Part 101 (Unmanned Aircraft and Rockets) Manual of Standards 2019 (Cth)
Part 101 (Unmanned Aircraft and Rockets) Manual of Standards 2019 (as amended)
made under regulation 101.028 of the Civil Aviation Safety Regulations 1998.
This compilation was prepared on 7 July 2023 taking into account amendments up to Part 101 Manual of Standards (Miscellaneous Revisions) Amendment Instrument 2023 (No. 2). It is a compilation of the Part 101 (Unmanned Aircraft and Rockets) Manual of Standards Instrument 2019 as amended and in force on 7 July 2023.
Prepared by the Advisory and Drafting Branch, Legal, International & Regulatory Affairs Division, Civil Aviation Safety Authority, Canberra.
Compilation No. 7.
Contents
Note This Table of Contents is for guidance only. It is not a formal part of the Part 101 Manual of Standards.
Page
CHAPTER 1 PRELIMINARY
1.01 Name of instrument
1.02 Commencement
1.03 Provisions which take effect later than on commencement
1.04 Definitions
1.05 References to documents
1.06 Abbreviations
1.07 Tables, Figures and Notes
1.08 Table of Contents
CHAPTER 2 RePL TRAINING COURSE
Division 2.1 General
2.01 Purpose
2.02 Application
2.02A Transitional provisions for pre-18 October 2023 RePL training courses
Division 2.2 Aeronautical knowledge and practical competency standards
2.03 General English language proficiency standards under Part 61
2.04 Aeronautical radio
2.05 Aeronautical knowledge standards
2.06 Practical competency standards
2.06A Alternative practical competency standards for advancing technology in medium and large RPA only
Division 2.3 Examinations — RePL training course theory component
2.07 Aeronautical knowledge examinations for a RePL training course
2.08 Aeronautical knowledge examinations for a RePL training course
2.09 Examination pass mark, examiner and resits
2.10 Examination questions
2.11 Examination duration
2.12 Examination question sets
2.13 Examination results
2.15 Examination security
2.16 Post-examination knowledge deficiency reports (KDRs)
2.17 Documented practices and procedures for examinations, KDRs etc.
Division 2.4 Practical competencies — completion of RePL training course for manual or automated operation component
2.18 Assessment of practical competencies for a RePL training course
2.18A Assessment of alternative practical competency standards for advancing technology in medium and large RPA
Division 2.4A Approvals for alternative practical competency standards and assessments — innovative RPA system designs for medium and large RPA
2.18B Approvals for innovative RPA system designs for medium and large RPA
Division 2.5 RePL training course to upgrade a RePL
2.19AA Aeronautical knowledge examinations and assessment of practical competencies for a RePL training course to upgrade a RePL
2.19AB Approvals for upgrades for medium and large RPA with innovative RPA system designs
2.19 Meaning of relevant RPA
2.20 RePL training course — upgrade a RePL for a small RPA whose gross weight is less than 7 kg to include another small RPA of the same category whose gross weight is 7 kg or more
2.21 RePL training course — upgrade a RePL for a small RPA to include a different category of small RPA
2.22 RePL training course — upgrade a RePL for a small RPA to include a medium or large RPA of the same category
2.23 RePL training course — upgrade a RePL for a small RPA to include a medium or large RPA of a different category
2.24 RePL training course — upgrade a RePL for a medium or large RPA to include another medium or large RPA of the same category
2.25 RePL training course — upgrade a RePL for a medium or large RPA to include another medium or large RPA of a different category
Division 2.6 RePL training course — administration
2.26 Student class time
2.27 Student ratios
2.28 Means of achieving or simulating the flight conditions
2.29 Certification of RePL training course completion
Division 2.7 RePL training course instructors
2.30 Requirements for RePL training instructors
Division 2.7A Requirements for RePL training instructor to act as an Examiner
2.30A Examiner requirements
Division 2.8 RePL flight tests — standards and repeats
2.31 Flight tests — competency standards
CHAPTER 3 RESERVED
CHAPTER 4OPERATIONS IN CONTROLLED AIRSPACE — CONTROLLED AERODROMES
4.01 Purpose
4.02 Definitions
4.03 RPA flight in the no-fly zone of a controlled aerodrome
4.04 Approval to operate an RPA in a no-fly zone of a controlled aerodrome — tethered and indoors operations
4.05 Approach and departure paths — controlled aerodromes
CHAPTER 5 RPA OPERATIONS BEYOND VLOS
5.01 Application
5.02 Requirements for RPA operations do not apply in certain approved areas
5.03 Requirements for an approval to operate an RPA beyond VLOS
5.04 Definitions for this Chapter
5.05 Documented practices and procedures for EVLOS operations
5.06 Remote pilots for EVLOS operations
5.07 Observers for EVLOS operations
5.08 Handover procedures between 1 remote pilot and another remote pilot for EVLOS operations
5.09 Pre-flight briefing for an EVLOS operation
5.10 Communications in an EVLOS operation class 2
5.11 Control and communication links must be maintained in an EVLOS operation
5.12 Weather and visibility conditions for an EVLOS operation
5.13 Controlled airspace and EVLOS operations
5.14 Night EVLOS operations
5.15 If manned aircraft are active in the airspace
5.16 Procedures for loss of control of an RPA in an EVLOS operation
5.17 Procedures for loss of communications in an EVLOS operation class 2
5.18 Conflict between the requirements of this Chapter and the documented practices and procedures
CHAPTER 6 RESERVED
CHAPTER 7 RESERVED
CHAPTER 8 RESERVED
CHAPTER 9 OPERATIONS OF RPA IN PRESCRIBED AREAS
Division 9.1 RPAS operations at or near non-controlled aerodromes
9.01 Prescribed areas
9.02 Definitions
9.02A Meaning of to become aware
9.03 RPA flight in the no-fly zone of a non-controlled aerodrome
9.04 Action on becoming aware of a relevant event
9.05 Approval to operate an RPA in a no-fly zone of a non-controlled aerodrome — tethered and indoors operations
9.06 Approach and departure paths — non-controlled aerodromes
Division 9.2 RESERVED
CHAPTER 10 RECORD KEEPING FOR CERTAIN RPA AND MODEL AIRCRAFT
Division 10.1 Preliminary
10.01 Definitions for the Chapter
Division 10.2 Record-keeping requirements — RPA other than excluded RPA
10.02 Purpose
10.03 Certain operational and training records to be kept
10.03A RePL training course records
10.04 RPAS operational release
10.05 RPAS operational log
10.06 Remote pilot log — for flight time
10.07 RPAS technical log
10.08 Records of qualification and competency
Division 10.3 Record-keeping requirements — excluded RPA
10.09 Purpose
10.10 RPAS operational log
10.11 Remote pilot log — for flight time
10.12 RPAS technical log
Division 10.4 Requirements for giving information to CASA
10.13 Purpose
10.14 Very small, small, and medium excluded RPA — notification before first operation
10.15 Micro, very small, small, and medium registered RPA — other information
10.17 Certified RPA operator — changes to information already given to CASA
CHAPTER 10A SIGNIFICANT CHANGES
Division 10A.1 General
10A.01 Purpose
10A.02 Transition to the 18 October 2023 amendments by existing operators
10A.03 Transition to the 18 October 2023 amendments by new operators
CHAPTER 11 TEST FLIGHTS
Division 11.1 Circumstances in which an RPA may be operated for test flights without registration
11.01 Purpose
11.02 Circumstances
Division 11.2 Requirements relating to the operation of an RPA that is operated for test flights without registration
11.03 Purpose
11.04 Requirements
CHAPTER 12 IDENTIFICATION OF RPA
12.01 Identification of RPA required to be registered
CHAPTER 13 OPERATION OF FOREIGN REGISTERED RPA
13.01 Permission to operate foreign registered RPA
13.02 Renewal of permission to operate foreign registered RPA
13.03 Revocation of permission to operate foreign registered RPA
CHAPTER 14 PERMISSIBLE MODIFICATIONS TO REGISTERED RPA
14.01 Modifications to registered RPA
CHAPTER 15 CONDUCT OF ONLINE TRAINING AND EXAMINATIONS FOR ACCREDITATION
Division 15.1 General
15.01 Purpose of Chapter
15.02 Definition
Division 15.2 Online training
15.03 Completion of online training
15.04 Integrity of online training
15.05 Integrity of online examination
Schedule 1 Acronyms and abbreviations
Schedule 2 Directory for aeronautical knowledge standards for a RePL training course
Appendix 1Aeronautical knowledge standards — Common units
Appendix 2Aeronautical knowledge standards — Aeroplane category
Appendix 3Aeronautical knowledge standards — Helicopter (multirotor class) category
Appendix 4Aeronautical knowledge standards — Helicopter (single rotor class) category
Appendix 5Aeronautical knowledge standards — powered-lift category
Appendix 6Aeronautical knowledge requirement — RPA with a liquid-fuel system
Schedule 3 Directory for practical competency standards for a RePL training course
Appendix 1Practical competency standards — Common units
Appendix 2Practical competency standards — Aeroplane category
Appendix 3Practical competency standards — Helicopter (multirotor class) category
Appendix 4Practical competency standards — Helicopter (single rotor class) category
Appendix 5Practical competency standards — powered-lift category
Appendix 6Practical competency standards — RPA with a liquid-fuel system
Schedule 4 Aeronautical knowledge units
Appendix 1Any RPA — Common units
Unit 1 RBAK — Basic aviation knowledge for RPAS
Unit 2 RACP — Airspace, charts and aeronautical publications for RPAS
Unit 3 RBMO — Basic meteorology for RPA operations
Unit 4 REES — Electrical and electronic systems for RPAS
Unit 5 RHPF — Human performance for RPAS
Unit 6 RKOP RPAS knowledge — operations and procedures
Unit 7 RORA — Operational rules and air law for RPAS
Appendix 1A Any RPA operated under an automated flight management system
Unit 8 RAFM — Automated flight management systems knowledge
Appendix 2Category specific units — Aeroplane category
Unit 9 RBKA — Aircraft knowledge and operation principles: Aeroplanes
Appendix 3Category specific units — Helicopter (multirotor class) category
Unit 10 RBKM — Aeronautical knowledge and operation principles: Multirotor
Appendix 4Category specific units — Helicopter (single rotor) category
Unit 11 RBKH — Aeronautical knowledge and operation principles: Single rotor
Appendix 5Category specific units — powered-lift category
Unit 12 RBKP — Aircraft knowledge and operation principles: Powered‑lift
Appendix 6RPA with a liquid-fuel system
Unit 13 REFE — Medium or large RPA with a liquid-fuel system knowledge
Schedule 5 Practical competency units
Appendix 1Any RPA — Common units
Unit 14 RC1 — Pre- and post-operation actions and procedures for RPAS
Unit 15 RC2 — Energy reserves management for RPAS
Unit 16 RC3 — Manage crew, payload and bystanders for RPAS operations
Unit 17 RC4 — Navigation and operation of RPAS
Unit 18 RNT — Non-technical skills for operation of RPAS
Unit 19 RAF — Automated flight management systems for RPAS
Appendix 2Category specific units — Aeroplane category
Unit 20 RA1 — Ground operations and launch
Unit 21 RA2 — Normal operations
Unit 22 RA3 — Land/recover RPA
Unit 23 RA4 — Advanced manoeuvres
Unit 24 RA5 — Abnormal and emergency operations
Appendix 3Category specific units — Helicopter (multirotor class) category
Unit 25 RM1 — Control on ground, launch, hover and landing
Unit 26 RM2 — Normal operations
Unit 27 RM3 — Advanced manoeuvres
Unit 28 RM4 — Operation in abnormal situations and emergencies
Appendix 4Category specific units — Helicopter (single rotor class) category
Unit 29 RH1 — Control on ground
Unit 30 RH2 — Launch, hover and landing
Unit 31 RH3 — Normal operation
Unit 32 RH4 — Advanced manoeuvres
Unit 33 RH5 — Operation in abnormal situations and emergencies
Appendix 5Category specific units — powered-lift category
Unit 34 RP1 — Control on ground, launch, hover and landing
Unit 35 RP2 — Transitional flight
Unit 36 RP3 — Climb, cruise and descent
Unit 37 RP4 — Advanced manoeuvres
Unit 38 RP5 — Operation in abnormal situations and emergencies
Appendix 6Any RPA with a liquid-fuel system
Unit 39 REF — Medium or large RPA with liquid-fuel system
Schedule 6 Flight Test Standards
Appendix 1Aeroplane category flight test
Appendix 2Helicopter category (multirotor class) flight test
Appendix 3Helicopter category (single rotor class) flight test
Appendix 4Powered-lift category flight test
Appendix 5RePL upgrades
Note 1 to Part 101 (Unmanned Aircraft and Rockets) Manual of Standards 2019
Note 2 to Part 101 (Unmanned Aircraft and Rockets) Manual of Standards 2019
CHAPTER 1 PRELIMINARY
1.01 Name of instrument
(1) This instrument is the Part 101 (Unmanned Aircraft and Rockets) Manual of Standards 2019.
