	117.417185
23.555266	117.417157
23.555374	117.417121
23.555479	117.417078
23.555582	117.417028
23.555682	117.416972
23.556151	117.417171
23.556405	117.417527
23.556488	117.418165
23.556507	117.418284
23.556533	117.418403
23.556565	117.418519
23.556605	117.418632
23.556650	117.418743
23.556702	117.418851
23.556760	117.418955
23.556731	117.419074
23.556709	117.419195
23.556694	117.419317
23.556686	117.419439
23.556685	117.419563
23.556691	117.419686
23.556704	117.419808
23.556725	117.419929
23.556752	117.420049
23.556881	117.420540
23.556914	117.420654
23.556954	117.420766
23.556999	117.420875
23.557051	117.420981
23.557109	117.421083
23.557173	117.421181
23.557242	117.421275
23.557316	117.421364
23.557395	117.421448
23.557478	117.421526
23.557566	117.421599
23.557658	117.421666
23.557753	117.421726
23.557852	117.421781
23.557953	117.421828
23.558057	117.421869
23.558163	117.421903
23.558271	117.421929
23.558380	117.421949
23.558490	117.421961
23.558600	117.421966
23.558711	117.421963
23.558821	117.421953
23.558930	117.421936
23.559039	117.421912
23.559145	117.421880
23.559250	117.421842
23.559352	117.421796
23.559066	117.422160
23.558560	117.422747
23.558486	117.422839
23.558417	117.422935
23.558354	117.423036
23.558297	117.423140
23.558246	117.423249
23.558201	117.423360
23.558163	117.423474
23.558131	117.423591
23.558106	117.423710
23.558088	117.423830
23.558077	117.423951
23.558073	117.424072
23.558075	117.424194
23.558203	117.426714
23.558213	117.426838
23.558230	117.426960
23.558254	117.427081
23.558286	117.427200
23.558324	117.427317
23.558368	117.427431
23.558419	117.427541
23.558477	117.427648
23.558541	117.427751
23.558610	117.427849
23.558685	117.427942
23.558766	117.428030
23.558851	117.428112
23.558941	117.428188
23.559035	117.428258
23.559566	117.428625
23.561063	117.429739
23.561063	117.430329
23.561063	117.430366
23.561067	117.430489
23.561077	117.430612
23.561095	117.430734
23.561120	117.430855
23.561152	117.430974
23.561191	117.431090
23.571794	117.434804
23.578564	117.435569
23.580646	117.436229
23.582583	117.437521
23.582823	117.438329
23.583103	117.440065
23.583123	117.440173
23.583149	117.440281
23.583181	117.440386
23.583218	117.440490
23.583261	117.440591
23.583308	117.440689
23.583361	117.440784
23.583419	117.440876
23.583481	117.440964
23.584385	117.442170
23.584449	117.442251
23.584518	117.442328
23.584590	117.442401
23.584665	117.442469
23.584744	117.442533
23.586552	117.443920
23.586602	117.443956
23.586973	117.444221
23.587787	117.446425
23.587831	117.446533
23.587880	117.446638
23.587935	117.446740
23.587996	117.446838
23.588063	117.446932
23.588873	117.448013
23.589084	117.448297
23.588994	117.448576
23.588964	117.448678
23.588939	117.448781
23.588920	117.448885
23.588906	117.448990
23.588897	117.449096
23.588893	117.449202
23.588895	117.449308
23.588913	117.449752
23.588932	117.450211
23.588844	117.450274
23.588760	117.450342
23.588679	117.450416
23.588603	117.450495
23.588531	117.450578
23.588463	117.450666
23.588401	117.450758
23.588344	117.450853
23.588291	117.450953
23.588245	117.451055
23.588203	117.451160
23.588168	117.451268
23.587921	117.452091
23.587408	117.453401
23.587368	117.453513
23.587335	117.453628
23.587307	117.453745
23.587287	117.453863
23.587273	117.453983
23.587266	117.454104
23.587216	117.455856
23.586308	117.458449
23.585735	117.459620
23.584694	117.461355
23.584641	117.461450
23.584592	117.461548
23.584549	117.461650
23.583856	117.463398
23.583815	117.463508
23.583782	117.463621
23.583754	117.463736
23.583151	117.466600
23.583145	117.466628
23.583133	117.466696
23.582530	117.470403
23.582529	117.470411
23.582293	117.471900
23.581784	117.472727
23.579630	117.476202
23.579581	117.476284
23.579537	117.476369
23.579496	117.476456
23.579460	117.476545
23.578213	117.479817
23.578174	117.479931
23.578141	117.480047
23.578115	117.480164
23.577258	117.484605
23.577239	117.484721
23.577237	117.484738
23.576769	117.488399
23.576757	117.488518
23.576752	117.488637
23.576754	117.488757
23.576967	117.493743
23.577054	117.500197
23.577056	117.500256
23.577494	117.510687
23.577502	117.510796
23.577515	117.510905
23.577533	117.511013
23.579637	117.521531
23.580764	117.527140
23.583318	117.539849
23.583343	117.539957
23.583373	117.540063
23.583409	117.540167
23.583450	117.540269
23.587261	117.549016
23.590645	117.559950
23.590678	117.560047
23.590715	117.560143
23.590758	117.560236
23.590804	117.560327
23.590855	117.560415
23.590911	117.560500
23.594416	117.565583
23.594426	117.565596
23.597931	117.570592
23.597995	117.570677
23.598062	117.570758
23.598134	117.570835
23.598209	117.570908
23.598289	117.570976
23.598371	117.571039
23.598457	117.571097
23.598545	117.571149
23.599531	117.571697
23.599621	117.571744
23.599713	117.571785
23.599807	117.571820
23.599903	117.571850
23.600000	117.571874
23.600098	117.571893
23.600602	117.571971
23.600896	117.572484
23.601524	117.573675
23.601553	117.573728
23.601583	117.573778
23.602939	117.576016
23.602973	117.576070
23.602978	117.576078
23.603632	117.577072
23.603748	117.577555
23.604050	117.578897
23.604077	117.579004
23.604110	117.579110
23.604148	117.579213
23.604192	117.579314
23.605043	117.581149
23.605440	117.582187
23.605933	117.583698
23.605974	117.583812
23.606022	117.583924
23.606076	117.584032
23.606136	117.584136
23.606202	117.584236
23.606563	117.584747
23.606963	117.585425
23.607027	117.585526
23.607097	117.585622
23.607172	117.585714
23.607252	117.585800
23.607337	117.585881
23.607426	117.585956
23.607520	117.586024
23.607617	117.586086
23.607718	117.586142
23.607822	117.586190
23.607928	117.586232
23.608037	117.586266
23.608147	117.586292
23.608258	117.586311
23.608371	117.586323
23.608484	117.586327
23.608789	117.586327
23.608896	117.586323
23.609003	117.586313
23.609109	117.586296
23.609213	117.586272
23.609317	117.586241
23.609418	117.586203
23.609633	117.586418
23.609712	117.586493
23.609795	117.586562
23.609882	117.586627
23.609971	117.586685
23.610064	117.586738
23.610159	117.586785
23.610257	117.586826
23.611273	117.587214
23.611901	117.587586
23.613259	117.588829
23.614938	117.590863
23.614951	117.590879
23.615004	117.590939
23.616394	117.592452
23.616633	117.592857
23.616569	117.593049
23.616492	117.593137
23.616420	117.593230
23.616354	117.593328
23.616293	117.593431
23.616239	117.593537
23.616190	117.593647
23.616148	117.593759
23.616113	117.593875
23.616084	117.593992
23.616062	117.594111
23.616047	117.594232
23.616038	117.594353
23.616037	117.594475
