Part 135 (Australian Air Transport Operations—Smaller Aeroplanes) Manual of Standards 2020 (Cth)
Part 135 (Australian Air Transport Operations—Smaller Aeroplanes) Manual of Standards 2020
made under the Civil Aviation Safety Regulations 1998.
Compilation No. 1
Compilation date: 2 December 2021
Includes amendments up to: F2021L01687
Prepared by the Advisory and Drafting Branch, Legal, International and Regulatory Affairs Division, Civil Aviation Safety Authority, Canberra.
Contents
Chapter 1 — Preliminary 1
1.01 Name................................................................................................................................... 1
1.03 Authority............................................................................................................................. 1
1.04 Definitions and abbreviations.............................................................................................. 1
1.05 References to ICAO documents.......................................................................................... 2
1.06 References to AS/NZS standards, TSOs, ETSOs etc.......................................................... 3
1.07 Applied, adopted or incorporated documents...................................................................... 3
1.08 Maximum distance of an area of water from land to be a suitable forced landing area........ 4
1.09 Additional permitted categories of aeroplanes..................................................................... 4
Chapter 2 — Flight distance limitations 5
2.01 Flight distance requirements................................................................................................ 5
Chapter 3 — Carriage of documents and information 6
Division 1—Flight-related documents 6
3.01 Carriage of documents......................................................................................................... 6
3.02 Carriage of documents—flights that begin, or end, outside Australian territory.................. 7
3.03 Keeping and updating documents etc................................................................................... 7
Division 2—Emergency and survival equipment 7
3.04 Information about emergency and survival equipment........................................................ 7
Chapter 4 — Operational flight plans 9
4.01 Pre-flight content of operational flight plan......................................................................... 9
4.02 End of flight information for operational flight plan.......................................................... 10
Chapter 5 — Alternate aerodrome requirements 11
5.01 Operations to remote islands............................................................................................. 11
Chapter 6 — Narrow runway requirements 12
Chapter 7 — Fuel requirements 13
7.01 Purpose of Chapter 7......................................................................................................... 13
7.02 Definitions for Chapter 7................................................................................................... 13
7.03 General requirements......................................................................................................... 15
7.04 Amounts of fuel to be carried on board for a flight........................................................... 16
7.05 Requirements for determining fuel before, and monitoring fuel during, flight................... 17
7.06 Procedures if fuel reaches specified amount...................................................................... 17
7.07 Operational variations—fuel calculations.......................................................................... 18
Chapter 8 — Prescribed single-engine aeroplanes 20
8.01 Purpose of Chapter 8......................................................................................................... 20
8.02 Definition for Chapter 8.................................................................................................... 20
8.03 Prescribed kinds of single‑engine aeroplane...................................................................... 20
8.04 Prescribed matters—engine malfunction or failure............................................................ 20
8.05 Prescribed matters—decision point................................................................................... 21
8.06 Prescribed matters—forced landing................................................................................... 21
8.07 Prescribed matters—engine ignition and performance....................................................... 21
8.08 Prescribed matters—suitable route and forced landing areas............................................. 22
Chapter 9 — Safety briefings, instructions and demonstrations, and certain flights over water 24
Division 1—Safety briefings, instructions and demonstrations 24
9.01 Safety briefing card........................................................................................................... 24
9.02 Safety briefings, instructions, or demonstrations, before take-off..................................... 25
9.03 Safety instructions during flight........................................................................................ 27
Division 2—Flight of more than 25 nautical miles over water from a suitable forced landing area 27
Chapter 10— Performance 28
Division 1 — Small aeroplanes 28
Subdivision 1—Preliminary 28
10.01 Application of Division 1................................................................................................ 28
10.02 Definitions for this Division............................................................................................ 28
Subdivision 2—Take-off performance 29
10.03 Purpose of Subdivision 2................................................................................................ 29
10.04 Meaning of factored take-off run..................................................................................... 30
10.05 Approval of take‑off factor for a propeller‑driven aeroplane........................................... 30
10.06 Maximum permitted take-off weight............................................................................... 30
10.07 Take-off requirements..................................................................................................... 31
10.08 Initial climb performance and obstacle clearance............................................................. 31
10.09 En route obstacle clearance for multi‑engine aeroplane.................................................... 32
Subdivision 3—Landing performance 32
10.10 Purpose of Subdivision 3................................................................................................ 32
10.11 Meaning of factored landing distance............................................................................. 32
10.12 Approval of landing factor for a propeller‑driven aeroplane............................................ 33
10.13 Maximum permitted landing weight................................................................................ 33
10.14 Landing distance requirement.......................................................................................... 33
10.15 Approval of short landing operation by day.................................................................... 34
Division 2 — Large aeroplanes 35
10.16 Application of Division 2................................................................................................ 35
10.17 Take-off performance and landing performance requirements......................................... 35
Chapter 11—Equipment 36
Division 1—General 36
11.01 Purpose of Chapter 11 etc............................................................................................... 36
Division 2—Approvals, visibility and inoperability 36
11.02 Approval of aeroplane equipment.................................................................................... 36
11.03 Visibility, and accessibility, of equipment....................................................................... 37
11.04 Serviceability of equipment............................................................................................. 37
Division 3—Flight instruments 38
11.05 Day VFR flight instrument requirements........................................................................ 38
11.06 Night VFR flight instrument requirements...................................................................... 39
11.07 IFR flight instruments..................................................................................................... 43
Division 4—Operational equipment 46
11.08 Radiocommunication systems......................................................................................... 46
11.09 Navigation equipment...................................................................................................... 47
11.10 Automatic pilot................................................................................................................ 49
11.11 Equipment to ensure clear view through the windshield.................................................. 49
11.12 Internal doors and curtains.............................................................................................. 49
11.13 Survival equipment.......................................................................................................... 50
11.14 Equipment to measure, and record, cosmic radiation....................................................... 50
Division 5—Lighting systems 50
11.15 Cockpit, and cabin, lighting requirements........................................................................ 50
11.16 Anti-collision lights......................................................................................................... 51
11.17 Landing lights.................................................................................................................. 52
11.18 Navigation lights............................................................................................................. 52
Division 6—Alerting and warning system requirements 52
11.19 Definitions for Division 6............................................................................................... 52
11.20 Altitude alerting equipment and assigned altitude indicator............................................. 53
11.21 Aeroplane flown with inoperative altitude alerting equipment or assigned altitude indicator 53
11.22 Airborne collision avoidance system—ACAS................................................................ 53
11.23 ACAS—requirements for use......................................................................................... 54
11.24 Flight with inoperative ACAS......................................................................................... 54
11.25 Terrain awareness and warning system (TAWS)............................................................ 54
11.25A Transitional provision—CAO 20.18............................................................................ 55
11.26 Flight with inoperative TAWS equipment....................................................................... 56
11.27 Airborne weather radar equipment.................................................................................. 56
11.28 Flight with inoperative airborne weather radar equipment............................................... 56
Division 7—Flight recorders 57
11.29 Definitions....................................................................................................................... 57
11.30 Flight data recorder.......................................................................................................... 57
11.31 Cockpit voice recorder..................................................................................................... 57
11.32 Combination recorders..................................................................................................... 57
11.33 FDR, CVR and combination recorder technical requirements......................................... 58
11.34 Use of FDR, CVR and combination recorders................................................................ 58
11.35 Flight with an inoperative FDR, CVR or combination recorder...................................... 59
11.36 Data link recorder............................................................................................................ 59
Division 8—Aeroplane interior communication systems 59
11.37 Flight crew intercommunication system.......................................................................... 59
11.38 Crew interphone system.................................................................................................. 60
Division 9—Oxygen equipment and oxygen supplies 60
11.39 Definitions for Division 9............................................................................................... 60
11.40 Supplemental oxygen — pressurised aeroplanes............................................................. 60
11.41 Supplemental oxygen — unpressurised aeroplanes......................................................... 62
11.42 Oxygen masks — pressurised aeroplane......................................................................... 63
11.43 Oxygen dispensing units for passengers — pressurised aeroplane................................. 63
11.44 Protective breathing equipment — flight crew members................................................. 64
11.45 Portable protective breathing equipment.......................................................................... 65
11.46 First aid oxygen equipment — pressurised aeroplane..................................................... 65
Division 10—Emergency locator transmitters 66
11.47 Carriage of ELTs............................................................................................................. 66
11.48 ELT — basic technical requirements............................................................................... 67
11.49 Requirements to be classed as an automatic ELT............................................................. 67
11.50 Requirements to be classed as an survival ELT............................................................... 68
11.51 Transitional requirements for ELTs................................................................................. 68
Division 11—Portable emergency equipment 69
11.52 Hand-held fire extinguishers........................................................................................... 69
11.53 First-aid kits.................................................................................................................... 69
Division 12—Equipment for flights over water 69
11.54 Sea anchors etc. and sound signals — seaplanes and amphibians................................... 69
11.55 Life jacket carriage requirements..................................................................................... 70
11.56 Stowage of life jackets..................................................................................................... 70
11.57 Wearing life jackets......................................................................................................... 71
11.58 Life raft carriage requirements......................................................................................... 71
Division 13—Transponders and surveillance equipment 73
11.59 Definitions....................................................................................................................... 73
11.60 Carriage of transponders and surveillance equipment...................................................... 75
11.61 Operation of transponders — general requirements........................................................ 77
11.62 Mode S transponders — specific requirements............................................................... 78
11.63 Alternate GNSS position source for ADS-B OUT — requirements............................... 79
11.64 Alternate ADS-B OUT equipment configuration — requirements.................................. 79
11.65 Aeroplane flown with inoperative transponder................................................................ 80
Chapter 12 — Flight crew member training and checking 81
Division 1—Preliminary 81
12.01 Definitions for Chapter 12............................................................................................... 81
Division 2—Flight crew member training and checking events 81
12.02 Purpose of Division 2..................................................................................................... 81
12.03 Training and checking requirements................................................................................ 81
12.04 General emergency training............................................................................................. 82
12.05 Conversion training and flight crew member proficiency check...................................... 82
12.06 Line training and flight crew member line check............................................................. 83
12.07 Differences training......................................................................................................... 83
12.08 Recurrent training and checking...................................................................................... 83
12.09 Remedial training............................................................................................................. 84
Division 3—Individuals who conduct training and checking 85
12.10 Purpose of Division 3..................................................................................................... 85
12.11 Requirements for individual conducting training and checking....................................... 85
12.12 CASA may test nominated individual............................................................................. 85
Division 4 — Command training for pilot in command 86
12.13 Command training requirements...................................................................................... 86
Division 5 — Pilot in command in non-command seat 86
12.14 Non-command seat proficiency check requirements........................................................ 86
Chapter 13 — Air crew member training and checking 87
Division 1—Preliminary 87
13.01 Definitions for Chapter 13............................................................................................... 87
Division 2—Air crew member training and checking events 87
13.02 Purpose of Division 2..................................................................................................... 87
13.03 Training and checking requirements................................................................................ 87
13.04 General emergency training............................................................................................. 88
13.05 Conversion training and air crew member proficiency check.......................................... 88
13.06 Line training and air crew member line check.................................................................. 88
13.07 Differences training......................................................................................................... 89
13.08 Recurrent training and checking...................................................................................... 89
13.09 Remedial training............................................................................................................. 90
Division 3—Individuals who conduct training and checking 90
13.10 Application of Division 3................................................................................................ 90
13.11 Requirements for individual conducting training and checking....................................... 90
13.12 CASA may test nominated individual............................................................................. 91
Chapter 14 — Medical transport specialist training and checking 92
Division 1—Preliminary 92
14.01 Definitions for Chapter 14............................................................................................... 92
Division 2—Medical transport specialist training and checking events 92
14.02 Purpose of Division 2..................................................................................................... 92
14.03 Training and checking requirements................................................................................ 92
14.04 General emergency training............................................................................................. 93
14.05 Conversion training and medical transport specialist proficiency check.......................... 93
14.06 Line training and medical transport specialist line check.................................................. 94
14.07 Differences training......................................................................................................... 94
14.08 Recurrent training and checking...................................................................................... 94
14.09 Remedial training............................................................................................................. 95
Division 3—Individuals who conduct training and checking 96
14.10 Application of Division 3................................................................................................ 96
14.11 Requirements for individual conducting training and checking....................................... 96
14.12 CASA may test nominated individual............................................................................. 96
Notes to Part 135 (Australian Air Transport Operations—Smaller Aeroplanes) Manual of Standards 2020... 97
Chapter 1 — Preliminary
1.01 Name
(1) This instrument is the Part 135 (Australian Air Transport Operations—Smaller Aeroplanes) Manual of Standards 2020.
(2) This instrument may be cited as the Part 135 Manual of Standards.
(3) Unless the contrary intention appears, references in this instrument to “this manual of standards”, “this MOS” or “this instrument” are references to the Part 135 Manual of Standards.
1.03 Authority
This instrument is made under the Civil Aviation Safety Regulations 1998.
Note: Regulation 135.025 of CASR includes a general power for CASA to issue a Manual of Standards for the purposes of Part 135 of CASR (Australian air transport operations—smaller aeroplanes).
1.04 Definitions and abbreviations
Note: Some expressions used in this instrument are defined in section 1.03 of the Civil Aviation Act 1988, the Dictionary of the Civil Aviation Safety Regulations 1998 or subregulation 2(1) of the Civil Aviation Regulations 1988.
In this instrument:
AGL means above ground level.
alternate aerodrome has the same meaning as in Annex 2 to the Chicago Convention.