(2) This instrument may also be cited as the Part 101 MOS.
(3) In this instrument, unless the contrary intention appears, references to “the MOS” or “this MOS” are references to the Part 101 MOS.
1.02 Commencement
(1) Subject to subsections (2) and (3), this MOS commences on the day of registration.
(2) The provisions of this MOS, other than those mentioned in section 1.03 take effect on the day after registration.
(3) The provisions mentioned in section 1.03 take effect in accordance with section 1.03.
1.03 Provisions which take effect later than on commencement
A provision of this MOS mentioned in column 1 of an item in the following Table takes effect on the day mentioned in column 2 for the item.
Item This provision:
(Column 1)
Takes effect on:
(Column 2)
1 Chapter 2, other than paragraph 2.30 (2) (c) in Division 2.7 10 October 2020 1A Paragraph 2.30 (2) (c) in Division 2.7 of Chapter 2 10 April 2024 2 Chapter 4 10 April 2020 3 Chapter 9, except Division 9.2 10 April 2020 4 Chapter 10, except Divisions 10.1 and 10. 4 10 October 2020
Note 1 Each item in this Table sets out the date on which the corresponding relevant provisions of this MOS take effect.
Note 2 Chapters 1 and 5, Division 9.2 of Chapter 9, Divisions 10.1 and 10.4 of Chapter 10, and Chapter 11 took effect on 10 April 2019, the day after registration of this MOS. Chapters 3, 6, 7 and 8 are reserved. (Division 9.2 of Chapter 9 was repealed by the Part 101 Manual of Standards (Miscellaneous Revisions) Amendment Instrument 2022 (No. 2)).
1.04 Definitions
(1) In this MOS, words and phrases have the same meaning as in CASR, unless a contrary intention appears.
Note Some CASR definitions are included in subsection (2) for ease of reference.
(2) Without affecting subsection (1), in this MOS:
AA means Airservices Australia.
ADF means the Australian Defence Force.
aeronautical knowledge component: see paragraph 2.02 (1) (a) of this MOS.
aeronautical knowledge standards means the standards and requirements for the aeronautical knowledge component of a RePL training course.
Note See also section 2.02 of this MOS.
AGL means above ground or water level.
AIP ERSA means the Aeronautical Information Package, En Route Supplement Australia, as published by AA.
applicant means a person who applies for, or undergoes training for, a RePL.
approach or departure path, for a controlled aerodrome, has the meaning given in Chapter 4 of this MOS.
approved means approved in writing by CASA, unless a contrary intention is expressly stated.
approved educational institution means an educational institution approved by a State or Territory government for training to the Certificate IV level of the Australian Qualifications Framework (AQF).
ARN means aviation reference number.
AROC means aeronautical radio operator certificate.
as safely possible, in relation to the landing of an RPA as soon as safely possible, refers to the safety of people, manned aircraft and property other than the RPA itself.
ATC means air traffic control.
automated operation, for an RPA, means the mode of operation in which, after take-off and until it lands, the RPA:
(a) either:
(i) flies a predetermined flight path programmed into the RPAS before take‑off; or
(ii) changes its flight path or configuration in flight solely because of dynamic updating of pre-programmed turning, way point data, or configuration settings; and
Note Dynamic updating involves electronically changing an RPA’s flight path without the manual operation of command and control levers or switches.
(b) is not subject to any manual operation.
AWIS means the aerodrome weather information service of the BOM.
BOM means the Bureau of Meteorology.
CAO means Civil Aviation Order.
CAR means the Civil Aviation Regulations 1988.
CASR means the Civil Aviation Safety Regulations 1998.
CASR Dictionary means the dictionary mentioned in regulation 1.4 of CASR.
category, for an RPA, means 1 of the following:
(a) the aeroplane category;
(b) the helicopter (multirotor class) category;
(c) the helicopter (single rotor class) category;
(d) the powered-lift category.
chief remote pilot has the same meaning as in subregulation 101.340 (1) of CASR.
civil aviation legislation has the meaning given in section 3 of the Civil Aviation Act 1988.
classification, for a model aircraft, refers to whether the model aircraft is (in an ascending scale):
(a)a model aircraft; or
(b)a giant model aircraft.
classification, for an RPA, refers to whether the RPA is (in an ascending scale):
(a) a micro RPA; or
(b) a very small RPA; or
(c) a small RPA; or
(d) a medium RPA.
Note Classification does not include a large RPA that is the result of a modification of another RPA because a large RPA would trigger the application of regulations 101.255 of CASR (requiring either a special certificate of airworthiness (restricted category), or an experimental certificate, issued under Subpart 21.H of Part 21 of CASR) and 101.275 (requiring CASA approval to operate).
controlled aerodrome has the same meaning as in Part 139 of CASR.
documented practices and procedures, for a certified RPA operator, means the written practices and procedures of the operator, as existing or in force from time to time, that, to the extent required by this MOS, have been approved in writing by CASA.
Note See also subsection 1.04 (3). An operator is required to have suitable documented practices and procedures. An operator’s initial documented practices and procedures must be approved by CASA. Thereafter, only significant changes to the documented practices and procedures must be approved by CASA. See subparagraphs (b) (i), (iii), (iv) and (v) of the definition of significant change.
electronic identification, for an RPA or model aircraft, means the unique, identifying, electronic code that is transmitted or broadcast by the aircraft:
(a)automatically when in flight; or
(b)in response to transmissions from the ground-based electronic system used to control, program, prepare or monitor the aircraft for flight or in flight;
but does not include any code that is transmitted or broadcast exclusively for ATC purposes.
emergency and collision avoidance procedures means a certified RPA operator’s documented practices and procedures designed to ensure that an RPA in an RPA operation does not become a hazard to any aircraft, person or property during the operation.
employed means employed under a contract of service or a contract for services.
essential duties means tasks whose performance is essential to the safe operation of an RPA.
EVLOS means extended visual line of sight.
Note See also the definitions in section 5.04 for Chapter 5.
examiner, for a medium or large RPA, means 1 of the following:
(a) the chief remote pilot of a certified RPA operator who is qualified as a RePL training instructor;
(b) a RePL training instructor who is authorised by the chief remote pilot in accordance with the RPA operator’s documented practices and procedures;
provided that the chief remote pilot or authorised RePL training instructor:
(c) is identified in the operator’s documented practices and procedures as an examiner for a medium or large RPA (a relevant examiner); and
(d) has the length of experience in RPA operations stated in the operator’s documented practices and procedures as required to be a relevant examiner; and
(e) meets the other requirements stated in the operator’s documented practices and procedures as necessary to be a relevant examiner.
examiner, for a small or very small RPA, means 1 of the following:
(a) the chief remote pilot of a certified RPA operator who is qualified as a RePL training instructor;
(b) a RePL training instructor who is authorised by the chief remote pilot in accordance with the RPA’s documented practices and procedures;
provided that the chief remote pilot or authorised RePL training instructor:
(c) is identified in the operator’s documented practices and procedures as an examiner for a small or very small RPA (a relevant examiner); and
(d) has the length of experience in RPA operations stated in the operator’s documented practices and procedures as required to be a relevant examiner; and
flight time, for an RPA operation, means:
(a) for the flight of an RPA that is an aeroplane — the time from the moment the aeroplane begins to move under the control of the remote pilot in preparation for flight, until the moment the aeroplane comes to rest at the end of the flight; and
(b) for the flight of an RPA that is an aircraft in 1 of the following categories, namely, helicopter (multirotor class) category, helicopter (single rotor class) category, or RPA powered‑lift category — the time from the moment the aircraft’s rotor blades start turning under the control of the remote pilot in preparation for flight, until the moment the rotor blades stop turning after the aircraft comes to rest at the end of the flight; and
(c) for the flight of an airship — the time from the moment the airship is released from its mooring under the control of the remote pilot in preparation for flight, until the moment the airship is tethered at the end of the flight.
gross weight, for an RPA, means the total weight of the RPA at take-off, including fuel, equipment, payloads (if any) and anything attached to the RPA.
gross weight on take-off, in relation to a model aircraft, or an RPA that does not have a certificate of airworthiness, is the maximum weight of the aircraft on take-off and includes, to the extent permitted by the manufacturer or recorded in the RPAS technical log, the weight of:
(a)propulsion systems; and
(b)all equipment, payload and energy sources carried on the aircraft in flight.
helicopter, when used to describe an RPA of a type defined in regulation 101.022, means an RPA with 1 or more main rotors.
Note See also subsection 1.04 (4).
HLS or helicopter landing site means an area of land or water, or a defined area on a structure, intended to be used wholly or in part for the arrival, departure and surface movement of helicopters.
indoors operation means use of an RPA in circumstances which meet all of the following requirements:
(a) the RPA is flown within a building, or another structure, or a naturally occurring or man-made space underground (a containment area);
(b) the containment area is such that it is physically impossible for the RPA to escape and fly away during normal, abnormal or emergency operations;
(c) entry of people to, and exit of people from, the containment area is controlled in such a way that in flying an RPA in the containment area a remote pilot will not infringe any provision of Part 101 of CASR concerning proximity of an RPA to people within or outside the containment area;
(d) in the event that an RPA collides with any part of the containment area, no material from the RPA or the containment area can move or escape and cause injury to a person outside the containment area.
Note An example of a man-made space underground is a mine.
job safety assessment, for an operation of an RPA, other than excluded RPA, by a certified RPA operator, means a procedure undertaken in accordance with the RPA operator’s documented practices and procedures to:
(a) assess the safety of the operation; and
(b) identify safety risks arising from the operation; and
(c) formulate risk mitigation measures for the operation, including risk management plans.
maintenance controller has the same meaning as in paragraph 101.340 (1) (d) of CASR.
manual operation, for an RPA, means the use, by the remote pilot, of a manual mechanism that is part of the RPAS, in order to exercise control over the RPA, including by reconfiguring the RPA.
measurement point means any point on the actual or notional centreline of a runway between the 2 threshold centrepoints.
mode of operation means:
(a) manual mode; or
(b) the mode that is automated operation.
Note Manual mode requires prescribed training in both the manual mode and the automated operation mode, in accordance with this MOS. The applicable mode of operation for a flight is that specified in the provision of this MOS which refers to the mode of operation for the flight.
modification, for an aircraft, means that, as compared to the permit version, the aircraft is:
(a)altered in any way; or
(b)a duplicate of the permit version, whether or not it contains some things that were part of the permit version.
MOS means Manual of Standards.
movement area has the same meaning as in regulation 2 of CAR.
Note For ease of reference, movement area means that part of an aerodrome to be used for the surface movement of (manned) aircraft, including manoeuvring areas and aprons.
NAIPS means the National Aeronautical Information Processing System administered by AA.
nominated personnel means the following personnel of a certified RPA operator:
(a) the chief executive officer (the CEO);
(b) the chief remote pilot (the CRP);
(c) the maintenance controller.
non-controlled aerodrome means a place that is:
(a) a helicopter landing site not located at a controlled aerodrome; or
(b) an aerodrome that is not a controlled aerodrome.