23.616042	117.594596
23.616055	117.594717
23.616074	117.594837
23.616101	117.594955
23.616133	117.595071
23.616173	117.595185
23.616219	117.595296
23.616271	117.595404
23.616329	117.595508
23.616736	117.596186
23.616800	117.596286
23.616870	117.596382
23.616946	117.596472
23.617026	117.596558
23.618857	117.598389
23.618925	117.598454
23.618997	117.598515
23.619070	117.598572
23.619147	117.598625
23.621215	117.599982
23.621292	117.600029
23.621371	117.600073
23.621452	117.600112
23.621793	117.600267
23.621709	117.600331
23.621629	117.600400
23.621552	117.600474
23.621480	117.600553
23.621411	117.600636
23.621348	117.600723
23.621289	117.600814
23.621234	117.600909
23.621185	117.601006
23.620914	117.601583
23.620867	117.601691
23.620826	117.601802
23.620791	117.601915
23.620763	117.602031
23.620741	117.602148
23.620726	117.602266
23.620718	117.602386
23.620716	117.602505
23.620722	117.602625
23.620733	117.602743
23.620752	117.602861
23.620777	117.602978
23.620808	117.603092
23.620846	117.603204
23.620890	117.603314
23.620940	117.603420
23.620996	117.603523
23.621058	117.603622
23.621125	117.603717
23.621198	117.603807
23.621275	117.603892
23.621357	117.603972
23.621443	117.604046
23.621533	117.604115
23.621627	117.604177
23.621725	117.604233
23.621825	117.604283
23.622198	117.604452
23.622299	117.604495
23.622403	117.604530
23.622508	117.604559
23.622615	117.604581
23.622723	117.604596
23.622831	117.604603
23.622939	117.604604
23.623048	117.604598
23.623156	117.604584
23.624315	117.604401
23.624566	117.604401
23.625033	117.604730
23.625118	117.604787
23.625207	117.604838
23.625297	117.604884
23.625390	117.604924
23.625485	117.604959
23.626706	117.605366
23.626806	117.605396
23.626907	117.605420
23.627009	117.605437
23.627112	117.605448
23.627216	117.605452
23.627319	117.605450
23.628676	117.605383
23.628781	117.605374
23.628886	117.605359
23.628989	117.605336
23.629092	117.605307
23.629231	117.605503
23.629290	117.605582
23.629353	117.605658
23.629419	117.605729
23.629758	117.606077
23.629744	117.606196
23.629737	117.606315
23.629737	117.606434
23.629744	117.606554
23.629757	117.606672
23.629777	117.606789
23.629804	117.606905
23.630004	117.607677
23.629966	117.607702
23.629423	117.608075
23.629420	117.608078
23.629329	117.608144
23.629239	117.608220
23.629154	117.608302
23.629073	117.608389
23.628998	117.608482
23.628928	117.608580
23.628864	117.608682
23.628806	117.608788
23.628755	117.608899
23.628710	117.609012
23.628672	117.609128
23.628640	117.609247
23.628616	117.609368
23.628492	117.609359
23.627799	117.609024
23.627699	117.608980
23.627595	117.608942
23.627490	117.608911
23.627384	117.608886
23.627276	117.608869
23.627167	117.608859
23.627058	117.608856
23.626949	117.608860
23.626841	117.608871
23.626733	117.608890
23.626627	117.608915
23.626522	117.608947
23.626419	117.608986
23.626012	117.609156
23.625908	117.609203
23.625807	117.609258
23.625709	117.609319
23.625615	117.609386
23.625525	117.609460
23.625440	117.609540
23.625359	117.609626
23.625283	117.609717
23.625213	117.609812
23.625148	117.609913
23.625089	117.610017
23.625037	117.610126
23.624990	117.610238
23.624951	117.610352
23.624918	117.610469
23.624808	117.610497
23.624700	117.610531
23.624594	117.610573
23.624491	117.610622
23.624391	117.610678
23.624294	117.610740
23.624201	117.610809
23.624112	117.610884
23.624028	117.610965
23.623948	117.611052
23.623874	117.611143
23.623805	117.611240
23.623741	117.611341
23.623684	117.611446
23.623633	117.611555
23.623588	117.611667
23.623549	117.611782
23.623518	117.611899
23.623493	117.612019
23.623475	117.612139
23.623464	117.612261
23.623460	117.612383
23.623463	117.612505
23.623473	117.612627
23.623560	117.613416
23.623578	117.613537
23.623602	117.613658
23.623633	117.613776
23.623671	117.613893
23.623715	117.614006
23.623766	117.614116
23.624358	117.615299
23.624406	117.615391
23.624464	117.615486
23.624918	117.616193
23.624844	117.616234
23.624771	117.616278
23.624701	117.616327
23.624633	117.616379
23.623647	117.617168
23.623561	117.617241
23.623480	117.617319
23.623403	117.617402
23.623331	117.617491
23.623264	117.617583
23.623202	117.617680
23.623146	117.617781
23.623095	117.617886
23.623051	117.617993
23.623012	117.618103
23.622979	117.618216
23.622953	117.618330
23.622933	117.618446
23.622920	117.618563
23.622810	117.619834
23.622804	117.619950
23.622803	117.620066
23.622809	117.620181
23.622821	117.620296
23.622839	117.620410
23.622864	117.620523
23.622894	117.620634
23.622931	117.620743
23.622973	117.620849
23.623146	117.621249
23.622984	117.622236
23.622968	117.622350
23.622959	117.622465
23.622956	117.622580
23.622956	117.623676
23.622959	117.623797
23.622970	117.623918
23.622987	117.624039
23.623011	117.624157
23.623042	117.624274
23.623080	117.624389
23.623123	117.624501
23.623174	117.624609
23.623230	117.624714
23.623292	117.624815
23.623360	117.624912
23.623434	117.625004
23.623512	117.625091
23.623595	117.625172
23.623683	117.625248
23.623775	117.625318
23.623870	117.625381
23.623970	117.625438
23.624072	117.625488
23.624177	117.625531
23.624284	117.625566
23.624392	117.625595
23.624503	117.625616
23.624614	117.625630
23.624726	117.625636
23.624838	117.625635
23.624950	117.625626
23.625061	117.625610
23.625543	117.625522
23.625645	117.625500
23.625746	117.625472
23.625846	117.625437
23.625943	117.625396
23.626038	117.625349
23.626130	117.625297
23.626220	117.625238
23.626306	117.625174
23.626388	117.625105
23.626467	117.625031
23.627621	117.625886
23.627695	117.625938
23.627770	117.625986
23.627848	117.626029
23.627927	117.626069
23.628584	117.626375
23.628685	117.626419
23.628788	117.626455
23.628893	117.626485
23.628999	117.626508
23.629106	117.626524
23.629214	117.626533
23.629322	117.626535
23.629430	117.626530
23.629538	117.626517
23.629645	117.626498
23.629751	117.626472
23.629855	117.626439
23.629957	117.626400
23.630262	117.626593
23.631034	117.628410
23.631140	117.628752
23.630780	117.628840
23.630675	117.628869
23.630575	117.628904
23.629822	117.629192
23.629326	117.629369
23.629035	117.629387
23.628928	117.629397
23.628822	117.629414
23.628717	117.629438
23.628614	117.629468
23.628512	117.629506
23.628412	117.629549
23.628316	117.629599
23.628222	117.629655
23.628131	117.629717
23.628044	117.629785
23.627960	117.629858
23.627881	117.629937
23.627257	117.630594
23.627178	117.630683
23.627105	117.630776
23.627037	117.630874
23.626974	117.630977
23.626918	117.631084
23.626868	117.631194
23.626825	117.631307

