Peck on behalf of the Gnulli Native Title Claim Group v State of Western Australia
[2019] FCA 2090
•17 December 2019
FEDERAL COURT OF AUSTRALIA
Peck on behalf of the Gnulli Native Title Claim Group v State of Western Australia [2019] FCA 2090
File numbers: WAD 22 of 2019
WAD 366 of 2018
WAD 261 of 2019Judge: GRIFFITHS J Date of judgment: 17 December 2019 Catchwords: NATIVE TITLE – consent determination – where requirements of ss 87 and 94A satisfied – Court satisfied it is appropriate to make proposed orders Legislation: Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) ss 13, 47A, 47B, 56, 61, 62, 64, 66, 66B, 67, 68, 87, 87A, 94A, 190A, 190C and 225
Native Title Amendment Act 1998 (Cth) Sch 5, Pt 3, Item 6
Native Title Amendment Act 2009 (Cth)
Cases cited: Brown (on behalf of the Ngarla People) v State of Western Australia [2007] FCA 1025
Budby on behalf of the Barada Barna People v State of Queensland (No 6) [2016] FCA 1267
Daniel v Western Australia [2003] FCA 666
Drury on behalf of the Nanda People v State of Western Australia [2019] FCA 1138
Drury on behalf of the Nanda People v State of Western Australia (No 2) [2019] FCA 1642
Hughes (on behalf of the Eastern Guruma People) v State of Western Australia [2007] FCA 365
I.S. (Deceased) on behalf of the Wajarri Yamatji People (Part A) v State of Western Australia [2017] FCA 1215
Lovett on behalf of the Gunditjmara People v State of Victoria [2007] FCA 474
Lyndon on behalf of the Budina People v State of Western Australia [2017] FCA 1214
Manado v State of Western Australia [2017] FCA 1367
Moses v Western Australia [2007] FCAFC 78; 160 FCR 148
Munnfor and on behalf of theGunggari People v State of Queensland [2001] FCA 1229; 115 FCR 109
Thudgari People v State of Western Australia [2009] FCA 1334
Wardv State of Western Australia [2006] FCA 1848
Date of hearing: 17 December 2019 Registry: Western Australia Division: General Division National Practice Area: Native Title Category: Catchwords Number of paragraphs: 97 Solicitor for the Applicant (WAD22/2019, WAD366/2018 and WAD261/2019): Yamatji Marlpa Aboriginal Corporation Solicitor for the State of Western Australia (First Respondent in WAD22/2019, WAD366/2019 and WAD261/2019): State Solicitor for Western Australia Solicitor for the Commonwealth of Australia (Second Respondent in WAD22/2019 and WAD261/2019): Australian Government Solicitor Solicitor for the Shire of Murchison (Second Respondent in WAD336/2018): CLI Lawyers Solicitor for the Shire of Carnarvon (Third Respondent in WAD22/2019) Shire of Carnarvon Solicitor for the Shire of Exmouth (Third Respondent in WAD22/2019: Shire of Exmouth Solicitor for the Shire of Upper Gascoyne (Third Respondent in WAD22/2019): Shire of Upper Gascoyne Solicitor for the Independence Newsearch Pty Ltd (Third Respondent in WAD336/2018): Independence Newsearch Pty Ltd Solicitor for the DBNGP (WA) Nominees Pty Ltd (Third Respondent in WAD261/2019): Ashurst Australia Solicitor for the Yamatji Marlpa Corporation (Fourth Respondent in WAD22/2019): Yamatji Marlpa Corporation Solicitor for Marine Farms Pty Ltd (Fourth Respondent in WAD261/2019): Ward Keller Solicitor for Dampier Salt Pty Ltd (Fifth Respondent in WAD22/2019 and Third Respondent in WAD261/2019): Ashurst Australia Solicitor for Exmouth Limestone Pty Ltd (Fifth Respondent in WAD22/2019): Squire Patton Boggs Solicitor for Santos WA Northwest Pty Ltd (Fifth Respondent in WAD22/2019): Hopgood Ganim Lawyers Solicitor for Telstra Corporation Limited (Fifth Respondent in WAD336/2018 and Eight Respondent in WAD22/2019): King & Wood Mallesons Solicitor for Outdoor Investments Pty Ltd and Portframe Enterprises Pty Ltd as trustee for the Gnarloo Station Trust (Sixth Respondents in WAD22/2019): Cornerstone Legal Solicitor for the pastoralist parties (Sixth Respondents in WAD22/2019 and Third Respondent in WAD336/2018): M Watts Legal Solicitor Exmouth Pty Ltd and MH Kailis Group of Companies (Seventh Respondents in WAD22/2019): Herbert Smith Freehills ORDERS
WAD 22 of 2019 WAD 366 of 2018 WAD 261 of 2019 BETWEEN: GWEN PECK & ORS ON BEAHLF OF THE GNULLI NATIVE TITLE CLAIM GROUP
Applicant (WAD 22 of 2019)
J.E. (DECEASED) & ORS ON BEHALF OF THE GNULLI #2 NATIVE TITLE CLAIM GROUP
Applicant (WAD 366 of 2018)
SHARON CROWE & ORS ON BEHALF OF THE GNULLI #3 NATIVE TITLE CLAIM GROUP
Applicant (WAD 261 of 2019)
AND: STATE OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA
First Respondent
COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA
Second Respondent
SHIRE OF MURCHISON (and others named in the Schedule)
Third Respondent
JUDGE:
GRIFFITHS J
DATE OF ORDER:
17 DECEMBER 2019
THE COURT NOTES THAT:
A.The Applicant in proceedings WAD 22 of 2019 has made a native title determination application (“Gnulli Application”).
B.The Applicant in proceedings WAD 366 of 2018 has made a native title determination application (“Gnulli #2 Application”).
C.The Applicant in proceedings WAD 261 of 2019 has made a native title determination application (“Gnulli #3 Application”).
D.The Applicant in the Gnulli Application, the Applicant in the Gnulli #2 Application, the Applicant in the Gnulli #3 Application, the State of Western Australia and the other Respondents to the Gnulli, Gnulli #2 and Gnulli #3 Applications (“the parties”) have reached an agreement as to the terms of the determination which is to be made in relation to the land and waters covered by the Gnulli, Gnulli #2 and Gnulli #3 Applications (“the Determination Area”). The external boundaries of the Determination Area are described in Schedule One to the Determination.
E.The Applicants’ rights and interests have co-existed for more than 50 years with usage of the waters and fisheries of Exmouth Gulf by commercial fishers. The Applicants acknowledge that the prawn fishery of the gulf has been trawled by commercial fishers and understand that such usage will continue.
F.Pursuant to subsections 87(1), (1A) and (2) of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) (“Native Title Act”) the parties have filed with the Court this Minute of Proposed Consent Determination of Native Title setting out the terms of the agreement reached by the parties in relation to the Gnulli, Gnulli #2 and Gnulli #3 Applications.
G.The terms of the agreement involve the making of consent orders for a determination pursuant to sections 87 and 94A of the Native Title Act that native title exists in relation to the land and waters of the Determination Area.
H.The parties acknowledge that the effect of the making of the determination is that the members of the native title claim group, in accordance with the traditional laws acknowledged and the traditional customs observed by them, should be recognised as the native title holders for the Determination Area as set out in the determination.
I.Pursuant to section 87(2) of the Native Title Act, the parties have requested that the Court determine the proceedings that relate to the Determination Area without holding a hearing.
J.In respect of the Baiyungu and/or Thalanyji Area (as defined in paragraph 15 of the determination), the Baiyungu and/or Thalanyji native title holders have nominated the Nganhurra Thanardi Garrbu Aboriginal Corporation (ICN 9183) pursuant to section 56(2)(a) of the Native Title Act to hold the determined native title in trust for the Baiyungu and/or Thalanyji native title holders. In respect of the Yinggarda Area (as defined in paragraph 15 of the determination), the Yinggarda native title holders have nominated the Yinggarda Aboriginal Corporation (ICN 9184) pursuant to section 56(2)(a) of the Native Title Act to hold the determined native title in trust for the Yinggarda native title holders.
BEING SATISFIED that a determination of native title in the terms set out in Attachment A would be within the power of the Court and, it appearing to the Court appropriate to do so, pursuant to sections 87 and 94A of the Native Title Act and by the consent of the parties:
THE COURT ORDERS THAT:
1.In relation to the Determination Area, there be a determination of native title in WAD 22 of 2019, WAD 366 of 2018 and WAD 261 of 2019 in the terms provided for in Attachment A.
2.In respect of the Baiyungu and/or Thalanyji Area (as defined in paragraph 15 of the determination), the Nganhurra Thanardi Garrbu Aboriginal Corporation (ICN 9183) shall hold the determined native title in trust for the Baiyungu and/or Thalanyji native title holders pursuant to section 56(2)(b) of the Native Title Act1993 (Cth).
3.In respect of the Yinggarda Area (as defined in paragraph 15 of the determination), the Yinggarda Aboriginal Corporation (ICN 9184) shall hold the determined native title in trust for the Yinggarda native title holders pursuant to section 56(2)(b) of the Native Title Act1993 (Cth).
4.There be no order as to costs.
ATTACHMENT A
DETERMINATION
THE COURT ORDERS, DECLARES AND DETERMINES THAT:
Existence of native title: section 225 Native Title Act
1.Subject to paragraph 2, native title exists in the Determination Area in the manner set out in paragraphs 5 and 6 of this determination.
2.Native title does not exist in those parts of the Determination Area that are identified in Schedule Four.
Native title holders: section 225(a) Native Title Act
3.The native title in the Baiyungu and/or Thalanyji Area is held by the Baiyungu and/or Thalanyji native title holders.
4.The native title in the Yinggarda Area is held by the Yinggarda native title holders.
The nature and extent of native title rights and interests and exclusiveness of native title (ss 225(b) and 225(e) Native Title Act)
Exclusive rights and interests
5.Subject to paragraphs 2, 7, 8, 9, 12 and 13, the nature and extent of the native title rights and interests in relation to the Exclusive Area are:
(a)except in relation to flowing and underground water, the right to possession, occupation, use and enjoyment to the exclusion of all others; and
(b)in relation to flowing and underground water, the right to use and enjoy the flowing and underground water, including:
(i) the right to hunt on, fish from, take and use the traditional resources of the flowing and underground water; and
(ii) the right to take and use the flowing and underground water.