Note: At the commencement of this instrument, Chapter 1 of Annex 2 to the Chicago Convention included the following definition:
“Alternate aerodrome. An aerodrome to which an aircraft may proceed when it becomes either impossible or inadvisable to proceed to or to land at an aerodrome of intended landing where the necessary services and facilities are available, where aircraft performance requirements can be met and which is operational at the expected time of use. Alternate aerodromes include the following:
Take‑off alternate. An alternate aerodrome at which an aircraft would be able to land should this become necessary shortly after take‑off and it is not possible to use the aerodrome of departure.
En‑route alternate. An alternate aerodrome at which an aircraft would be able to land in the event that a diversion becomes necessary while en route.
Destination alternate. An alternate aerodrome at which an aircraft would be able to land should it become either impossible or inadvisable to land at the aerodrome of intended landing.”
APU means auxiliary power unit.
ATS means Air Traffic Services.
Note: The term Air Traffic Services is defined in the Dictionary.
automatic ELT: see section 11.49.
destination alternate aerodrome means an alternate aerodrome that is a destination alternate (within the meaning of Annex 2 to the Chicago Convention).
ELT: see section 11.48.
en route alternate aerodrome means an alternate aerodrome that is an en-route alternate (within the meaning of Annex 2 to the Chicago Convention).
(E)TSO means ETSO or TSO.
GNSS means global navigation satellite system.
headset includes a flying helmet that incorporates a headset.
ISA means International Standard Atmosphere.
landing performance requirements, for an aeroplane, means the landing performance requirements for the aeroplane stated in its flight manual.
LSALT means lowest safe altitude.
MTOW means maximum take-off weight.
NAA means national aviation authority.
operative, for anything, means the thing is not inoperative.
Note: The term inoperative is defined in the Dictionary.
passenger list, for a flight, means a passenger list for the flight, or other document, containing the information stated in subregulation 135.090(2) of CASR.
survival ELT: see section 11.50.
take-off alternate aerodrome means an alternate aerodrome that is a take-off alternate (within the meaning of Annex 2 to the Chicago Convention).
1.05References to ICAO documents
(1) In this instrument, unless the contrary intention appears, a reference to an ICAO document, however described, is a reference to the document as in force or existing from time to time.
(2) In this instrument, a reference to a numbered ICAO Annex is a reference to the Annex of that number, as in force or existing from time to time, and as included in the Chicago Convention.
(3) In this instrument, a reference to a numbered ICAO Manual is a reference to the Manual of that number, or later version, as in force or existing from time to time and issued by ICAO.
(4) In this instrument, a reference to a numbered ICAO Circular is a reference to the Circular of that number, or later version, as in force or existing from time to time and issued by ICAO.
(5) If a provision of this instrument refers to an ICAO document, then, unless the contrary intention appears, the document, as in force or existing from time to time, is taken to be applied, adopted or incorporated by, into or for this instrument, as the case requires.
Note 1: Relevant ICAO documents for this MOS may be accessed by navigating from the following link: A reference to an ICAO document, including an ICAO Annex, which only occurs in a Note to a provision does not have the effect that the document is taken to be applied, adopted or incorporated for this instrument, unless the contrary intention appears. Such references in Notes are to documents that may be used as guidance or background information.
1.06 References to AS/NZS standards, TSOs, ETSOs etc.
(1) In this instrument, unless a contrary intention appears, a reference to a particular AS/NZS standard is a reference to the particular joint Australian and New Zealand Standard, as in force or existing from time to time.
Note: For example, the joint Australian and New Zealand Standard AS/NZS 1754:2004, Child restraint systems for use in motor vehicles.
(2) In this instrument, unless a contrary intention appears, a reference to a particular TSO is a reference to that TSO or a later version of that TSO.
(3) In this instrument, unless a contrary intention appears, a reference to a particular ETSO is a reference to that ETSO or a later version of that ETSO.
Note 1: The first version of a TSO may have been issued with, or without, the notation “(0)” at the end (for example only, the citations of TSO-C129 and TSO-129(0) would refer to the same document). Therefore, for first version TSOs, either form is an acceptable citation.
Note 2: TSO later versions are identified by an alphabetical letter (for example only, TSO-C129 (or TSO-C129(0) versus TSO-C129a). Unless the contrary intention appears, a reference to (for example only) TSO-C129 (or TSO-C129(0)) means that version or a later version. A reference to TSO-C129a means that version or a later version, but not the earlier version, unless a contrary intention appears.
1.07 Applied, adopted or incorporated documents
In this instrument, a reference in a provision to a document that is applied, adopted or incorporated for the purposes of the provision is a reference to the document as it exists or is in force from time to time, unless the contrary intention is expressly stated by the reference being to a specifically dated version of the document.
1.08 Maximum distance of an area of water from land to be a suitable forced landing area
RESERVED
1.09 Additional permitted categories of aeroplanes
For subparagraph 135.030(1)(b)(iv) of CASR, the following categories are prescribed:
(a) utility;
(b) acrobatic.
Chapter 2 — Flight distance limitations
2.01 Flight distance requirements
(1) In this section:
relevant cruising speed means the one-engine-inoperative cruising speed, in ISA conditions and still air, stated in the operator’s exposition.
(2) This section prescribes requirements for subregulation 135.035(1) of CASR.
(3) A piston-engine, multi-engine aeroplane with an MTOW of more than 5 700 kg must not be flown further than the distance from an adequate aerodrome, for the flight, which the aeroplane can fly if flying at the relevant cruising speed for 60 minutes.
(4) Subject to subsection (5), a turbine-engine, multi-engine aeroplane with an MTOW of more than 5 700 kg must not be flown further than the distance from an adequate aerodrome, for the flight, which the aeroplane can fly if flying at the relevant cruising speed for 180 minutes.
(5) Subsection (4) does not apply if the aeroplane’s operator holds an approval, under regulation 135.020 of CASR, to conduct the flight with the aeroplane.
Chapter 3 — Carriage of documents and information
Division 1—Flight-related documents
3.01 Carriage of documents
(1) For paragraph 135.065(1)(a) of CASR, the following documents are prescribed:
(a) the aeroplane’s aircraft flight manual instructions;
(b) either:
(i) the aeroplane’s flight technical log; or
(ii) if Part 42 of CASR does not apply to the aeroplane — the maintenance release for the aeroplane;
(c) if there is required to be a minimum equipment list for the aeroplane under regulation 135.045 of CASR—the aeroplane’s minimum equipment list;
(d) if an operational flight plan for the flight is required under regulation 135.145 of CASR—the operational flight plan for the flight;
(e) the journey log for the flight;
(f) the authorised aeronautical information for the flight;
(g) the weight and balance documents for the flight.
Note 1: These documents are in addition to documents that are required to be carried on the aeroplane, as stated in subregulations 135.065(2) and (3), and regulation 135.075, of CASR.
Note 2: Other documents may also be required to be carried on the aeroplane under other legislation. For example, documentation relating to the carriage of dangerous goods under Part 92 of CASR, or documentation relating to aircraft disinsection requirements and procedures under the Biosecurity Act 2015.
(2) Despite paragraph (1)(a), if:
(a) the information and instructions that are required under the relevant airworthiness standards for the aeroplane to be included in the aeroplane’s flight manual are contained in another document; and
(b) the other document is carried on board the aeroplane; and
(c) that document does not alter, or contain anything that would conflict with, the information or instructions mentioned in paragraph (a);
the document may be carried on board the aeroplane in place of the flight manual.
Note: An exposition that meets the requirements stated in subsection (2) could be carried on board instead of the flight manual.
(3) Also, despite paragraph (1)(a), if:
(a) a checklist of the aeroplane’s normal, abnormal and emergency procedures mentioned in paragraph (b) of the definition of aircraft flight manual instructions in the Dictionary is contained in another document; and
(b) the other document is carried on board the aeroplane; and
(c) that document does not alter, or contain anything that would conflict with, the information or instructions in the checklist;
then the document may be carried on board the aeroplane in place of the checklist.
3.02 Carriage of documents—flights that begin, or end, outside Australian territory
For paragraph 135.075(2)(a) of CASR, the following documents are prescribed:
(a) the aeroplane’s certificate of airworthiness and certificate of registration;
(b) if the aeroplane has a radio station licence — a copy of the licence;
(c) if the flight is a passenger transport operation or medical transport operation — a document containing the information required by regulation 135.090 of CASR (Passenger lists);
(d) if the aeroplane is carrying cargo, other than passenger baggage:
(i) a manifest and detailed declaration of the cargo; and
(ii) a statement about whether any of the cargo may require special, or unusual, handling;
(e) a certified true copy of the operator’s Australian air transport AOC;
(f) a copy of the operations specifications issued to the operator in relation to the operator’s Australian air transport AOC.
Note 1: These documents are in addition to documents that are required to be carried on the aeroplane, as stated in regulation 135.065 of CASR.
Note 2: For paragraph (b): see the definition of radio station licence in the Dictionary.
3.03 Keeping and updating documents etc.
For paragraph 135.080(a) of CASR, if the flight is a passenger transport operation, a copy of the passenger list for the flight is prescribed.
Division 2—Emergency and survival equipment
3.04 Information about emergency and survival equipment
For subregulation 135.115(1) of CASR, if equipment listed in column 1 of an item of Table 3.04 is required to be carried for the flight under the civil aviation legislation, the information mentioned in column 2 of the item is prescribed for the equipment.
| Table 3.04—Information about emergency and survival equipment | ||
| Item | Column 1 | Column 2 |
| Equipment | Information | |
| 1 | A life raft | The number, colour and type of each life raft carried on the aeroplane |
| 2 | A signalling device | The number, colour and type of each pyrotechnic signalling device carried on the aeroplane |
| 3 | A first-aid kit | Details of the emergency medical supplies in the first-aid kit |
| 4 | A survival ELT | The type and frequency of each survival ELT carried on the aeroplane |
| 5 | Water supplies carried as an item of survival equipment | Details of water supplies carried on the aeroplane |
Chapter 4 — Operational flight plans
4.01 Pre-flight content of operational flight plan
(1) This section prescribes the information for paragraph 135.145(2)(b) of CASR.
General information requirements
(2) The operational flight plan must include the following information:
(a) the aeroplane’s registration mark;
(b) the flight number of the flight, if any;
(c) the date of the flight;
(d) the name, or identification, of the departure aerodrome, and planned destination aerodrome, for the flight;
(e) whether the flight is planned, whether in whole or part, to be a VFR flight at night, an IFR flight or both;
(f) the amount of fuel required to be carried on board the aeroplane for the flight under regulation 135.215 of CASR, and the actual amount of fuel carried on board the aeroplane for the flight;
(g) for the planned flight route for the flight:
(i) the route and route segments of the flight, including waypoints, distances and tracks; and
(ii) for a VFR flight at night or IFR flight —the published LSALT, or LSALT (whichever is applicable), for each route segment of the flight; and
(iii) the planned cruising speed, and flying times between waypoints, for the flight; and
(iv) the planned altitudes or flight levels during the flight.
Information about alternate aerodromes
(3) If a destination alternate aerodrome is required for the flight, the operational flight plan must include details of the destination alternate aerodrome, and the routes, or route segments, required for the flight to the destination alternate aerodrome, unless:
(a) there is a last-minute change:
(i) to the destination alternate aerodrome required for the flight; or
(ii) requiring a destination alternate aerodrome to be planned for the flight; and
(b) it is not reasonably practicable in the circumstances to update the flight plan to include either or both matters; and
(c) in the case where the information identifying the destination alternate aerodrome is not included — there are procedures in the aeroplane operator’s exposition to ensure the pilot in command is notified of the details of the destination alternate aerodrome before the aeroplane takes-off for the flight.
Note: Regulation 135.180 of CASR requires the inclusion of details of a take-off alternate aerodrome in the operational flight plan in certain circumstances.
4.02 End of flight information for operational flight plan
For paragraph 135.145(3)(a) of CASR, the following information is prescribed:
(a) if waypoints detailed in the flight plan are required, under regulation 91.630 of CASR, to be reported to ATS — the estimated time the aeroplane flew over each waypoint;
(b) the fuel calculations made in compliance with the fuel requirements under Chapter 7;
(c) the aerodrome of final landing for the flight.
Chapter 5 — Alternate aerodrome requirements
5.01 Operations to remote islands
(1) In this section:
remote island means:
(a) Christmas Island; or
(b) the Cocos (Keeling) Islands; or
(c) Lord Howe Island; or
(d) Norfolk Island.
(2) This section prescribes circumstances and requirements for subregulation 135.185(1) of CASR.
(3) This section applies to an aeroplane that:
(a) has more than 1 engine; and
(b) is conducting a passenger transport operation or medical transport operation, which involves flying to a remote island.
(4) The requirements are the following:
(a) before the flight commences, the pilot in command of the aeroplane must nominate a destination alternate aerodrome for the flight;
(b) the nominated destination alternate aerodrome, for the flight, must not be located on a remote island.
(5) However, the requirement stated in paragraph (4)(b) does not apply if the aeroplane’s operator holds an approval, under regulation 135.020 of CASR, for the nominated destination alternate aerodrome, for the flight, to be located on a remote island.
Chapter 6 — Narrow runway requirements
RESERVED
Chapter 7 — Fuel requirements
7.01 Purpose of Chapter 7
This Chapter prescribes requirements for subregulation 135.215(1) of CASR.