Then northeasterly to the intersection with a southwestern boundary of Native Title Determination WAD216/2010 Yinhawangka Part B (WCD2017/003) with Longitude 117.631327 East; Then generally southeasterly along the boundary of that native title determination to Latitude 23.701669 South, Longitude 117.739187 East being a point on the present boundary of Native Title Determination WAD72/1998 Nharnuwangga Wajarri and Ngarlawangga (WCD2000/001); Then southwesterly along the boundary of that native title determination to an eastern boundary of Pastoral Lease N049718 (Mininer) at Latitude 23.716124 South being a point on the boundary of Native Title Application WAD490/2016 Yinhawangka Gobawarrah (WC2016/004); Then southwesterly along the boundary of that native title application to Longitude 117.709959 East; Then generally northwesterly through the following coordinate points:

LATITUDE

(SOUTH)

LONGITUDE

(EAST)

23.653649

117.499464

23.513554

117.163621

Then northwesterly back to the commencement point.

Note:Geographic Coordinates provided in Decimal Degrees.

All referenced Deposited Plans and Diagrams are held by the Western Australian Land Information Authority, trading as Landgate.
Cadastral boundaries sourced from Landgate’s Spatial Cadastral Database dated 1^st October 2021.
Native Title Determination Application WAD490/2016 Yinhawangka Gobawarrah (WC2016/004) as accepted for registration on 20^th April 2017.

For the avoidance of doubt the Overlap Area excludes any land and waters the subject of the following native title determinations:

·Native Title Determination WAD216/2010 Yinhawangka Part B (WCD2017/003) as determined in the Federal Court on 18/07/2017.

·Native Title Determination WAD72/1998 Nharnuwangga Wajarri and Ngarlawangga (WCD2000/001) as determined in the Federal Court on 29/08/2000.

·Native Title Determination WAD6007/2000 Jurruru People Part A (WCD2015/002) as determined in the Federal Court on 01/09/2015.

Datum:              Geocentric Datum of Australia 2020 (GDA2020)
Prepared By:    Graphic Services (Landgate) 15^th November 2021

Use of Coordinates:
Where coordinates are used within the description to represent cadastral or topographical boundaries or the intersection with such, they are intended as a guide only. As an outcome of the custodians of cadastral and topographic data continuously recalculating the geographic position of their data based on improved survey and data maintenance procedures, it is not possible to accurately define such a position other than by detailed ground survey.

SCHEDULE TWO

Map of the determination area

SCHEDULE THREE

Areas where native title does not exist [Paragraph 2]

No native title exists in relation to land and waters the subject of the following interests within the Determination Area which, with the exception of public works (as described in clause 2 of this Schedule), are generally shown as shaded in pink and outlined in red on the map at Schedule Two.

1.Roads

The following dedicated roads, roads set aside, taken or resumed or roads which are to be considered public works (as that expression is defined in the Native Title Act and the Titles Validation Act):

Mapinfo ID	Description	Shown on / in
Road 01	Road No. 5424	Road Dedication Plan 92/300; Public Plan 503115 (cancelled 12/10/1939)
Road 02	Road No. 8385	Government Gazette 11/04/1930 at p.1066; Public Plan 503115 (cancelled 12/10/1939)

2.Public Works

Any other public works as that expression is defined in the Native Title Act and the Titles Validation Act (including the land and waters on which a public work is constructed, established or situated as described in section 251D of the Native Title Act) and to which section 12J of the Titles Validation Act or section 23C(2) of the Native Title Act applies, which were constructed or established or commenced to be constructed or established on or before 23 December 1996.

SCHEDULE FOUR

Other interests [Paragraph 12]

The nature and extent of the Other Interests in relation to the Determination Area are as follows:

[NOTE: Land tenure interests registered with the Western Australian Land Information Authority are current as at 28 June 2022. Mining tenements and petroleum interests registered with the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety are current as at 22 July 2022. All other interests are current as at the date of the determination.]

1.Pastoral Leases

The following pastoral leases and the rights and interests of the holders from time to time of those pastoral leases:

Lease No.	Description
PL N049718	Mininer
PL N050036	Ashburton Downs
PL N050044	Dooley Downs
PL N050364	Mt Vernon
PL N050510	Pingandy

2.Reserves

The interests of persons who have the care, control and management of the following reserve and the interests of people entitled to access and use the reserve for the purpose for which it is reserved, subject to any statutory limitations upon those rights:

Reserve Number	Current / Last Purpose
1120	Watering Place

3.Easements

The following easement and the rights and interests of the holders from time to time of that easement:

Easement Number	Purpose
F 924685	For the purpose described in the Government Gazette on 4 July 1995, commencing on page 2799 at "LA 801 Goldfields Gas Pipeline Agreement Act 1994 Public Works Act 1902 Land Acquisition"

4.Mining tenements

The following mining tenements granted under the Mining Act 1904 (WA) (repealed) and/or the Mining Act 1978 (WA) and the rights and interests of the holders from time to time of those tenements:

(a)Exploration licences

Tenement ID

E  0802307

E  0802629

E  0802756

E  0802889

E  0802938

E  0802947

E  0802948

E  0802992

E  0802994

E  0802996

E  0802997

E  0803016

E  0803040

E  0803104

E  0803113

E  0803121

E  0803122

E  0803222

E  0803257

E  0803262

E  0803269

E  0803273

E  0803279

E  0803289

E  0803328

(b)Prospecting licences

Tenement ID

P  0800699

1

5.        Petroleum interests

The agreement as amended and ratified by the Goldfields Gas Pipeline Agreement Act 1994 (WA) and rights and interests comprised in, conferred under or in accordance with, or pursuant to that agreement, including the following tenement:

Tenement ID	Tenement type
PL 24	Pipeline Licence

6.Access to Mining and Petroleum Areas

(a)Without limiting the operation of any other clause in Schedule Four, but subject to clause 6(b) below, the rights of the holders from time to time of a mining tenement or petroleum interest referred to in clauses 4 or 5 of Schedule Four to use (including by servants, agents and contractors) such portions of existing roads and tracks in the Determination Area as necessary to have access to the area the subject of the mining tenement or petroleum interest for the purposes of exercising the rights granted by that tenement or interest.

(b)Nothing in clause 6(a) above allows any upgrade, extension, widening or other improvement to the road or track other than work done to maintain it in reasonable repair and in order to leave it in substantially the same condition as it was prior to its use pursuant to clause 6(a).

7.Other

The following rights and interests in the Determination Area:

(a)Rights and interests, including licences and permits, granted by the Crown in right of the State or of the Commonwealth pursuant to statute or otherwise in the exercise of its executive power and any regulations made pursuant to such legislation;

(b)Rights and interests held by reason of the force and operation of the laws of the State or of the Commonwealth, including but not limited to, the force and operation of the Rights in Water and Irrigation Act1914 (WA);

(c)Rights and interests of members of the public arising under common law, including but not limited to:

(i)the public right to fish;

(ii)the public right to navigate; and

(iii)the right of any person to use and enjoy any roads in the Determination Area (subject to the laws of the State) over which, as at the date of this determination, members of the public have a right of access under the common law;

(d)The right to access the Determination Area by:

(i)an employee, agent or instrumentality of the State;

(ii)an employee, agent or instrumentality of the Commonwealth; or

(iii)an employee, agent or instrumentality of any local government authority,

as required in the performance of his or her statutory or common law duty;

(e)So far as confirmed pursuant to section 212(2) of the Native Title Act and section 14 of the Titles Validation Act as at the date of this determination, any existing public access to and enjoyment of, the following places in the Determination Area:

(i)waterways;

(ii)beds and banks or foreshores of waterways;

(iii)coastal waters;

(iv)beaches;

(v)stock routes; and

(vi)areas that were public places at the end of 31 December 1993;

(f)Any other:

(i)legal or equitable estate or interest in the land or waters; or

(ii)right (including a right under an option and a right of redemption), charge, power or privilege over, or in connection with:

(A)the land or waters; or

(B)an estate or interest in the land or waters; or

(iii)restriction on the use of the land or waters, whether or not annexed to other land or waters.