Non-exclusive rights and interests
6.Subject to paragraphs 2, 7, 8, 9 and 12, the nature and extent of the native title rights and interests in relation to the Non-Exclusive Area are that they confer the following non-exclusive rights, including the right to conduct activities necessary to give effect to them:
(a)the right to enter and remain on the Non-Exclusive Area, camp, erect temporary shelters, and to travel over and visit any part of the Non-Exclusive Area;
(b)the right to hunt, fish, gather, take and use the resources of the Non-Exclusive Area;
(c)the right to take and use water;
(d)the right to engage in cultural activities on the Non-Exclusive Area, including:
(i) visiting places of cultural or spiritual importance, protecting and maintaining those places by carrying out activities to preserve their physical or spiritual integrity; and
(ii) conducting and participating in ceremony and ritual, including burials, burial rites and the transmission of cultural knowledge;
(e)the right to light contained and controlled fires for domestic, cultural and spiritual purpose but not for the clearance of vegetation;
(f)the right to be accompanied on to the area by those people who, though not native title holders and who (for the avoidance of doubt) cannot themselves exercise any native title right in the area, are:
(i) the spouses, partners, parents or children of the native title holders;
(ii) people who are members of the immediate family of a spouse, partner, parent or child of a native title holder; or
(iii) people entering the Non-Exclusive Area in connection with the performance of ceremonies or cultural activities in accordance with traditional laws and customs.
Qualifications on the native title rights and interests
7.The native title rights and interests are subject to and exercisable in accordance with:
(a)the laws of the State and the Commonwealth, including the common law; and
(b)the traditional laws and customs of the native title holders for personal, domestic and communal purposes (including social, cultural, religious, spiritual and ceremonial purposes).
8.Notwithstanding anything in this determination, there are no native title rights and interests in the Determination Area in relation to:
(a)minerals as defined in the Mining Act 1904 (WA) (repealed) and in the Mining Act 1978 (WA), except to the extent that ochre is not a mineral pursuant to the Mining Act 1904 (WA);
(b)petroleum as defined in the Petroleum Act 1936 (WA) (repealed) and in the Petroleum and Geothermal Energy Resources Act 1967 (WA);
(c)geothermal energy resources and geothermal energy as defined in the Petroleum and Geothermal Energy Resources Act 1967 (WA); or
(d)water lawfully captured by the holders of the Other Interests.
9.The native title rights and interests set out in paragraphs 5(b) and 6 do not confer:
(a)possession, occupation, use and enjoyment on the native title holders to the exclusion of all others; or
(b)a right to control the access to, or use of, the land and waters or its resources.
Areas to which ss 47, 47A or s 47B of the Native Title Act apply
10.Sections 47, 47A and 47B of the Native Title Act apply to disregard any prior extinguishment in relation to those parts of the Determination Area identified in Schedule Five.
The nature and extent of any other interests
11.The nature and extent of the Other Interests are described in Schedule Six.
Relationship between native title rights and other interests
12.Except as otherwise provided for by law, the relationship between the native title rights and interests described in paragraphs 5 and 6 and the Other Interests is that:
(a)to the extent that any of the Other Interests are inconsistent with the continued existence, enjoyment or exercise of the native title rights and interests, the native title rights and interests continue to exist in their entirety, but the native title rights and interests have no effect in relation to the Other Interests to the extent of the inconsistency during the currency of the other interests; and otherwise,
(b)the existence and exercise of the native title rights and interests do not prevent the doing of any activity required or permitted to be done by or under the Other Interests, and the Other Interests, and the doing of any activity required or permitted to be done by or under the Other Interests, prevail over the native title rights and interests and any exercise of the native title rights and interests but do not extinguish them.
13.Except as otherwise provided for by law, the relationship between the native title rights and interests described in paragraph 5 and mining lease M0900086 is that, to the extent that is inconsistent with the continued existence, enjoyment or exercise of the native title rights and interests, M0900086 continues to exist in its entirety, but is invalid to the extent of the inconsistency with the native title rights and interests during the currency of M0900086, pursuant to section 24OA of the Native Title Act.
Liberty to Apply
14.The parties have liberty to apply to establish the precise location and boundaries of the public works and adjacent land and waters identified in relation to any part or parts of the Determination Area referred to in clause 8 of Schedule Four of this determination
Definitions and Interpretation
15.In this determination, unless the contrary intention appears:
“Baiyungu and/or Thalanyji Area” means the land and waters described in Part 1 of Schedule Eight as depicted on the Map in Part 2 of Schedule Eight;
“Baiyungu and/or Thalanyji native title holders” means the people described in Schedule Seven and referred to in paragraph 3;
“Determination Area” means the land and waters described in Schedule One and depicted on the maps at Schedule Two;
“Exclusive Area” means those lands and waters of the Determination Area described in Schedule Three (which areas are generally shown as shaded green on the maps in Schedule Two)
“native title holders” means the people described in Schedule Seven and referred to in paragraphs 3 and 4;
“Native Title Act” means the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth);
“Non-Exclusive Area” means those lands and waters of the Determination Area which are not Exclusive Areas or described in paragraph 2 as an area where native title does not exist (which areas are generally shown as shaded yellow on the maps at Schedule Two);
“Other Interests” means the legal or equitable estates or interests and other rights in relation to the Determination Area described in Schedule Six and referred to in paragraph 11;
“resources” means flora, fauna, and other natural resources such as charcoal, stone, soil, sand, clay, gravel, timber, resin and ochre (except, for the avoidance of doubt, ochres for use in the manufacture of porcelain, fine pottery or pigments which are minerals pursuant the Mining Act 1904 (WA) (repealed));
“Titles Validation Act” means the Titles (Validation) and Native Title (Effect of Past Acts) Act 1995 (WA);
“use” includes by way of share and exchange, but does not include use by way of trade;
“Yinggarda Area” means the land and waters described in Part 1 of Schedule Eight as depicted on the Map in Part 2 of Schedule Eight;
“Yinggarda native title holders” means the people described in Schedule Seven and referred to in paragraph 4;
16.In the event of any inconsistency between the written description of an area in Schedule One, Three, Four, Five or Six and the area as depicted on the maps at Schedule Two the written description prevails.
SCHEDULE ONE
DETERMINATION AREA
The Determination Area, generally shown as bordered in blue on the maps at Schedule Two, comprises all land and waters bounded by the following description:
All those land and waters commencing at the intersection of the Low Water Mark with Longitude 114.637842 East, being a point on the northwestern boundary of Native Title Determination WAD6113/1998 Thalanyji (WCD2008/003) and extending generally southerly along the western boundary of that native title determination to coordinate point Latitude 23.032494 South Longitude 115.030893 East; then easterly to coordinate point Latitude 23.032003 South, Longitude 115.037178 East, being a point on again Native Title Determination WAD6113/1998 Thalanyji (WCD2008/003); then generally southwesterly and generally southerly through the following coordinate points:
Latitude (South)
Longitude (East)
23.032164 115.036059 23.119523 114.613956 23.583381 114.734455 23.593089 114.740487 23.604088 114.764171 23.604223 114.764205 23.600000 114.738039 23.894880 114.699397 24.124907 114.777592
Then northeasterly to the westernmost corner of Native Title Determination WAD464/2016 Combined Thiin-Mah, Warriyangka, Tharrkari And Jiwarli People (WCD2019/003); then generally easterly along the southern boundaries of that native title determination to its southernmost southeastern corner; then southwesterly to coordinate point Latitude 24.589108 South Longitude 116.245187 East being a point on Native Title Determination WAD28/2019 Wajarri Yamatji Part A (WCD2017/007); then generally southerly and generally westerly along the western boundaries of that native title determination to the intersection with Longitude 115.594032 East, being a point on the centreline of Wooramel River; then generally westerly along the centreline of that river to the intersection with the easternmost northeastern corner of Native Title Determination WAD6236/1998 Malgana Part A (WCD2018/012); then generally westerly along the northern boundary of that determination to the intersection with the Low Water Mark; then generally northerly along the Low Water Mark to Latitude 24.035314 South; then west to the intersection with the 3 Nautical Mile Coastal Waters Limit; then generally northeasterly along the 3 nautical mile coastal waters limit to Longitude 114.119412 East; then northeasterly to the intersection of Longitude 114.127550 East with a 3 nautical mile buffer seaward from the coastline; then generally easterly and generally southerly along the boundary of that buffer to the intersection with Latitude 22.369171 South; then easterly to the intersection of the 3 nautical mile buffer seaward of the coastline with Latitude 22.369205 South; then generally northeasterly along that buffer to the intersection with Latitude 22.048564 South; then generally northeasterly through the following coordinates:
Latitude (South)
Longitude (East)
22.021424 114.473207 21.996440 114.484510 21.972645 114.502356
Then northeasterly to the intersection of again the 3 nautical mile buffer seaward of the coastline with Longitude 114.538638 East; then generally northeasterly along that buffer to the intersection with a line joining Latitude 21.786115 South Longitude 114.622533 East and Latitude 21.798818 South Longitude 114.626945 East; then generally southerly through the following coordinate points:
Latitude (South)
Longitude (East)
21.798818 114.626945 21.806148 114.631074 21.815616 114.634518 21.826247 114.635447 21.838251 114.634589 21.843110 114.632145 21.849652 114.629551 21.862795 114.627627 21.871081 114.627969 21.880251 114.629232 21.890318 114.630331 21.904601 114.634049 21.916759 114.637545
Then southeasterly back to the commencement point.
Note: Geographic Coordinates provided in Decimal Degrees.
All referenced Deposited Plans and Diagrams are held by the Western Australian Land Information Authority, trading as Landgate.
Cadastral boundaries sourced from Landgate’s Spatial Cadastral Database dated 02 January 2018.
Wooramel River sourced from © Commonwealth of Australia (Geoscience Australia) 2006.
3 Nautical Mile Coastal Waters Limit Maritime boundaries data sourced from © Commonwealth of Australia (Geoscience Australia) 2006.
3 Nautical Mile Buffer seaward from the coastline based on topographic Coastline (GEODATA COAST 100K 2004) sourced from © Commonwealth of Australia (Geoscience Australia) 2004.