Part 139 Manual of Standards means the Manual of Standards made under regulation 139.005 of CASR.
permit version, for an aircraft, means the version of the aircraft when it was first:
(a)registered under Division 47.C.2 of CASR; or
(b) granted a permission under section 13.01.
person, includes a certified RPA operator.
practical competency component: see paragraph 2.02 (1) (b) of this MOS.
practical competency standards means the standards and requirements for the practical competency component of a RePL training course.
Note See also section 2.02 of this MOS.
RAIM means receiver autonomous integrity monitoring, which is a technology developed to assess the integrity of GPS signals.
remote pilot means the holder of a remote pilot licence. However, in Schedule 5 a reference (however expressed) to a remote pilot demonstrating a behaviour is taken to be a reference to an applicant for a RePL.
Note See also the definition of RePL holder.
remote pilot in command, for an RPA operation, means the pilot designated by an RPA operator, in accordance with the operator’s documented practices and procedures, as being in command of the RPA operation and charged with the safe conduct of the operation.
remote pilot licence has the same meaning as in Division 101.F.3 of CASR.
remote pilot log: see section 10.06 of this MOS.
remote pilot station means the place from which an RPA is operated by a RePL holder.
ReOC means remotely piloted aircraft operator’s certificate issued by CASA.
RePL means remote pilot licence.
RePL holder means the holder of a remote pilot licence.
RePL training course is the expression used in this MOS to denote an RPL training course as defined in the CASR Dictionary.
Note RPL training course means “training in the operation of RPA for the grant of a remote pilot licence that is conducted: (a) by a person who is certified under regulation 101.335 and whose operations include conducting training; and (b) in accordance with any standards or requirements prescribed by the Part 101 Manual of Standards”. The intention behind use of the RePL abbreviation is to avoid confusion with a recreational pilot licence which is also abbreviated elsewhere to “RPL”.
RePL training course instructor: see section 2.30 of this MOS.
RePL training organisation means a person certified as an RPA operator under regulation 101.335 of CASR whose operations include the conduct of a RePL training course.
RePL training organisation’s procedures means a RePL training organisation’s documented practices and procedures for paragraph 101.335 (1) (d) of CASR.
RePL training unit means a unit of aeronautical knowledge or a unit of practical competency for a RePL training course:
(a) prescribed in Schedules 2 and 3 of this MOS, for the purposes of the definition of RPL training course in Part 1 of the CASR Dictionary; and
(b) contained in Schedules 4 and 5 respectively.
RePL training unit content, for a RePL training unit, means the content for the RePL training unit:
(a) mentioned in column 2 of an item in an Appendix of Schedules 2 and 3; and
(b) described for the corresponding unit in Schedules 4 and 5, respectively.
RPA means a remotely piloted aircraft, other than a balloon or a kite, which may be identified by the following:
(a) category (for example, the aeroplane category);
(b) type, as defined in regulation 101.022;
(c) complexity (for example, automated, manual, liquid-fuel system).
RPA operator means a person who is certified as an RPA operator in accordance with regulation 101.335 of CASR.
Note Most provisions of this MOS are expressed to apply to RPA operators. However, some provisions are expressed to apply more broadly to a person. Reference to a person includes a certified RPA operator, unless the contrary intention appears.
RPAS means remote pilot aircraft system and has the same meaning as in the CASR Dictionary.
Note RPAS means a set of configurable elements consisting of a remotely piloted aircraft, its associated remote pilot station (or stations), the required command and control links and any other system elements that may be required at any point during the operation of the aircraft.
RPAS operational log: see section 10.05 of this MOS.
RPAS operational release: see section 10.04 of this MOS.
RPAS technical log: see section 10.07 of this MOS.
RPIC means remote pilot in command.
Note Pilot in command is defined in the CASR Dictionary as the pilot designated by the operator of an aircraft as being in command and charged with the safe conduct of the flight.
RPL training course: see RePL training course.
runway has the same meaning as in the Part 139 Manual of Standards.
runway strip has the same meaning as in the Part 139 Manual of Standards.
runway threshold has the same meaning as in the Part 139 Manual of Standards.
significant change, for a certified RPA operator, means:
(a) a change to any of the following:
(i) the operator’s nominated personnel;
(ii) the formal reporting lines for any managerial or operational position that reports directly to any of the nominated personnel;
(iii) the qualifications and experience which the operator requires the nominated personnel to have;
(iv) the responsibilities assigned by the operator to the nominated personnel;
(v) the operator’s process for making changes to the documented practices and procedures;
(vi) the managerial or operational positions within the operator’s organisation;
(vii) the types of RPA being operated by the operator; and
(b) a change to any of the following that does not maintain or improve, or is not likely to maintain or improve, aviation safety:
(i) the documented practices and procedures for the conduct of RPA operations;
(ii) the training or checking conducted by the operator;
(iii) the documented practices and procedures for managing operational risk;
(iv) the documented practices and procedures for managing the risk of fatigue in the operator’s personnel;
(v) the documented practices and procedures for managing RPA maintenance; and
(c) any change in relation to the operator that will likely result in the reissue of the operator’s ReOC.
Note For example only, a change to the type or category of RPA listed on the operator’s ReOC, or a change to the kind of operations to be conducted (for example, to include RePL training), will require the ReOC to be reissued.
student has the same meaning as applicant.
test flight, for an RPA or model aircraft, means a flight of the aircraft solely to test all or any of the following to determine that they or it is in working order and in a condition for safe operation:
(a) the aircraft;
(b) the aircraft system;
(c) any equipment associated with the aircraft or the aircraft system.
tethered operation means use of an RPA in circumstances in which an RPA is flown while securely attached to a lead that:
(a) is no longer than 150 ft, unless a provision of this MOS provides for a longer lead; and
(b) makes it impossible for the RPA to escape and fly away during normal, abnormal or emergency operations.
theory component of a RePL training course means the aeronautical knowledge component of the course.
Note See also subsection 2.02 (1) of this MOS.
threshold, for a runway, means the beginning of that portion of the runway usable for landing.
Note This definition also applies to a runway that is a grass landing strip, whether or not the threshold is marked with markers.
threshold centrepoint, for a runway, means the point on the threshold of the runway at which the centreline of the runway intersects (or would intersect if there were a centreline) the threshold.
type, for an RPA, means an RPA of a type mentioned in an item in the Table in regulation 101.022, and that is of a particular category, size and complexity, where:
(a) category refers to whether the RPA is in the aeroplane category, the helicopter (multirotor class) category, the helicopter (single rotor class) category or the powered-lift category; and
(b) size refers to whether the RPA is of a particular size (for example, medium, large); and
(c) complexity refers to whether the RPA:
(i) is generally operated in automated mode, or manual mode, or has a liquid‑fuel system; and
(ii) is of a particular design and make, including of a design and make that:
(A)stems from a common basic design; and
(B)is essentially similar in different models.
unacceptable modification, for an aircraft, means a modification to the aircraft that, as compared with the aircraft when it was first registered under Division 47.C.2 of CASR, or first granted a permission under section 13.01 (as the case may be):
(a)changes the category of the aircraft; or
Note The categories for an RPA and model aircraft are as follows: aeroplane; helicopter (single rotor), helicopter (multi-rotor); powered lift and airship.
(b)changes upwards the classification of the aircraft; or
(c)increases the gross weight on take-off of the aircraft by more than 20%; or
(d)does not contain parts and components from the permit version that are critical to the flight of the aircraft; or
(e) fails to retain any of the following for the aircraft:
(i) the manufacturer’s serial number;
(ii) if there is no manufacturer’s serial number — the CASA serial number allocated in substitution for a manufacturer’s serial number when the aircraft was registered;
(iii) any electronic identification of the aircraft.
unit code, for a RePL training unit, means the unit code mentioned:
(a) in an item of Schedule 2 or Schedule 3 for the RePL training unit; and
(b) in the corresponding Appendix in Schedule 4 or 5.
VLOS means visual line of sight.
Note See also the definitions in section 5.04 for Chapter 5.
(3) The following requirements apply for a certified RPA operator’s documented practices and procedures:
(a) the RPA operator must provide documented practices and procedures, as required by a provision of this MOS, for the use and guidance of the operator’s remote pilots and other operations personnel (including trainees) (the operations personnel);
(b) the documented practices and procedures must contain such information, procedures and instructions with respect to the flight operations of all types of RPA operated by the RPA operator as are required or necessary under this MOS to ensure the safe conduct of the RPA operations;
(c) the documented practices and procedures must be amended from time to time, where necessary, as the result of changes in the operator’s operations, aircraft or equipment, or in the light of experience;
Note See also the definition of documented practices and procedures. An operator’s initial documented practices and procedures must be approved by CASA. Thereafter, only significant changes to the documented practices and procedures must be approved by CASA. See subparagraphs (b) (i), (iii), (iv) and (v) of the definition of significant change.
(d) a copy of the documented practices and procedures must:
(i) be given to the operator’s remote pilots; and
(ii) be given to each member of the operations personnel, as the RPA operator considers necessary; and
(iii) be given to CASA; and
(iv) be accessible for use by all operations personnel of the RPA operator who have not been given a copy;
(e) a copy of any approved amendments to the documented practices and procedures must be forwarded, or made accessible (as the case requires), to the persons mentioned in paragraph (d);
(f) the documented practices and procedures must contain a statement that the RPA operator requires each remote pilot and each member of the operations personnel to comply with the documented practices and procedures insofar as they relate to their duties or activities for the RPA operator.
(4) Under this MOS, a helicopter must be in 1 of the following categories:
(a) helicopter (single rotor class) category;
(b) helicopter (multirotor class) category.
1.05 References to documents
(1) In this MOS, unless the contrary intention appears, a reference to a document that is applied, adopted or incorporated (however described) is a reference to the document as it exists from time to time.
(2) In this MOS, a reference to any legislative instrument is a reference to the instrument as in force from time to time.
1.06 Abbreviations
(1) In this MOS, unless a contrary intention appears, an acronym or abbreviation mentioned in Schedule 1 has the meaning given to it by Schedule 1.
(2) Unless a contrary intention appears, if an acronym or abbreviation used in this MOS is not given a meaning under Schedule 1, the acronym or abbreviation has the meaning that is given to it by:
(a) the Civil Aviation Act 1988 or the regulations; or
(b) if paragraph (a) does not apply — the prevalent usage, custom and practice of the unmanned aviation industry.
(3) To avoid doubt, in this MOS, neither a unit code nor an examination code is an acronym or abbreviation within the meaning of this section.
1.07 Tables, Figures and Notes
In this instrument:
(a) if a numbered Figure in the form of a drawing, diagram or similar representation is expressed as illustrating matters, it is guidance that is to be taken into account in interpreting the provision which refers to the Figure; and
(b) if a numbered Figure in the form of a drawing, diagram or similar representation is expressed as showing matters, it is to be read with, and may supplement, the information in the provision which refers to the Figure; and
(c) a Note provides information and does not contain standards unless the contrary intention is expressed in a provision for the Note.
Note Figures and Tables (other than those in Schedules) are not numbered sequentially. For ease of reference, they are numbered by reference to the section or subsection which first refers to the Figure or Table.
1.08 Table of Contents
The Table of Contents for this MOS:
(a) is not part of this MOS; and
(b) is for guidance only; and
(c) may be modified or edited in any published version of this MOS.
CHAPTER 2 RePL TRAINING COURSE
Division 2.1 General
2.01 Purpose
For paragraph (b) of the definition of RPL training course in the CASR Dictionary, this Chapter prescribes the standards and requirements for the conduct of training in the operation of RPA for the grant of a RePL.
Note 1 An RPL training course may only be conducted by a person who is certified under regulation 101.335 of CASR and whose operations include conducting training.
Note 2 The requirement to hold a RePL authorising a person to operate an RPA does not apply in relation to the operation of an excluded RPA: see subregulation 101.252 (1) of CASR.