SCHEDULE FIVE

Yinhawangka People [Paragraphs 3 and 14]

The Yinhawangka People are those persons who:

(a)are descended from, in accordance with the traditional laws acknowledged and the traditional customs observed by the Yinhawangka People:

(i)Minatangunha;

(ii)Jarndundha;

(iii)the couple Thurantajinha and Wilga; or

(iv)Nijawarla; and

(b)identify themselves as Yinhawangka under traditional law and custom and are so identified by other Yinhawangka People as Yinhawangka; and

(c)have a connection with the land and waters of the Yinhawangka Area or the Overlap Area, in accordance with the traditional laws acknowledged and the traditional customs observed by the Yinhawangka People.

SCHEDULE SIX

Jurruru People [Paragraphs 4 and 14]

The Jurruru People are those persons who:

(a)are descended from Kantitharra or Punartu or are adopted by such biological descendants in accordance with traditional laws acknowledged and the traditional customs observed by the Jurruru People;

(b)identify themselves as Jurruru under traditional law and custom and are so identified by other Jurruru People as Jurruru; and

(c)have a connection with the land and waters of the Jurruru Area or the Overlap Area, in accordance with the traditional laws acknowledged and the traditional customs observed by the Jurruru People.

SCHEDULE SEVEN

Agreement for the protection of sites in the Overlap Area [Orders 6, 7 and 8]

DATED the  day of  2022

JURRURU ABORIGINAL CORPORATION RNTBC (ICN 8251)

and

GOBAWARRAH YINHAWANGKA ABORIGINAL CORPORATION RNTBC (ICN 9813)

________________________________________________________________________

DEED OF AGREEMENT REGARDING YINHAWANGKA AND

JURRURU OVERLAP AREA

_________________________________________________________________________

THIS DEED is made on this  day of

BETWEEN

Jurruru Aboriginal Corporation RNTBC (ICN 8251) (Jurruru PBC)

and

Gobawarrah Yinhawangka Aboriginal Corporation RNTBC (ICN 9813) (Yinhawangka PBC)

RECITALS

A.On 2 December 2020, the Court gave judgment in relation to a separate question in Smirke on behalf of the Jurruru People v State of Western Australia (No 2) [2020] FCA 1728 (Smirke No 2); and on [date], the Federal Court of Australia made a Determination of Native Title by consent in respect of WAD490/2016, WAD537/2018 and WAD538/2018 (the Determination).

B.In Smirke No 2, the Court made findings about the existence of Jurruru native title and Yinhawangka native title in the lands and waters the subject of that judgment but did not make findings about the boundaries of those native titles.

C.On 21 September 2021, the Applicant in WAD 490/2016 (YG Applicant) and the Applicant in WAD537/2018 and WAD538/2018 (Jurruru Applicant) reached agreement regarding the southern extent of Yinhawangka native title and about the northern extent of Jurruru native title, as a result of the Court’s findings in Smirke No 2. These agreed borders are reflected in the Determination and are depicted in the map at Schedule Two of the Determination.

D.The YG Applicant’s acceptance of the borders was conditional on the respective prescribed bodies corporate entering into an agreement to facilitate and promote each native title holding group’s right to protect sites of significance in the Overlap Area.

E.The YG Applicant and Jurruru Applicant agreed that the YG and Jurruru sites would be identified by reference to the maps and indexes of sites which were submitted in evidence (as item 4.57 (at pages 276 and 277), and items 6.17 and 6.21 in Exhibit A, the final Court Book) during the hearing of the separate question which resulted in the Smirke No 2 decision.

F.The Parties, as the registered native title bodies corporate for the Overlap Area, enter into this deed to give effect to the agreement made by the YG and Jurruru Applicants on behalf of the native title holding groups of the Overlap Area.

OPERATIVE PROVISIONS

1.INTERPRETATION

1.1.In this Deed of Agreement, unless the contrary intention appears, words and expressions defined in the Determination have the same meaning where used; and:

Business Day means a day other than a Saturday, Sunday or public holiday in Western Australia.

Heritage Protection Legislation means Western Australian or Commonwealth legislation enacted from time to time for the purpose of protecting Aboriginal heritage and includes, as at the date of execution of this Agreement:

1.1.1.Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Heritage Protection Act 1984 (Cth);

1.1.2.Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Act 2021 (WA);

1.1.3.Aboriginal Heritage Act 1972 (WA); and

1.1.4.Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth).

Jurruru Sites means those sites listed in the index at Attachment B to this Agreement and marked as Jurruru Sites in the map at Attachment C to this Agreement, or as more fully or accurately located through clause 6.1.

NTA means the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth).

Party means a party to this Agreement and Parties the parties to this Agreement.

YG Sites means those sites listed in the index at Attachment A to this Agreement and marked as YG sites in the map at Attachment C to this Agreement, or as more fully or accurately located through clause 6.2.

1.2.In this Agreement, unless the contrary intention appears:

1.2.1.words and expressions defined in the NTA have the same meaning where used;

1.2.2.a reference to a clause, schedule or annexure is a reference to a clause of, or a schedule or annexure to, this Agreement and a reference to this Agreement includes any recital, schedule or annexure;

1.2.3.a reference to a statute, code or other law includes regulations and other instruments under it and consolidations, amendments, re-enactments or replacements of any of them;

1.2.4.the word 'person' includes a firm, body corporate, partnership, joint venture or unincorporated association;

1.2.5.the singular includes the plural and vice versa;

1.2.6.a reference to a person, statutory authority or government body (corporate or unincorporated) established under any written law includes a reference to any person (corporate or unincorporated) established or continuing to perform the same or a substantially similar function;

1.2.7.a reference to dollars or $ is to Australian currency;

1.2.8.an agreement, representation or warranty on the part of or in favour of two or more persons binds or is for the benefit of them jointly and severally; and

1.2.9.a reference to anything is a reference to the whole or any part of it and a reference to a group of persons is a reference to any one or more of them.

2.AGREEMENT AREA

2.1.This Agreement relates to the Overlap Area, a map of which comprises Schedule Two of the Determination. The Overlap Area is also depicted on the map at Attachment C.

3.AUTHORITY TO ENTER INTO AGREEMENT

3.1.The Jurruru PBC represents and warrants that:

3.1.1.all necessary authorisations have been obtained to enter into this Agreement; and

3.1.2.this Agreement is valid, binding and enforceable in accordance with its terms against the Jurruru PBC.

3.2.The Yinhawangka PBC represents and warrants that:

3.2.1.all necessary authorisations have been obtained to enter into this Agreement; and

3.2.2.this Agreement is valid, binding and enforceable in accordance with its terms against the Yinhawangka PBC.

3.3.Each Party acknowledges and agrees that they have relied on the warranties provided in this clause to enter into this Agreement.

4.ASSIGNMENT

4.1.A Party may only assign its rights and interests in this Agreement where it ceases to be the registered native title body corporate for the relevant native title holding group for the Overlap Area, and a new prescribed body corporate becomes the registered native title body corporate for the relevant native title holding group for the Overlap Area.

4.2.If a party ceases to be the registered native title body corporate for the relevant native title holding group in the Overlap Area (ceasing prescribed body corporate), and there is a replacement prescribed body corporate for the relevant native title group in the Overlap Area:

4.2.1.The ceasing prescribed body corporate must assign this Agreement to the replacement prescribed body corporate within 20 Business Days of the replacement prescribed body corporate becoming the registered native title body corporate for the relevant group for the Overlap Area.