For the avoidance of doubt the application excludes any land and waters already claimed by:
Native Title Determination Application WAD6113/1998 Thalanyji (WCD2008/003) as Determined in the Federal Court on the 18/09/2008.
Native Title Determination Application WAD6212/1998 Thudgari People (WCD2009/002) as Determined in the Federal Court on the 18/11/2009.
Native Title Determination Application WAD464/2016 Combined Thiin-Mah, Warriyangka, Tharrkari And Jiwarli People (WCD2019/003) as Determined in the Federal Court on the 16/04/2019.
Native Title Determination Application WAD28/2019 Wajarri Yamatji Part A (WCD2017/007) as Determined in the Federal Court on the 19/10/2017.
Native Title Determination Application WAD44/2018 Wajarri Yamatji Part C (WCD2018/014) as Determined in the Federal Court on the 07/12/2018.
Native Title Determination Application WAD6236/1998 Malgana Part A (WCD2018/012) as Determined in the Federal Court on the 04/12/2018.
Native Title Determination Application WAD28/2019 Wajarri Yamatji (WC2004/010).
Native Title Determination Application WAD382/2017 Wajarri Yamatji #2 (WC2017/004).
Native Title Determination Application WAD439/2019 Budina 2 (WC2019/010).
Native Title Determination Application WAD278/2018 Wajarri Yamatji (Byro Plains) (WC2018/008).
Datum:Geocentric Datum of Australia 1994 (GDA94)
Prepared By: Graphic Services (Landgate) 12 November 2019
Use of Coordinates:
Where coordinates are used within the description to represent cadastral or topographical boundaries or the intersection with such, they are intended as a guide only. As an outcome to the custodians of cadastral and topographic data continuously recalculating the geographic position of their data based on improved survey and data maintenance procedures, it is not possible to accurately define such a position other than by detailed ground survey.
SCHEDULE TWO
MAPS OF THE DETERMINATION AREA
SCHEDULE THREE
EXCLUSIVE AREAS
Paragraph 5
Native title comprises the rights and interests set out in paragraph 5 of the Determination in relation to the following land and waters (which areas are generally shown as shaded in green on the maps in Schedule Two):
1.PL N49635 (Cardabia Station);
2.PL N49969 (Towrana Station) (part), being that portion of PL N49969 not subject to Easement 48;
3.Reserve 22313 (Use and Benefit of Aboriginal Inhabitants) (part), being that portion of Reserve 22313 not subject to Historical Road 096;
4.Reserve 27778 (Use and Benefit of Aboriginal Inhabitants);
5.Reserve 37185 (Use and Benefit of Aboriginal Inhabitants);
6.Lease AB I428655 (Lease in perpetuity to Gulungoor Yammatji Aboriginal Corporation);
7.UCL 135 (Kennedy Range);
8.UCL 381 (Kennedy Range);
9.UCL 382 (Kennedy Range);
10.UCL 383 (Kennedy Range);
11.UCL 384 (Kennedy Range);
12.UCL 385 (Kennedy Range);
13.UCL 386 (Kennedy Range);
14.UCL 388 (Kennedy Range);
15.UCL 394 (Kennedy Range);
16.UCL 395 (Kennedy Range);
17.UCL 396 (part) (Kennedy Range), being that portion of UCL 396 not subject to mining leases M0900109 and M0900018 and Historical Road 051;
18.UCL 421 (part) (Giralia Landing), being all those land and waters commencing at the intersection of a northern boundary of Lot 167 as shown on Deposited Plan 238194 at Longitude 114.312203 East and extending south and westerly through the following coordinate points:
Latitude (South)
Longitude (East)
22.457800 114.312203 22.456490 114.290796
Then northerly to the intersection of a northern boundary of again Lot 167 as shown on Deposited Plan 238194 at Longitude 114.292203 East; then generally easterly along the boundaries of that lot back to the commencement point;
19.UCL 423 (part) (Corroboree Grounds), being all those land and waters within Lot 167 as shown on Deposited Plan 238194 enclosed by the following coordinate points:
Latitude (South)
Longitude (East)
22.679191 114.392102 22.678903 114.398002 22.688353 114.397764 22.688647 114.392192
20. UCL 442 (Kennedy Range);
21.UCL 453 (part) (Mauds Landing), being all those land and waters commencing at the intersection of a northwestern boundary of Lot 57 as shown on Deposited Plan 220960 and Longitude 113.779284 East and extending south to the intersection of the northeastern boundary of Road No 8397; then northwesterly along the boundary of that road to the intersection with a southeastern boundary of Lot 56 as shown on Deposited Plan 220960; then northeasterly, northwesterly, southwesterly, generally northwesterly, again northeasterly, again northwesterly, again southwesterly, southeasterly, again southwesterly, southeasterly, again northeasterly, again southeasterly, again northeasterly, again northwesterly and again northeasterly along boundaries of that lot to the intersection with again Road No 8397, then southeasterly along the boundary of that road to an intersection with Longitude 113.779284 East, then south and westerly through the following coordinate points:
Latitude (South)
Longitude (East)
23.118549 113.779284 23.118431 113.776322
22.UCL 457 (Kennedy Range);
23.UCL 504 (part), being all those land and waters commencing at the intersection of a western boundary of Lot 522 as shown on Deposited Plan 54946 and Latitude 23.049336 South and extending easterly and southwesterly through the following coordinate points:
Latitude (South)
Longitude (East)
23.049361 113.825517 23.051333 113.824408
then westerly to the intersection of a western boundary of again Lot 522 as shown on Deposited Plan 54946 and Latitude 23.051260 South; then generally northerly and generally northeasterly along the boundaries of that lot back to the commencement point;
24.UCL 504 (part) (Oyster Bridge), being all those land and waters commencing at the intersection of a western boundary of Lot 522 as shown on Deposited Plan 54946 and Latitude 23.068874 South; then extending southerly to coordinate point Latitude 23.070175 South Longitude 113.817305 East; then southwesterly to the intersection of a western boundary of again Lot 522 as shown on Deposited Plan 054946 and Latitude 23.071648 South; then generally northwesterly and generally northeasterly along the boundaries of that lot back to the commencement point.
25.UCL 723 (part) (Bibbawarra Bore), being that portion of UCL 723 not subject to mining leases M090008 and, M0900090, miscellaneous licence L0900057 and Historical Road 037;
26.UCL 724 (Bibbawarra Bore);
27.UCL 730 (Kennedy Range);
28.UCL 753 (part), being all those land and waters commencing at the intersection of a western boundary of Lot 711 as shown on Deposited Plan 405551 and Latitude 23.209513 South and extending southeasterly and generally southerly through the following coordinate points:
Latitude (South)
Longitude (East)
23.213558 113.778906 23.219247 113.778567 23.223842 113.777133
Then generally southwesterly to the intersection of a western boundary of again Lot 711 as shown on Deposited Plan 405551 and Latitude 23.226555 South; then generally northerly along the boundary of that Lot back to the commencement point;
29.UCL 758 (part), being all those land and waters commencing at the intersection of a western boundary of Lot 714 as shown on Deposited Plan 405551 and Latitude 23.518274 South and extending southeasterly to the intersection of an eastern boundary of that lot and Longitude 113.762940 East; then generally southwesterly along the boundary of that lot to the intersection of Longitude 113.750876 East; then northwesterly to the intersection of a western boundary of again Lot 714 as shown on Deposited Plan 405551 and Longitude 113.749616 East; then generally northeasterly along the boundary of that Lot back to the commencement point; and
30.UCL 769 (part), being all those land and waters commencing at the intersection of a western boundary of Lot 526 as shown on Deposited Plan 407153 at Latitude 23.174453 South and extending generally southeasterly through the following coordinate points:
Latitude (South)
Longitude (East)
23.176817 113.766256 23.178953 113.766994 23.183319 113.772433 23.188664 113.774372
Note: Geographic Coordinates provided in Decimal Degrees.
All referenced Deposited Plans and Diagrams are held by the Western Australian Land Information Authority, trading as Landgate.
Cadastral boundaries sourced from Landgate’s Spatial Cadastral Database dated 02 January 2018.
Datum:Geocentric Datum of Australia 1994 (GDA94)
Prepared By: Graphic Services (Landgate) 12 November 2019
Use of Coordinates:
Where coordinates are used within the description to represent cadastral or topographical boundaries or the intersection with such, they are intended as a guide only. As an outcome to the custodians of cadastral and topographic data continuously recalculating the geographic position of their data based on improved survey and data maintenance procedures, it is not possible to accurately define such a position other than by detailed ground survey.
SCHEDULE FOUR
AREAS WHERE NATIVE TITLE DOES NOT EXIST
Paragraph 2
Native title does not exist in relation to land and waters the subject of the following interests within the Determination Area which, with the exception of public works (as described in clause 8 of this Schedule), are generally shown as shaded in pink on the maps at Schedule Two.
For the avoidance of doubt, unless otherwise specified, the area of the following interests are as they existed as at 2 January 2018 and as contained in the MapInfo Tenure Information prepared by the Western Australian Land Information Authority dated 7 June 2019. The non-existence of native title is not necessarily a result of the grant or creation of these interests.