2.02 Application
(1) The standards and requirements prescribed by this Chapter apply, in accordance with this Chapter, to:
(a) the theory component of a RePL training course, as mentioned in subparagraph 101.295 (2) (a) (iii) of CASR (the aeronautical knowledge component); and
(b) the component of a RePL training course for the manual or automated operation of a category of RPA that an applicant for a RePL proposes to operate, as mentioned in subparagraph 101.295 (2) (b) (i) of CASR (the practical competency component).
Note The more commonly used expressions aeronautical knowledge component and practical competency component are used in this MOS as provided for in subsection 2.02 (1).
(2) Training which does not comply with the standards and requirements prescribed by this Chapter is not training that is a RePL training course.
Note Generally speaking, eligibility for the grant of a RePL is dependent on: (1) passing the theory component of a RePL training course (that is, meeting the aeronautical knowledge standards): see subparagraph 101.295 (2) (a) (iii) of CASR; and (2) completing a RePL training course in the manual or automated operation of a category of RPA that the applicant proposes to operate (that is, satisfying the practical competency standards): see subparagraph 101.295 (2) (b) (i).
2.02A Transitional provisions for pre-18 October 2023 RePL training courses
(1) The amendments made to this MOS by Schedule 2 of the Part 101 Manual of Standards (Miscellaneous Revisions) Amendment Instrument 2023 (No. 1) (the Schedule 2 amendments) do not apply to a RePL training organisation for or in relation to a student who:
(a) commenced, but did not complete, a RePL training course with the organisation before 18 October 2023 (a relevant RePL training course); and
(b) completed the course on or after 18 October 2023 but before 4 February 2024.
Note The MOS as in force immediately before 18 October 2023, that is, before the Schedule 2 amendments commenced on that date, is, therefore, the applicable version of the MOS for this circumstance.
(2) Subject to subsection (3), for a student mentioned in subsection (1) who fails to complete the relevant RePL training course before 4 February 2024, the Schedule 2 amendments apply to the RePL training organisation for or in relation to the student on and from 4 February 2024.
(3) CASA may, in writing, approve a RePL training organisation’s bridging course to facilitate, for a student who failed to complete the relevant RePL training course before 4 February 2024, the student’s transition to and completion of the RePL training course that is in accordance with the Schedule 2 amendments.
(4) A student’s successful completion of a bridging course is deemed to be successful completion of the RePL training course.
(5) This section is repealed at the end of 3 March 2024.
CHAPTER 2 RePL TRAINING COURSE
Division 2.2 Aeronautical knowledge and practical competency standards
2.03 General English language proficiency standards under Part 61
(1) Without affecting any other provision of this Chapter, subject to subsection (4), a RePL training course may include, as part of the practical competency component, training and assessment in general English language proficiency in accordance with this section.
Note An applicant for a RePL must have general English language proficiency. A RePL training course may specifically include general English language proficiency training in accordance with subsections (2) and (3) of this section. Otherwise, RePL applicants must obtain their general English language proficiency by virtue of holding, or having held, a flight crew licence issued by CASA.
(2) The general English language proficiency standards and evidence for the training are as set out in Section 1: English Language Proficiency, GEL — General English language proficiency, in Schedule 2 of the Part 61 MOS, which is hereby incorporated into this MOS.
Note All of the requirements under GEL — General English language proficiency must be met. See the Table of Contents at the front of Schedule 2 of the Part 61 MOS to find unit code GEL.
(3) Despite subclause 5.1.1 of Section 1 of Schedule 2 of the Part 61 MOS, the assessment mentioned in subclause 5.1.1 must be made by an examiner.
(4) For this Chapter, an applicant is deemed to have been trained, and assessed as competent, in the practical competency component requirement for general English language proficiency mentioned in Appendix 1, Practical competency standards — Common units, in Schedule 3 of this MOS if the applicant:
(a) satisfies the standards and assessment of a RePL training course in accordance with subsections (2) and (3); or
(b) holds, or has held, a flight crew licence issued by CASA; or
(c) holds, or has held, a flight crew qualification granted by the ADF that CASA is satisfied is equivalent to a flight crew licence; or
(d) holds an overseas flight crew licence that:
(i) CASA is satisfied is equivalent to a flight crew licence; and
(ii) states that the applicant meets ICAO level 4, 5 or 6 aviation English language proficiency standards; or
(e) both:
(i) holds an overseas flight crew licence that CASA is satisfied is equivalent to a flight crew licence; and
(ii) has a current aviation English language proficiency assessment.
2.04 Aeronautical radio
Note CASA is developing guidance material for RePL training organisations which will include guidance on aerial radio operator certificates (AROCs) and General English Language Proficiency (GELP).
2.05 Aeronautical knowledge standards
(1) The aeronautical knowledge component of a RePL training course for a particular category of RPA must include training and assessment in the units of aeronautical knowledge from Schedule 4 that are prescribed in subsection (4) for the category.
Note Subsections (2) and (3) are directions to use Schedule 2 to find the applicable units of knowledge in Schedule 4.
(2) For a Table with the heading “Aeronautical knowledge standards” in an Appendix of Schedule 2, each unit of knowledge mentioned in a cell in column 2 of the Table (the unit of knowledge) has the unit code mentioned in the corresponding cell in column 1 (the unit code).
(3) The unit coded document containing the requirements of a unit of knowledge is the document in an Appendix of Schedule 4 which has the same unit code.
(4) A RePL training course for a category of RPA must require an applicant for an initial RePL to complete all of the matters, in all of the items, of the following units of knowledge:
(a) for any RPA category — the units in Appendix 1 of Schedule 4, Common units;
Note An initial RePL is one granted to a person who has not previously held any RePL. The Common units are not required when the RePL training course is for a RePL upgrade provided for in section 2.20, 2.21, 2.22, 2.23, 2.24 or 2.25.
(b) for an RPA that is in the aeroplane category — the units in Appendix 2 of Schedule 4;
(c) for an RPA that is in the helicopter (multirotor class) category — the units in Appendix 3 of Schedule 4;
(d) for an RPA that is in the helicopter (single rotor class) category — the units in Appendix 4 of Schedule 4;
(e) for an RPA that is in the powered-lift category — the units in Appendix 5 of Schedule 4;
(f) for any RPA in any RPA category, whether operated under a manual or an automated flight management system — unit 8 in Appendix 1A of Schedule 4;
(g) for any medium or large RPA in any RPA category, with a liquid-fuel system — the units in Appendix 6 of Schedule 4.
(5) To avoid any doubt, the requirements under the following:
(a) paragraph (4) (a);
(b) paragraphs (4) (f) and (g);
are in addition to any requirements expressed in paragraphs (4) (b) to (4) (e), as the case requires.
2.06 Practical competency standards
(1) The practical competency component of a RePL training course for a category of RPA (including with a liquid-fuel system or otherwise) must be for 1 of the following:
(a) the automated operation mode — for an applicant for a RePL for automated operation mode only;
(b) both the automated operation mode and the manual mode — for an applicant for a RePL for the manual operation mode.
(2) Without affecting anything else in this section, the practical competency component of a RePL training course for a particular medium or large RPA for which the applicant seeks the RePL must be conducted and assessed with respect to the particular medium or large RPA only.
(3) The practical competency component of a RePL training course for a particular category of RPA must include training and assessment in the units of practical competency from Schedule 5 that are prescribed in subsection (6) for the category.
Note Subsections (4) and (5) explain how to use Schedule 3 to find the applicable units of knowledge in Schedule 5.
(4) For a Table with the heading “Practical competency standards” in an Appendix of Schedule 3, each unit of competency mentioned in a cell in column 2 of the Table (the unit of practical competency) has the unit code mentioned in the corresponding cell in column 1 (the unit code).
(5) The unit coded document containing the requirements of a unit of practical competency is the document in an Appendix of Schedule 5 which has the same unit code.
(6) A RePL training course for a category of RPA must require an applicant for an initial RePL to complete the following units of practical competency:
(a) for any RPA category — the units in Appendix 1 of Schedule 5, Common units;
Note An initial RePL is one granted to a person who has not previously held any RePL. The Common units are not required when the RePL training course is for a RePL upgrade provided for in section 2.21, 2.22, 2.23, 2.24 or 2.25.
(b) for an RPA that is in the aeroplane category — the units in Appendix 2 of Schedule 5;
(c) for an RPA that is in the helicopter (multirotor class) category — the units in Appendix 3 of Schedule 5;
(d) for an RPA that is in the helicopter (single rotor class) category — the units in Appendix 4 of Schedule 5;
(e) for an RPA that is in the powered-lift category — the units in Appendix 5 of Schedule 5;
(f) for any medium or large RPA in any RPA category, with a liquid-fuel system — all of the units in Appendix 6 of Schedule 5.
(7) For an item mentioned in a Table of an Appendix of Schedule 5 (the practical competency units), the training and assessment of the subject matter mentioned in column 2 of the item must be within the tolerances mentioned in column 3 of the item, and across the range of variables mentioned in column 4 of the item.
(8) To avoid any doubt, the requirements under the following:
(a) paragraph (6) (a);
(b) paragraph (6) (f);
are in addition to any requirement expressed in paragraphs (6) (b) to (e), as the case requires.
2.06A Alternative practical competency standards for advancing technology in medium and large RPA only
(1) Despite section 2.06, a practical training course for a particular medium RPA or large RPA may be comprised of some or all of the following (the relevant practical competency units and standards):
(a) part only of the units of practical competency that would, but for this subsection, be required under subsection 2.06 (6) to be completed for the RPA;
(b) all or part of another set of units of practical competency, being units that would, but for this subsection, otherwise not be required to be completed;
(c) alternative practical competency standards, behaviours, and flight test standards, including where appropriate, tolerances and variables, approved by CASA that are specifically devised and applicable in relation to a medium RPA, or a large RPA, that has particular characteristics.
(2) However, subsection (1) does not apply unless, for the relevant practical competency units and standards, CASA approves that their completion:
(a) is necessary for establishing the competency of a person to hold a RePL for the RPA because unique, unusual, or other characteristics in the system design or other features of the RPA (the innovative RPA system design) make completion of the units of practical competency otherwise prescribed for the RPA under subsection 2.06 (6) impossible, impracticable or unreasonable to meet; and
Note For example, if a feature of the RPA otherwise required an applicant to repeat training previously successfully completed for an initial RePL, CASA may, subject to considerations of aviation safety, consider that such repetition would be unreasonable.
(b) will enable the person to achieve an acceptable level of competency for the operation of the RPA; and
(c) will not have any adverse effects on aviation safety.
(3) CASA may grant an approval under subsection (2):
(a) on written application by an approved RePL training organisation that:
(i) conducts a RePL training course; and
(ii) provides CASA with a detailed safety case; or
Note A safety case should include a description of the unique, unusual, or other characteristics in the system design or other features of the RPA which make completion of the units of practical competency otherwise prescribed for the RPA under subsection 2.06 (6) impossible or impracticable to meet. It should also describe any alternative practical competency standards, flight test standards , tolerances, or variables that the training organisation considers would substitute or compensate for the practical competency standards, flight test standards, tolerances, or variables prescribed in the MOS that cannot be met.
(b) on CASA’s own initiative.
Note For these CASA approvals, see Division 2.04A.
CHAPTER 2 RePL TRAINING COURSE
Division 2.3 Examinations — RePL training course theory component
2.07 Aeronautical knowledge examinations for a RePL training course
This Division is for subparagraph 101.295 (2) (a) (iii) of CASR and the definition of RPL training course in the CASR Dictionary, in relation to the issue of an initial RePL.
2.08 Aeronautical knowledge examinations for a RePL training course
(1) To pass the theory component of a RePL training course (the aeronautical knowledge component), an applicant must pass an examination (the aeronautical knowledge examination, or the examination).
(2) The examination must be a closed-book examination except for any documents concerning the RPAS:
(a) authored by CASA and published on its website; or
(b) authored by AA and published on its website.