4.2.2.Assignment is to be effected by the ceasing prescribed body corporate providing notice to the continuing party that it has assigned this Agreement to the replacement prescribed body corporate.

4.2.3.The notice in clause 4.2(b) must be accompanied by a deed of assumption executed by the replacement prescribed body corporate in favour of the continuing party, agreeing to be bound by this Agreement, and to assume all of the ceasing prescribed body corporate’s obligations under this Agreement.

4.3.Once an assignment of this Agreement has occurred under and in accordance with clause 4.2, the ceasing prescribed body corporate will be deemed to have been released, to the extent of the assignment from all claims and liabilities arising under or in respect of this Agreement arising after the effective date of the assignment, but without affecting any claim or liability arising prior to such date.

4.4.Unless otherwise agreed by the Parties in writing or required by law, an assignment under this clause 4 shall not affect the operation of this Agreement.

5.AGREEMENT TO PROTECT YG AND JURRURU SITES

5.1.The Jurruru PBC:

5.1.1.Recognises Yinhawangka People have the right to protect YG Sites in the Overlap Area;

5.1.2.Shall not give its consent to the destruction of any YG Sites in the Overlap Area as part of any agreement or Aboriginal heritage survey or for the purpose of any Heritage Protection Legislation; and

5.1.3.Shall include in any agreement about or that affects any part of the Overlap Area:

1. In light of these findings, the parties were referred to mediation with the assistance of Judicial Registrar McGregor, with a view to progressing the proceedings to a determination of native title by consent on all remaining issues, or in the absence of agreement, further trial.

2. That referral was progressed, but in mid-2021, the Jurruru applicant raised a question about the authorisation of the Yinhawangka Gobawarrah Application. This was despite the Jurruru applicant having no interest in the Yinhawangka area after the Court’s findings in Smirke (No 2): see Smirke (No 3) at [6]. The State joined in raising a question about authorisation, which meant it was appropriate for the matter to be resolved. There being no agreed resolution, a further separate question was formulated. The Court was asked to decide whether it has the power to make a determination in favour of the native title holding group in Jones and the descendants of Nijawarla in circumstances where that group of people had not, in its totality, authorised the making of the Yinhawangka Gobawarrah Application.

3. In Smirke (No 3), the Court decided it had jurisdiction to make a determination of native title in favour of a group that differs in some respects from that described in the originating application without the need for further authorisation. Contrary to the submissions of the Jurruru applicant and of the State, the Court considered the authorities, and in particular Commonwealth v Clifton [2007] FCAFC 90; 164 FCR 335, read with Moses v Western Australia [2007] FCAFC 78; 160 FCR 148, did not preclude such an approach.

4. Fundamental to the Court’s decision were the unique history of the Yinhawangka Gobawarrah Application, including the previous s 61 applications on behalf of the family groups who comprise the key members of the Yinhawangka Gobawarrah claimants, the particular circumstances in terms of the separate question process and decision in Smirke (No 2), from which there was no application for leave to appeal and by which the parties were bound, and the absence of any application to intervene by the Yinhawangka Aboriginal Corporation RNTBC (ICN 7837), the PBC for the Yinhawangka determination area in Jones, despite being on notice about the proposed determination after Smirke (No 2). The Court found (at [154]-[157]):

   The Yinhawangka area is not “no man’s land”. The Court’s findings demonstrate the significance of some parts of the land and waters in the Yinhawangka area to the people whose country it is. In these circumstances, the interests of the administration of justice would not be served by a dismissal of the YG s 61 application. That would not be compatible with the objectives of the Native Title Act to provide for the protection and recognition of native title. Nor would it be compatible with the objectives of the Federal Court Act, in particular the overarching objective provisions in s 37M and s 37N, but also the legislative instruction in s 22 of the Federal Court Act:

   The Court shall, in every matter before the Court, grant, either absolutely or on such terms and conditions as the Court thinks just, all remedies to which any of the parties appears to be entitled in respect of a legal or equitable claim properly brought forward by him or her in the matter, so that, as far as possible, all matters in controversy between the parties may be completely and finally determined and all multiplicity of proceedings concerning any of those matters avoided.

   Nor would the interests of the administration of justice be served by requiring the YG applicant to amend its application (presumably to reflect precisely the Court’s findings in Smirke (No 2), although the State and the Jurruru applicant did not really develop this point) and submit it for authorisation to a wider group of Yinhawangka People. That course of action raises the real possibility of an amended claim not being authorised, not for any reason stemming from traditional law and custom, but stemming from the antagonism to the YG group which I found in Smirke (No 2) to be a core feature of the interaction of Yinhawangka People for decades now, and which I also found affected the evidence of people such as David Cox and Brendan Cooke (as to the latter see Smirke (No 2) at [272] and [274]).

   Although I have found it may be possible to characterise the Court’s findings in Smirke (No 2) as no more than findings about the “true membership” of the claim group, and as findings that there is a wider membership of the claim group than articulated in the YG’s s 61 application, I accept that the history of the competing native title applications about the overlap area, and the various challenges in relation to those people who were part of the GMY claim and then the YG claim, mean that it could be seen to be stretching the (undefined) concept of “true membership” as set out in Clifton at [37] to apply it here.

   In the particular circumstances of these proceedings, the course which is most appropriate is for the Court to exercise its power under s 84D(4) to make a determination notwithstanding a defect in authorisation. I therefore turn to consider s 84D(4).

5. Against another oppositional submission made by the Jurruru applicant, the Court found it had power to exercise its discretion under s 84D(4) of the NTA: see Smirke (No 3) at [159]-[165]. Having decided the power was available, the Court then explained why it considered it was appropriate to exercise it: see Smirke (No 3) at [167]-[186]. Amongst the matters to which the Court referred in these passages were the significant interpersonal, and inter-family disputes which coloured the ongoing disputes between key members of the Jurruru claim group and key members of the Yinhawangka Gobawarrah claim group, who were all part of the same extended family. At [178]-[180], the Court found:

   There is also a clear basis in the Court’s findings in Smirke (No 2) to infer that if the Court were to require the YG applicant to revert to some wholesale authorisation process with a wider Yinhawangka group, that any such process is more likely than not to be derailed by the very same forces which have sought to exclude the Tommy family and those who are aligned with them for the last 20 years or more. The Court’s findings in Smirke (No 2) suggest that opposition and exclusion were misplaced, in the sense of what the evidence in that case demonstrated about rights and interests under traditional law and custom. One explanation put forward by Dr McGrath and accepted to some extent by the Court was based in gender: Mabel Tommy, as a woman, was not accepted as having the knowledge that the objective evidence suggested she did. There may be other explanations: the Court’s findings in Smirke (No 2) pass no judgment on these interpersonal issues which have endured for decades, nor on the effects of family breakdown; the Court’s findings pass no judgment on people’s behaviour and conduct, and all the other entirely human matters which can give rise to animosity and the adoption of entrenched positions about deeply felt issues. However, the circumstances described in the Court’s reasons, and the fact there has been a litigated outcome, mean that there are likely to be multiple, non-traditional factors at play between the YG claim group and the wider Yinhawangka group.