1.Freeholds
The following grants of estates in fee simple:
Certificate of Title
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CT0282000136 CT0282100245 CT0282700797 CT0282700798 CT0282700799 CT0282800487 CT0283500099 CT0283500100 CT0283500579 CT0283500580 CT0283700694 CT0283700695 CT0284700593 CT0284700594 CT0284900656 CT0284900657 CT0284900874 CT0284900875 CT0285400455 CT0285400456 CT0285400457 CT0285400458 CT0285400459 CT0285400460 CT0285400461 CT0285400462 CT0285400463 CT0285400464 CT0285400465 CT0285400466 CT0285400467 CT0286300883 CT0286600383 CT0286600384 CT0286600385 CT0286700192 CT0288000785 CT0288000786 CT0288300365 CT0288300394 CT0288600348 CT0288600349 CT0288600502 CT0288600503 CT0288600504 CT0288700256 CT0288700257 CT0288700701 CT0288700702 CT0289000897 CT0289000898 CT0289500387 CT0289500388 CT0289500833 CT0289500834 CT0289500835 CT0289500836 CT0289500837 CT0289500838 CT0289500839 CT0289500840 CT0289500841 CT0289500842 CT0289500843 CT0289500844 CT0291500287 CT0291500288 CT0291500289 CT0291700310 CT0291700311 CT0292100504 CT0292100520 CT0292100521 CT0292100572 CT0292200764 CT0292200765 CT0292400767 CT0292400779 CT0292500369 CT0292600987 CT0292600988 CT0292700493 CT0292900636 CT0292900637 CT0293000079 CT0293200656 CT0293300275 CT0293300276 CT0293700706 CT0294700079 GT0000600106 GT0000600218 GT0000600219 GT0000800276 GT0000800625 GT0000800627 LG0048500180 LG0050600062 LG0083900101 S001599 S003796 S009337 S009655 S011892 S012562 S012637 S012653 S014001 S014288 S014630 S014702 S016128 S016836 S018861 S019229 S019304 S019307 S021513 S022313 S022314 S022465 S023869 S024191 S026150 S026371 S027264 S027700 S027927 S028876 S029182 S031863 S032727 S033953 S034036 S034127 S034971 S039557 S039558 S040970 S041229 S041390 S045206 S047438 S047439 S047548 S048241 S048246 S048248 S048249 S050997 S050999 S051002 S051005 S051006 S053051 S053056 S053059 S053060 S053064 S054233 S057689 S057690 S057691 S057692 S060707 S060711 S060719 S062448 S062451 S062458 S065048 S065056 S065059 S070466 S070552 S070555 S070556 S075088 TGC0001800048
2.Reserves
The following Reserves:
Reserve No.
Current / Last Purpose
00607 (part)[1] For the Benefit of Aboriginals 00610 (part)[2] Government Requirements 00693 Water 01856 (including historical area)[3] Recreation Ground 01871
(historical area)[4]Water 02514 Public Buildings 02515 Office Premises 02871 Hospital 06049 Historical Purposes 06084
(historical area)[5]Resting Place for Travelling Stock 06938 Public Utility 07462 Water 07464 Water 08952
(historical area)[6]Navigation Beacon Site 09532
(historical area)[7]Showground and Recreation 10522 Municipal Purposes 14327 Municipal Buildings 15233 Water 15274 For the Purposes of the School Education Act 1999 (subject to a public work) 15432 Water 15832
(part)[8]Water 16127 Water 16533 (part)[9] Water Rabbit Department 17195 Recreation (Carnarvon Sailing Club) 18009 Experimental Plot Tropical Culture 18233 Memorial Site 18999 Depot Site & Workshop 19144 Foreshore Management 19145 Foreshore Management 21089 Quarry 21829 Recreation 21853 Civic Purposes 22753
(historical area)[10]Racecourse 23553 Recreation (Golf Links) 24107
(historical area)[11]Historical Museum Site 24138 School Site 24139 Historical Tank Site 24201 Power Station 25195 Public Utility 25868 Natives 26094 Government Requirements 26193 Water Supply 26636 Government Requirements (Medical Department) (subject to a public work) 26766 Water 27137 Fish Habitat Protection Area, Recreation and Camping 27288 (part)[12] Cape Range National Park 27408
(historical area)[13]Water Supply 27410
(historical area)[14]Power Station Site 27411 Hospital Site (subject to a public work) 27412 To be Utilised Under the Provisions of the School Education Act 1999 (subject to a public work) 27472 Children's Playground 27479 School Site (subject to a public work) 27552 Fire, Rescue and Emergency Services 27593 Health (Hospital and Allied Purposes) (subject to a public work) 27594 Health (Hospital and Allied Purposes) (subject to a public work) 27647
(historical area)[15]Recreation 27648 Caravan Park 27664 Court House and Police Station Site 27784 Camping 27893 Housing (Medical Department) (subject to a public work) 28046 Community Centre 28145 Fisheries Department Office Site 28153 Civil Defence and Emergency Services Training and Administration 28158 Shire Hall, Offices and Community Purposes 28220 Conservation of Flora and Fauna 28284 Drainage 28553 Recreation 28764 Sewerage Treatment Works 28827
(historical area)[16]Park 28877 Sewerage and Drainage 28970 Public Recreation and Drainage 29034 Public Jetty 29045 Pre School Centre 29064 Park 29065 Drainage 29066
(historical area)[17]Recreation and Drainage 29086
(historical area)[18]Children's Playground 29097 Health, Hospital and Allied Purposes (subject to a public work) 29131 Storage of Explosives 29213 Housing (Medical Department) (subject to a public work) 29286 Ambulance Centre 29331 Public Recreation 29440 Depot (Main Roads Department) (formerly portion Reserve 00610) 29528 Park 29683 Scenic Lookout (formerly portion Reserve 00610) 29951 Public Recreation 30074 Racecourse 30187 Civic Purposes 30203 Park 30213
(historical area)[19]Radio Receiving Station Site 30330
(historical area)[20]Park 30474 Gravel 30493 Government Requirements (formerly portion Reserve 00610) 30509 Water Supply 30512 Day Care and Education Centre 30513 Child Care Centre 30652 Stables 30813 Recreation 30817 Agricultural Research Plot 30885 Preservation of Sedimentary Deposits 31006 Yacht Club Site 31305 Use and Benefit of Aboriginal Inhabitants (Kindergarten) 31444 Conservation of Flora and Fauna 31570 Recreation (formerly portion CT0112100428) 31811 Recreation (Golf Course) 31896 Recreation (Hot Rod Track) 31905 Water Supply 32027
(historical area)[21]Sewage Treatment Plant Site 32169
(historical area)[22]Protection of Levee Banks 32296 Prevention of River Erosion 32806 Drain 32867 Aerial Landing Ground 32946 Recreation 33019 Public Recreation 33020 Public Recreation 33021 Public Recreation (formerly portion CT0012400164A) 33047 Motor Racing Track 33213 Tourist Purposes and Collection of Souvenir Samples of Gem Stones 33246 School Site (subject to a public work) 33249 Educational Purposes 33320 Water Supply 33512 Gravel 33566 Pedestrian Access Way (formerly portion Reserve 28827) 33567 Drain 33568 Child Health Centre 33569 Child Care Centre 33614 Public Gardens (formerly portion CT0104000118) 33696 Harbour Purposes 33701 Drainage Sump 33722 Gravel 33723 Sand Pit 33856 Water Supply 34055 Water Supply 34089 Harbour Purposes 34143 Public Recreation 34144 Public Recreation 34145 Public Recreation 34200 Remote Controlled Electronic Exchange Site 34315 Depot Site (Bush Fire Brigade) 34316 Drain 34513 Arboretum 34659 Use and Requirements of the Agriculture Protection Board 34924 Car Park 35050 Housing (Community Health Services) 35259 Storage 35521 Maintenance Depot Site (Main Roads Department) 35555 Parking 35568 Water Supply 35997 Government Requirements (Flood Prone Area) (formerly portion CT0109900467) 36078 Horse Paddock 36467 Sewage Disposal 36475
(historical area)[23]Government Requirements 36602 Levee Bank 36616 Rubbish Disposal 37127 Recreation 37376 Government Requirements (formerly portion Reserve 00610) 37408 Public Utilities Services (formerly Historical Road 087) 37457 Recreation, Tourism and Landscape Protection 37484 State and Voluntary Emergency Services and Access 37500 Foreshore Management 37630 Public Parking 37642 Quarry Site 37664 Animal Protection Facility and Youth Camp 37812
(historical area)[24]Quarry Site 38230 Recreation 38375 Parking and Public Utilities Services 38701 Public Utilities Services (formerly portion Reserve 29066) 38865 Industrial Lands Development Authority Purposes 38888 Radio Mast Site 39114 Hall Site 39230 Water Supply 39318 Water Supply, Trigonometrical Station and Radio Communications Site 39340 Power Sub Station 39392 Flood Control 39476 Recreation and Foreshore Protection 39483 Heritage Purposes 39505 Pumping Station Site 39508 Drainage 39526 Foreshore and Buffer Zone 39867 The Vocational and Education Training Act 1996 (formerly CT0071900028) 39939 Park, Drainage and Public Utilities Services 40007 Repeater Station Site 40008 Radio Communications Site 40354 Recreation and Parking 40456 Public Recreation (formerly portion CT0111000935) 40485 Aged Persons Accommodation 40519 Aerial Landing Ground Support Facility 40555
(historical area)[25]Public Utility Services 40630 Natural Gas Pipeline Purposes 40662 Power Station Site 40678 (part)[26] Foreshore Protection 40700 Sewage Pumping Station 40728 Recreation and Coastal Management 40729 Recreation and Coastal Management 40826 Natural Gas Pipeline Purposes 40999 Sewage Pumping Station 41000 Sewage Pumping Station 41060 Natural Gas Pipeline Purposes 41144 Repeater Station Site 41165 Natural Gas Pipeline Purposes 41169 Natural Gas Pipeline Purposes 41191 Natural Gas Pipeline Purposes 41322 Repeater Station Site 41346 Drain 41367 Natural Gas Pipeline Purposes 41428 Radio Communications Site 41455 Parking 41612 Drainage 41613 Services Corridor 41614