Note The examination is one in which the candidate must not use any RePL training course document or material, separate from the examination text, to assist in answering examination questions. However, official, online CASA and AA documents may be used.
2.09 Examination pass mark, examiner and resits
(1) The pass mark for the examination is 85%.
(2) The examination must be assessed by:
(a) a RePL training instructor; or
(b) the chief remote pilot for the RePL training organisation.
(3) If an applicant does not pass the examination at the first attempt, or at a second attempt, or at a third attempt, the applicant must not make a fourth attempt to pass the examination unless:
(a) the applicant has repeated the aeronautical knowledge component of the RPL training course; and
(b) at least 14 days have elapsed since the third attempt.
2.10 Examination questions
(1) The examination must be a set of multiple-choice questions covering all of the aeronautical knowledge units in Schedule 4 that are for the relevant category of RPA, including for automated flight management systems and liquid-fuel systems if required (the relevant units), for which the applicant is applying for a RePL (the relevant RePL).
(1A) If the number of correctly answered questions that would be exactly 85% of the total number set would otherwise involve a decimal point, the number must be rounded upwards or downwards to the nearest whole number, as the case requires, to achieve 85% for the purposes of this MOS.
Note For example: to achieve a pass mark of 85%, the applicant must have at least 69 correct answers for an examination of 81 questions; at least 73 correct answers for an examination of 85 questions; at least 77 correct answers for an examination of 90 questions (despite the fact that 85% of 90 is 76.5) and so on.
(2) The examination questions must be compiled as follows, based on the items in the relevant units for the relevant RePL:
(a) for each Priority A item in the relevant units for the relevant RePL — there must be at least 2 questions;
(b) for each Priority B item in the relevant units for the relevant RePL — there must be at least 1 question;
(c) for every 2 Priority C items in the relevant units — there must be at least 1 question.
(3) The number of examination questions must be such as to ensure that the requirements of subsections (1) and (2) are met.
Note Depending on the relevant RePL sought a sufficient number of questions have to be formulated to ensure that the requirements of subsections (1) and (2) are met.
2.11 Examination duration
The examination must be a continuous examination that is to be completed within the period that is the sum of 15 minutes and the number of the set of questions as if that number were also minutes.
2.12 Examination question sets
(1) The examination must be 1 of at least 4 unique sets of questions used by the RePL training organisation and, subject to subsection (5), approved in writing by CASA.
(2) For subsection (1), each unique set of questions must:
(a) be comprised of multiple-choice questions in accordance with section 2.10; and
(b) be such that, while the same topics may be the subject of questions in some or all of the sets, no questions may appear in a set:
(i) in exactly the same form or presentation as in any other set; or
(ii) as requiring exactly the same answer, from exactly the same range of choices, as in any other set.
(3) Each set of the 4 unique sets of questions must have a unique identification code number.
(4) Examinations, each comprising one of the unique sets of questions, must be randomly rotated:
(a) for each RePL training course; and
(b) for each examination which an applicant is resitting.
(5) Despite subsection (1), a RePL training organisation may, without CASA approval, modify not more than 10% of the total number of multiple-choice questions in any unique set in any 12-month period, to make the questions more effective for the examination.
(6) CASA may, in writing, direct a RePL training organisation to modify any question, including a question modified by the organisation under subsection (5).
2.13 Examination results
Not later than 1 week after an examination, the RePL training organisation must inform each applicant in writing of their examination mark and whether or not they have passed the examination.
2.15 Examination security
(1) To deliver a RePL training course, a RePL training organisation must comply with this section.
(2) The RePL training organisation must ensure that the 4 unique sets of questions for examinations, and each examination question within a set:
(a) is subject to secure handling and custody procedures set out in the organisation’s documented practices and procedures (examination security procedures); and
(b) before and after an examination commences — is not disclosed to:
(i) any applicant sitting the examination; or
(ii) any person who has not undertaken in writing to comply with the examination security procedures; and
(c) immediately after the examination — cannot be physically retained or electronically recorded by the applicant; and
(d) subject to subsection (3), at all times after the examination — cannot be obtained by any person who has not undertaken in writing to comply with the examination security procedures.
(3) Paragraph (2) (d) does not apply in respect of a request for a copy of the examination or any question, made in writing by CASA.
(4) The RePL training organisation must ensure that each examination is conducted in accordance with subsection (5).
(5) For subsection (4), the conduct of the examination must:
(a) comply with the procedures set out in the organisation’s documented practices and procedures for the conduct of examinations (conduct of examination procedures); and
(b) prevent a student who is taking the examination from:
(i) using any means to answer a question that is not:
(A) in accordance with section 2.08; or
(B) approved in the conduct of examination procedures; or
Note See subsection 2.08 (2): apart from documents concerning the RPAS authored by CASA or AA and published on their website, the examination is not an open-book examination.
(ii) being coached or prompted by any person during the examination.
2.16 Post-examination knowledge deficiency reports (KDRs)
(1) This section applies if a candidate for an aeronautical knowledge examination passes the examination, but with a score of less than 100%.
Note The pass mark is 85%: see subsection 2.09 (1).
(2) The RePL training organisation must, as soon as practicable:
(a) inform the candidate of the items of the aeronautical knowledge units with respect to which the candidate answered examination questions incorrectly (the knowledge deficiency), with a view to the candidate remedying the knowledge deficiency; and
(b) prepare a written report (the knowledge deficiency report or KDR) confirming the knowledge deficiency; and
(c) give a copy of the KDR to the candidate.
Note The actual questions must not be provided to the candidate — see paragraph 2.15 (2) (b).
(3) Knowledge deficiency is remedied only if, after an oral examination:
(a) the student has satisfied either the RePL training course instructor or the chief remote pilot (the examiner) that the knowledge that was the subject of the KDR has been remedied; and
(b) this satisfaction has been recorded in writing by the examiner.
Note A person will not be issued with a RePL unless and until the knowledge deficiency is remedied: see section 2.29.
2.17 Documented practices and procedures for examinations, KDRs etc.
The RePL training organisation must set out in its documented practices and procedures, the procedures, including timeframes where relevant, to be followed to ensure compliance with this Division.
CHAPTER 2 RePL TRAINING COURSE
Division 2.4 Practical competencies — completion of RePL training course for manual or automated operation component
2.18 Assessment of practical competencies for a RePL training course
(1) This Division is for subparagraph 101.295 (2) (b) (i) of CASR and the definition of RPL training course in the CASR Dictionary, in relation to the issue of an initial RePL.
(2) Subject to sections 2.18A and 2.19AB, to complete the RePL training course component for the operation of a category of RPA (the practical competencies), the applicant must be assessed as competent in each of the units in Schedule 5 (the relevant practical competency units) that is:
(a) for the relevant RPA category (including with or without a liquid-fuel system, as the case requires); and
(b) conducted:
(i) for the automated operation mode; or
(ii) for both the automated operation mode and the manual mode;
as the case requires for the RePL that the applicant is applying for (the relevant RePL).
(3) To be assessed as competent, the applicant must:
(a) demonstrate to a RePL training instructor all of the behaviours mentioned in each item of the relevant practical competency unit; and
(b) satisfy the RePL training instructor that each of the behaviours referred to in paragraph (a) has been demonstrated within the relevant tolerances, and across the range of variables, (if any), mentioned for the item; and
(c) having satisfied the requirements of paragraphs (a) and (b), pass a RePL training course flight test in the relevant RPA, conducted in accordance with the RePL training organisation’s documented practices and procedures by an examiner.
(4) Subject to subsection (5), for subsection (3), a behaviour must be demonstrated:
(a) for the relevant RPA category and the relevant RePL; and
(b) across as many of the range of variables as the operating conditions reasonably permit.
(5) If a variable was not selected for demonstration because operating conditions made it impossible in practice to demonstrate the variable, the RePL training instructor must:
(a) require the applicant to provide:
(i) a satisfactory computerised simulation of the flight characteristics of the RPA under the variable, using a computerised simulation system that meets the standards and requirements set out in the operator’s documented practices and procedures; or
(ii) a detailed oral explanation of the variable, accompanied by indicative manual use of the RPA’s functional elements, or a description of such use; and
(b) certify in writing to the RePL training organisation, in accordance with the organisation’s documented practices and procedures, that:
(i) operating conditions made it impossible in practice to demonstrate the variable; and
(ii) for reasons stated in the certification, it would be unreasonable to require that the variable be demonstrated on another occasion.
(6) For paragraph (3) (b), a behaviour demonstrated outside a relevant tolerance may be considered to have been demonstrated within the tolerance if the RePL training instructor:
(a) is satisfied that:
(i) the only reason for failure to demonstrate the behaviour is the unavoidable impact of the relevant operating conditions; and
(ii) in the circumstances, the behaviour that was demonstrated was not so far outside the tolerance as to indicate a lack of competence in the relevant operating conditions; and
(b) certifies to the RePL training organisation, in accordance with the organisation’s documented practices and procedures, that paragraph (a) was the case.
(7) The training course flight test for the relevant RPA mentioned in paragraph (3) (c) must be in accordance with the flight test standards in Schedule 6.
2.18A Assessment of alternative practical competency standards for advancing technology in medium and large RPA
(1) Despite section 2.18, to complete the RePL training course component for the operation of an RPA to which section 2.06A applies, the applicant must be assessed as competent in the relevant practical competency units and standards.
(2) The assessment must be as follows:
(a) for the relevant RPA category (including with or without a liquid-fuel system, as the case requires);
(b) conducted:
(i) for the automated operation mode; or
(ii) for both the automated operation mode and the manual mode;
as the case requires for the RePL that the applicant is applying for (the relevant RePL).
(3) To be assessed as competent, the applicant must:
(a) demonstrate to a RePL training instructor all of the behaviours for the relevant practical competency units and standards, unless CASA approves in writing that the innovative RPA system design makes demonstration for a particular item impossible, impracticable or unreasonable; and
(b) satisfy the RePL training instructor that each of the behaviours referred to in paragraph (a) has been demonstrated within the relevant tolerances, and across the range of variables (if any), mentioned for the item, unless CASA approves in writing that the innovative RPA system design makes demonstration for a particular tolerance or variable impossible or impracticable; and
Note For example, if a feature of the RPA otherwise required an applicant to repeat training previously successfully completed for an initial RePL, CASA may, subject to considerations of aviation safety, consider that such repetition would be unreasonable.
(c) having satisfied the requirements of paragraphs (a) and (b), pass a RePL training course flight test in the relevant RPA, conducted, in accordance with the documented practices and procedures of the RePL training organisation, by an examiner.
(4) For subsection (3), a behaviour must be demonstrated:
(a) for the relevant RPA category and the relevant RePL; and
(b) across as many of the range of variables as the operating conditions and innovative RPA system design reasonably permit.
(5) If a variable was not selected for demonstration because operating conditions made it impossible in practice to demonstrate the variable, the RePL training instructor must:
(a) require the applicant to provide:
(i) a satisfactory computerised simulation of the flight characteristics of the RPA under the variable, using a computerised simulation system that meets the standards and requirements set out in the operator’s documented practices and procedures; or
(ii) a detailed oral explanation of the variable, accompanied by indicative manual use of the RPA’s functional elements, or a description of such use; and
(b) certify in writing to the RePL training organisation, in accordance with the organisation’s documented practices and procedures, that:
(i) operating conditions made it impossible in practice to demonstrate the variable; and
(ii) for reasons stated in the certification, it would be unreasonable to require that the variable be demonstrated on another occasion.
(6) For paragraph (3) (b), a behaviour demonstrated outside a relevant tolerance may be considered to have been demonstrated within the tolerance if the RePL training instructor:
(a) is satisfied that:
(i) the only reason for failure to demonstrate the behaviour is the unavoidable impact of the relevant operating conditions; and
(ii) in the circumstances, the behaviour that was demonstrated was not so far outside the tolerance as to indicate a lack of competence in the relevant operating conditions; and
(b) certifies to the RePL training organisation, in accordance with the organisation’s documented practices and procedures, that paragraph (a) was the case.