   If, in 2021 (or 2022), people at a Yinhawangka meeting were called upon to vote on authorisation of an amended claim (recalling the unaddressed difficulties I have referred to about whether they would be asked to authorise a claim reflecting the Court’s findings, or something else), it would be neither rational nor logical to ignore all these non-traditional motivations for how people might act, might think, and might vote. The more contemporary animosity is just as likely to drive decision making as anything which could remotely be described as “traditional” opinions. And that is before one even reaches the controversial contention – evident from parts of factual history given by Barker J and a source of conflict from that at least that point on – that those who lead the Jurruru claim, such as Ivan Smirke, claim because of their descent through Nancy Tommy to be able to attend Yinhawangka meetings, and to vote “as” Yinhawangka People, notwithstanding the conflict of interest writ large in such an assertion.

   To require the YG applicant to go back to such a process; and to require the representative body to fund such a resource intensive process, would make a mockery of the native title system, and bring the administration of justice into disrepute. In the very particular circumstances of these proceedings, there must be finality, and that finality should proceed on the basis of the Court’s findings in Smirke (No 2), which have not been challenged by any application for leave to appeal.

6. Accordingly, the Court decided to exercise the discretion under s 84D(4) of the NTA to proceed to a determination of native title over the Yinhawangka area despite any alleged defect in the authorisation of the Yinhawangka Gobawarrah applicant. An order reflecting that decision forms part of the orders made today.

7. The parties then returned to mediation and subsequently reached agreement about the Ashburton River area, which had been an outstanding impediment to a determination of native title in the proceedings. This area is depicted in blue shading in the map at Schedule 2 to the proposed determination; it delineates the areas of shared non-exclusive native title and the areas in which the Yinhawangka People and the Jurruru People hold their respective non-exclusive native title independent of the other. The agreement reached involves a deed to be entered into by the respective prescribed bodies corporate (PBCs) after the making of a determination. The deed will facilitate and promote each native title holding group’s right to protect sites in the shared area. It forms Schedule 7 to the proposed determination, and the parties seek orders that any determination not take effect in respect of the shared area unless and until the deed has been executed by both PBCs.

   THE MATERIAL BEFORE THE COURT

8. As part of the separate question process, the Court received a large body of evidence concerning the connection of the Jurruru People and the Yinhawangka People to the area subject of the proposed determination, and has recorded its findings in relation to that material in Smirke (No 2) and Smirke (No 3).

9. The terms of the proposed determination go to matters that were not the subject of specific findings in those decisions, such as the exact boundaries of the shared areas around the Ashburton River. The parties submit that, having been legally represented throughout the hearings of the separate questions and the consent determination negotiation process that followed, the Court can be satisfied that their agreement has been given freely and on an informed basis. They submit this approach is consistent with the premise of s 87 of the NTA and the Act’s emphasis on conciliation, such that further evidence about these matters need not be adduced: citing Hughes (on behalf of the Eastern Guruma People) v State of Western Australia [2007] FCA 365 at [9]; Peterson v State of Western Australia [2013] FCA 518 at [22]; Ward v State of Western Australia [2006] FCA 1848 at [8]. I accept that submission.

10. Therefore, aside from the Court’s findings in Smirke (No 2) and Smirke (No 3), as well as (I infer) the existing determinations in Smirke and Jones, the only material relied on by the parties is:

    (a)the minute of proposed consent determination signed by each of the parties to each of the three proceedings, filed on 17 August 2022;

    (b)an affidavit filed and affirmed by Colin McKellar on 24 August 2022 deposing to the Jurruru claim group’s authorisation of the Jurruru applicant to agree to the proposed consent determination; and

    (c)the written nominations, consents and affidavit material relating to the appointment of PBCs that are referred to at [42]-[43] below.

    THE APPLICABLE REQUIREMENTS OF SECTION 87

11. In broad terms, s 87(1) of the NTA requires three criteria to be met: the period specified in the notice given in relation to the original native title application must have elapsed, the s 87 agreement must be in writing and signed by all the relevant parties to the proceeding, and the Court must be satisfied that the orders would be within its power to make. In the present case, the first two criteria have clearly been met.

12. In relation to the third criterion, the applicants and the State jointly submit that:

    (a)each of the three applications for a determination of native title is valid, noting the Court’s decision in Smirke (No 3) concerning the exercise of power under s 84D(4) of the NTA;

    (b)the applications seek determinations of native title over an area for which there has been no determination of native title, and there are no other proceedings before the Court to seek a determination of native title in that area (see ss 13(1)(a), 67(1) and 68 of the NTA);

    (c)the form of the proposed determination complies with s 94A and s 225 of the NTA and is otherwise consistent with the Court’s findings in Smirke (No 2) and Smirke (No 3); and

    (d)the requirements in s 87 of the NTA are otherwise satisfied.

13. I accept these submissions.

14. By s 87(1A) of the NTA, the Court must be satisfied it is appropriate to make the determination sought by the parties. I have explained my understanding of what “appropriateness” requires in the context of consent determinations in Drury on behalf of the Nanda People v State of Western Australia [2018] FCA 1849 at [52]-[56]. I adopt the same approach in these proceedings. I refer also to the consideration of appropriateness outlined by McKerracher J in Mouda on behalf of Joombarn-Buru Native Title Claimants v State of Western Australia [2021] FCA 1233 at [39]-[50], with which I respectfully agree.

15. I accept the parties’ submissions that, unlike many consent determinations, there has been extensive evidence and fact finding put before the Court on connection, and the Court has made extensive findings on the basis of that material. These findings, together with the parties’ negotiated agreement on boundaries, provide an ample basis for the Court’s satisfaction that the proposed determination is appropriate.

16. It is also material to the Court’s consideration of the appropriateness of a determination of native title that the State has formed the view that the proposed determination is in the interests of the community it represents, in performance of its role in relation to the negotiation of a determination of native title by consent: see Taylor on behalf of the Yamatji Nation Claim v State of Western Australia [2020] FCA 42 at [63]-[65]. The State has conducted searches of land tenure and mining and petroleum registries to determine the nature and extent of other interests within the proposed determination area, and has recognised those interests in the proposed determination. It has also considered the position of those who do not have a proprietary interest in the proposed determination area but might nevertheless be affected by the recognition of native title rights. In deciding to support the proposed determination of native title, the State submits that it has weighed this consideration against the particular interest of First Nations peoples in Western Australia in fulfilling the objects and purposes articulated in the first two paragraphs of the preamble to the NTA.

17. I accept these submissions. Building on my observations in Taylor, it should be recalled that the Preamble to the NTA provides that, through the NTA:

    The people of Australia intend:

    (a)to rectify the consequences of past injustices by the special measures contained in this Act, announced at the time of introduction of this Act into the Parliament, or agreed on by the Parliament from time to time, for securing the adequate advancement and protection of Aboriginal peoples and Torres Strait Islanders; and

    (b)to ensure that Aboriginal peoples and Torres Strait Islanders receive the full recognition and status within the Australian nation to which history, their prior rights and interests, and their rich and diverse culture, fully entitle them to aspire.

    (Emphasis added.)

18. In these proceedings, the State of Western Australia represents a sub-section of the “people of Australia”, Indigenous and non-Indigenous; namely, those who reside in Western Australia. It is in the interests of all Australians that native title be recognised where it can be, as the NTA intends, and that State governments contribute to the achievement of this objective by good faith cooperation and proactive involvement in the negotiation processes which the NTA places at the forefront of achieving such recognition. Through its assessment and evaluation of the terms of the s 87 agreement, and its public support for that agreement by joining in it, and by making supporting submissions to the Court, the State of Western Australia pursues the intention to which the Preamble refers. It is appropriate for the Court to acknowledge the particular proactive role it has played in the resolution of these three proceedings.

19. Finally, the applicants and the State submit that the various pastoralists who are parties to the proceedings have been consulted and invited to participate in the agreement of the proposed determination, and each consents to the orders the Court is asked to make. I accept that submission.