(historical area)[27]Park 41619 Recreation (formerly portion CT0129400097) 41620 Pedestrian Accessway (formerly portion CT0129400097) 41621 Padmount Site 41622 Padmount Site 41680 Public Recreation (formerly portions of CT0002500280, CT0016100187 and CT0147200181) 41681 Sewage Pumping Station 41703 Repeater Station Site 41753 Protection of Natural Landscapes 41756 Recreation and Marine Education Centre 41975 Sand Pit and Recreation Vehicles 42113 Drainage (formerly portion CT0124500099) 42242 Marine Park (formerly CT0124500120) 42258 Natural Gas Pipeline Purposes 42261 Repeater Station Site 42661 Repeater Station Site 42702 Recreation 42814 Dune Vegetation Control 43033 Drainage 43252 Waste Disposal Site 43552 Public Recreation (formerly portion CT0133700824) 43888 Drain 43962 Repeater Station Site 44008 Pistol Club 44021 Depot Site 44093 Public Recreation (formerly portion CT0139000477) 44094 Repeater Station Site 44688 Navigation, Communication, Meteorology, Survey and Conservation (formerly CT0122900305) 44763 Public Utilities Services (subject to Resumption gazetted on 1 October 1996 and Taking Order L206607) 44773 Depot Site (formerly portion Reserve 27408) 44892 Navigation, Communication, Meteorology, Survey and Conservation (formerly CT0029300171A) 45070 Effluent Storage Ponds (formerly portion Reserve 32027) 45339 Historical Site (formerly portion CT0111000935) 45402 Tourist Bureau (formerly portion Reserve 29066) 45411 Automatic Weather Station 45539 Drainage (formerly portion Reserve 29066) 46105 Office Premises (formerly portion Reserve 02515) 46363 Recreation (formerly portion Reserve 32169) 46571 Sea Rescue Station (subject to Taking Order I693900 and a public work) 46623 Landscape Protection (formerly portion Reserve 25195) 46689 Wind Farm 46728 Flood Mitigation (formerly portion CT0061100140) 46933 Yacht Club (part formerly portion Reserve 17195 and part subject to portion Port 2) 47031 Public Utilities (formerly portion CT0100600681) 47103 Aboriginal Cultural Centre (subject to Taking Order I639529) 47443 Levee Bank (formerly portion Reserve 36078) 47799 Recreation and Drainage (formerly portion Reserve 34089 and subject to Taking Order I693900) 47800 Recreation (formerly portion Reserve 34089 and subject to Taking Order I693900) 47801 Foreshore Management (part formerly portion Reserve 34089 and wholly subject to Taking Order I693900) 47802 Recreation (formerly portion Reserve 34089 and subject to Taking Order I693900) 47803 Recreation and Drainage (part formerly portions Reserve 30074, Reserve 34089 and Historical Road 121 and wholly subject to Taking Order I693900) 47804 Waterway (part formerly portions Reserve 30074, Reserve 34089 and Historical Road 121 and wholly subject to Taking Order I693900) 47805 Recreation (formerly portion Reserve 34089 and subject to Taking Order I693900) 47806 Recreation (subject to Taking Order I693900) 47807 Foreshore Management (part formerly portion Reserve 30074 and wholly subject to Taking Order I693900) 47981 Harbour Purposes (formerly portions Reserve 30074, Reserve 34089 and subject to Taking Order I693900) 48148 Regeneration Purposes (formerly portion Reserve 38377) 48282 Storage 48283 Artesian Bore (formerly portion of Reserve 06084) 48441 Rifle Range (subject to Taking Order J487454) 48496 Surge Wall (subject to Taking Order J594414) 49037 Harbour Purposes (subject to a public work) 49038 Requirements of Marine and Harbours Act 1981 (subject to Taking Order I693900) 49039 Requirements of Marine and Harbours Act 1981 (subject to Taking Order I693900) 49098 Drainage (formerly portion Reserve 27520) 49143 Recreation and Drainage (formerly portion Reserve 34089 and subject to Taking Order I693900) 49146 Pedestrian Accessway (formerly portion Reserve 34089 and subject to Taking Order I693900) 49177 Drainage (formerly portion CT0208300025) 49337 Emergency Services Facility and Community Purposes (subject to Taking Order K389232) 49371 Town Common (parts formerly CT0206600574 and portion Reserve 22822 and part subject to Taking Order K350684) 49740 Public Recreation and Drainage (formerly portion Reserve 34089 and subject to Taking Order I693900) 49811 Waterway Management (formerly portion of Reserve 32169) 49812 Public Recreation (formerly portions of Reserve 32169 and CT0139000477) 50013 Public Recreation and Drainage (formerly portion CT0129400097) 50014 Public Recreation and Drainage (formerly portion CT0129400097) 50229 Padmount Site (formerly portion CT0129400097) 50349 Waterway Management (formerly portion Reserve 34089 and subject to Taking Order I693900) 50350 Pedestrian Access way (formerly portion Reserve 30074 and subject to Taking Order I693900) 50352 Artificial Waterway (formerly portions Reserve 30074 and Reserve 34089 and subject to Taking Order I693900) 50356 Pedestrian Accessway (formerly portion Historical Road 121 and subject to Taking Order I693900) 50357 Public Recreation (formerly portions Reserve 30074, Reserve 34089 and Historical Road 121 and subject to Taking Order I693900) 50358 Public Recreation (subject to Taking Order I693900) 50373 Public Recreation (subject to Taking Order I693900) 50541 Boating Facility and Associated Infrastructure (subject to Taking Order L293726) 50635 Public Recreation (formerly portion CT0154800369) 50717 Road Train Assembly Area (formerly portion Reserve 00610) 50739 Boat Ramp and Trailer Park (subject to Taking Order I693900) 50740 Memorial Site (formerly Special Lease SL 3116/11372) 50806 (part)[28] Drainage (part formerly portions Reserve 36078 and Reserve 41614) 50807 Recreation and Research Centre (formerly portion Reserve 29066) 50932 Government Requirement - Marine Based Industry (subject to Taking Order H017520) 50948 Airport (subject to Taking Order L625441) 51130 Road Train Assembly Area (subject to Taking Order L839519) 51256 Court, Police and Purposes of Community Corrections (formerly portions of CT0100600681, CT011070016, Reserve 28023 and Historical Road 90) 51279 Navigation Station (formerly portion Reserve 34055) 51354 Water Supply 51512 Gravel (subject to Taking Order M329170) 51627 Recreation (Racecourse and Airstrip) (subject to Taking Order M529408) 51817 Service Station Site (subject to Taking Order L453764) 51887 Gravel (subject to Taking Order N179642) 51970 Buffer Zone and Paddocking of Horses (formerly portions of Reserve 36078 and Reserve 41721 and subject to Taking Order I693900) 52212 Fire Station (subject to Taking Order N85476) 52433 Men's Shed and Community Recycling Facility (formerly portions of Reserve 27410 and Reserve 27784) 52730 Community Centre and Research Centre (formerly portion Reserve 29066) 52943 Depot (formerly portion CT0111900296) 52944 Drainage (formerly portion CT0111900296)
The parties to the Gnulli #2 Application are:
(a)the Gnulli #2 Applicant;
(b)the State of Western Australia;
(c)Shire of Murchison;
(d)Independence Newsearch Pty Ltd;
(e)Glenburgh Grazing Pty Ltd;
(f)Glenburgh Investments Pty Ltd; and
(g)Telstra Corporation Limited.
The parties to the Gnulli #3 Application are:
(a)the Gnulli #3 Applicant;
(b)the State of Western Australia;
(c)the Commonwealth of Australia;
(d)DBNGP (WA) Nominees Pty Ltd;
(e)Dampier Salt Pty Ltd; and
(f)Marine Farms Pty Ltd.
Assessment of Connection
The Gnulli Applicant provided the first respondent with the following written material (Connection Material), on a without prejudice basis, in support of the Gnulli claimants' connection to, and occupation of, the land and waters of the Determination Area:
(a)Gnulli Connection Report dated July 2017 (Connection Report) prepared by anthropologists Dr David Martin, Carmen Cummings & Nyssa Colquhoun, which included genealogies, a resources register, a sites register and a sites map;
(b)Memorandum dated 21 May 2018 prepared by Nyssa Colquhoun;
(c)Memorandum dated 31 January 2019 prepared by Carmen Cummings;
(d)Gnulli Research Report dated August 2019 prepared by Carmen Cummings, based on research by Nyssa Colquhoun;
(e)Witness statements from the following Gnulli claimants, who identify as Baiyungu and/or Thalanyji people with connection to the Baiyungu and/or Thalanyji Area:
(i)Debbie Dodd dated 22 May 2019;
(ii)Gwen Peck dated 22 May 2019;
(iii)Ethan Cooyou dated 22 May 2019;
(iv)Hazel Walgar dated 22 May 2019; and
(v)Paul Baron dated 21 May 2019.
(f)Witness statements from the following Gnulli claimants, who identify as Yinggarda people with connection to the Yinggarda Area:
(i)Ashley Penny dated 31 May 2019;
(ii)Clifton Lockyer dated 2 May 2019;
(iii)Kath Ryan dated 21 May 2019;
(iv)Peter Windie dated 16 May 2019;
(v)Rowena Kelly dated 2 May 2019;
(vi)Sharon Crowe dated 22 May 2019; and
(vii)Thomas Dodd dated 1 May 2019.
On 23 June 2017, representatives of the Gnulli Applicant and first respondent held discussions with Dr David Martin & Nyssa Colquhoun about the nature and extent of the Gnulli claimants' connection to country.
The Determination Area
The Determination Area covers an area of approximately 71,354 square kilometres and is located in the Upper West Gascoyne and Murchison regions of Western Australia, with the northern area extending into the Ashburton region. The Determination Area is bounded in the south by the Wooramel River and in the north by the Yannarie River. The Gascoyne, Lyons, Lyndon and Minilya Rivers transect the Determination Area.
The Determination Area encompasses six local government regions: the Shire of Ashburton, the Shire of Carnarvon; the Shire of Exmouth, the Shire of Murchison, the Shire of Shark Bay; and the Shire of Upper Gascoyne. It includes the town sites of Carnarvon, Gascoyne Junction, Coral Bay and Exmouth, and the Aboriginal communities of Mungullah and Woodgamia.
The majority of the Determination Area is under, or has historically been under, pastoral lease, with approximately 50 working or former pastoral stations located wholly or partly within the Determination Area. Significant natural features include the Kennedy Range and Cape Range National Parks, the Ningaloo Marine Park, and Lake MacLeod. The Determination Area includes waters in the Exmouth Gulf and the Ningaloo Marine Park. The remainder of the Determination Area comprises reserves, freeholds and leases (predominately within the towns of Carnarvon, Gascoyne Junction, Exmouth and Coral Bay), roads and unallocated Crown land.
The Native Title Holders and Connection to Country
Description of the Native Title Holders
Schedule A of the Gnulli Application states that the Gnulli Application is brought on behalf of "the Ingaarda-Teddei, Baiyungu and Talangi Peoples" who are the descended from one or more of 32 listed sets of forebears.
Schedule A of the Gnulli #2 and Gnulli #3 Applications state that the claims are brought on behalf of those Yinggarda, Baiyungu or Thalanyji persons who are descended from one or more of 14 listed sets of forebears. The claim group description contained in the Gnulli #2 and Gnulli #3 Applications was formulated having regard to the research undertaken for the Connection Report.