7.02 Definitions for Chapter 7
In this Chapter:
additional fuel means the supplementary amount of fuel required to allow an aeroplane that suffers engine failure or loss of pressurisation at the critical point along the route (whichever results in the greater subsequent fuel consumption) to:
(a) proceed to an alternate aerodrome for the flight of the aeroplane; and
(b) fly for 15 minutes at the holding speed, for the aeroplane, at 1 500 ft above the aerodrome elevation in ISA conditions; and
(c) make an approach and landing.
contingency fuel, for an aeroplane and flight, means the amount of fuel required to compensate for unforeseen factors, which must not be less than the greater of the following amounts:
(a) if:
(i) the aeroplane is a piston-engine aeroplane — 10% of the trip fuel amount for the flight; or
(ii) the aeroplane is a turbine-engine aeroplane — 5% of the trip fuel amount for the flight;
(b) an amount of fuel required to fly, in ISA conditions, for 5 minutes at the holding speed, for the aeroplane, at 1 500 ft above the planned destination aerodrome.
destination alternate fuel means the amount of fuel required to enable an aeroplane to do the following in a sequence:
(a) perform a missed approach at the destination aerodrome;
(b) climb to the expected cruising altitude;
(c) fly the expected routing to the destination alternate aerodrome;
(d) descend to the point where the expected approach is initiated;
(e) conduct the approach;
(f) land at the destination alternate aerodrome.
established, for the definition of holding fuel in this section, means any of the following:
(a) established by the aeroplane’s manufacturer, and published in the aeroplane’s flight manual;
(b) established by the use of a fuel consumption monitoring system;
(c) established by the aeroplane’s operator and published in the operator’s exposition, along with:
(i) the relevant data and methodology used; or
(ii) references to another accessible location of the data and methodology used.
final reserve fuel means the calculated amount of fuel:
(a) that is required to fly an aeroplane mentioned in column 1 of an item in the following table, calculated as follows:
(i) for the kind of flight mentioned in column 2 of the item—for the period of the flight mentioned in column 3 of the item; and
(ii) at 1 500 ft above aerodrome elevation in ISA conditions; and
(iii) at holding speed; and
(iv) at the aeroplane’s estimated weight on arrival at the destination alternate aerodrome, or planned destination aerodrome if no destination alternate aerodrome is required for the flight; and
(b) that is usable fuel remaining on completion of the final landing at the aerodrome.
Table—Final reserve fuel requirements Item Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 Aeroplane Kind of flight Final reserve fuel flight time 1 A piston-engine aeroplane IFR flight or VFR flight 45 minutes 2 A turbine-engine aeroplane IFR flight or VFR flight 30 minutes
holding fuel means the amount of fuel required by an aeroplane to fly for the period anticipated for holding (taking into account the operating conditions), calculated at the holding fuel consumption rate established for the aeroplane for the anticipated meteorological conditions, or ISA conditions.
Note: See the definition of established in this section.
point of in-flight replanning means a point en route during a flight of an aeroplane, determined by the operator or pilot in command for the flight before the flight commences, at which an aeroplane can:
(a) if the flight arrives at the point with adequate fuel to complete the flight to the planned destination aerodrome while maintaining the fuel required by subsection 7.04(2) —continue to that aerodrome; or
(b) otherwise — divert to an en route alternate aerodrome while maintaining the fuel required by subsection 7.04(3).
taxi fuel means the amount of fuel expected to be used by an aeroplane before take-off, taking into account:
(a) local conditions at the departure aerodrome; and
(b) APU consumption, if applicable.
trip fuel means the amount of fuel required to enable an aeroplane to fly from any point along the route until landing at a destination aerodrome, including (as applicable) the following:
(a) fuel for take-off and climb from the departure aerodrome to initial cruising level or altitude, taking into account the expected departure routing;
(b) fuel for cruise from top of climb to top of descent, including any step climb or descent;
(c) fuel from top of descent to the point where the approach is initiated, taking into account the expected arrival procedure;
(d) fuel for executing an approach and landing.
unforeseen factors means factors that could have an influence on an aeroplane’s fuel consumption to the planned destination aerodrome, including:
(a) the aeroplane’s deviation from the expected fuel consumption data for an aeroplane of that type; and
(b) extended delays and deviations from planned routings or cruising levels.
7.03 General requirements
Fuel consumption data
(1) When determining the quantity of usable fuel required under this Chapter for a flight of an aeroplane, the operator, and pilot in command, must each use the following fuel consumption data sources:
(a) the most recent aeroplane specific fuel consumption data derived from a fuel consumption monitoring system used by the operator, if available;
(b) the aeroplane’s manufacturer’s data for the aeroplane.
Note: The aeroplane manufacturer’s data includes electronic flight planning data. The manufacturer’s data may be in the flight manual, cruise performance manuals or other publications.
Operational conditions etc
(2) In determining the quantity of usable fuel required under this Chapter, the operator, and pilot in command, must each consider the effect of the following matters:
(a) the operating conditions for the proposed flight, including the following:
(i) the actual (if known or available), or anticipated, weight of the aeroplane;
(ii) relevant NOTAMs;
(iii) relevant meteorological reports and forecasts;
(iv) relevant ATS procedures, restrictions and anticipated delays;
(v) the effects of deferred maintenance items and configuration deviations;
(b) the potential for deviations from the planned flight because of unforeseen factors.
7.04 Amounts of fuel to be carried on board for a flight
(1) The operator, and pilot in command, of an aeroplane must each ensure that, when a flight of the aeroplane commences, the aeroplane is carrying on board at least the total of the following amounts of usable fuel:
(a) taxi fuel;
(b) trip fuel;
(c) destination alternate fuel, if required;
(d) holding fuel, if required;
(e) contingency fuel;
(f) final reserve fuel;
(g) additional fuel, if applicable.
(2) The operator, and pilot in command, must each ensure, at any point of in-flight replanning, the aeroplane is carrying on board at least the following amounts of usable fuel:
(a) trip fuel from that point;
(b) destination alternate fuel, if required;
(c) holding fuel, if required;
(d) contingency fuel;
(e) final reserve fuel;
(f) additional fuel, if applicable.
(3) The operator, and pilot in command, must each ensure the aeroplane is carrying on board at least the following amounts of usable fuel, required at any time to continue the flight safely:
(a) trip fuel from that time;
(b) destination alternate fuel, if required;
(c) holding fuel, if required;
(d) final reserve fuel;
(e) additional fuel if applicable.
(4) If, after the commencement of the flight, fuel is used for a purpose other than that originally intended during pre-flight planning, the pilot in command must re‑analyse the planned use of fuel for the remainder of the flight, and adjust the parameters of the flight if that is necessary to continue to meet the requirements of this Chapter.
(5) Subsection (6) applies if an aeroplane:
(a) has been unable to land at the planned destination aerodrome; and
(b) is diverting to the planned destination alternate aerodrome.
(6) Despite subsection (3), the operator, and pilot in command, must each ensure the aeroplane is carrying at least the following amounts of usable fuel:
(a) destination alternate fuel from that time;
(b) holding fuel, if required;
(c) final reserve fuel.
7.05 Requirements for determining fuel before, and monitoring fuel during, flight
(1)The operator, and pilot in command, of an aeroplane must each ensure that for a flight of the aeroplane:
(a) the amount of usable fuel on board the aeroplane is determined before the flight commences, and recorded; and
(b) regular in-flight fuel amount checks are conducted.
Note: Procedures to ensure that a flight of the aeroplane is conducted in accordance with the fuel requirements stated in this Chapter, including procedures for how regular in-flight fuel amount checks will be conducted for a flight, must be included in the operator’s exposition: see regulation 135.205, and paragraphs 119.205(1)(h) and (o), of CASR.
(2) The pilot in command must do all of the following at each in-flight fuel amount check:
(a) determine the amount of usable fuel remaining;
(b) compare planned fuel consumption with actual fuel consumption;
(c) determine whether the remaining usable fuel is sufficient to meet:
(i) if a point of in-flight replanning has been specified by the operator for the flight and the flight has not proceeded past the point — the requirements of subsection 7.04(2); and
(ii) otherwise — the requirements of subsection 7.04(3);
(d) calculate the amount of usable fuel expected to be remaining when the aeroplane lands at the destination aerodrome.
7.06 Procedures if fuel reaches specified amount
(1) If the pilot in command of an aeroplane for a flight becomes aware that the amount of usable fuel in the aeroplane on landing at the destination aerodrome would be less than the fuel required under subsection 7.04(3), the pilot in command must:
(a) take into account the traffic and operational conditions likely to be prevailing on arrival at:
(i) the destination aerodrome; and
(ii) if a destination alternate aerodrome is required for the flight — the destination alternate aerodrome; and
(iii) anyen‑route alternate aerodrome; and
(b) proceed to an aerodrome mentioned in paragraph (a) that enables the pilot in command to continue to meet the requirements stated in section 7.04.
(2) The pilot in command must request from ATS the duration of any likely delay in landing if unforeseen factors could result in the aeroplane landing at the destination aerodrome with less than the following amounts of fuel remaining:
(a) final reserve fuel;
(b) destination alternate fuel, if required.
(3) The pilot in command must declare to ATS a “minimum fuel” state if:
(a) the pilot in command is committed to land the aeroplane at an aerodrome in accordance with this section; and
(b) it is calculated that if there is any change to the existing air traffic control clearance issued to the aeroplane in relation to that aerodrome, the aeroplane will land with less than the final reserve fuel remaining.
Note 1: The declaration of “minimum fuel” informs ATS that all planned aerodrome options have been reduced to a specific aerodrome of intended landing and any change to the existing clearance may result in landing with less than final reserve fuel. This is not an emergency situation, but an indication that an emergency situation is possible should any additional delay happen.
Note 2:Pilots in command should not expect any form of priority handling because of a “minimum fuel” declaration. ATS will, however, advise the flight crew of any additional expected delays, and coordinate when transferring control of the aeroplane to ensure other ATS units are aware of the flight’s fuel state.
(4) If the pilot in command of an aeroplane for a flight becomes aware that the amount of useable fuel on board upon landing at the nearest aerodrome where a safe landing can be made would be less than the final reserve fuel, the pilot in command must declare a situation of “emergency fuel” by broadcasting “MAYDAY, MAYDAY, MAYDAY FUEL”.
Note: The emergency fuel declaration is a distress message.
7.07 Operational variations—fuel calculations
(1) Despite sections 7.03 and 7.04, an aeroplane operator may use an operational variation, stated in the operator’s exposition for the purpose of this section, that relates to the calculation of any of the following, if the requirements stated in subsections (3) and (5) are met:
(a) taxi fuel;
(b) trip fuel;
(c) contingency fuel;
(d) destination alternate fuel;
(e) additional fuel.
(2) To avoid doubt, an operational variation mentioned in subsection (1) cannot relate to the calculation of holding fuel or final reserve fuel.
(3) The operator must have submitted to CASA, at least 28 days before using an operational variation:
(a) evidence of at least one of the following, that demonstrates how the operational variation will maintain, or improve, aviation safety:
(i) documented in-service experience;
(ii) the results of a specific safety risk assessment conducted by the operator that meets the requirements of subsection (4); and
(b) details of the operational variation, including procedures in relation to the use of the operational variation, proposed for inclusion in the operator’s exposition.
Note: Under regulation 119.105 of CASR, CASA may direct the operator to remove from the operator’s exposition, or revise in the exposition, the operational variation if CASA were to find there was insufficient evidence the operational variation would maintain, or improve, aviation safety.
(4) For the purposes of subparagraph (3)(a)(ii), the specific safety risk assessment must include at least the following:
(a) flight fuel calculations;
(b) the capabilities of the operator, including:
(i) a data-driven method that includes a fuel consumption monitoring program; and
(ii) the use of sophisticated techniques for determining the suitability of alternate aerodromes; and
(iii) specific risk-mitigating measures.
(5) For the purposes of subsection (1), the operator’s exposition must include procedures in relation to the use of the operational variation.
Chapter 8 — Prescribed single-engine aeroplanes
8.01 Purpose of Chapter 8
This Chapter prescribes:
(a) kinds of single-engine aeroplane for subregulation 135.240(3) of CASR; and
(b) matters for subregulation 135.240(2) of CASR.
8.02 Definition for Chapter 8
In this Chapter:
relevant aeroplane means a kind of single-engine aeroplane prescribed under section 8.03.
8.03 Prescribed kinds of single‑engine aeroplane
For subregulation 135.240(3) of CASR, the following kinds of single-engine aeroplane are prescribed:
(a) an aeroplane approved under subparagraph 174B(2)(d)(ii), or subparagraph 175A(1)(d)(ii), of CAR, as at immediately before the commencement of this manual of standards;
(b) an aeroplane whose type certificate, type acceptance certificate, or supplemental type certificate, states the aeroplane is eligible to be:
(i) an approved single-engine turbine powered aeroplane (ASETPA); or
(ii) a prescribed single-engine aeroplane for the purposes of regulation 135.240 of CASR.
Note: The terms type certificate, type acceptance certificate and supplemental type certificate is defined in the Dictionary.
8.04 Prescribed matters—engine malfunction or failure
(1) A prescribed matter, for subregulation 135.240(2) of CASR, is an engine malfunction or failure that happens during the take-off and initial climb stage of a flight of a relevant aeroplane, which makes it necessary, in the interests of safety, for the pilot in command of the aeroplane to:
(a) abort the take-off; or
(b) after the take-off stage of the flight:
(i) if a suitable forced landing area, for the flight, is available—land the aeroplane on the area; or
(ii) if a suitable forced landing area, for the flight, is not available—land the aeroplane on the most suitable terrain for a forced landing in the vicinity of the aerodrome from which it took off; or
(iii) carry out a turn-back manoeuvre for the aeroplane.
(2) In this section:
turn-back manoeuvre, for the aeroplane, means a manoeuvre pre-determined by the aeroplane’s operator, taking into account the minimum altitude and indicated airspeed required for the manoeuvre, by which the pilot in command of the aeroplane turns the aeroplane around after take-off and executes a glide approach to, and landing on, any part of the aerodrome from which the aeroplane took off.