20. As the applicants and the State submit, the Court’s function under s 87 of the NTA differs from its function in a contested application for a determination of native title: see Freddie v Northern Territory [2017] FCA 867 at [16]; Lovett on behalf of the Gunditjmara People v State of Victoria [2007] FCA 474 at [36]; Thudgari People v State of Western Australia [2009] FCA 1334 at [25]; Wurrunmurra on behalf of the Bunuba People v State of Western Australia [2015] FCA 1480 at [27]. In particular, when considering whether to make orders pursuant to s 87 the Court’s attention is directed to the process by which the parties’ agreement was made: Lander v State of South Australia [2012] FCA 427 at [11]. The Court should also have regard to the objectives prescribed in s 37M and s 37N of the Federal Court of Australia Act 1976 (Cth), to promote the “just resolution of disputes, according to law, and as quickly, inexpensively and efficiently as possible”.

21. Having regard to the consistency of the proposed determination with the Court’s findings in Smirke (No 2) and the nature of the process by which elements of the determination that were not the subject of specific findings have been agreed, I accept the parties’ submission that it is appropriate for the Court to make orders in the terms of the proposed determination.

    THE NOMINATION OF PRESCRIBED BODIES CORPORATE

22. The applicants in these proceedings have requested the Court make determinations for separate PBCs to hold the Jurruru and Yinhawangka native titles.

23. The Jurruru applicant has filed a notice of nomination of the Jurruru Aboriginal Corporation (ICN 8251) and the written consent of that corporation to facilitate its determination as the PBC for the Jurruru native title for the purposes of s 56(2)(a) of the NTA. The process by which the JAC was nominated and provided consent to its nomination is deposed to by Mr McKellar in his affidavit filed 24 August 2022, and copies of the nomination and written consent are annexed to that affidavit.

24. The Yinhawangka Gobawarrah applicant has filed a notice of nomination of the Gobawarrah Yinhawangka Aboriginal Corporation (ICN 9813) and its written consent to facilitate its determination as the PBC in relation to the Yinhawangka native title for the purposes of s 56(2)(a) of the NTA. The process by which the GYAC was nominated and provided consent to its nomination is deposed to by Dante Mavec in his affidavit filed by the Yinhawangka Gobawarrah applicant on 15 August 2022. A copy of the written consent was annexed to that affidavit. A copy of the nomination was filed on 25 August 2022.

1. Like other aspects of these proceedings, the circumstances giving rise to the nomination of the GYAC have some history and complexity. The principal reason for this complexity is the decision of the Yinhawangka common law holders described in Jones not to consent to the nomination of the YAC. The YAC is the PBC for the native title subject of the determination in Jones. The decision of the Jones common law holders followed a series of consultations that the YAC conducted in various locations in the Pilbara region and in Perth about the Yinhawangka Gobawarrah applicant’s request for its appointment as the PBC in this case. The Court expresses its gratitude to the YAC for its cooperation in this process. The consultations culminated in a meeting of approximately 60 of the adult Yinhawangka common law holders from Jones, including some members of the Yinhawangka Gobawarrah claim group and at least two members of the Yinhawangka Gobawarrah applicant. The request to nominate YAC was rejected by a majority vote of those present.

   Can YAC hold Yinhawangka native title for one area and GYAC hold Yinhawangka native title for another area?

2. In Drury on behalf of the Nanda People v State of Western Australia [2020] FCAFC 69; 276 FCR 203 at [74]-[75], Colvin J and I explained why in our opinion it would not be appropriate for there to be two different PBCs for different areas of land and waters that are subject to the same traditional title. In Smirke (No 2) the Court determined that any Yinhawangka native title within the Yinhawangka Gobawarrah Application’s claim area is derived from the same traditional title as that recognised in Jones. Given YAC has not been nominated, the question arises: can GYAC be appointed as a trustee PBC under s 56(2) of the NTA?

3. In written submissions filed in these proceedings on 23 June 2022, the Yinhawangka Gobawarrah applicant and the State submitted that any principle to be derived from the observations at [74]-[75] in Drury is not applicable. In their submission, the overall structure of the NTA provides that the holders of native title at common law are to control the identity of the PBC that is appointed to hold their native title under the Act, and it is only if they fail to act that the Court can intervene to determine the identity of the PBC. Thus, s 56(2)(c) of the NTA provides that the Court must determine that native title is held by the common law holders if there is no nomination of a trustee PBC under s 56(2)(a), and s 57(2)(c) then provides that the Court must determine in accordance with the regulations which body is to perform the function of an agent PBC if the common law holders do not first nominate an agent PBC of their own accord and the PBC provides its consent.

4. The Yinhawangka Gobawarrah applicant and the State submit that the Court cannot appoint the YAC as the agent PBC under s 57(2)(c) because the common law holders in Jones have not consented to its nomination as a PBC in respect of the Yinhawangka area and because the YAC is a trustee PBC, and therefore cannot be appointed as an agent PBC. Further, they submit that the Court could not appoint the Indigenous Land and Sea Corporation as the agent PBC pursuant to s 57(2)(c) of the NTA and r 11 of the Native Title (Prescribed Bodies Corporate) Regulations 1999 (Cth) without first affording the holders of the Yinhawangka native title in the Yinhawangka Gobawarrah Application the opportunity to nominate their own agent PBC under s 57(2)(a), citing Farrer on behalf of the Ngarrawanji Native Title Claim Group v State of Western Australia (No 4) [2021] FCA 1497. In the submission of the Yinhawangka Gobawarrah applicant and the State, the legislative scheme for the determination of PBCs gives primacy to the intention of the holders of native title at common law, and it would therefore be appropriate in the circumstances to invite the common law holders of any Yinhawangka native title on the Yinhawangka Gobawarrah Application to nominate their own PBC. The State and the Yinhawangka Gobawarrah applicant informed the Court that they have not identified any case law which would support an argument contrary to this submission.

5. The Court accepted those submissions. In orders made on the basis of the written submissions referred to above, the Court noted that, following the YAC’s refusal of consent to be nominated as a trustee PBC in this case, the Yinhawangka Gobawarrah applicant intended to establish a new corporation for the purpose of accepting nomination. The orders requested that the Yinhawangka Gobawarrah applicant file a nomination of a trustee PBC, along with the PBC’s consent, or – failing that – the nomination of an agent PBC and its consent. If no such nomination and consent were provided, the orders noted that the Court would determine that the native title would be held by the common law holders, pursuant to s 56(2)(c), and appoint the ILSC as agent PBC immediately thereafter. This latter course of action has not been necessary because a notice of nomination and written consent by GYAC have been filed: see [43] above.

6. The State recognised the significance of the position outlined in Drury, as a matter of policy and general principle:

   In the First Respondent's submission, there are cogent policy reasons why the NTA scheme should generally proceed on an assumption that the area of responsibility of a PBC will most sensibly correspond to the entire area in which a particular group holds native title, regardless of the determination area(s) and/or overlaps with other native title holding groups. There ought to be compelling justification for the Court to entertain a departure from the Drury principle.

7. I accept that submission. Nevertheless, the obiter remarks in Drury were not, in my opinion, intended to form a straitjacket for the operation of the NTA. The circumstances in which this Court comes to make determinations of native title cover a tremendous spectrum. Sometimes, as part of compliance with the NTA’s objective of resolving matters by negotiation if possible, innovative and flexible solutions to boundary and membership disputes are found. Added to this is the well-established reality that for a variety of reasons, native title holders may have to bring several s 61 applications in respect of different areas over which they claim to hold native title. Those reasons include funding challenges, the operation of s 48B of the NTA, availability of anthropological and evidence gathering resources, interactions with third party proprietary interest holders, and disputes between or within claim groups. An approach to the construction of the NTA which accommodates such resolutions is to be preferred where possible, as this will be an approach most compatible with the Preamble and the objectives of the NTA.