Although there appears to be a marked difference between the description of the claim group contained in the Gnulli Application and the description contained in Gnulli #2 and Gnulli #3, save for three forebear pairs (being Dennis Augustine and Dale Martin, Veronica Augustine and Jimmy Craaker and Togo Griffin and Agnes Barron), all of the forebears (and their descendants) listed on the Gnulli Application are descendants of one or more of the 14 forebears contained in the Gnulli #2 and Gnulli #3 Applications. The description contained in the Gnulli #2 and Gnulli #3 Applications also includes some additional families who were not previously captured by the description contained in the Gnulli Application but who were identified during research for the Connection Report: See Chilala Affidavit [24].
In relation to those three forebear sets (and their descendants) who appear in the Gnulli Application but not the Gnulli #2 and Gnulli #3 Applications, research undertaken for the purpose of the Connection Report indicated that they and/or their descendants were not members of the claim group. In particular, Togo Griffin and Agnes Barron are forebears listed in the Thudgari Determination whose traditional country is within that determination area and not within the Gnulli claim area. Further, in respect of the Augustsson family (represented by the names Dennis Augustine and Dale Martin and Veronica Augustine and Jimmy Craaker) the research did not reveal sufficient information to conclude that the family had a connection to the Determination Area and/or were members of the claim group: See Chilala Affidavit [15] to [23].
The description of native title holders in Sch Seven of the Minute captures all of the forebears listed in the Gnulli #2 and Gnulli #3 Applications, together with two further forebears: Gunywardu/George Arthur Cooyou (father of Bujiguru/George Eric Cooyou) who was captured in the Connection Report, and Bunadjada/Panna (mother of Darby Winder & siblings) who was identified following further research in 2019.
Further, Sch Seven of the Minute identifies, and separates, the relevant forebears as belonging to one of two distinct native title holding groups:
(a)the Yinggarda and;
(b)the Baiyungu and/or Thalanyji.
This is because, for the reasons set out at paragraphs [40] to [47] below, native title in the Determination Area is held by groups who hold different, and separate, native titles in different (and separate) areas: see Chilala Affidavit [25] to [31].
The parties ultimately settled on this description of native title holders (and native title holding areas), having satisfied themselves that the description reflects the position as described in the connection materials (principally, the Connection Report) and captures all of the relevant native title holders (and native title holding areas).
The Court is not limited to making a determination in the form sought in the Gnulli, Gnulli #2 and Gnulli #3 Applications. Provided that the applications are valid and in accordance with the law, the Court could proceed to make a determination in such form as it sees fit based on the evidence before it.
As discussed at paragraph [67] to [69] below, the description of native title holders in Sch Seven of the Minute was approved by a meeting of the Gnulli claim group on 5 and 6 November 2019, including with separate authorisation resolutions by the Baiyungu and/or Thalanyji members of the claim group in attendance and the Yinggarda members of the claim group in attendance, being the persons who according to traditional laws and customs, hold the group rights and interests concerning the particular native title claimed.
Further, it is within the power of the Court to order one determination describing two native title holding groups who hold separate native titles if the facts of the particular matter make such a determination appropriate.
For example, Daniel v Western Australia [2003] FCA 666 concerned an application made by members of two language groups, the Ngarluma people and Yindjibarndi people, who had separate laws and customs. The Court determined that the Ngarluma peoples and the Yindjibarndi peoples held distinct and separate native titles in relation to different parts of the application area.
Similarly, in Manado v State of Western Australia [2017] FCA 1367, the Bindunbur application was made by the descendants of 45 apical ancestors who identified themselves as belonging to one or more of three language groups: Jabirr Jabirr, Nyul Nyul, and Nimanbur. The Bindunbur applicant sought a determination which did not differentiate between the rights and interests of the members of the various language groups who comprised the claim group. However, the Court declined to make that determination. Rather, the native title holders, and the areas in which they held native title rights and interests, were described by reference to the language groups. This was because as the Court stated at [624]:
… the evidence demonstrated that people identified with areas within the Bindunbur application area by reference to language group. Thus, for instance, a Nimanbur person would claim rights in Nimanbur country but would not claim rights in Nyul Nyul or Jabirr Jabirr country. The order proposed by the Bindunbur applicants would leave open the conclusion at all Bindunbur people have native title rights and interests in all of the Bindunbur application areas. This would be contrary to the case of the Bindunbur applicants.
Yinggarda, Baiyungu and Thalanyji People and Country
The Gnulli Applications are brought on behalf of the Yinggarda, Baiyungu and Thalanyji families who have connections to the country associated with these languages within the claim areas. The application name was chosen by claimants themselves to describe the combined group of people on behalf of whom the original application was brought. The Baiyungu dictionary defines ngali as a pronoun meaning "we two, us two", and claimants have defined their claim name as meaning “all of us”.
Accordingly, claimants do not term themselves or identify as “Gnulli” or the “Gnulli people”. Rather, claimants identify as Yinggarda, Baiyungu and/or Thalanyji depending upon their forebears and the country to which they belong. The labels Yinggarda, Baiyungu and Thalanyji are, therefore, used by people to identify themselves, their language and their country as distinct from that of others, as well as by other Aboriginal people to signify the relevant people, language and/or country.
The Determination Area covers the Yinggarda, Baiyungu and parts of the Thalanyji language areas. The ethnographic materials provide evidence for the existence of distinct Yinggarda, Baiyungu and Thalanyji language areas within the Determination Area. These terms have appeared since Europeans first began recording the names of Aboriginal groupings for the Gascoyne region: the first known written references to Yinggarda date back to 1886, whilst references to Baiyungu and Thalanyji date back to 1899.
The Yinggarda, Baiyungu and Thalanyji language areas, and the people connected to them, are consistently identified with the same general locations throughout the ethnohistorical record. The Yinggarda, Baiyungu and Thalanyji language areas, and the people connected to them, have been identified in a number of early records, including those of:
(a)Curr, a pastoralist and writer who collated survey data from around the continent in 1886 and received correspondence relevant to the Determination Area;
(b)Gribble, an Anglican missionary who travelled around the Gascoyne in 1885;
(c)Cameron, a pastoralist in the Gascoyne region from 1883;
(d)Carter, a jackeroo and pastoralist in the Gascoyne region from 1888;
(e)Knight, a pastoralist in the Gascoyne region who corresponded with Mathews in 1900;
(f)Cornally, a shepherd and foreman in the Gascoyne region from 1886; and
(g)Bates, who undertook research with Aboriginal people from 1900, including on behalf of the Western Australia government from 1904.
Bates travelled through the Determination Area in 1900, corresponded with Carter, Gribble, Carnally and others, and accompanied the anthropologist Radcliffe-Brown on parts of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition in northwest Western Australia. Bates and Radcliffe-Brown interviewed Aboriginal people in Carnarvon and on the Lock Hospitals on Bernier and Dorre Island, between 1910 and 1911. Radcliffe-Brown journeyed through the Determination Area in 1911 from Carnarvon to Onslow over an 8 week period and collected a substantial amount of ethnographic data directly relevant to the issue of local, as well as social organisation in the region.
Researchers relevant to the Determination Area later in the last century include:
(a)Davidson, an anthropologist who did research relevant to the Determination Area between 1928 and 1939;
(b)Fink, an anthropologist who travelled to Carnarvon in 1956;
(c)Tindale, who did fieldwork relevant to the Determination Area in 1953 and 1966;
(d) anthropologists Gray and Dagmar, who conducted field research with Aboriginal people living in Carnarvon in the 1970s; and
(e)linguists Von Brandenstein, Dench, Austin, O'Grady and Klokeid, who did research relevant to the Determination area between the 1960s and 1980s.
All of these researchers were working in the claim area within 40 to 90 years of settlement of the region in the 1870s and gathering information from people who would have been one or more generations removed from the period 1870—1900. In addition, the research conducted with Gnulli claimants and their Aboriginal neighbours in the native title era demonstrated that, in their understanding, the Yinggarda, Baiyungu and Thalanyji languages have always been distributed in the same general locations within the Determination Area.
The relevant material places the Yinggarda language in the southern portion of the Determination Area, broadly corresponding with the Yinggarda Area as described in Pt 1 of Sch Eight of the Minute. The same material places the Baiyungu and Thalanyji languages in the northern portion of the Determination Area, broadly corresponding with the Baiyungu and/or Thalanyji Area as described in Pt 2 of Sch Eight of the Minute. These two areas are bounded by the southern extent of Lake MacLeod, Cardabia Creek, a line running east west approximately 30 to 50 kilometres north of the Gascoyne River and by a line running north south along the western extent of the Kennedy Ranges. The Yinggarda Area contains the towns of Carnarvon and Gascoyne Junction, while the Baiyungu and/or Thalanyji Area includes the towns of Exmouth and Coral Bay.
Whilst the Yinggarda, Baiyungu and Thalanyji language groups share similar kinship systems, marriage rules, totemic and belief systems, there are some differences in the traditional laws and customs of the Baiyungu and Thalanyji people and the traditional laws and customs of the Yinggarda people, including rules about food taboos, cooking and past burial practices, which justifies distinct determination areas between Baiyungu and Thalanyji native title holders and Yinggarda native title holders such that native title in the Determination Area is held by separate native title holding groups.
Both at sovereignty and now, the different language areas in which claimants hold rights to land are markers of distinct identities. This approach, based on recognition of the claimant families' connections to the pre-sovereignty language areas, is also consistent with the basis for consent determinations in respect of neighbouring claims.
Connection to Country
The system of laws and customs under which the native title holders have connections to their lands and waters in the Determination Area is inherently religious and spiritual.
Traditionally, the Yinggarda, Baiyungu and Thalanyji people were composed of smaller totemic groups and totemism was a key element of the original religious system under which rights to country were held. In particular, there was a belief that the spirits of forebears, simultaneously actual, creator and totemic, were imbued and left in the country.
Today, the native title holders primarily understand that they belong to their country and have rights to speak for it because of the spirits of their forebears, the “Old People” who belonged there, continue to be present in the landscape. The spirits of Yinggarda, Baiyungu and Thalanyji Old People are said to reside in Yinggarda, Baiyungu and Thalanyji country respectively and imbue the land and waters with power over the living. Their presence regulates behaviour toward kin and country.