8.05 Prescribed matters—decision point
(1) A prescribed matter, for subregulation 135.240(2) of CASR, is the determination of the decision point for a runway from which a relevant aeroplane is to take-off.
(2) In this section:
decision point, for a runway, means the last point a relevant aeroplane reaches, whilst travelling on the runway during take-off, at which the pilot in command of the aeroplane may elect to abort the take-off with a reasonable expectation that the aeroplane can be stopped without causing injury to a person or damage to property.
8.06 Prescribed matters—forced landing
(1) A prescribed matter, for subregulation 135.240(2) of CASR, is the conduct of a forced landing by a relevant aeroplane in VMC, or IMC, at an altitude of more than 1 000 ft AGL, initiated during any of the following stages of a flight of the aeroplane:
(a) climb;
(b) en route;
(c) descent;
(d) approach to land.
(2) Also, a prescribed matter, for subregulation 135.240(2) of CASR, is the conduct of a forced landing by a relevant aeroplane in VMC, or IMC, at an altitude of not more than 1 000 ft AGL.
8.07 Prescribed matters—engine ignition and performance
(1) A prescribed matter for subregulation 135.240(2) of CASR is the happening of any of the following events during a flight of a relevant aeroplane:
(a) the activation of a chip detector system warning;
(b) an uncommanded engine shutdown;
(c) the exceeding of an engine performance parameter;
(d) the activation of a fire warning;
(e) engine failure.
(2) Also, a prescribed matter, for subregulation 135.240(2) of CASR, is electrical load shedding.
(3) In this section:
chip detector system means an engine oil metal contamination detection system.
8.08 Prescribed matters—suitable route and forced landing areas
(1) Subject to subsection (2), a prescribed matter, for subregulation 135.240(2) of CASR, is the maintenance, during a flight of a relevant aeroplane, of the maximum time the aeroplane may be outside the glide range of a suitable forced landing area, for the flight, to 15 minutes at the normal cruising speed in still air, having regard to the following:
(a) the nature of the terrain that would be overflown during the flight;
(b) the weather information for the route of the flight, including seasonal and other adverse meteorological influences that could affect the conduct of the flight;
(c) if water would be over-flown during the flight:
(i) the ditching capability of the aeroplane’s design, taking into account the requirement stated in paragraph 135.015(3)(a) of CASR; and
(ii) the identification of areas of water that meet the requirements stated in paragraph 135.015(3)(c) of CASR.
(2) If an IFR flight, or VFR flight at night, of a relevant aeroplane is a medical transport operation the primary purpose of which is to transport medical personnel to or from a location to help a person, at or in the vicinity of the location, who requires emergency medical assistance, subsection (1) does not apply to the flight until 2 December 2022.
(3) Also, a prescribed matter for subregulation 135.240(2) of CASR is each of the following circumstances in which, during a flight of a relevant aeroplane, the time the aeroplane may be outside the glide range of a suitable forced landing area, for the flight, may be more than the maximum time mentioned in subsection (1):
(a) if the flight is a medical transport operation — the aeroplane is diverted to a location for the purpose of assisting a person, at or in the vicinity of the location, who requires emergency medical assistance;
(b) the aeroplane is being flown in accordance with an authorised instrument approach procedure or authorised instrument departure procedure;
(c) the aeroplane’s pilot in command is complying with an ATS instruction, other than if the instruction is given because of a request made by the pilot in command to ATS not relating to aviation safety;
(d) if the aeroplane is being flown outside controlled airspace — the aeroplane’s pilot in command is ensuring appropriate separation of the aeroplane from other aircraft being flown in the aeroplane’s vicinity.
(4) Also, a prescribed matter, for subregulation 135.240(2) of CASR, is:
(a) the identification, before a flight of a relevant aeroplane, of aerodromes and suitable forced landing areas, for the flight, which are available for a forced landing of the aeroplane; and
(b) the programming of the locations of the identified aerodromes and suitable forced landing areas into the aeroplane’s navigation system.
Chapter 9 — Safety briefings, instructions and demonstrations, and certain flights over water
Division 1—Safety briefings, instructions and demonstrations
9.01 Safety briefing card
(1) For paragraph 135.275(4)(a) of CASR, the following information is prescribed:
(a) how to use and adjust seatbelts (other than extension belts);
(b) if the aeroplane’s seats (or berths) are adjustable — when to adjust the back of the seat (or berth) to an upright position, or other position permitted by the aeroplane’s aircraft flight manual instructions;
(c) if the aeroplane’s seats have attachments (for example, tray tables or footrests) — when the attachment must be in its stowed position;
(d) if the aeroplane has an attachment, permanently fixed on an interior cabin structure, which is intended to be manipulated, or used, by passengers during flight (for example, a tray table or bassinet) — when the attachment must be in its stowed position;
(e) where to stow, or otherwise secure, carry-on baggage and personal effects, and the periods during flight when these items must be stowed or secured;
(f) where the emergency exits are located, and how to use them;
(g) if the aeroplane is equipped with an escape path lighting system — the form, function, colour ,and location, of the system;
(h) how to assume the brace position, including the position for passengers with infants;
(i) the information mentioned in subsection (2) in relation to equipment mentioned in the provision that is required to be carried on the aeroplane, for the flight, under Chapter 11;
(j) that smoking is not permitted during the flight.
(2) For the purposes of paragraph (1)(i), the information is:
(a) if passenger-operated equipment to dispense oxygen is required to be carried under Division 9 of Chapter 11 — the location of the equipment and how to use it; and
(b) if life jackets are required to be carried on the aeroplane under section 11.55:
(i) where life jackets (other than infant life jackets) are located; and
(ii) how to use life jackets (including infant life jackets); and
(c) if life rafts are required to be carried on the aeroplane under section 11.58 — where they are located and how to use them during an initial evacuation of the aeroplane.
9.02 Safety briefings, instructions, or demonstrations, before take-off
(1) This section prescribes requirements for subregulation 135.280(1) of CASR.
(2) A safety briefing, instruction or demonstration mentioned in this section must be given to a passenger before the aeroplane takes off for a flight.
(3) The safety briefing, instruction or demonstration must be given in a form that facilitates the application of the procedures applicable in the event of an emergency.
(4) A specific safety briefing must be provided directly to any passenger with reduced mobility on the flight, and any person (the accompanying person) accompanying, or assisting, the passenger, and the safety briefing must:
(a) include what to do if an emergency evacuation of the aeroplane is necessary; and
(b) be given in a form appropriate to the passenger and accompanying person.
(5) A specific safety briefing must be provided directly to any passenger responsible for an infant on the flight, which outlines:
(a) when, and how, the infant must be restrained; and
(b) the location of infant life jackets, if required to be carried under section 11.55.
(6) Subject to subsection (7), a specific safety briefing must be provided directly to any passenger on the flight who is seated in an emergency exit row, which outlines what to do if it becomes necessary to use the exit.
(7) Subsection (6) does not apply if:
(a) a crew member who has been assigned to the flight is seated in a crew station adjacent to the exit; and
(b) the crew member has been assigned emergency evacuation responsibilities for the exit in accordance with the operator’s exposition.
(8) If life jackets are required to be carried on the aeroplane under section 11.55, there must be a demonstration of the method of donning, and inflating, a life jacket.
(9) A safety briefing that addresses the following matters must be given:
(a) when seatbelts must be worn during the flight, and how to use them;
(b) if the aeroplane’s seats (or berths) are adjustable — when to adjust the back of the seat (or berth) to an upright position, or other position permitted by the aeroplane’s aircraft flight manual instructions;
(c) if the aeroplane’s seats have attachments (for example, tray tables or footrests) — when the attachment must be in its stowed position;
(d) if the aeroplane has an attachment, permanently fixed on an interior cabin structure, which is intended to be used, or manipulated, by passengers during flight (for example, a tray table or bassinet) — when the attachment must be in its stowed position;
(e) where to stow, or otherwise secure, carry-on baggage and personal effects, and the periods during flight when these items must be stowed or secured;
(f) where the emergency exits are located;
(g) if the aeroplane is equipped with an escape-path lighting system — where it is;
(h) if equipment to dispense supplemental oxygen is required to be carried on the aeroplane for the flight under Division 9 of Chapter 11 — the location of the equipment and how to use it;
(i) if life jackets are required to be carried on the aeroplane for the flight under section 11.55:
(i) where they are located and how to use them; and
(ii) the giving of a warning that life jackets must not be inflated inside the aeroplane;
(j) if life rafts are required to be carried on the aeroplane for the flight under section 11.58:
(i) where they are located; and
(ii) if a life raft is intended to be used by a passenger without instructions at the time of use — how to use it during an initial evacuation of the aeroplane;
(k) that smoking is prohibited on board the aeroplane under legislation;
(l) that carry-on baggage must be left behind in the event of an emergency evacuation;
(m) the requirement to comply with any safety directions and instructions given by a crew member;
(n) if a safety briefing card, for the aeroplane, is required to be available to each passenger under subregulation 135.275(2) of CASR:
(i) where to find it; and
(ii) if it sets out different seating configurations for the aeroplane — which configuration is in use for the flight;
(o) if special survival equipment relevant to a specific environment is intended to be used by a passenger without instructions at the time of use — the location of the equipment and how to use it.
(p) if a safety briefing card, for the aeroplane, is not required to be available to each passenger under subregulation 135.275(2) of CASR — when, and how, to assume the brace position, including the position for passengers with infants.
Note 1: Smoking on the aeroplane during the flight is prohibited under section 10.10 of the Air Navigation Regulations 2016.
Note 2: Certain directions to passengers, in relation to seats, are required to be given under regulation 91.570 of CASR.
9.03 Safety instructions during flight
(1) This section prescribes requirements for subregulation 135.280(1) of CASR.
(2) The safety instructions mentioned in this section must be given to a passenger at a time, before the landing of the aeroplane, at which the passenger could be reasonably expected to remember the instructions before the flight ends.
(3) A safety instruction that addresses the following must be given:
(a) that seatbelts and restraint systems must be securely fastened for landing;
(b) that seat backs must be in the upright position or, for a person who is ill or incapacitated, another position approved by the pilot in command;
(c) that any attachments to a seat (or berth), including a tray table or footrest, must be stowed;
(d) that any attachment on an interior cabin structure that is intended to be used, or manipulated, by passengers during flight (for example, a tray table or bassinet) must be stowed.
Note 1: Regulation 135.255 of CASR requires an aeroplane operator’s exposition to include procedures for giving instructions to passengers about securely stowing carry-on baggage, including before the landing of the aeroplane.
Note 2: Regulation 135.315 of CASR requires an aeroplane operator’s exposition to include procedures for the operation of portable electronic devices for a flight of the aeroplane. Regulation 91.170 of CASR makes provision in relation to the operation of such devices during a flight.
Division 2—Flight of more than 25 nautical miles over water from a suitable forced landing area
RESERVED
Chapter 10— Performance
Division 1 — Small aeroplanes
Subdivision 1—Preliminary
10.01 Application of Division 1
This Division applies in relation to the operation of the following aeroplanes:
(a) a propeller‑driven aeroplane with an MTOW of not more than 5 700 kg;
(b) a jet‑driven, single‑engine aeroplane with an MTOW of not more than 5 700 kg;
(c) a jet‑driven, multi‑engine aeroplane with an MTOW of not more than 2 722 kg.
10.02 Definitions for this Division
In this Division:
approved landing factor, for a propeller‑driven aeroplane, means the landing factor for which the aeroplane operator holds an approval under regulation 135.020 of CASR.
approved take‑off factor, for a propeller‑driven aeroplane, means the take‑off factor for which the aeroplane operator holds an approval under regulation 135.020 of CASR.
clearway:
(a) for an aerodrome in Australian territory—has the meaning given in the Part 139 (Aerodromes) Manual of Standards 2019; or
(b) for an aerodrome in a foreign country—means the clearway for a runway at the aerodrome, declared in accordance with the relevant requirements of the NAA of the country.
factored landing distance: see section 10.11.
factored take‑off run: see section 10.04.
landing distance available, for a landing of an aeroplane at an aerodrome, means the length of runway at the aerodrome established by the aeroplane’s operator to be available and suitable for the ground run of an aeroplane landing.
landing distance required, for an aeroplane, means the landing distance for the aeroplane calculated in accordance with the relevant requirements stated in the aeroplane’s flight manual.
presumed temperature, at an aerodrome, in relation to the take-off of an aeroplane, means the most limiting of the following:
(a) the ambient temperature;
(b) the temperature assumed to be the ambient temperature determined using the procedures, stated in the aeroplane operator’s exposition, for estimating the ambient temperature at take-off for the purpose of determining take-off performance.
safe area, of an aerodrome, means an area of land or water, before the start of the landing distance available for a landing of an aeroplane at the aerodrome, which:
(a) has no obstacles; and
(b) has a surface that is not suitable to be used for the ground run of the aeroplane during landing.
standard landing factor means:
(a) for an aeroplane with an MTOW of not more than 2 000 kg—1.15; and
(b) for an aeroplane with an MTOW of more than 2 000 kg, but less than 4 500 kg—a factor derived by linear interpolation, between 1.15 and 1.43, according to the aeroplane’s MTOW; and
(c) for an aeroplane with an MTOW of 4 500 kg or more—1.43.
standard take‑off factor means:
(a) for an aeroplane with an MTOW of not more than 2 000 kg—1.15; and
(b) for an aeroplane with an MTOW of more than 2 000 kg, but less than 3 500 kg—a factor derived by linear interpolation between 1.15 and 1.25, according to the aeroplane’s MTOW; and
(c) for an aeroplane with an MTOW of 3 500 kg or more—1.25.
take-off distance available, for a take-off of an aeroplane at an aerodrome, means the total of:
(a) the length of the take-off run available for a runway at the aerodrome; and
(b) if a clearway is provided at the aerodrome—the length of the clearway.
take-off distance required, for an aeroplane, means the take-off distance to 50 ft AGL, for the aeroplane, calculated in accordance with the relevant requirements stated in the aeroplane’s flight manual.
take-off run available, for a runway at an aerodrome, means the length of the runway available and suitable for the ground run of an aeroplane taking off at the aerodrome.
take-off run required, for an aeroplane, means the take-off run for the aeroplane calculated in accordance with the relevant requirements stated in the aeroplane’s flight manual.