8. The bifurcation of the administration of a single native title was one of the concerns expressed by Colvin J and myself in Drury at [75]. Where the rights conferred are rights in rem, this is a legitimate consideration. However, as the submissions of the State and the Yinhawangka Gobawarrah applicant have emphasised, the NTA reposes ultimate proprietary authority in the common law holders. A PBC, whether trustee or agent, is the vehicle through which native title is to be administered, and through which dealings in that native title are to occur. The authority for that administration and those dealings however ultimately resides with the common law holders.

9. The situation which now confronts the Court is the situation expressly left open by the Full Court in Drury at [74].

10. Where, as here, some of the common law holders for one area (ie the Yinhawangka area) are also common law holders for a different area (ie the area previously determined in Jones), the way that this sub-set of common law holders wishes to hold, and deal with, their native title may not follow the more straightforward situation in Drury. In the present situation, there is no identity between apical ancestors in Jones and in the present determination for the Yinhawangka area. Not all the apical ancestors in Jones were found to have rights and interests in the Yinhawangka area in the Yinhawangka Gobawarrah Application. Further, Nijawarla was an additional and new ancestor. Thus, although the body of laws and customs which confers the native title rights and interests is the same body of laws and customs, the rights and interests arising from that body of law and custom are held distinctly and differently, in relation to a particular area, by a differently composed group of common law holders.

11. There is nothing incompatible with the scheme of the NTA in that circumstance for a different PBC to be nominated for that different area. Indeed, as I found at [588] in Smirke (No 2):

    Although each of the Jurruru and the Yinhawangka Peoples have their own determinations of native title, it is clear on the evidence that – despite the way the parties had expressed the agreed issues ahead of trial – both groups operate under the same broad normative system of traditional law and custom.

12. This was sometimes called a “Pilbara” system. A number of factors, including the post-sovereignty ascendancy of language identities over territories no longer possessed or inhabited by estate level groups, had coalesced so that rights and interests in land and waters under this wider normative system could nevertheless be differentially recognised and ascertained: see Smirke (No 2) at [615]-[617]. Of course, neither the NTA nor the obiter statements in Drury require a single PBC in the Pilbara because of the existence of this wider normative system. The point is the same as the one I have made above: although the body of laws and customs which confers the native title rights and interests is the same body of laws and customs, the rights and interests arising from that body of law and custom are held distinctly and differently, in relation to a particular area, by a differently composed group of common law holders. That is, in my opinion, the point made at [49] of Drury.

13. I accept the Yinhawangka Gobawarrah applicant, assisted by YAC, took steps in good faith to procure the consent of YAC to its nomination as the trustee PBC for the native title subject of the present determination. Ultimately the Yinhawangka common law holders did not agree. As the extracts from Smirke (No 3) at [24] above indicate, in my opinion it is more likely than not that the explanation for this refusal by the Jones common law holders does not stem from the application of traditional law and custom, but from more recent animosities, and more recent views about sticking with boundary outcomes some Yinhawangka people negotiated in 2010.

14. In the unique circumstances of this case, it is appropriate to make orders appointing the GYAC as the PBC pursuant to s 56(2)(b) of the NTA.

    COSTS

15. Subject to the PBCs entering into the deed of agreement referred to at [26] above, the parties’ proposed orders resolve the question of costs as between most parties. However, the question of what costs might be payable by Yamatji Marlpa Aboriginal Corporation, the native title representative body for the region in which the claim areas are found, is proposed to be reserved, so as to accommodate the hearing of an application by the Yinhawangka Gobawarrah applicant about that matter. This proposal is consistent with the orders made by the Court on 24 February 2022 in the Yinhawangka Gobawarrah Application, following a case management hearing in which the Court heard that YMAC consents to orders providing for the hearing of an application of costs against it after the determination of native title by consent.

    CONCLUSION

16. Native title has been recognised in the area the subject of these three proceedings. The separate question process did not recognise native title in the way either the Yinhawangka Gobawarrah or the Jurruru applicants initially sought. Nevertheless, in their sustained efforts after that decision, the claimant groups are to be commended on finding a compromise that they can live with, and more importantly, that will allow them to continue to maintain a connection to their country, to look after it and to pass down knowledge about it to future generations. Having seen for itself the genuine respect for country, and sense of responsibility for it, held by native title holders on both sides, the Court hopes that the recognition given by its orders today will provide a new starting point for future co-operation.

I certify that the preceding fifty-nine (59) numbered paragraphs are a true copy of the Reasons for Judgment of the Honourable Justice Mortimer.

Associate:

Dated:       26 August 2022

SCHEDULE OF PARTIES
WAD 490 of 2016

Federal Court of Australia
District Registry: Western Australia
Division: General

Applicant	ROY TOMMY, NANCY TOMMY, MARY MILLS AND E.G.
First Respondent	STATE OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA
Second Respondent	YAMATJI MARLPA ABORIGINAL CORPORATION
Third Respondent	CENTRAL DESERT NATIVE TITLE SERVICES LTD
Fourth Respondent	BARKLEY MARSHALL DAY
Fifth Respondent	JOAN ELIZABETH DAY
Sixth Respondent	RICHARD ERNEST DAY
Seventh Respondent	ZANE BRADLEY DAY
Eighth Respondent	ANDREW NICHOLAS GLENN
Ninth Respondent	DONALD RAYMOND HAMMARQUIST
Tenth Respondent	WENDY RUTH HARVEY
Eleventh Respondent	DANIEL JOHN HASTIE
Twelfth Respondent	JASON GARY HASTIE

SCHEDULE OF PARTIES
WAD 537 of 2018

Federal Court of Australia
District Registry: Western Australia
Division: General

Applicant	IVAN SMIRKE, ALEC ALEXANDER AND KELLMAN LIMERICK
First Respondent	STATE OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA
Second Respondent	BAMBI PTY LTD
Third Respondent	CHEELA PALINS PASTORAL CO PTY LTD
Fourth Respondent	ANDREW NICHOLAS GLENN
Fifth Respondent	PETER ROBERT GREY
Sixth Respondent	SUSAN JEAN GREY
Seventh Respondent	DONALD RAYMOND HAMMARQUIST
Eighth Respondent	WENDY RUTH HARVEY
Ninth Respondent	DANIEL JOHN HASTIE
Tenth Respondent	JASON GARY HASTIE
Eleventh Respondent	STAMCO BEEF PTY LTD
Twelfth Respondent	ROY TOMMY
Thirteenth Respondent	NANCY TOMMY
Fourteenth Respondent	MARY MILLS
Fifteenth Respondent	E.G.
Sixteenth Respondent	YAMATJI MARLPA ABORIGINAL CORPORATION

SCHEDULE OF PARTIES
WAD 538 of 2018

Federal Court of Australia
District Registry: Western Australia
Division: General

Applicant	IVAN SMIRKE, ALEC ALEXANDER AND KELLMAN LIMERICK
First Respondent	STATE OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA
Second Respondent	BARKLEY MARSHALL DAY
Third Respondent	JOAN ELIZABETH DAY
Fourth Respondent	RICHARD ERNEST DAY
Fifth Respondent	ZANE BRADLEY DAY
Sixth Respondent	ANDREW NICHOLAS GLENN
Seventh Respondent	WENDY RUTH HARVEY
Eighth Respondent	DANIEL JOHN HASTIE
Ninth Respondent	JASON GARY HASTIE
Tenth Respondent	ROY TOMMY
Eleventh Respondent	NANCY TOMMY
Twelfth Respondent	MARY MILLS
Thirteenth Respondent	E.G.