The Old People are said to always be looking after the country and Yinggarda, Baiyungu and Thalanyji people also understand that they have responsibilities to the Old People to continue to care for their respective countries.
We still take care of those ... places. We still have to go and keep them clean, make sure they haven’t been disturbed. If we didn't do this, we’d get sick, because the Old People, the spirits would think we weren't taking care of the country. They’re watching all the time, if we don't do the right thing, we'll get sick. I take my boys onto country to show them where these places are, so they'll know.
The native title holders also understand that their own spirits will join those of their family inhabiting the country.
The spiritual elements which native title holders believe inhabit their country include the spiritual Watersnake which inhabits permanent waters within the Determination Area and is known as wanamangura in Baiyungu and Thalanyji languages and kajurra in Yinggarda language. Both of these names were recorded in the early ethnographic literature, and today Yinggarda, Baiyungu and Thalanyji people still believe that the Watersnake lives in the waters of their country and that it created many pools and watercourses by its actions.
Under their traditional law and custom, rights to land in the Gnulli claim areas are held at the level of extended families. The current families who hold these rights are the descendants of the members of the original groups that held land within the Yinggarda, Baiyungu and Thalanyji language areas.
Families are linked with other families, and across generations, through shared language identity. For this reason claimants are also able to make statements, and decisions on the level of the broader language-owning grouping. Therefore, while rights in and responsibilities for country are held at the level of claimant families, identity and belonging in relation to law and custom also operates at the broader level of language labels.
As in the past, rights to the Yinggarda Area (and membership of the Yinggarda native title holders) are acquired today through having an Yinggarda parent or grandparent. Being born in, living in, or having knowledge of the Yinggarda Area alone (without the requisite element of descent from an Yinggarda forebear) does not provide for rights and interest in land. On the other hand, while filiation is an essential prerequisite, it does not automatically confer rights and interests unless a person has a connection to the Yinggarda Area, and their connection is recognised by the Yinggarda native title holding group.
As in the past, rights to the Baiyungu and/or Thalanyji Area (and membership of the Baiyungu and/or Thalanyji native title holders) are acquired today through having a Baiyungu or Thalanyji parent or grandparent. Being born in, living in, or having knowledge of the Baiyungu and/or Thalanyji Area alone (without the requisite element of descent from a Baiyungu or Thalanyji forebear) does not provide for rights and interests in land. On the other hand, while filiation is an essential prerequisite, it does not automatically confer rights and interests unless a person has a connection to the Baiyungu and/or Thalanyji Area, and their connection is recognised by the Baiyungu and/or Thalanyji native title holding group.
Native title holders have knowledge of a large number of significant places in the Determination Area of religious, economic, social, and historical importance. They have extensive knowledge of resources within the Determination Area, and possess a deep familiarity with their country and the customs and practices relating to the procuring of food, water, medicine and other materials. The native title holders hunt native game and collect numerous edible or otherwise useful plants. The knowledge of finding, acquiring, preparing and using their natural resources has been passed down through generations. For example, for Baiyungu and Thalanyji families, this includes catching and collecting the marine animals along the coastline, and a specific ritual for consuming emu. Yinggarda families have their own particular techniques for getting fish from freshwater sources, such as the pools along the Gascoyne River, and other seasonal delicacies unique to their area.
Ongoing Connection to the Determination Area
The native title holders have maintained their connection to their respective countries since the assertion of European sovereignty. It is evident from the archaeological and historical record that Aboriginal people have occupied and used the resources of the land in the Determination Area since well before first contact.
European settlement in the region of the Determination Area began around 1870 when the first pastoral stations were established, pearling fleets were stationed in the Exmouth Gulf and the port at Carnarvon was established. Many Yinggarda, Baiyungu and Thalanyji people were incorporated into the pastoral industry, which enabled families to remain living and working on or near their traditional country. Stations became points of congregation for many Aboriginal people in the Determination Area, as with Bidgemia in the south for Yinggarda families, and Winning, Wandagee, and Minilya in the north for Baiyungu and Thalanyji families. Many Baiyungu and Thalanyji people were also employed in the pearling industry in the Exmouth Gulf.
Facilitated by work and ongoing residence on stations and nearby townships within the Determination Area, native title holders were able to continue to access their respective countries and teach their children about country and culture. Accessing country for fishing, hunting and camping, in particular, continues to provide opportunities for the transmission of cultural knowledge. Native title holders learn from parents, grandparents and other relatives, both through stories and through example: being shown the country, what to do on it, and how to behave at certain places in order to show respect to the spiritual forces and thus remain safe on, and protect, the country. These practices continue in the present, and native title holders continue to connect with and care for the lands and waters of their Old People.
Today, many Baiyungu and Thalanyji families reside in Carnarvon, Exmouth and Coral Bay. Other families live in Onslow and Geraldton, as well as in Perth or towns in the Pilbara. Cardabia station has been operated by Baiyungu families since 1998. Many Yinggarda families also continue to reside on their country in Carnarvon, which includes Mungullah Aboriginal Community, and Gascoyne Junction, which includes Woodgamia Aboriginal Community. Yinggarda people are also involved in the operation of Towrana station. Other families live in Geraldton and the Burringurrah Aboriginal Community (to the east of the Determination Area) as well as in Perth or towns in the Pilbara. Those native title holders who reside outside the Determination Area continue to camp, fish, hunt and gather on their country on weekends and during holidays.
Authorisation of the Applicants and Nomination of the PBC
Authorisation of the Applicants
The Gnulli Application is made by Gwen Peck, J. E. (Deceased), Trevarus Kelly, Jeffrey Karl Ryder Jnr, Laurence Cooyou and Rachael Cooyou.
The Gnulli #2 Application is made by J.E. (Deceased), Trevarus Jane Kelly, Jeffrey Karl Ryder Jnr, Louise (Dolly) Dalgety and Cheryl Dalgety.
The Gnulli #3 Application is made by Sharon Crowe, Rachael Cooyou, Gwen Peck and Denice Cotterill.
Section 61(1) of the NT Act permits the making of a native title determination application by those persons who are authorised “by all the persons (the native title claim group) who, according to their traditional laws and customs, hold the common or group rights and interests comprising the particular native title claimed ...”.
Further, the NT Act vests in the persons jointly comprising the applicant the carriage of a native title determination application. Section 62A of the NT Act relevantly provides that in the case of a claimant application, “the applicant may deal with all matters arising under this Act in relation to the application.” This includes consenting to a determination of native title pursuant to s 87 of the NT Act.
The Gnulli, Gnulli #2 and Gnulli #3 native title claim group met at Carnarvon on 5 and 6 November 2019. At that meeting they were informed of the proposed consent determination as reflected in the Minute and confirmed the authorisation of the Gnulli, Gnulli #2 and Gnulli #3 Applicants to consent to the Court making a determination in, or consistent with, the terms of the Minute. They also authorised Yamatji Marlpa Aboriginal Corporation to do all things necessary to finalise the Determination: see Chilala Affidavit at [46], [52] to [53].
On the basis of the evidence set out in the Chilala Affidavit, the Gnulli, Gnulli #2 and Gnulli #3 Applicants say that they are authorised to consent to the Court making a determination in or consistent with the terms of the Minute.
The Minute of Consent was authorised separately by each of the proposed:
(a)Yinggarda native title holders: and
(b)Baiyungu and or Thalanyji native title holder:
See Chilala Affidavit at [52].
Following the separate authorisation of the Minute by the two native title holding groups, the Gnulli claim group as a whole passed a resolution authorising the Minute: Chilala Affidavit [53] to [55].
Nomination of the PBCs
The Minute at orders 2 and 3 provides for the nomination of two PBCs to hold the native title in separate parts of the Determination Area. In particular, in respect of the Baiyungu and/or Thalanyji Area the Nganhurra Thanardi Garrbu Aboriginal Corporation will hold the native title on trust for the Baiyungu and/or Thalanyji native title holders. In respect of the Yinggarda Area, the Yinggarda Aboriginal Corporation will hold the native title on trust for the Yinggarda native title holders.
In circumstances where multiple groups have been found to hold separate native titles within one determination area, the Courts have recognised that it may be appropriate for each native title to be held by a separate PBC (see Moses v Western Australia [2007] FCAFC 78; 160 FCR 148 at [378]-[386] and Budby on behalf of the Barada Barna People v State of Queensland (No 6) [2016] FCA 1267 at [20]).
Further, and for the avoidance of doubt, there is no overlap between the Yinggarda Area and the Baiyungu and/or Thalanyji Area described in Sch Eight of the Minute. In contrast to Drury on behalf of the Nanda People v State of Western Australia [2019] FCA 1138 and Drury on behalf of the Nanda People v State of Western Australia (No 2) [2019] FCA 1642, the Court is not being invited to make a determination in which two PBCs would be nominated over the same area of land.
Section 87 NT Act is satisfied
Section 87 of the NT Act provides, in effect, that the Court may make a determination of native title by consent over part of an application area without holding a hearing where:
(a)the period specified in the notice given under s 66 of the NT Act has ended (s 87(1));
(b)there is an agreement for a proposed determination of native title in relation to the proceeding (s 87(l)(a));
(c)the terms of the proposed determination, in writing signed by or on behalf of all of the parties, is filed with the Court (s 87(l)(b));
(d)the Court is satisfied that an order in, or consistent with, those terms would be within the power of the Court (s 87(l)(c)); and
(e)it appears appropriate to the Court to make the orders sought (ss 87(1A) and 87(2)).
Section 66 notice period expired (section 87(1))
This condition is satisfied. The notification period referred to in ss 66(8) and 66(10)(c) of the NT Act has ended with respect to the Gnulli Applications: see [8], [16] and [19] above.
The terms of an agreement between required parties are filed with the Court (ss 87(1)(a) and 87(l)(b))
This condition is satisfied.
There is an agreement in writing, which has been filed in the Federal Court, for a proposed determination of native title, the terms of which are reflected in the Minute: see [5] above.
In respect of the Gnulli Applications, the agreement has been signed by all parties to those applications (as required by s 87(l)(b)).
Orders consistent with the terms of the agreement are within the Court's power (s 87(1)(c))
For the following reasons, the Court is satisfied that orders consistent with the terms of the Minute are within the power of the Court.
First, the Gnulli Applications are valid.