(7) The training course flight test for the relevant RPA mentioned in paragraph (3) (c) must be in accordance with some or all of the relevant flight test standards in Schedule 6 as CASA approves in writing, and any other relevant standards that CASA specifically approves for a medium RPA, or a large RPA, that has particular characteristics.
CHAPTER 2 RePL TRAINING COURSE
Division 2.4A Approvals for alternative practical competency standards and assessments — innovative RPA system designs for medium and large RPA
2.18B Approvals for innovative RPA system designs for medium and large RPA
(1) A CASA approval under subsection 2.06A (2) (including subsection 2.06A (2) as applied by section 2.19AB) must be in writing, and must identify the relevant practical competency units and standards that must be completed.
(2) An approval under paragraph 2.18A (3) (a) or (b) (including paragraph 2.18A (3) (a) or (b) as applied by section 2.19AB) must identify (as the case requires):
(a) each item of the relevant practical competency units that it is impossible or impracticable to demonstrate; and
(b) each tolerance or variable that it is impossible or impractical to demonstrate.
(3) An approval under subsection 2.18A (7) must identify any relevant flight test standards that it is impossible or impracticable to meet.
(4) An approval mentioned in this section may be expressed to apply in relation to a RePL training organisation, in respect of a particular RePL applicant, or a class of such applicants, for the medium RPA or large RPA for the operation of which the relevant applicant proposes to seek a RePL.
(5) Each approval mentioned in this section that is for a particular RePL training organisation, must:
(a) be contained in a single instrument for the organisation; and
(b) may only be granted if CASA considers that it will preserve an acceptable level of aviation safety.
Note A CASA decision to grant or refuse to grant an approval is subject to judicial review under the Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act 1977. A decision to refuse to grant an approval is subject to merits review by the Administrative Appeals Tribunal under section 31 of the Civil Aviation Act 1988.
CHAPTER 2 RePL TRAINING COURSE
Division 2.5 RePL training course to upgrade a RePL
2.19AA Aeronautical knowledge examinations and assessment of practical competencies for a RePL training course to upgrade a RePL
This Division is for subparagraphs 101.295 (2) (a) (iii) and 101.295 (2) (b) (i) of CASR and the definition of RPL training course in the CASR Dictionary, in relation to the issue of an upgraded RePL.
2.19AB Approvals for upgrades for medium and large RPA with innovative RPA system designs
(1) Despite sections 2.22, 2.23, 2.24 and 2.25, section 2.06A applies, with appropriate changes, to a practical training course for an upgrade to a particular medium RPA or large RPA, in accordance with subsection (2).
(2) In paragraphs 2.06A (1) (a) and (2) (a), for the mention of “subsection 2.06 (6)”, read “Division 2.5”.
(3) Despite section 2.18, section 2.18A applies, with appropriate changes, to a practical training course for an upgrade to a particular medium RPA or large RPA in accordance with subsection (4).
(4) In subsection 2.18A (1), for each mention of “section 2.06A”, read “section 2.22, 2.23, 2.24 or 2.25, as affected by the application of section 2.06A,”.
Note The expression “with appropriate changes” is used as a plain English translation for the application of the legal interpretation concept embodied in the former legal phrase “mutatis mutandis”.
2.19 Meaning of relevant RPA
(1) In a section of this Chapter, reference to a relevant RPA means the particular type of RPA for which the applicant seeks an upgraded RePL.
(2) Without affecting anything else in this Division, for a particular type of medium or large RPA for which the applicant seeks the upgraded RePL, the following:
(a) the practical competency component of a RePL training course;
(b) the training course flight test;
must be for the particular type of medium or large RPA only.
2.20 RePL training course — upgrade a RePL for a small RPA whose gross weight is less than 7 kg to include another small RPA of the same category whose gross weight is 7 kg or more
(1) This section prescribes the standards and requirements for a RePL training course for the holder of a RePL:
(a) in a category of small RPA whose gross weight is less than 7 kg; and
(b) who applies to be a RePL holder for another small RPA in the same category whose gross weight is 7 kg or more(the relevant RPA).
Note There are no additional aeronautical knowledge requirements.
(2) If the holder is applying for the first time to be a RePL holder for an RPA with a liquid-fuel system, the relevant practical components of the RePL training course must require the applicant to complete training in, and demonstrate the practical competencies required for, the relevant RPA with a liquid-fuel system under Schedule 5.
(3) Without affecting subsection (2), the practical competency components of the RePL training course must require the applicant to pass the training course flight test for the relevant RPA, conducted by an examiner in accordance with the relevant flight test standards in Schedule 6.
2.21 RePL training course — upgrade a RePL for a small RPA to include a different category of small RPA
(1) This section prescribes the standards and requirements for a RePL training course for the holder of a RePL in a category of small RPA who applies to be a RePL holder for a different category of small RPA (the relevant RPA).
Note CASA will issue a RePL with a condition that limits operations in a new category to RPA with a gross weight of less than 7 kg unless the practical component of the RePL training course is completed on an RPA in the relevant category that has a gross weight of more than 7 kg.
(2) Subject to subsection (3), the aeronautical knowledge component of the RePL training course must require the applicant to complete training, and pass an examination, in all of the units of knowledge that are required for the relevant RPA under Schedule 4, except the Common units.
(3) An applicant who holds 1 of the following:
(a) a flight crew licence;
(b) an overseas flight crew licence, or a flight crew qualification granted by the ADF, that CASA is satisfied is equivalent to a flight crew licence;
that is for a category of manned aircraft that is similar to the category of the relevant RPA, is taken to satisfy the aeronautical knowledge component of the training mentioned in subsection (2).
(4) For subsection (2), the examination must comply with the requirements set out in the operator’s documented practices and procedures dealing with the following for the examination:
(a) the content, including the variation and security of relevant questions;
(b) the pass mark, including procedures for knowledge deficiency reporting and re‑examination;
(c) notifications and certifications for applicants, and record keeping.
Note Examinations may be oral or written but must be supported by appropriate records in accordance with the operator’s documented practices and procedures.
(5) The practical competency component of the RePL training course must require the applicant to complete training, and be assessed as competent, in all of the units of practical competency that are required for the relevant RPA under Schedule 5 (including in the manual mode of operation if the case so requires), except the Common units.
(a)the limitations of the licence;
(b)normal, abnormal and emergency flight procedures;
(c)operating limitations;
(d)weight and balance limitations;
(e)aircraft performance data, including take-off and landing performance data;
(f)flight planning and risk assessment;
(g)applicability of drug and alcohol regulations;
(h)in-flight data;
(i)emergency equipment;
(j)energy planning for the flight;
(k)managing payload and bystanders;
(l)energy (fuel, battery charge) management;
(m)RPAS functions and features, including the meaning of any audible or visual indications.
3 Practical flight standards
| Item | Unit code | Unit of competency | Item/manoeuvre | Accuracy/tolerance |
| 1 | RC1 | Pre- and post-flight actions and procedures | 1 Complete a JSA for a theoretical operation, relevant to the type of operations that the candidate will undertake when licensed, in accordance with an operational scenario provided by the examiner. | 1 The JSA addresses the safety of the operation; identifies safety risks arising from the operation; and has formulated risk mitigation measures for the operation, including a risk management plan. |
| 2 The following: (a) assembly and preparation of the aircraft and ground station for flight, referring to the operator’s procedures manual as required; (b) disassembly and post-flight procedures. | 2 The following: (a) familiar with equipment and manuals to successfully assemble and disassemble the system; (b) all pre- and post‑flight procedures completed correctly; (c) dexterity with equipment/ | |||
| 2 | RC2 | Energy management | 1 Electric-powered RPA (a) identifies the amount of energy required and available for each flight stage, including reserves; (b) changes batteries within reserve limits (as required); (c) ensures RPS power within limits. | 1 The following: (a) the calculated RPA operation endurance is within +/- 10%; (b) sufficient reserves are available to cover variations and contingencies; (c) the RPA operated within manufacturer’s or operator’s voltage and current limits. |
| 2 Very small or small RPA with liquid-fuel system (a) identifies the amount of energy available for each flight stage, including reserves; (b) confirms correct amount of fuel is on aircraft; (c) fuels and refuels as required; (d) carries out fuel quality and contamination checks; (e) ensures RPS power within limits. | 2 The following: (a) the calculated RPA operation endurance is within +/- 10%; (b) sufficient reserves are available to cover variations and contingencies; (c) safe fuelling and refuelling procedures; (d) identifies correct fuel grade. | |||
| 3 | RC3 | Manage crew, payload and bystanders | (a) communicates effectively with simulated crew and bystanders; (b) ensures payloads are correctly attached and suitable for the RPA (as applicable). | [No tolerances.] |
| 4 | RAF | Autoflight systems for the RPAS | (a) performs examiner-selected items/ (b) programs the RPAS to complete an amendment to the planned flight; (c) safely manages the RPA in an emergency situation. | (a) demonstrates good understanding of automated flight modes; (b) programs flight and amendment to plan in a timely way; (c) flies the RPA accurately in manoeuvres, including landings and hovers. |
| 5 | RNT | Non-technical skills for the RPAS | (a) maintains effective lookout for other aircraft and hazards; (b) maintains situational awareness; (c) sets priorities and makes good decisions. | (a) identifies and effectively manages hazards associated with the flight of the RPA; (b) chooses safest option when confronted with hazardous situation. |
| 6 | RH1 | Control on ground | (a) start engines/motors and ready aircraft for lift-off; (b) lift-off to height of 2 m, hover for 10 seconds, land. | (a) controlled ascent and descent with minimal drift throughout exercise; (b) stable hover. |
| 7 | RH2 | Launch, hover and landing | Without GPS hold (a) lift-off to height of 2 m and establish stable hover; (b) fly straight out for 10 m (over cone); (c) re-establish hover, return tail first; (d) re-establish hover and land on lift-off spot; (e) repeat above with “GPS hold” on. | (a) controlled ascent and descent with minimal drift (including height) throughout; (b) stable hover; (c) straight line out and back; (d) land accurately in take-off spot. |
| 8 | RH3 | Normal operations | 1 The following: (a) lift-off to height of 5 m and turn aircraft 90 degrees left or right, turn opposite direction 180 degrees, turn back 90 degrees; (b) land at lift-off spot; (c) conduct a cross- or tail-wind landing. | 1 The following: (a) controlled ascent and descent with minimal drift (including height) throughout exercise; (b) stable hover; (c) accurate landing at lift-off position; (d) the aircraft lands accurately. |
| 2 The following: (a) lift-off to height of 5 m and turn aircraft 90 degrees left or right, turn opposite direction 180 degrees, turn back 90 degrees; (b) land at lift-off spot. | 2 The following: (a) controlled ascent and descent with minimal drift (including height) throughout exercise; (b) stable hover; (c) accurate landing at lift-off position. | |||
| 9 | RH4 | Advanced manoeuvres | 1 Figure of 8 (a) lift-off to height of 5 m, establish stable hover, turn left or right 90 degrees, fly 10 m at a constant height and without stopping, turn outward 180 degrees and fly back past pilot for a further 10 m and without stopping, turn outward 180 degrees again and then fly back to starting point; (b) turn outwards (tail towards pilot), hover and land. | 1 The following: (a) turns should be accurate and over nominated points [Cones should be placed at the 180 degree turn points.]; (b) smooth flying with even, balanced turns; (c) airspeed should be consistent from when the RPA departs the first hover until entering the final hover; (d) accurate landing at nominated spot. |
| 2 Vertical rectangle (a) lift-off to height of 2 m and hover; (b) complete a vertical nose out 10 m wide rectangle climbing to 10 m high. Note First movement is sideways left or right. Pilot should be at the middle of the 10-m side, and sides (vertical axis) should be above marker cones. | 2 The following: (a) smooth flying with even and controlled ascent and descent rates; (b) no drift (especially forward and back); (c) accurately positions aircraft. | |||
| 3 Simulate a typical complex task the applicant will be performing when qualified, using all available control method/s and radio procedures where applicable. [Assume full crew/team available, and assume examiner is an informed participant requiring briefing if applicable.] | 3 The following: (a) maintains safe distance from object of inspection/ photography; (b) other relevant tolerances at examiner’s discretion; (c) conducts suitable team briefing, including intent of operation, emergency plans, any other specific relevant tasking for team members. | |||
| 10 | RH5 | Abnormal situations and emergencies | 1 From normal flight, at a position approximately 50 m away from the pilot, fly the RPA back to the take-off position and land, keeping 5 m from the remote pilot while in full manual mode (that is, no stabilisation or GPS). | 1 Applicant manoeuvres and lands the RPA safely without GPS or other stabilisation. |
| 2 The following: (a) simulated emer-gency, including activation of fail-safe functions/ (b) safe termination of flight in other degraded modes of operation at examiner’s discretion.` | 2 Applicant demonstrates an understanding of failure modes and terminates flight safely. |
Schedule 6 Flight Test Standards
Remote pilot licence — (RePL)
Appendix 4 Powered-lift category flight test
1. Flight test requirements
1.1 An applicant for a remote pilot licence in the powered-lift category must demonstrate their competency as follows: for each unit of competency mentioned in column 3 of an item of the Table in clause 3, the applicant must perform each Item/manoeuvre mentioned in column 4 of the item, subject to the applicable accuracy and tolerance mentioned in column 5 of the item.