Subdivision 2—Take-off performance
10.03 Purpose of Subdivision 2
The purpose of this Subdivision is to prescribe requirements for subregulation 135.345(1) of CASR.
Note 1: Regulation 135.340 of CASR requires a calculation that relates to an aeroplane’s performance for a flight to be made using performance data set out in the aeroplane’s aircraft flight manual instructions or performance data, for the aeroplane, approved by CASA. See the Dictionary for the definition of aircraft flight manual instructions.
Note 2: Regulation 91.055 of CASR makes it an offence if an aircraft is operated in a manner that creates a hazard to another aircraft, a person or property.
10.04 Meaning of factored take-off run
The factored take‑off run, for an aeroplane of the kind mentioned in column 1 of an item in Table 10.04, is the take‑off run required, for the aeroplane, multiplied by the factor mentioned in column 2 of the item.
| Table 10.04—Factored take‑off run | ||
| Item | Column 1 | Column 2 |
| Aeroplane | Factor | |
| 1 | Aeroplane for which: (a) there is a flight manual; and (b) there is no approved take‑off factor | The standard take‑off factor for the aeroplane |
| 2 | Propeller‑driven aeroplane for which there is an approved take‑off factor | The approved take‑off factor for the aeroplane |
10.05 Approval of take‑off factor for a propeller‑driven aeroplane
CASA may, under regulation 135.020 of CASR, approve a take‑off factor for a propeller‑driven aeroplane, for operations at a particular aerodrome, which is less than the standard take‑off factor for the aeroplane, only if the proposed take‑off factor has been risk-assessed by the aeroplane’s operator for operations at the aerodrome.
10.06 Maximum permitted take-off weight
The operator, and pilot in command, must each ensure that, at take‑off, the aeroplane’s weight does not exceed each of the following:
(a) a weight that would enable the aeroplane to meet the requirements stated in sections 10.07 to 10.09;
(b) a weight that, taking account of the expected consumption of fuel and oil for the flight, will ensure a landing weight that does not exceed the maximum landing weight;
(c) a weight that will ensure a landing weight that, taking account of the expected consumption of fuel and oil for the flight, complies with Subdivision 3.
Note: The weight at take-off for an aeroplane is also limited by the maximum take‑off weight for the aeroplane, which in the Dictionary, for a type certificated aeroplane, is defined to mean the maximum take-off weight for the aeroplane permitted by its flight manual. It is an offence under regulation 91.095, or 135.040, of CASR if an aeroplane is not operated in accordance with the aeroplane’s aircraft flight manual instructions.
10.07 Take-off requirements
(1) The operator, and pilot in command, must each ensure:
(a) the factored take-off run, for a take-off of the aeroplane from a runway at an aerodrome, does not exceed the take-off run available for the runway; and
(b) the take-off distance required for a take-off of the aeroplane from the runway does not exceed the take-off distance available for the runway; and
(c) any clearway forming part of the take-off distance available for the runway does not exceed half the length of the take-off run available for the runway.
(2) For the purposes of subsection (1), the following matters must be taken into account:
(a) the take-off configuration of the aeroplane;
(b) the pressure altitude, and presumed temperature, at the aerodrome;
(c) the type of runway surface, and runway surface condition;
(d) the runway slope in the direction of take‑off;
(e) unless otherwise accounted for in the performance data set out in the aeroplane’s aircraft flight manual instructions, not more than 50% of the headwind component, or not less than 150% of the tailwind component, for the runway.
10.08 Initial climb performance and obstacle clearance
(1) This section applies if the flight of an aeroplane is an IFR flight, or VFR flight at night.
(2) The operator, and pilot in command, must each ensure that until the aeroplane reaches the minimum height (the relevant height) for the flight in accordance with regulation 91.265, 91.267, 91.277, or 91.305, of CASR, as applicable:
(a) for all flights — the aeroplane has the performance to clear all obstacles by a safe margin, as determined by the operator’s exposition; and
(b) for flights not conducted in VMC by day — the aeroplane has the performance to reach, and maintain, the relevant height.
(3) For the purposes of subsection (2), the following matters must be taken into account:
(a) the take-off configuration of the aeroplane;
(b) the pressure altitude, and presumed temperature, at the aerodrome;
(c) the obstacles, if any, in the vicinity of the take‑off path and en route;
(d) the forecast weather en route.
10.09 En route obstacle clearance for multi‑engine aeroplane
(1) The operator, and pilot in command, of a multi-engine aeroplane must each ensure that the aeroplane has the performance to conduct the flight in accordance with regulation 91.265, 91.267, 91.277, or 91.305, of CASR, as applicable, if:
(a) an engine of the aeroplane becomes inoperative, during a flight, before the aeroplane reaches the planned cruising altitude, or cruising level, for the flight; and
(b) each remaining engine of the aeroplane is operating within the maximum continuous power limitations stated in the aeroplane’s flight manual.
(2) Subsection (1) does not apply if the operator’s exposition states procedures requiring the pilot in command to have a plan, in the circumstances mentioned in subsection (1), that enables the aeroplane to return to the departure aerodrome, or divert to a take‑off alternate aerodrome, clear of all ground, water and obstacles.
(3) The procedures mentioned in subsection (2) may include drift-down procedures, provided that the procedures enable the aeroplane to descend, and land, at an aerodrome with at least 2 000 ft vertical separation from all ground, water and obstacles within 5 nautical miles on either side, or ahead, of the aeroplane’s track until established within the aerodrome’s circuit area.
Subdivision 3—Landing performance
10.10 Purpose of Subdivision 3
The purpose of this Subdivision is to prescribe requirements for subregulation 135.350(1) of CASR.
10.11 Meaning of factored landing distance
For an aeroplane mentioned in column 1 of an item in Table 10.11, conducting a landing mentioned in column 2 of the item, the factored landing distance is the landing distance required, for the aeroplane, multiplied by the factor mentioned in column 3 of the item.
| Table 10.11—Factored landing distance | |||
| Item | Column 1 | Column 2 | Column 3 |
| Aeroplane | Landing | Factor | |
| 1 | Propeller‑driven aeroplane for which: (a) there is a flight manual; and (b) there is no approved landing factor | A landing that is not part of a land and hold short operation | The standard landing factor for the aeroplane |
| 2 | Propeller‑driven aeroplane for which there is an approved landing factor | A landing that is not part of a land and hold short operation | The approved landing factor for the aeroplane |
| 3 | Jet‑driven aeroplane | A landing that is not part of a land and hold short operation | 1.67 |
| 4 | Aeroplane not mentioned in item 1, 2 or 3 | A landing that is: (a) part of a land and hold short operation; and (b) on a dry runway into wind | 1.67 |
| 5 | Aeroplane not mentioned in item 1, 2 or 3 | A landing that is: (a) part of a land and hold short operation; and (b) not on a dry runway into wind | 1.92 |
10.12 Approval of landing factor for a propeller‑driven aeroplane
CASA may, under regulation 135.020 of CASR, approve a landing factor for a propeller‑driven aeroplane, for operations at a particular aerodrome, which is less than the standard landing factor for the aeroplane, only if the proposed landing factor has been risk assessed by the aeroplane’s operator for operations at the aerodrome.
10.13 Maximum permitted landing weight
The operator, and pilot in command, must each ensure that, for the landing of the aeroplane at any aerodrome, the aeroplane’s weight does not exceed each of the following:
(a) a weight that would enable the aeroplane to meet the requirement stated in section 10.14;
(b) a weight that would enable, if a safe landing could not be conducted and a missed approach was necessary to be conducted, the avoidance of obstacles in the vicinity of the missed approach path by a safe margin, as determined by the operator’s exposition.
Note: The weight at landing for an aeroplane is also limited by the maximum landing weight for the aeroplane, which in the Dictionary, for a type certificated aeroplane, is defined to mean the maximum landing weight for the aeroplane permitted by its flight manual. It is an offence under regulation 91.095, or 135.040, of CASR if an aeroplane is not operated in accordance with the aeroplane’s aircraft flight manual instructions.
10.14 Landing distance requirement
(1) The operator, and pilot in command, must each ensure the factored landing distance, for a landing of the aeroplane on a runway at an aerodrome, does not exceed the landing distance available for the runway.
(2) For the purposes of subsection (1), the following matters must be taken into account:
(a) the landing configuration of the aeroplane;
(b) unless a short landing operation, under an approval under section 10.15, is being conducted — that the aeroplane crosses the runway threshold at a height of 50 ft;
(c) the aerodrome elevation;
(d) the type of runway surface, and runway surface condition;
(e) the runway slope in the direction of landing;
(f) unless otherwise accounted for in the performance data set out in the aeroplane’s aircraft flight manual instructions, not more than 50% of the headwind component, or not less than 150% of the tailwind component, for the runway;
(g) the obstacles, if any, in the vicinity of the approach flight path.
10.15 Approval of short landing operation by day
(1) In this section:
short landing operation, of an aeroplane at an aerodrome, means a landing of the aeroplane at the aerodrome where the airborne component of the landing distance required, for the aeroplane, commences at a position in the aerodrome’s safe area.
(2) This section applies if an aeroplane’s operator wishes to conduct a short landing operation at an aerodrome by day with the aeroplane.
(3) CASA may, under regulation 135.020 of CASR, approve the operation if:
(a) for an IFR flight—the operator’s short landing operation minima for the aerodrome includes a runway visibility of at least 1.5 km; and
(b) the operator’s exposition includes a set of operating wind limitations, referencing headwind, crosswind, and tailwind, limits; and
(c) if the tailwind limit mentioned in the operator’s exposition is zero—the operator’s exposition states that there must not be a short landing operation at the aerodrome when a tailwind is present; and
(d) the operator demonstrates how the pilot aerodrome familiarisation and proficiency checking requirements, for a short landing operation, will be met by the operator’s pilots in relation to the aerodrome; and
(e) the height at which the aeroplane will cross the beginning of the useable length of the aerodrome’s safe area in a short landing operation is at least 50 ft; and
(f) the operator demonstrates how the operator’s pilots will determine the height mentioned in paragraph (e); and
(g) the operator has the aerodrome operator’s written approval to use the aerodrome’s safe area to conduct a short landing operation with the aeroplane; and
(h) the width of the aerodrome’s safe area, centred on the aerodrome runway centreline, is at least the greater of the following:
(i) twice the width of the runway;
(ii) twice the wingspan of the aeroplane; and
(i) the aerodrome’s safe area is not more than 90 m long; and
(j) the aerodrome’s safe area does not have any hazards or other characteristics that would endanger an aeroplane undershooting the aerodrome’s approach flight path; and
(k) no mobile object will be permitted on the aerodrome’s safe area while the aerodrome is being used in a short landing operation; and
(l) the slope of the aerodrome’s safe area does not exceed 5% upward, or 2% downward, in the direction of landing.
Division 2 — Large aeroplanes
10.16 Application of Division 2
This Division applies in relation to the operation of the following aeroplanes:
(a) a propeller-driven, multi‑engine aeroplane with an MTOW of more than 5 700 kg;
(b) a jet‑driven, multi‑engine aeroplane with an MTOW of more than 2 722 kg.
10.17 Take-off performance and landing performance requirements
For subregulations 135.345(1), and 135.350(1), of CASR, the prescribed requirements relating to take-off performance and landing performance, for a flight of an aeroplane, are the requirements stated in Chapter 9 of the Part 121 Manual of Standards.
Chapter 11—Equipment
Division 1—General
11.01 Purpose of Chapter 11 etc.
(1) This Chapter prescribes requirements for subregulation 135.370(1) of CASR.
(2) The requirements apply to the aeroplane’s operator, unless a provision of this Chapter states that a requirement applies to another person, in which case it applies to the operator and other person.
(3) In addition to the operator, the requirements stated in the following provisions also apply to the pilot in command of the aeroplane:
(a) subsections 11.16(3) to (6);
(b) subsection 11.18(2);
(c) subsections 11.42(3) and (4);
(d) subsections 11.57(1) to (3);
(e) subsections 11.61(1) to (7);
(f) subsections 11.62(1) and (2).
(4) A person other than the operator, or, for the provisions mentioned in subsection (3), the pilot in command, may also be subject to a requirement stated in a provision of this Chapter, as stated in the provision setting out the requirement.
(5) In this Chapter, unless the contrary intention appears in, or for, a particular provision:
(a) a reference to a pilot seeing, or viewing, anything from a pilot’s seat is taken to mean that the thing is seen or viewed from the pilot’s normal sitting position in the seat; and
(b) any mention of feet (or ft) in the context of an altitude is taken to mean feet above mean sea level (AMSL), unless otherwise stated; and
(c) for any reference to the fitment, or carriage, of equipment, the equipment referred to must be operative.
Division 2—Approvals, visibility and inoperability
11.02 Approval of aeroplane equipment
(1) Before a registered aeroplane begins a flight, any equipment that is required to be fitted to, or carried on, the aeroplane under this Chapter must meet the requirements of, or be approved under, Part 21 of CASR.