Second, the Determination is for a determination of native title in relation to an area for which there is no approved determination of native title (s 13(l )(a) of the NT Act) and there remains no approved determination in relation to the area the subject of the proposed determination (s 68 of the NT Act).
Third, there are no other proceedings before the Court relating to native title determination applications that cover any part of the area the subject of the proposed determination which would otherwise require orders to be made under s 67(1) of the NT Act.
Fourth, the form of the proposed determination complies with ss 94A and 225 of the NT Act.
Fifth, the requirements of s 87 of the NT Act (in respect of the Gnulli Applications) are otherwise satisfied.
Order is appropriate (s 87(1A))
Finally, the Court considers that it is appropriate to make the determination sought by the parties as required by s 87(1A) (in respect of the Gnulli, Gnulli #2 and Gnulli #3 Applications).
With regard to s 87(1A), this subsection was introduced into the NT Act by the Native Title Amendment Act 2009 (Cth). Prior to the amendment of the NT Act in 2009 the requirement that the Court must consider it appropriate to make the determination sought by the parties was contained in s 87(1). Given the substantially similar wording between s 87(1A) and the old s 87(1) in respect of this requirement, the exercise of the Court's discretion pursuant to s 87(1A) should be taken to import the same principles as those applying to the making of a consent determination of native title under the old s 87(1).
Similarly, the exercise of the Court's discretion pursuant to s 87A(4)(b) of the NT Act imports the same principles as those applying to the making of a consent determination of native title under s 87: see Brown (on behalf of the Ngarla People) v State of Western Australia [2007] FCA 1025 at [22].
As noted by Bennett J in Hughes (on behalf of the Eastern Guruma People) v State of Western Australia [2007] FCA 365 at [8]:
…the discretion conferred by s 87(1) must be exercised judicially and within the broad boundaries ascertained by reference to the subject matter, scope and purpose of the Act. That includes the resolution of native title disputes by mediation and agreement.
Similarly, North J in Wardv State of Western Australia [2006] FCA 1848 at [6] to [9] observed that the NT Act is designed to encourage parties to take responsibility for the resolution of native title proceedings, without the need for litigation. His Honour stated at [8] that:
The Act makes mediation the primary means of resolution of native title cases. It is designed to encourage parties to take responsibility for resolution of proceedings without the need for litigation. Section 87 must be construed in this context. The section provides a power which is exercisable only when an agreement has been made. The power must be exercised flexibly and with regard to the purpose for which the section is designed. The section should not be construed to require parties in agreement to produce evidence as if in a trial.
In order to make a consent determination of native title under ss 87 or 87A of the NT Act, the Court is not necessarily required to receive evidence, make findings or embark on its own inquiry on the merits of the claim made in the application or even to form a concluded view as to whether the legal requirements for proving native title have been met. Rather, the Court must be satisfied, inter alia, that it is appropriate to make the orders sought. The indicia that will be sufficient to satisfy the Court of the appropriateness in making a consent determination will be determined on a case by case basis. In some cases it may be appropriate to make orders under s 87 where the Court has received no evidence of the primary facts substantiating native title if the Court is satisfied that the parties have freely and on an informed basis come to an agreement: see Brown at [23], Hughes at [9] and Ward at [8].
Further, the requirements of s 87(1A) may, and will likely, be met where the Court is satisfied that a relevant government respondent (including the first respondent), through competent legal representation, is satisfied as to the cogency of the evidence upon which the applicant relies. Generally this will not involve the Court making findings on the evidence on which the government respondent relies, but it might consider that evidence for the limited purpose of being satisfied that the government respondent is acting in good faith and rationally: see Munnfor and on behalf of theGunggari People v State of Queensland [2001] FCA 1229; 115 FCR 109 at [29]-[30] per Emmett J and Lovett on behalf of the Gunditjmara People v State of Victoria [2007] FCA 474 at [37] per North J.
In relation to this proceeding, the applicants in the Gnulli Applications and the first respondent have been legally represented throughout the negotiation process. Most of the respondent parties who are parties to the Determination have also had the benefit of legal representation. The Court has also actively monitored the progress of the proceedings, and negotiations in relation to the proceedings, through case management.
Further, the first respondent has played an active role in the negotiation of the proposed consent determination, an important factor also referred to by Emmett J in Munn at [29]. In doing so, the first respondent (acting on behalf of the community generally), having regard to the requirements of the NT Act, has satisfied itself that the determination is justified in all the circumstances.
The Connection Material is, in the first respondent’s view, sufficient to demonstrate that in respect of the Determination Area, the Gnulli Applications have a “credible or cogent basis” and that the Yinggarda, Baiyungu and Thalanyji people are each respectively bound together by a normative system of laws and customs which, on the basis of known fact and reasonable inference, has continued to be observed by its members in a substantially uninterrupted manner since prior to the declaration of sovereignty over Western Australia. The Yinggarda, Baiyungu and Thalanyji people have also each maintained a physical presence in their respective part of the Determination Area since the acquisition of British sovereignty and have a continuing physical or spiritual involvement in that area. Taken together, the first respondent was satisfied that the material presented was sufficient to evidence the maintenance of connection according to relevant traditional laws and customs in the Determination Area to enable the first respondent to conclude that this connection, had not been severed.
The first respondent has also conducted searches of land tenure, mining and petroleum registries to determine the nature and extent of “other interests” within the Determination Area, and those interests are included in the proposed determination: see Minute, Sch Six.
Accordingly, the applicants in the Gnulli Applications and the first respondent submitted that the Minute sets out a description of the nature and extent of the native title rights and interests and the “other interests” in relation to the Determination Area which complies with s 225 of the NT Act.
The Court accepts the parties’ submissions which are set out above. For these reasons, the Court is satisfied that an order under s 87 of the NT Act is both within power and appropriately made.
I certify that the preceding ninety-seven (97) numbered paragraphs are a true copy of the Reasons for Judgment herein of the Honourable Justice Griffiths. Associate:
Dated: 17 December 2019
SCHEDULE OF PARTIES
WAD 22 of 2019
WAD 366 of 2018
WAD 261 of 2019Respondents
Third Respondent in WAD22/2019:
SHIRE OF CARNARVON
Third Respondent in WAD22/2019:
SHIRE OF EXMOUTH
Third Respondent in WAD22/2019:
SHIRE OF UPPER GASCOYNE
Third Respondent in WAD22/2019:
INDEPENDENCE NEWSEARCH PTY LTD
Third Respondent in WAD261/2019:
DBNGP (WA) NOMINEES PTY LTD
Fourth Respondent in WAD22/2019:
YAMATJI MARLPA ABORIGINAL CORPORATION
Fourth Respondent in WAD261/2019:
MARINE FARMS PTY LTD
Fifth Respondent in WAD22/2019 and Third Respondent in WAD261/2019:
DAMPIER SALT PTY LTD
Fifth Respondent in WAD22/2019:
EXMOUTH LIMESTONE PTY LTD
Fifth Respondent in WAD22/2019:
SANTOS WA NORTHWEST PTY LTD
Fifth Respondent in WAD336/2018 and Eighth Respondent in WAD22/2019:
TELSTRA CORPORATION LIMITED
Sixth Respondents in WAD22/2019:
OUTDOOR INVESTMENTS PTY LTD AND PORTFRAME ENTERPRISES PTY LTD AS TRUSTEE FOR THE GNARALOO STATION TRUST
Seventh Respondents in WAD22/2019:
EXMOUTH PEARLS PTY LTD AND MG KAILIS GROUP OF COMPANIES
Sixth Respondents in WAD22/2019:
BULLARA ESTATES PTY LTD, MARGARET JANE CONNIN, DORA MAY CULLEN, HAROLD WILLIAM CULLEN, DALEATH PTY LTD, DALEKING HOLDINGS PTY LTD, GLEN STANLEY DELLAR, JAMES EDWARD DORRELL, LORRAINE PATRICIA DORRELL, E J LEFROY AND SONS, EMBO HOLDINGS PTY LTD, FORREST AND FORREST PTY LTD, BASIL FORRESTER, JOHN EDWARD ORR FRASER, BRIAN JOHN GARRIGAN,VICKI GARRIGAN, GIRALIA PASTORAL COMPANY PTY LTD, E M GOOCH, H G GOOCH, PETER ROBERT GREY, SUSAN JEAN GREY, BETTY DAWN HARPER, KENNETH ALBERT BYRON HARPER, DONALD GREVILLE, HART, JANICE HOPKINSON, WILLIAM HOPKINSON, JEMARKIM NOMINEES PTY LTD, PETER JOHNSTON, KANANGRA GRAZING PTY LTD, NINA ELAINE, KEMPTON, LAVER PTY LTD, B D LEFROY, N C P LEFROY, LYNDON STATION PTY LTD, A A MALLOCH, J MALLOCH, M J MALLOCH, MARDUTHUNNA HOLDINGS PTY LTD, MARRILLA STATION PTY LTD, R K MASLEN, WARREN CLIFFORD MCKINNON, MEANOM PTY LTD, MOOGOOREE PTY LTD, D J MORRISON, J A MORRISON, PARUNA SANCTUARY LTD, PEDO PTY LTD, PINDARRA PASTORAL PTY LTD, NINA RADFORD, WILLIAM MALCOLM RADFORD, DAVID LESLIE ROBINSON, LESLEY FLORENCE ROBINSON, NOEL DAVID ROBINSON, MARGARET S ROGERS, RONALD J ROGERS, FIONA SHALLCROSS, JENNIFER SHALLCROSS, RICHARD SHALLCROSS, TIM SHALLCROSS, SILVER BROOK HOLDINGS PTY LTD, DAVID P STEADMAN, ROSEMARY M STEADMAN, TALLANGATTA PTY LTD, THE DOORAWARRAH PASTORAL COMPANY PTY LTD, THREE CORNERS PROPERTIES PTY LTD, AM WAITE, WANDAGEE PTY LTD, WILLIAMBURY STATION WA PTY LTD, ANTHONY STANLEY WILLIAMSON, WR CARPENTER AGRICULTURE PTY LTD, YANREY PASTORAL COMPANY PTY LTD
Third Respondents in WAD336/2018:
GLEN BURGH GRAZING PTY LTD AND GLENBURGH INVESTMENTS PTY LTD
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