Note Item numbers appear in column 1; unit codes for each unit of competency appear in column 2.
1.2 For subclause 1.1, a sustained deviation outside the applicable flight tolerance is not permitted.
1.3 For Unit code RP1 in the Table in clause 3, if sufficient cross-wind conditions do not exist at the time of the flight test then, the element may be excluded from the flight test provided the flight test examiner (the examiner) is satisfied that the applicant’s training records indicate that relevant competency has been achieved during training.
1.4 Manoeuvres may be completed in automated operation mode if:
(a)there is no option for manual flight; or
(b)the applicant chooses to qualify with an “automated only” restriction on their RePL.
1.5 A non-vertical landing manoeuvre, otherwise required under Unit code RP5 in clause 3 to demonstrate the RPA landing, is not required if such a landing is likely to cause damage to the aircraft, provided that a successful go-around is conducted instead from a position where a non-vertical landing, if made, would otherwise be assured.
Knowledge requirements
The applicant may be required by the examiner to demonstrate their knowledge of the following with respect to the operation of an RPA in the powered-lift category:
(a)the limitations of the licence;
(b)normal, abnormal and emergency flight procedures;
(c)operating limitations;
(d)weight and balance limitations;
(e)aircraft performance data, including take-off and landing performance data;
(f)flight planning and risk assessment;
(g)applicability of drug and alcohol regulations;
(h)in-flight data requirements (for example, GPS height);
(i)emergency equipment;
(j)energy planning for the flight;
(k)managing payload and bystanders;
(l)battery management;
(m)RPAS functions and features, including the meaning of any audible or visual indications.
Practical flight standards
| Item | Unit code | Unit of competency | Item/manoeuvre | Accuracy/tolerance |
| 1 | RC1 | Pre- and post-flight actions and procedures | 1 Complete a JSA for a theoretical operation, relevant to the type of operation that the candidate will undertake when licensed, in accordance with an operational scenario provided by the examiner. | 1 The JSA addresses the safety of the operation; identifies safety risks arising from the operation; and has formulated risk mitigation measures for the operation, including a risk management plan. |
| 2 The following: (a) assembly and preparation of the aircraft and ground station for flight, referring to the operator’s procedures manual as required; (b) disassembly and post-flight procedures. | 2 The following: (a) familiar with equipment and manuals to successfully assemble and disassemble the system; (b) all pre- and post-flight procedures completed correctly; (c) dexterity with equipment/ | |||
| 2 | RC2 | Energy management | 1 Electric-powered RPA (a) identifies the amount of energy required and available for each flight stage, including reserves; (b) changes batteries within reserve limits; (c) ensures RPS power within limits; (d) ensures RPS power within limits. | 1 The following: (a) the calculated RPA operation endurance is within +/- 10%; (b) sufficient reserves are available to cover variations and contingencies; (c) the RPA operated within manufacturer’s or operator’s voltage and current limits. |
| 2 Very small or small RPA with liquid-fuel system (a) identifies the amount of energy available for each flight stage, including reserves; (b) confirms correct amount of fuel is on aircraft; (c) fuels and refuels as required; (d) ensures RPS power within limits; (e) carries out fuel quality and contamination checks. | 2 The following: (a) the calculated RPA operation endurance is within +/- 10%; (b) sufficient reserves are available to cover variations and contingencies; (c) safe fuelling and refuelling procedures; (d) identifies correct fuel grade. | |||
| 3 | RC3 | Manage crew, payload and bystanders | (a) communicates effectively with simulated crew and bystanders; (b) ensures payloads are correctly attached and suitable for the RPA (as applicable). | [No tolerances.] |
| 4 | RAF | Autoflight systems for the RPAS | (a) performs examiner-selected items/ (b) programs the RPAS to complete an amendment to the planned flight; (c) safely manages the RPA in an emergency situation. | (a) demonstrates good understanding of automated flight modes; (b) programs flight and amendment to plan in a timely way; (c) flies the RPA accurately in manoeuvres, including aeroplane-style landings and hovers. |
| 5 | RNT | Non-technical skills for the RPAS | (a) maintains effective lookout for other aircraft and hazards; (b) maintains situational awareness; (c) sets priorities and makes good decisions. | (a) identifies and effectively manages hazards associated with the flight of the RPA; (b) chooses safest option when confronted with hazardous situation. |
| 6 | RP1 | Control on ground, launch, hover and landing | 1 The following: (a) start engines/ (b) lift-off to height of 2 m, hover for 10 seconds, land; (c) conduct a cross- or tail-wind landing. | 1 The following: (a) controlled ascent and descent with minimal drift throughout exercise; (b) stable hover; (c) the aircraft lands accurately. |
| 2 Without GPS hold (a) lift-off to height of 2 m and establish stable hover; (b) fly straight out for 10 m (over cone); (c) re-establish hover, return tail first; (d) re-establish hover and land on lift-off spot; (e) repeat above with “GPS hold” on. | 2 The following: (a) controlled ascent and descent with minimal drift (including height) throughout; (b) stable hover; (c) straight line out and back; (d) land accurately in take-off spot. | |||
| 7 | RP2 | Transition to and from vertical flight | 1 Manual transitional flight (if relevant to the type of RPA) (a) accurately and safely transition the RPA from vertical flight to horizontal flight; (b) accurately and safely transition the RPA from horizontal flight to vertical flight. | 1 The following: (a) the RPA remains at a safe distance from people and obstacles during all manoeuvres; (b) airspeeds maintained within manufacturer’s limits for the transitions where applicable. |
| 2 Automated transitional flight Demonstrate automated transitions to and from vertical flight. | 2 The following: (a) the RPA remains at a safe distance from people and obstacles during all manoeuvres; (b) airspeeds maintained within manufacturer’s limits for the transitions where applicable. | |||
| 8 | RP3 | Climb, cruise & descent | 1 Climb the aircraft at best rate or angle climb speed, level off, fly horizontal to a distance of 300 m, fly back towards starting point and descend to nominated height. | 1 The following: (a) maintains correct airspeeds and tracks accurately; (b) accurately orientates the aircraft at a distance for return flight. |
| 2 Complete standard turns both left and right. | 2 The following: (a) turns should be straight and level with minimal variation in height; (b) turns should be of an equal radius, independent of wind direction. | |||
| 3 Complete steep turns in different directions. | 3 The following: (a) turns should be straight and level with minimal variation in height; (b) turns should be of a constant radius, independent of wind direction. | |||
| 9 | RP4 | Advanced manoeuvres | 1 Inward and outward figure of 8 Fly at nominated height away from pilot and turn left or right 90 degrees, then fly 30 m at a constant height and turn left or right 180 degrees, and fly back past pilot for a further 30 m, then turn in the opposite direction and fly back to centre point opposite pilot and repeat. | 1 The following: (a) accurate altitude control; (b) equal circle size and crossover point directly in front of pilot. |
| 2 Demonstrate the use of all available flight modes. | 2 The following: Familiar with all modes and demonstrates competent ability to use them. | |||
| 3 Simulate a typical complex task the applicant will be performing when qualified, using appropriate control method/s and radio procedures, where applicable. [Assume full crew/team availability and that the examiner is an informed participant requiring briefing if applicable.] | 3 The following: (a) maintains safe distance from obstacles; (b) other relevant tolerances at examiner’s discretion; (c) conducts suitable team briefing, including intent of operation, emergency plans, any other specific relevant tasking for team members. | |||
| 10 | RP5 | Manage abnormal situations at altitude and near the ground | 1 Demonstrate/ simulate the use of all available fail-safe equipment and modes. | 1 The following: (a) familiar with fail-safe features and how to use them effectively in flight; (b) ensures safe outcome from abnormal/ |
| 2 Recover from aerodynamic stall in different configurations. | 2 The following: (a) correct recovery technique used; (b) returns to safe level flight. | |||
| 3 The following: (a) recover the RPA from abnormal transition to horizontal and vertical flight manually; (b) recover the RPA from abnormal transition to horizontal and vertical flight in automated mode. | 3 The following: (a) implements recovery plan in a timely way; (b) demonstrates dexterity in controlling the aircraft; (c) where available, initiates and completes recovery action through fail-safe procedures. | |||
| 4 Glide approach/ The manoeuvre must: (a) simulate zero power landing by bringing throttle to idle on command; (b) land/recover the aircraft without using engine/motor power from circuit height at a position over the landing area. | 4 The following: (a) uses elevators to maintain slight nose-down attitude; (b) manoeuvres the aircraft to a suitable position to land in the landing/ (c) maintains safe control of the aircraft; (d) completes pre-landing/recovery checks; (e) lands safely and without damage to the aircraft. |
Schedule 6 Flight Test Standards
Remote pilot licence — (RePL)
Appendix 5 RePL upgrades
Liquid-fuel system flight test
Flight test requirements
1.1An applicant for a RePL with liquid-fuel system privileges must demonstrate all of the competencies in the units of competency mentioned in clause 3, by operating an RPA in the category the applicant wishes to operate.
1.2For subclause 1.1, an examiner must pass the applicant only if the applicant demonstrates accurately, correctly and in a timely way, the practical competencies and responds to any knowledge questions to the examiner’s satisfaction.
1.3The flight test for liquid-fuel systems may be combined into a flight test for a RePL in any category of RPA.
Knowledge requirements
The applicant may be required to demonstrate their knowledge to the examiner of the privileges and limitations of the endorsement and of the following topics:
(a)the components of a liquid-fuel system fitted to the RPA;
(b)the way the type of liquid-fuel system fitted to the flight test RPA works;
(c)the operation of systems associated with the type of liquid-fuel system fitted to the flight test RPA;
(d)the differences between 2 and 4-stroke piston engines (where applicable);
(e)the effect of increasing altitude and temperature on engine performance;
(f)mixture leaning procedures and effects (where applicable);
(g)abnormal and emergency procedures (for example, partial or complete loss of power);
(h)the effects and limitations of turbo- and super-charging of piston engines (where applicable);
(i)the effects of fuel burn on weight and balance;
(j)general engine handling applicable to the type of liquid-fuel system fitted to the flight test RPA.
Practical flight standards
The applicant is required to demonstrate the following actions or procedures:
(a)conducts all relevant fuel checks before flight;
(b)confirms required amount of fuel is on board to complete the flight safely with a reasonable reserve;
(c)manages engine handling, temperatures and oil pressures while on ground and in flight;
(d)manages fuel competently while in flight;
(e)adjusts mixture in flight to achieve stated fuel burn rates or optimal engine performance;
(f)refuels aircraft safely and does relevant post-fuelling checks;
(g)completes flight technical log accurately;
(h)takes timely, appropriate action to remedy actual or simulated engine problems;
(i)competently, and within a reasonable time, makes required fuel calculations to complete an amendment to the original planned flight.