(2) Subsection (1) does not apply to any of the following:
(a) an item of equipment used to display the time;
(b) an independent portable light, for example, a flashlight or torch;
(c) a headset;
(d) a portable megaphone;
(e) a sea anchor and other equipment for mooring;
(f) a first-aid kit, emergency medical kit or universal precaution kit;
(g) survival equipment, including signalling equipment.
(3) Before a foreign-registered aeroplane begins a flight, the equipment required by this Chapter to be fitted to, or carried on, the aeroplane must have been approved by the NAA of the aeroplane’s State of registry.
(4) If equipment is carried on an aeroplane, although not required by this Chapter to be fitted or carried, then:
(a) the equipment need not meet the requirements of, or be approved under, Part 21 of CASR; and
(b) for a foreign-registered aeroplane — the equipment need not have been approved by the NAA of the aeroplane’s State of registry; and
(c) no information, or data, provided by the equipment may be used by a flight crew member, of the aeroplane, to comply with any requirement of the civil aviation legislation in relation to communications or navigation; and
(d) the equipment, whether functional or otherwise, must not at any time affect the airworthiness of the aeroplane; and
(e) if the equipment is surveillance equipment — the equipment, whether functional or otherwise, must not at any time adversely affect the safety of other aircraft or interfere with the proper functioning of an air traffic service.
11.03 Visibility, and accessibility, of equipment
(1) This section applies in relation to equipment that is required, under this Chapter, to be fitted to, or carried on, an aeroplane for a flight.
(2) Any equipment that is for a pilot’s manual or visual use in, or from, the cockpit must be visible to, and usable by, the pilot from the pilot’s seat in the aeroplane.
(3) Emergency equipment that is required, under this Chapter, to be fitted to, or carried on, an aeroplane for a flight must be easily accessible for immediate use in the event of an emergency.
11.04 Serviceability of equipment
Any equipment required by this Chapter to be fitted to, or carried on, an aircraft for a flight must be operative unless:
(a) another section of this Chapter provides otherwise; or
Note: A minimum equipment list (a MEL), approved under regulation 91.935 of CASR, may only permit equipment required to be fitted to, or carried on, an aircraft by this Chapter, to be unserviceable within the limits of the requirements stated in this Chapter. For example, section 11.21 provides for an allowable period of 72 hours in relation to flights of an aeroplane with inoperative altitude alerting equipment. An MEL would not be approved if it contained a maximum period for altitude alerting equipment to be inoperative that was greater than the period specified by either a master minimum equipment list (MMEL) or the legislation.
(b) the equipment:
(i) is inoperative because of a defect that has been approved as a permissible unserviceability for the aircraft for the flight; and
(ii) is fitted, or carried, in accordance with the permissible unserviceability.
Division 3—Flight instruments
11.05 Day VFR flight instrument requirements
(1) An aeroplane in an operation under the VFR by day must be fitted with equipment for measuring and displaying the following flight information:
(a) indicated airspeed;
(b) pressure altitude;
(c) magnetic heading;
(d) time;
(e) Mach number — but only for an aeroplane with operating limitations expressed in terms of Mach number;
(f) turn and slip;
(g) outside air temperature.
(2) An aeroplane in an operation under the VFR by day, for which 2 pilots are required under the civil aviation legislation or the aeroplane’s flight manual, must be fitted with equipment, separate from, and independent of, the corresponding equipment mentioned in subsection (1), for measuring and displaying the following flight information:
(a) indicated airspeed;
(b) pressure altitude;
(c) Mach number — but only for an aeroplane with operating limitations expressed in terms of Mach number
(d) turn and slip.
(3) Despite subsections (1) and (2), for an aeroplane in an operation under the VFR by day, the equipment for measuring and displaying the flight information mentioned in column 1 of an item in Table 11.05(3) must meet the requirements mentioned in column 2 of the same item.
| Table 11.05(3)—Requirements for flight instruments – VFR flight by day | |||
| Item | Column 1 Flight information | Column 2 Requirements | |
| 1 | Pressure altitude | The equipment must: (a) have an adjustable datum scale calibrated in millibars or hPa; and (b) be calibrated in feet, except that, if a flight is conducted in a foreign country that measures flight levels or altitudes in metres, the equipment must be calibrated in metres or fitted with a conversion placard or device. | |
| 2 | Magnetic heading | The equipment must be: (a) a direct reading magnetic compass; or (b) a remote indicating compass and standby direct reading magnetic compass. | |
| 3 | Time | 1. The equipment must display accurate time in hours, minutes, and seconds. 2. The equipment must be: (a) fitted to the aeroplane; or (b) worn by, or be immediately accessible to, the pilot for the duration of the flight. | |
11.06 Night VFR flight instrument requirements
(1) An aeroplane in an operation under the VFR at night must be fitted with equipment for measuring and displaying the following flight information:
(a) indicated airspeed;
(b) pressure altitude;
(c) magnetic heading;
(d) time;
(e) Mach number — but only for an aeroplane with operating limitations expressed in terms of Mach number;
(f) turn and slip;
(g) attitude;
(h) vertical speed;
(i) stabilised heading;
(j) outside air temperature;
(k) whether the supply of power to gyroscopic instruments, if any, is adequate.
(2) An aeroplane in an operation under the VFR at night, for which 2 pilots are required under the civil aviation legislation or the aeroplane’s flight manual, must be fitted with equipment, separate from, and independent of, the corresponding equipment mentioned in subsection (1), for measuring and displaying the following flight information:
(a) indicated airspeed;
(b) pressure altitude;
(c) Mach number — but only for an aeroplane with operating limitations expressed in terms of Mach number
(d) turn and slip;
(e) attitude;
(f) vertical speed;
(g) stabilised heading.
(3) Despite subsections (1) and (2), for an aeroplane in an operation under the VFR at night, the equipment for measuring and displaying the flight information mentioned in column 1 of an item in Table 11.06(3) must meet the requirements mentioned in column 2 of the same item.
| Table 11.06(3)—Requirements for flight instruments – VFR flight at night | |||
| Item | Column 1 Flight information | Column 2 Requirements | |
| 1 | Indicated airspeed | 1. For an aeroplane that has an MTOW of not more than 5 700 kg, the equipment must be capable of being connected to: (a) an alternate static system that: (i) is selectable by a pilot; and (ii) includes a selector that can open, or block, the aeroplane’s static source and alternative static source at the same time; or (b) a balanced pair of flush static ports. 2. For an aeroplane that has an MTOW of more than 5 700 kg, the equipment must be capable of being connected to: (a) an alternate static system that: (i) is selectable by a pilot; and (ii) includes a selector that can open, or block, the aeroplane’s static source and alternative static source at the same time; or (b) 2 independent static sources, each consisting of a balanced pair of flush static ports. | |
| 2 | Pressure altitude | 1. The equipment must: (a) have an adjustable datum scale calibrated in millibars or hPa; and (b) be calibrated in feet, except that, if a flight is conducted in a foreign country that measures flight levels or altitudes in metres, the equipment must be calibrated in metres or fitted with a conversion placard or device. 2. For an aeroplane that has an MTOW of not more than 5 700 kg, the equipment must be capable of being connected to: (a) an alternate static system that: (i) is selectable by a pilot; and (ii) includes a selector that can open, or block, the aeroplane’s static source and alternative static source at the same time; or (b) a balanced pair of flush static ports. 3. For an aeroplane that has an MTOW of more than 5 700 kg, the equipment must be capable of being connected to: (a) an alternate static system that: (i) is selectable by a pilot; and (ii) includes a selector that can open, or block, the aeroplane’s static source and alternative static source at the same time; or (b) 2 independent static sources, each consisting of a balanced pair of flush static ports. | |
| 3 | Magnetic heading | The equipment must be: (a) a direct reading magnetic compass; or (b) a remote indicating compass and standby direct reading magnetic compass. | |
| 4 | Time | 1. The equipment must display accurate time in hours, minutes and seconds. 2. The equipment must be: (a) fitted to the aeroplane; or (b) worn by, or be immediately accessible to, the pilot for the duration of the flight. | |
| 5 | Turn and slip | 1. The equipment must display turn and slip information, except where a second independent source of attitude information is available, in which case only the display of slip information is required. 2. The equipment must have an alternate power supply in addition to its primary power supply unless: (a) the equipment has a source of power independent of the power operating other gyroscopic instruments; or (b) a second independent source of attitude information is available that has a source of power independent of the power operating other gyroscopic instruments. | |
| 6 | Attitude | The equipment must have an alternate power supply in addition to its primary power supply: (a) unless the turn and slip equipment has a source of power independent of the power operating other gyroscopic instruments; or (b) a second independent source of attitude information is available that has a source of power independent of the power operating other gyroscopic instruments. | |
| 7 | Vertical speed | 1. For an aeroplane that has an MTOW of not more than 5 700 kg, the equipment must be capable of being connected to: (a) an alternate static system that: (i) is selectable by a pilot; and (ii) includes a selector that can open, or block, the aeroplane’s static source and alternative static source at the same time; or (b) a balanced pair of flush static ports. 2. For an aeroplane that has an MTOW of more than 5 700 kg, the equipment must be capable of being connected to: (a) an alternate static system that: (i) is selectable by a pilot; and (ii) includes a selector that can open, or block, the aeroplane’s static source and alternative static source at the same time; or (b) 2 independent static sources, each consisting of a balanced pair of flush static ports. | |
| 8 | Stabilised heading | The equipment must have an alternate power supply in addition to its primary power supply: (a) unless the turn and slip equipment has a source of power independent of the power operating other gyroscopic instruments; or (b) a second independent source of attitude information is available that has a source of power independent of the power operating other gyroscopic instruments. Note: A gyro-magnetic type of remote indicating compass meets this requirement if it has a primary power supply and alternate power supply. | |
11.07 IFR flight instruments
(1) An aeroplane in an operation under the IFR must be fitted with equipment for measuring and displaying the following flight information:
(a) indicated airspeed;
(b) pressure altitude;
(c) magnetic heading;
(d) time;
(e) Mach number — but only for an aeroplane with operating limitations expressed in terms of Mach number;
(f) turn and slip;
(g) attitude;
(h) vertical speed;
(i) stabilised heading;
(j) outside air temperature;
(k) whether the supply of power to gyroscopic instruments, if any, is adequate.
(2) An aeroplane in an operation under the IFR, for which only a single pilot is required under the civil aviation legislation and aeroplane’s flight manual, must be fitted with equipment, separate from, and independent of, the corresponding equipment mentioned in subsection (1), for measuring and displaying pressure altitude and attitude.
(3) An aeroplane in an operation under the IFR, for which 2 pilots are required under the civil aviation legislation or aeroplane’s flight manual, must be fitted with equipment, separate from, and independent of, the corresponding equipment mentioned in subsection (1), for measuring and displaying the following flight information:
(c) the flight crew member is undertaking, or has successfully completed, the operator’s line training under section 12.06 and the operator’s flight crew member line check; and
(d) if required, the flight crew member has successfully completed the operator’s differences training under section 12.07; and
(e) the flight crew member has successfully completed the operator’s recurrent training and checking under section 12.08; and
(f) if required, the flight crew member has successfully completed the operator’s remedial training under section 12.09.
12.04 General emergency training
(1) The flight crew member must have successfully completed the operator’s general emergency training for the aeroplane.
(2) The training must deal with the following:
(a) training in general emergency and survival procedures;
(b) training in aerodrome and aeroplane security procedures;
(c) training in procedures for the location of, access to, and use of, the emergency and safety equipment on the aeroplane;
(d) if life jackets and life rafts are required to be carried on the aeroplane for the flight under regulation 135.370 of CASR — training in ditching procedures, and training, including in-water practical training, in the use of life jackets and life rafts;
(e) for a flight to which paragraph (d) does not apply, but for which life jackets are required to be carried on the aeroplane under regulation 135.370 of CASR — training in ditching procedures, and training, including in-water practical training, in the use of life jackets.
12.05 Conversion training and flight crew member proficiency check
(1) The flight crew member must have successfully completed the operator’s conversion training, and flight crew member proficiency check, for the aeroplane.
(2) The training must deal with the following:
(a) training in the duties and responsibilities for the flight crew member’s position;
(b) training in the standard operating procedures for the type or class of aeroplane used for the flight;
(c) training in the normal, non-normal and emergency procedures for an aeroplane of that type or class;
(d) training in any flight procedures or manoeuvres, conducted in an aeroplane of that type or class, for which the operator holds an approval under regulation 91.045, or 135.020, of CASR;
Note: Examples of approvals issued under regulation 91.045, or 135.020, of CASR include approvals to conduct low visibility operations and flights using certain PBN navigation specifications.
(e) training in the procedures for any other operations conducted by the operator in an aeroplane of that type or class that the flight crew member has not previously experienced, for example, precision runway monitor operations or land and hold short operations.
12.06 Line training and flight crew member line check
(1) The flight crew member must be undertaking, or have successfully completed, the operator’s line training, and flight crew member line check, for the aeroplane.
(2) The training must deal with the following:
(a) training in the operator’s safety management system’s risk assessment and management practices;
(b) training in the procedures for the conduct of line operations;
(c) training in the procedures related to aerodrome ground handling, aeroplane parking and public safety;
(d) if passengers are carried on the flight — training in the conduct of passenger handling, briefings and safety demonstrations;
(e) training specific to the operator’s area of operations, or routes if the operator’s exposition describes the area of operations as a specific route or a number of routes;
(f) training in pre-flight, and post-flight, activities relating to line operations.
(3) Also, for a pilot in command of the aeroplane, if under regulation 135.410 of CASR, the operator’s exposition includes details of training requirements in relation to a particular aerodrome for the flight, the training must deal with the requirements.
12.07 Differences training
(1) If required, the flight crew member must have successfully completed the operator’s differences training for the aeroplane.
(2) The successful completion of the training is evidenced by a course completion certificate given to the flight crew member, under paragraph 61.200(e) of CASR, in relation to the training.
12.08 Recurrent training and checking
(1) The flight crew member must have successfully completed the operator’s recurrent training and checking for the aeroplane, in accordance with the requirements stated in subsections (3) and (4).
(2) The operator’s recurrent training and checking, for the aeroplane, in relation to the use of life rafts or life jackets does not need to include in-water practical training.
(3) The flight crew member must successfully undertake the operator’s flight crew member general emergency check of competency, for the relevant type or class of aeroplane, as follows:
(a) in relation to the use of life rafts — subject to subsection (5), at intervals of not more than 3 years after the previous check;
(b) otherwise — subject to subsection (5), at intervals of not more than 1 year after the previous check.
(4) The flight crew member must successfully undertake the operator’s flight crew member proficiency check, for the relevant type or class of aeroplane, as follows:
(a) for a flight crew member only conducting a flight under the VFR by day — subject to subsections (5) and (6), initially 6 months after first commencing unsupervised line operations for the operator, and then at intervals of 1 year after the previous proficiency check;
(b) otherwise — subject to subsections (5) and (6), initially 6 months after first commencing unsupervised line operations for the operator, and then at intervals of 6 months after the previous proficiency check.
(5) Any check of competency or proficiency mentioned in this section, required to be completed at intervals of 1 or 3 years, successfully completed within 90 days before, or after, its due date is taken to meet the requirements stated in this section as if it had been completed on the due date.
(6) Any check of competency or proficiency mentioned in this section, required to be completed at intervals of 6 months, successfully completed within 30 days before, or after, its due date is taken to meet the requirements stated in this section as if it had been completed on the due date.
(7) A flight crew member who fails to demonstrate competency or continuing competency, for the relevant type or class of aeroplane, under this section must not conduct a line operation with the relevant type or class of aeroplane unless the flight crew member has met the remedial training requirements stated in section 12.09.
Note: The operator of an aeroplane for a flight commits an offence if the operator assigns a person to duty as a flight crew member for the flight and the person has not been assessed by the operator, in accordance with the operator’s training and checking system, as competent to perform the duties assigned to the person for the flight: see regulation 135.385 of CASR.
12.09 Remedial training
(1) This section applies if a flight crew member fails the operator’s flight crew member general emergency check of competency, or flight crew member proficiency check, under section 12.08 for a specific type or class of aeroplane.
(2) The flight crew member must have successfully completed the operator’s remedial training for the relevant type or class of aeroplane, in accordance with subsection (3).
(3) Before being assigned by the operator to duty as a flight crew member for a flight in the relevant type or class of aeroplane, the flight crew member must:
(a) successfully complete a program of remedial training in relation to the matters in which the flight crew member failed to demonstrate competency for the relevant type or class of aeroplane, as identified in the flight crew member general emergency check of competency or flight crew member proficiency check, as the case requires; and
(b) then successfully complete the operator’s flight crew member general emergency check of competency or flight crew member proficiency check, as the case requires, for the relevant type or class of aeroplane; and
(c) then have the status of a flight crew member eligible to carry out unsupervised operations in the relevant type or class of aeroplane reinstated by the operator.
Division 3—Individuals who conduct training and checking
12.10 Purpose of Division 3
This Division prescribes the requirements for subparagraph 135.387(2)(a)(ii) of CASR.
12.11 Requirements for individual conducting training and checking
(1) The training or check must be conducted by an individual who:
(a) has met the minimum experience and entry control requirements, stated in the operator’s exposition, for a training pilot, check pilot, or training and check pilot, as applicable; and
(b) has completed the training program, for a training pilot, check pilot, or training and check pilot, as applicable, included in the operator’s exposition; and
(c) has met the relevant recency or proficiency requirements that are the subject of the training or check, as stated in the operator’s exposition, CASR and Division 2; and
(d) has been nominated, in writing, by the operator to be a training pilot, check pilot, or training and check pilot, as applicable, for the operator’s training and checking system.
(2) For paragraph (1)(d), the nomination must be made by an entry in the operator’s exposition or a document provided by the operator to CASA, and state that the individual meets the requirements stated in paragraphs (1)(a) to (c).
12.12 CASA may test nominated individual
(1) CASA may test an individual nominated by the operator under paragraph 12.11(1)(d) to be a training pilot, check pilot, or training and check pilot, as applicable, to assess the individual’s competency in the role.
Note: If CASA conducts a test of the individual and determines that the individual should not be permitted to conduct training or checks under this Chapter, then CASA has the power under Subpart 11.G of CASR to direct the individual to undertake further training before commencing, or continuing, in the role.
(2) For subsection (1), CASA must give the individual written notice of the test.
(3) The date, time and location of the test stated in a notice under subsection (2) must be reasonable in the circumstances.
(4) CASA must give the individual a copy of the result of the test, including the CASA testing officer’s assessment of the individual’s competency in the role.
Division 4 — Command training for pilot in command
12.13 Command training requirements
For paragraph 135.395(1)(c) of CASR, the following requirements are prescribed:
(a) training in the responsibilities of the pilot in command of an aeroplane of that type or class;
(b) supervised line flying as pilot in command under supervision for the required number of flight hours mentioned in the aeroplane operator’s exposition.
Note: Before the pilot can operate the aeroplane as pilot in command, the pilot is also required to have successfully completed the operator’s flight crew member proficiency check, and flight crew member line check, for the aeroplane, relating to a pilot in command of the aeroplane.
Division 5 — Pilot in command in non-command seat
12.14 Non-command seat proficiency check requirements
For paragraph 135.405(1)(b), and (2)(b), of CASR, the following requirements are prescribed:
(a) the pilot in command must complete a relevant part of the operator’s flight crew member proficiency check under section 12.08 while operating the aeroplane from the non-command seat as pilot in command or in command under supervision;
(b) the relevant part of the flight crew member proficiency check must check that the pilot in command is competent to carry out the required non-command seat flight crew member’s duties in the aeroplane.
Chapter 13 — Air crew member training and checking
Division 1—Preliminary
13.01 Definitions for Chapter 13
In this Chapter:
air crew member general emergency check of competency means an assessment, conducted by an aeroplane’s operator in accordance with the operator’s exposition, of whether a person is competent, as an air crew member, in relation to the matters mentioned in subsection 13.04(2).
air crew member line check means an assessment, conducted by an aeroplane’s operator in accordance with the operator’s exposition, of whether a person is competent to safely carry out the person’s duties as an air crew member in the aeroplane, which relates to the matters mentioned in subsection 13.06(2).
air crew member proficiency check means an assessment, conducted by an aeroplane’s operator in accordance with the operator’s exposition, of whether a person is competent to safely carry out the person’s duties as an air crew member in the aeroplane, which relates to the matters mentioned in subsection 13.05(2).
Division 2—Air crew member training and checking events
13.02 Purpose of Division 2
This Division prescribes requirements for subregulation 135.445(2) of CASR.
Note: Paragraph 119.205(1)(h) of CASR requires an Australian air transport operator to include in the operator’s exposition the details of each plan, process, procedure, program, and system, implemented by the operator to safely conduct and manage the operator’s Australian air transport operations in compliance with the civil aviation legislation.
13.03 Training and checking requirements
An air crew member meets the training and checking requirements for the air crew member and flight if:
(a) the air crew member has successfully completed the operator’s general emergency training under section 13.04 and the operator’s air crew member general emergency check of competency; and
(b) the air crew member has successfully completed the operator’s conversion training under section 13.05 and the operator’s air crew member proficiency check; and
(c) the air crew member is undertaking, or has successfully completed, the operator’s line training under section 13.06 and the operator’s air crew member line check; and
(d) if required, the air crew member has successfully completed the operator’s differences training under section 13.07; and
(e) the air crew member has successfully completed the operator’s recurrent training and checking under section 13.08; and
(f) if required, the air crew member has successfully completed the operator’s remedial training under section 13.09.
13.04 General emergency training
(1) The air crew member must have successfully completed the operator’s general emergency training for the aeroplane.
(2) The training must deal with the following:
(a) training in general emergency and survival procedures;
(b) training in aerodrome and aeroplane security procedures;
(c) training in procedures for the location of, access to, and use of, the emergency and safety equipment on the aeroplane;
(d) if life jackets and life rafts are required to be carried on the aeroplane for the flight under regulation 135.370 of CASR — training in ditching procedures, and training, including in-water practical training, in the use of life jackets and life rafts;
(e) for a flight to which paragraph (d) does not apply, but for which life jackets are required to be carried on the aeroplane under regulation 135.370 of CASR — training in ditching procedures, and training, including in-water practical training, in the use of life jackets.
13.05 Conversion training and air crew member proficiency check
(1) The air crew member must have successfully completed the operator’s conversion training, and air crew member proficiency check, for the aeroplane.
(2) The training must deal with the following:
(a) training in the duties and responsibilities for the air crew member’s position;
(b) training in the standard operating procedures for the kind of aeroplane used for the flight;
(c) training in the normal, non-normal and emergency procedures for an aeroplane of that kind;
(d) training in the procedures for any other operations conducted by the operator in an aeroplane of that kind that the air crew member has not previously experienced, for example, low visibility operations.
13.06 Line training and air crew member line check
(1) The air crew member must be undertaking, or have successfully completed, the operator’s line training, and air crew member line check, for the aeroplane.
(2) The training must deal with the following:
(a) training in the operator’s safety management system’s risk assessment and management practices;
(b) training in the procedures for the conduct of line operations;
(c) training in the procedures related to aerodrome ground handling, aeroplane parking and public safety;
(d) if passengers are carried on the flight — training in the conduct of passenger handling, briefings and safety demonstrations;
(e) training specific to the operator’s area of operations;
(f) training in pre-flight, and post-flight, activities relating to line operations.
13.07 Differences training
(1) If required, the air crew member must have successfully completed the operator’s differences training for the aeroplane.
(2) The training must deal with the following:
(a) if the limitations or systems of an aeroplane of that kind are of a kind that the air crew member has not previously received training for — training in the limitations or systems;
(b) if the equipment on an aeroplane of that kind is of a kind that the air crew member has not previously received training for — training in the location, and use, of the equipment;
(c) if the normal and emergency procedures for an aeroplane of that kind are of a kind that the air crew member has not previously received training for — training in the procedures.
13.08 Recurrent training and checking
(1) The air crew member must have successfully completed the operator’s recurrent training and checking for the aeroplane, in accordance with the requirements stated in subsections (3) and (4).
(2) The operator’s recurrent training and checking, for the aeroplane, in relation to the use of life rafts or life jackets does not need to include in-water practical training.
(3) The air crew member must successfully undertake the operator’s air crew member general emergency check of competency, for the relevant kind of aeroplane, as follows:
(a) in relation to the use of life rafts — subject to subsection (5), at intervals of not more than 3 years after the previous check;
(b) otherwise — subject to subsection (5), at intervals of not more than 1 year after the previous check.
(4) Subject to subsection (5), the air crew member must successfully undertake the operator’s air crew member proficiency check, for the relevant kind of aeroplane, initially 1 year after first commencing unsupervised line operations for the operator, and then at intervals of 1 year after the previous proficiency check.
(5) Any check of competency or proficiency mentioned in this section, required to be completed at intervals of 1 or 3 years, successfully completed within 90 days before, or after, its due date is taken to meet the requirements stated in this section as if it had been completed on the due date.
(6) An air crew member who fails to demonstrate competency or continuing competency, for the relevant kind of aeroplane, under this section must not perform the duties of an air crew member in the relevant kind of aeroplane unless the air crew member has met the remedial training requirements stated in section 13.09.
Note: The operator of an aeroplane for a flight commits an offence if the operator assigns a person to duty as an air crew member for the flight and the person has not been assessed by the operator, in accordance with the operator’s exposition, as competent to perform the duties assigned to the person for the flight: see regulation 135.450 of CASR.
13.09 Remedial training
(1) This section applies if an air crew member fails the operator’s air crew member general emergency check of competency, or air crew member proficiency check, under section 13.08 for a specific kind of aeroplane.
(2) The air crew member must have successfully completed the operator’s remedial training for the relevant kind of aeroplane, in accordance with subsection (3).
(3) Before being assigned by the operator to duty as an air crew member for a flight in the relevant kind of aeroplane, the air crew member must:
(a) successfully complete a program of remedial training in relation to the matters in which the air crew member failed to demonstrate competency for the relevant kind of aeroplane, as identified in the air crew member general emergency check of competency or air crew member proficiency check, as the case requires; and
(b) then successfully complete the operator’s air crew member general emergency check of competency or air crew member proficiency check, as the case requires, for the relevant kind of aeroplane; and
(c) then have the status of an air crew member eligible to perform the duties of an air crew member in the relevant kind of aeroplane reinstated by the operator.
Division 3—Individuals who conduct training and checking
13.10 Application of Division 3
This Division applies if an air crew member of an aeroplane operator’s personnel undertakes training or, a check, that is required under regulation 135.445 of CASR or Division 2.
13.11 Requirements for individual conducting training and checking
(1) The training or check must be conducted by an individual who:
(a) has met the minimum experience and entry control requirements, stated in the operator’s exposition, for a training air crew member, check air crew member, or training and check air crew member, as applicable; and
(b) has completed the training program, for a training air crew member, check air crew member, or training and check air crew member, as applicable, included in the operator’s exposition; and
(c) has met the relevant recency or proficiency requirements that are the subject of the training or check, as stated in the operator’s exposition, CASR and Division 2; and
(d) has been nominated, in writing, by the operator to be a training air crew member, check air crew member, or training and check air crew member, as applicable, for the operator’s training and checking system.