Note 1 to Part 101 (Unmanned Aircraft and Rockets) Manual of Standards 2019
The Part 101 (Unmanned Aircraft and Rockets) Manual of Standards 2019 (MOS) (in force under the Civil Aviation Safety Regulations 1998) as shown in this compilation comprises Part 101 Manual of Standards amended as indicated in the Tables below.
Table of Manual of Standards and Amendments
| Year and | Date of registration on FRLI | Date of | Application, saving or |
| Part 101 MOS | 9 April 2019 (see F2019L00593) | 9 April 2019 (see s.1.02) Chapters 1 and 5, Division 9.2 of Chapter 9, Divisions 10.1 and 10.4 of Chapter 10, and Chapter 11 take effect on commencement (see s.1.03). Chapters 2 (except Division 2.7), 4, 9 (except Division 9.2) and 10 (except Divisions 10.1 and 10. 4) take effect 12 months after commencement (see s.1.03). Chapter 2, Division 2.7, takes effect 18 months after commencement (see s.1.03). | — |
| Part 101 MOS (Miscellaneous Amdts) Instrument 2019 (No. 1) | 20 December 2019 (see F2019L01686) | 20 December 2019 (see s. 2) | — |
| Part 101 MOS (Exten-sions of Time Due to COVID-19) Amdt Instrument 2020 (No. 1) | 3 April 2020 (see F2020L00394) | 3 April 2020 (see s. 2) | — |
| Part 101 Manual of Standards (Miscel-laneous Amendments) Instrument 2020 (No. 1) | 29 September 2020 (see F2020L01249) | 30 September 2020 (see s. 2) | — |
| Part 101 Manual of Standards (Miscellaneous Revisions) Amendment Instrument 2022 (No. 1) | 31 March 2022 (see F2022L00448) | 1 April 2022 (see s. 2) | — |
| Part 101 Manual of Standards (Modified Licensing Standards for Advancing RPA Technology, and Other Matters) Amendment Instrument 2022 (No. 1) | 26 May 2022 (see F2022L00718) | 27 May 2022 (see s. 2) | — |
| Part 101 Manual of Standards (Miscellaneous Revisions) Amendment Instrument 2023 (No. 1) | 18 April 2023 (see F2023L00446) | 19 April 2023 (see s. 2) | — |
| Part 101 Manual of Standards (Miscellaneous Revisions) Amendment Instrument 2023 (No. 2) | 6 July 2023 (see F2023L00986) | 7 July 2023 (see s. 2) | — |
Table of Amendments ad. = added or inserted am. = amended rep. = repealed rs. = repealed and substituted | |
| Provision affected | How affected |
| s. 1.03 | rs. F2020L00394 am. F2020L01249, F2022L00448, F2023L00446 |
| s. 1.04 | am. F2019L01686, F2020L01249, F2022L00448, F2023L00446, F2023L00986 |
| s. 1.06 | am. F2022L00718 |
| s. 2.02A | ad. F2020L01249 rs. F2023L00446 |
| s. 2.04 | rs. F2022L00448 |
| s. 2.05 | am. F2019L01686, F2022L00718, F2023L00446 |
| s. 2.06 | am. F2019L01686, F2022L00448, F2022L00718, F2023L00446 |
| s. 2.06A | ad. F2022L00718 am. F2023L00446, F2023L00986 |
| s. 2.07 | am. F2019L01686 |
| s. 2.09 | am. F2023L00446 |
| s. 2.10 | am. F2019L01686, F2023L00446 |
| s. 2.12 | am. F2023L00446 |
| s. 2.13 | rs. F2023L00446 |
| s. 2.14 | rep. F2023L00446 |
| s. 2.15 | am. F2019L01686 |
| s. 2.17 | am. F2019L01686 |
| s. 2.18 | am. F2019L01686 |
| s. 2.18A | ad. F2022L00718 am. F2023L00446, F2023L00986 |
| s. 2.18B | ad. F2022L00718 |
| s. 2.19AA | ad. F2019L01686 |
| s. 2.19AB | ad. F2022L00718 |
| s. 2.20 | am. F2019L01686, F2023L00446, F2023L00986 |
| s. 2.21 | am. F2019L01686, F2022L00718, F2023L00446 |
| s. 2.22 | am. F2022L00718, F2023L00446 |
| s. 2.23 | am. F2019L01686, F2022L00718, F2023L00446 |
| s. 2.24 | am. F2022L00718, F2023L00446 |
| s. 2.25 | am. F2019L01686, F2022L00718, F2023L00446 |
| s. 2.26 | am. F2023L00446 |
| s. 2.27 | am. F2023L00446 |
| s. 2.30 | am. F2019L01686, F2023L00446 |
| s. 2.30A | ad. F2023L00446 |
| s. 2.31 | am. F2022L00718, F2023L00446 |
| s. 4.01 | am. F2022L00448 |
| s. 4.02 | rs. F2019L01686 am. F2022L00448 |
| s. 4.03 | rs. F2019L01686 |
| s. 4.04 | am. F2022L00448 |
| s. 4.05 | rs. F2022L00448 |
| s. 5.01 | rs. F2019L01686 |
| s. 5.02 | rs. F2019L01686 |
| s. 5.04 | am. F2023L00446 |
| s. 5.06 | am. F2019L01686, F2023L00446 |
| s. 5.07 | am. F2023L00446 |
| s. 5.10 | rs. F2023L00446 |
| s. 5.11 | am. F2022L00448 rs. F2023L00446 |
| s. 5.14 | am. F2023L00446 |
| s. 5.15 | am. F2019L01686 |
| s. 5.17 | am. F2023L00446 |
| s. 9.01 | am. F2022L00448, F2023L00446 |
| s. 9.02 | am. F2022L00448, F2023L00446 |
| s. 9.03A | ad. F2023L00446 |
| s. 9.03 | am. F2019L01686, F2023L00446 rs. F2023L00446 |
| s. 9.04 | am. F2023L00446 |
| s. 9.05 | am. F2022L00448 |
| s. 9.06 | rs. F2022L00448 am. F2022L00718, F2023L00446 |
| Division 9.2 heading | rs. F2023L00446 |
| s. 9.07 | rep. F2023L00446 |
| s. 9.08 | rep. F2023L00446 |
| s. 9.09 | rep. F2023L00446 |
| Chapter 10, heading | rs. F2022L00448 |
| s. 10.01 | am. F2023L00446 |
| s. 10.03 | rs. F2023L00446 |
| s.10.03A | ad. F2023L00446 |
| s. 10.04 | am. F2023L00446 |
| s. 10.05 | am. F2023L00446 |
| s. 10.06 | am. F2023L00446 |
| s. 10.07 | am. F2019L01686, F2023L00446 |
| s. 10.11 | am. F2023L00446 |
| s. 10.12 | am. F2019L01686, F2023L00446 |
| s. 10.13 | am F2020L01249 |
| s. 10.14 | rs. F2020L01249 |
| s. 10.15 | rs. F2020L01249 |
| s. 10.16 | rep. F2020L01249 |
| s. 10.17 | am. F2023L00446 |
| s. 10.18 | ad. F2022L00448 rep. F2023L00986 |
| s. 10A.01 | ad. F2023L00446 |
| s. 10A.02 | ad. F2023L00446 |
| s. 10A.03 | ad. F2023L00446 |
| Division 11.1, heading | am. F2023L00986 |
| s. 11.01 | rs. F2019L01686 rep. F2020L01249 ad. F2022L00448 rs. F2023L00986 |
| s. 11.02 | rs. F2019L01686 rep. F2020L01249 ad. F2022L00448 am. F2023L00986 |
| s. 11.03 (first occurring) | ad. F2022L00448 rs. F2023L00986 |
| s. 11.03 (second occurring) renumbered s. 11.04 | ad. F2022L00448 F2022L00718 |
| Chapter 12, heading | am. F2023L00986 |
| s. 12.01 | ad. F2020L01249 am. F2023L00986 |
| Chapter 13, heading | am. F2023L00986 |
| s. 13.01 | ad. F2020L01249 am. F2023L00986 |
| s. 13.02 | ad. F2020L01249 am. F2023L00986 |
| s. 13.03 | ad. F2020L01249 am. F2023L00986 |
| Chapter 14, heading | am. F2023L00986 |
| s. 14.01 | ad. F2020L01249 am. F2023L00986 |
| s. 15.01 | ad. F2020L01249 |
| s. 15.02 | ad. F2020L01249 |
| s. 15.03 | ad. F2020L01249 |
| s. 15.04 | ad. F2020L01249 |
| s. 15.05 | ad. F2020L01249 am. F2023L00446 |
| Schedule 1 | am. F2023L00446 |
| Schedule 4, Appendix 1 | am. F2019L01686, F2022L00448 |
| Schedule 4, Appendix 1 (second occurring) renumbered Appendix 1A | am. F2023L00446 |
| Schedule 4, Appendix 5 | am. F2019L01686 |
| Schedule 5, Appendix 1 | am. F2023L00446 |
| Schedule 5, Appendix 2 | am. F2022L00448, F2023L00446 |
| Schedule 5, Appendix 3 | am. F2022L00448, F2023L00446 |
| Schedule 5, Appendix 4 | am. F2022L00448, F2023L00446 |
| Schedule 5, Appendix 5 | am. F2022L00448, F2023L00446 |
| Schedule 6, Appendix 1 | am. F2019L01686, F2022L00448, F2023L00446 |
| Schedule 6, Appendix 2 | am. F2019L01686, F2022L00448, F2023L00446 |
| Schedule 6, Appendix 3 | am. F2019L01686, F2022L00448, F2023L00446 |
| Schedule 6, Appendix 4 | am. F2019L01686, F2022L00448, F2023L00446 |
| Schedule 6, Appendix 5 | am. F2023L00446 |
Note 2 to Part 101 (Unmanned Aircraft and Rockets) Manual of Standards 2019
Schedule 2 Amendments
Note These amendments commence on 18 October 2023.
[1] Subsection 2.09 (2)
repeal and substitute
(2) The examination must be supervised and assessed by an examiner.
[2] Paragraphs 2.16 (3) (a) and (b), excluding the Note
repeal and substitute
(a) the student satisfies an examiner that the knowledge deficiency that was the subject of the relevant KDR has been remedied; and
(b) the examiner records their satisfaction in writing kept with the KDR.
[3] After subsection 2.26 (3)
insert
(3A) For subsections (1) and (2), contact time does not include time spent in revision or recapitulation of matters already dealt with in previous contact time.
Note All of the contact time mentioned in this section is to be used to progressively move forward through the aeronautical knowledge component of the training course. Time spent in revision or recapitulation of matters already dealt with in previous contact time is recommended, but it is not considered to be part of the 15 hours, or additional 4 hours, of prescribed contact time.
[4] Subsection 2.29 (1)
repeal and substitute
(1) An RPA training organisation must give each student who successfully completes a RePL training course, a certificate of course completion, signed and dated by the chief remote pilot of the organisation, stating the following:
(a) the name and ARN of the RPA training organisation and the name and ARN of the student;
(b) the name of the RePL training course, and the full names of the RePL training units that made up the course;
(c) the mode of operation used for the practical competency component of the RePL training course, being:
(i) the automated operation mode — for a course for an applicant for a RePL for automated operation mode only; or
(ii) both the automated operation mode and the manual mode — for a course for an applicant for a RePL for the manual operation mode.
(d) the date on which the RePL training course was completed by the student.
[5] Schedule 4, Appendix 1, Unit 6, after item 9
insert
10
Tethered operations
Operational considerations for when the RPA is tethered to the ground.
B
[6] Schedule 5, Appendix 3, Unit 27, item 2
repeal
As at 19 October 2023, these amendments have not been incorporated in this compilation.
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