(2) For paragraph (1)(d), the nomination must be made by an entry in the operator’s exposition or a document provided by the operator to CASA, and state that the individual meets the requirements stated in paragraphs (1)(a) to (c).
(3) The requirements of this section are directions to the operator for the purposes of regulation 11.245 of CASR.
(4) The directions cease to be in force at the end of 1 December 2024.
13.12 CASA may test nominated individual
(1) CASA may test an individual nominated by the operator under paragraph 13.11(1)(d) to be a training air crew member, check air crew member, or training and check air crew member, as applicable, to assess the individual’s competency in the role.
Note: If CASA conducts a test of the individual and determines that the individual should not be permitted to conduct training or checks under this Chapter, then CASA has the power under Subpart 11.G of CASR to direct the individual to undertake further training before commencing, or continuing, in the role.
(2) For subsection (1), CASA must give the individual written notice of the test.
(3) The date, time and location of the test stated in a notice under subsection (2) must be reasonable in the circumstances.
(4) CASA must give the individual a copy of the result of the test, including the CASA testing officer’s assessment of the individual’s competency in the role.
Chapter 14 — Medical transport specialist training and checking
Division 1—Preliminary
14.01 Definitions for Chapter 14
In this Chapter:
medical transport specialist general emergency check of competency means an assessment, conducted by an aeroplane’s operator in accordance with the operator’s exposition, of whether a person is competent, as a medical transport specialist, in relation to the matters mentioned in subsection 14.04(2).
medical transport specialist line check means an assessment, conducted by an aeroplane’s operator in accordance with the operator’s exposition, of whether a person is competent to safely carry out the person’s duties as a medical transport specialist in the aeroplane, which relates to the matters mentioned in subsection 14.06(2).
medical transport specialist proficiency check means an assessment, conducted by an aeroplane’s operator in accordance with the operator’s exposition, of whether a person is competent to safely carry out the person’s duties as a medical transport specialist in the aeroplane, which relates to the matters mentioned in subsection 14.05(2).
Division 2—Medical transport specialist training and checking events
14.02 Purpose of Division 2
This Division prescribes requirements for subregulation 135.460(2) of CASR.
Note: Paragraph 119.205(1)(h) of CASR requires an Australian air transport operator to include in the operator’s exposition the details of each plan, process, procedure, program, and system, implemented by the operator to safely conduct and manage the operator’s Australian air transport operations in compliance with the civil aviation legislation.
14.03 Training and checking requirements
A medical transport specialist meets the training and checking requirements for the medical transport specialist and flight if:
(a) the medical transport specialist has successfully completed the operator’s general emergency training under section 14.04 and the operator’s medical transport specialist general emergency check of competency; and
(b) the medical transport specialist has successfully completed the operator’s conversion training under section 14.05 and the operator’s medical transport specialist proficiency check; and
(c) the medical transport specialist is undertaking, or has successfully completed, the operator’s line training under section 14.06 and the operator’s medical transport specialist line check; and
(d) if required, the medical transport specialist has successfully completed the operator’s differences training under section 14.07; and
(e) the medical transport specialist has successfully completed the operator’s recurrent training and checking under section 14.08; and
(f) if required, the medical transport specialist has successfully completed the operator’s remedial training under section 14.09.
14.04 General emergency training
(1) The medical transport specialist must have successfully completed the operator’s general emergency training for the aeroplane.
(2) The training must deal with the following:
(a) training in general emergency and survival procedures;
(b) training in aerodrome and aeroplane security procedures;
(c) training in procedures for the location of, access to, and use of, the emergency and safety equipment on the aeroplane;
(d) if life jackets and life rafts are required to be carried on the aeroplane for the flight under regulation 135.370 of CASR — training in ditching procedures, and training, including in-water practical training, in the use of life jackets and life rafts;
(e) for a flight to which paragraph (d) does not apply, but for which life jackets are required to be carried on the aeroplane under regulation 135.370 of CASR — training in ditching procedures, and training, including in-water practical training, in the use of life jackets.
14.05 Conversion training and medical transport specialist proficiency check
(1) The medical transport specialist must have successfully completed the operator’s conversion training, and medical transport specialist proficiency check, for the aeroplane.
(2) The training must deal with the following:
(a) training in the duties and responsibilities for the medical transport specialist’s position;
(b) training in the standard operating procedures for the kind of aeroplane used for the flight;
(c) training in the normal, non-normal and emergency procedures for an aeroplane of that kind;
(d) training in the procedures for any other operations conducted by the operator in an aeroplane of that kind that the medical transport specialist has not previously experienced, for example, low level operations.
14.06 Line training and medical transport specialist line check
(1) The medical transport specialist must be undertaking, or have successfully completed, the operator’s line training, and medical transport specialist line check, for the aeroplane.
(2) The training must deal with the following:
(a) training in the operator’s safety management system’s risk assessment and management practices;
(b) training in the procedures for the conduct of line operations;
(c) training in the procedures related to aerodrome ground handling, aeroplane parking and public safety;
(d) if medical patients are carried on the flight — training in the conduct of medical patient handling, briefings and safety demonstrations;
(e) training in pre-flight, and post-flight, activities relating to line operations.
14.07 Differences training
(1) If required, the medical transport specialist must have successfully completed the operator’s differences training for the aeroplane.
(2) The training must deal with the following:
(a) if the limitations or systems of an aeroplane of that kind are of a kind that the medical transport specialist has not previously received training for — training in the limitations or systems;
(b) if the equipment on an aeroplane of that kind is of a kind that the medical transport specialist has not previously received training for — training in the location, and use, of the equipment;
(c) if the normal and emergency procedures for an aeroplane of that kind are of a kind that the medical transport specialist has not previously received training for — training in the procedures.
14.08 Recurrent training and checking
(1) The medical transport specialist must have successfully completed the operator’s recurrent training and checking for the aeroplane, in accordance with the requirements stated in subsections (3) and (4).
(2) The operator’s recurrent training and checking, for the aeroplane, in relation to the use of life rafts or life jackets does not need to include in-water practical training.
(3) The medical transport specialist must successfully undertake the operator’s medical transport specialist general emergency check of competency, for the relevant kind of aeroplane, as follows:
(a) in relation to the use of life rafts — subject to subsection (5), at intervals of not more than 3 years after the previous check;
(b) otherwise — subject to subsection (5), at intervals of not more than 1 year after the previous check.
(4) Subject to subsection (5), the medical transport specialist must successfully undertake the operator’s medical transport specialist proficiency check, for the relevant kind of aeroplane, initially 1 year after first commencing unsupervised line operations for the operator, and then at intervals of 1 year after the previous proficiency check.
(5) Any check of competency or proficiency mentioned in this section, required to be completed at intervals of 1 or years, successfully completed within 90 days before, or after, its due date is taken to meet the requirements stated in this section as if it had been completed on the due date.
(6) A medical transport specialist who fails to demonstrate competency or continuing competency, for the relevant kind of aeroplane, under this section must not perform the duties of a medical transport specialist in the relevant kind of aeroplane unless the medical transport specialist has met the remedial training requirements stated in section 14.09.
Note: The operator of an aeroplane for a flight commits an offence if the operator assigns a person to duty as a medical transport specialist for the flight and the person has not been assessed by the operator, in accordance with the operator’s exposition, as competent to perform the duties assigned to the person for the flight: see regulation 135.465 of CASR.
14.09 Remedial training
(1) This section applies if a medical transport specialist fails the operator’s medical transport specialist general emergency check of competency, or medical transport specialist proficiency check, under section 14.08 for a specific kind of aeroplane.
(2) The medical transport specialist must have successfully completed the operator’s remedial training for the relevant kind of aeroplane, in accordance with subsection (3).
(3) Before being assigned by the operator to duty as a medical transport specialist for a flight in the relevant kind of aeroplane, the medical transport specialist must:
(a) successfully complete a program of remedial training in relation to the matters in which the medical transport specialist failed to demonstrate competency for the relevant kind of aeroplane, as identified in the medical transport specialist general emergency check of competency or medical transport specialist proficiency check, as the case requires; and
(b) then successfully complete the operator’s medical transport specialist general emergency check of competency or medical transport specialist proficiency check, as the case requires, for the relevant kind of aeroplane; and
(c) then have the status of a medical transport specialist eligible perform the duties of a medical transport specialist in the relevant kind of aeroplane reinstated by the operator.
Division 3—Individuals who conduct training and checking
14.10 Application of Division 3
This Division applies if a medical transport specialist of an aeroplane operator’s personnel undertakes training, or a check, that is required under regulation 135.460 of CASR or Division 2.
14.11 Requirements for individual conducting training and checking
(1) The training or check must be conducted by an individual who:
(a) has met the minimum experience and entry control requirements, stated in the operator’s exposition, for a training medical transport specialist, check medical transport specialist, or training and check medical transport specialist, as applicable; and
(b) has completed the training program, for a training medical transport specialist, check medical transport specialist, or training and check medical transport specialist, as applicable, included in the operator’s exposition; and
(c) has met the relevant recency or proficiency requirements that are the subject of the training or check, as stated in the operator’s exposition, CASR and Division 2; and
(d) has been nominated, in writing, by the operator to be a training medical transport specialist, check medical transport specialist, or training and check medical transport specialist, as applicable, for the operator’s training and checking system.
(2) For paragraph (1)(d), the nomination must be made by an entry in the operator’s exposition or a document provided by the operator to CASA, and state that the individual meets the requirements stated in paragraphs (1)(a) to (c).
(3) The requirements of this section are directions to the operator for the purposes of regulation 11.245 of CASR.
(4) The directions cease to be in force at the end of 1 December 2024.
14.12 CASA may test nominated individual
(1) CASA may test an individual nominated by the operator under paragraph 14.11(1)(d) to be a training medical transport specialist, check medical transport specialist, or training and check medical transport specialist, as applicable, to assess the individual’s competency in the role.
Note: If CASA conducts a test of the individual and determines that the individual should not be permitted to conduct training or checks under this Chapter, then CASA has the power under Subpart 11.G of CASR to direct the individual to undertake further training before commencing, or continuing, in the role.
(2) For subsection (1), CASA must give the individual written notice of the test.
(3) The date, time and location of the test stated in a notice under subsection (2) must be reasonable in the circumstances.
(4) CASA must give the individual a copy of the result of the test, including the CASA testing officer’s assessment of the individual’s competency in the role.
Notes to Part 135 (Australian Air Transport Operations—Smaller Aeroplanes) Manual of Standards 2020
The Part 135 Manual of Standards (in force under the Civil Aviation Safety Regulations 1998) as shown in this compilation comprises the Part 135 (Australian Air Transport Operations—Smaller Aeroplanes) Manual of Standards 2020 amended as indicated in the Tables below.
Table of Manuals of Standards
| Year and | Date of registration on FRL | Date of | Application, saving or |
| Part 135 (Australian Air Transport Operations—Smaller Aeroplanes) Manual of Standards 2020 | 16 Dec 2020 | 2 December 2021 (see s. 2) | — |
| Part 135 Manual of Standards Amendment Instrument 2021 (No. 1) | 1 December 2021 (F2021L01687) | 1 December 2021 (see s. 2) | — |
Table of Amendments ad. = added or inserted am. = amended rep. = repealed rs. = repealed and substituted | |
| Provision affected | How affected |
| s. 1.02 | rep. Legislation Act 2003, s. 48D |
| s. 1.04 | am. F2021L01687 |
| s. 1.08 | ad. F2021L01687 |
| s. 1.09 | ad. F2021L01687 |
| s. 3.01 | am. F2021L01687 |
| s. 3.04 | am. F2021L01687 |
| s. 7.02 | am. F2021L01687 |
| s. 8.03 | am. F2021L01687 |
| s. 8.04 | am. F2021L01687 |
| s. 8.05 | rs. F2021L01687 |
| s. 8.08 | rs. F2021L01687 |
| s. 8.09 | rep. F2021L01687 |
| Chapter 9 heading | rs. F2021L01687 |
| Chapter 9, Division 2 heading | ad. F2021L01687 |
| s. 10.02 | am. F2021L01687 |
| s. 10.04 | am. F2021L01687 |
| s. 10.11 | am. F2021L01687 |
| s. 11.02 | am. F2021L01687 |
| s. 11.04 | rs. F2021L01687 |
| s. 11.08 | am. F2021L01687 |
| s. 11.09 | am. F2021L01687 |
| s. 11.18 | am. F2021L01687 |
| s. 11.19 | am. F2021L01687 |
| s. 11.21 | am. F2021L01687 |
| s. 11.23 | am. F2021L01687 |
| s. 11.24 | rs. F2021L01687 |
| s. 11.25 | am. F2021L01687 |
| s. 11.25A | ad. F2021L01687 |
| s. 11.26 | am. F2021L01687 |
| s. 11.27 | am. F2021L01687 |
| s. 11.30 | rs. F2021L01687 |
| s. 11.31 | am. F2021L01687 |
| s. 11.41 | am. F2021L01687 |
| s. 11.43 | am. F2021L01687 |
| s. 11.44 | am. F2021L01687 |
| s. 11.58 | am. F2021L01687 |
| s. 11.59 | am. F2021L01687 |
| s. 11.62 | am. F2021L01687 |
| s. 11.65 | am. F2021L01687 |
| s. 12.01 | am. F2021L01687 |
| s. 12.04 | am. F2021L01687 |
| s. 12.08 | rs. F2021L01687 |
| s. 13.04 | am. F2021L01687 |
| s. 13.05 | am. F2021L01687 |
| s. 13.08 | rs. F2021L01687 |
| s. 14.04 | am. F2021L01687 |
| s. 14.08 | rs. F2021L01687 |
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