Occupational Health and Safety Code of Practice 2008 (Cth)
Occupational Health and Safety Code of Practice 2008
I, The Hon Julia Gillard MP, Minister for Employment and Workplace Relations, approve the following Code of Practice under subsection 70(1) of the Occupational Health and Safety Act 1991.
Dated: 2 June 2008
[Signed]
The Hon Julia Gillard MP
Minister for Employment and Workplace Relations
Name of Code of Practice
This instrument is the Occupational Health and Safety Code of Practice 2008
Application
Pursuant to paragraph 70(4) (a) of the Occupational Health and Safety Act 1991, this Code of Practice is to apply generally.
Commencement
This Code of Practice commences the day after it is registered.
Revocation
This instrument revokes all current Approved Codes of Practice.
| Approved Codes of Practice for Revocation | ||||
| item | Notice/Registration No | Description | Gazette/Registration | |
| 1 | F2006L02336 | Approved Code of Practice for the Storage and Handling of Dangerous Goods. | 13/7/06 | |
| 2 | F2005L01441 | Approved Code of Practice for Noise. | 10/6/05 | |
| 3 | 1/2004 | Approved Code of Practice for Control of Work-related Exposure to Hepatitis and HIV viruses in the Australian Government Employment. | GN 34 25/8/04 | |
| 4 | 3/1999 | Approved Code of Practice for First Aid in the Commonwealth Workplaces. | GN 45 10/11/99 | |
| 5 | 2/1999 | Approved Code of Practice on the Control and Safe Use of Inorganic Lead in Commonwealth Employment. | S190 7/5/99 | |
| 6 | 1/1999 | Approved Code of Practice on the Control of Scheduled Carcinogenic Substances in Commonwealth Employment. | S190 7/5/99 | |
| 7 | 1/1995 | Approved Code of Practice on Confined Spaces. | GN49 13/12/95 | |
| 8 | 1/1995 | Approved Code of Practice on Limiting Occupational Exposure to Ionizing Radiation. | GN49 13/12/95 | |
| 9 | 1/1995 | Approved Code of Practice on the Control of Workplace Hazardous Substances. | GN49 13/12/95 | |
| 10 | 1/1994 | Approved Code of Practice on Occupational Health and Safety Competency Standards for the Operation of Loadshifting Equipment and Other Types of Specified Equipment | GN2 18/1/95 | |
| Approved Codes of Practice for Revocation | ||||
| Item | Notice/Registration | Description | Gazette/Registration | |
| 11 | 2/1994 | Approved Code of Practice on the Prevention of Occupational Overuse Syndrome. | GN1 11/1/95 | |
| 12 | 2/1993 | Approved Code of Practice on Workplace Injury and Disease Recording. | GN29 28/7/93 | |
| 13 | 2/1993 | Approved Code of Practice for the Safe Use of Ethylene Oxide in Sterilisation and Fumigation Processes. | GN29 28/7/93 | |
| 14 | 1/1993 | Approved Code of Practice on Protection of Workers from Ultraviolet Radiation in Sunlight. | GN3 27/1/93 | |
| 15 | 2/1992 | Approved Code of Practice on Indoor Air Quality. | GN37 16/9/92 | |
| 16 | 2/1992 | Approved Code of Practice for the Transport of Dangerous Goods | GN37 16/9/92 | |
| 17 | 2/1992 | Approved Code of Practice on Non Ionizing Radiation. | GN37 16/9/92 | |
| 18 | 2/1992 | Approved Code of Practice on Vibration. | GN37 16/9/92 | |
| 19 | 2/1992 | Approved Code of Practice on Safety in Laboratories. | GN37 16/9/92 | |
| 20 | 2/1992 | Approved Code of Practice on Interior Lighting. | GN 16/9/92 | |
| 21 | 2/1992 | Approved Code of practice for Visual Display Units | GN15 | |
| 22 | 1/1992 | Approved Code of Practice on Asbestos. | GN15 15/4/92 | |
| 23 | 1/1992 | Approved Code of Practice for the Safe Handling of Timber Preservatives and Treated Timber. | GN15 15/4/92 | |
| Approved Codes of Practice for Revocation | ||||
| Item | Notice/Registration Number | Description | Gazette/Registration | |
| 24 | 1/1992 | Approved Code of Practice on Vinyl Chloride. | GN15 15/4/92 | |
| 25 | 1/1992 | Approved Code of Practice for Synthetic Mineral Fibres. | GN15 15/4/92 | |
| 26 | 1/1992 | Approved Code of Practice for a Chemical Database for Emergency Services. | GN15 15/4/92 | |
| 27 | 1/1992 | Approved Code of Practice on Manual Handling. | GN 15/4/92 | |
FOREWORD
The Safety, Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission (SRCC) oversee the operation of the Occupational Health and Safety Act 1991 (the Act). The functions of the Commission include:
·develop occupational health and safety policies and strategies and ensure compliance with the Act
·advise the Minister for Employment and Workplace Relations on matters relating to the Act.
Comcare is a statutory body established by the Australian Government to lead and promote efforts to prevent and reduce the incidence of occupational injury and disease as well as promote safety by producing a healthy and safe work environment.
Comcare undertakes a number of functions on behalf of the Commission. Comcare’s activities include education, regulation, enforcement, research and the provision of relevant policy advice to both the Commission and persons covered by the Act.
Comcare developed this Code of Practice on behalf of the Commission.
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
THE COMMONWEALTH OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK
LEGAL STATUS AND APPLICATION OF THIS CODE OF PRACTICE
CODE TO BE READ IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE ACT AND REGULATIONS
CONSULTATION PROVISIONS
PART 1 – RISK MANAGEMENT
INTRODUCTION
PURPOSE
SCOPE
DEFINITIONS
RESPONSIBILITIES OF MANUFACTURERS, SUPPLIERS, ERECTORS AND INSTALLERS
RESPONSIBILITIES OF EMPLOYERS
Responsibility to consult
Identify hazards
Assess the risks
Implement risk control measures
Substitution controls
Isolation controls
Engineering controls
Administrative controls
Provide personal protective equipment (PPE)
Monitor and review the risk management program
Keep records
RESPONSIBILITIES OF EMPLOYEES
PART 2 – FIRST AID
INTRODUCTION
PURPOSE
SCOPE
DEFINITIONS
RESPONSIBILITIES OF EMPLOYERS
Identify vaccination needs
Identify workplace groups
Provide first aid kits
Determine locations for first aid kits
Supply contents for first aid kits
Determine the need for additional first aid equipment or supplies
Undertake maintenance and replenishment of first aid kits
Allocate first aid officers
Provide training for first aid officers
Provide and maintain first aid rooms where required
Develop and implement a first aid policy
Provide information to employees on first aid procedures
Retain records on first aid incidents
EMPLOYERS IN CONTROL OF HIGH–RISK WORK
Identify hazards in high–risk workplaces
Assess the risks
Provide additional first aid arrangements for high-risk work
RESPONSIBILITIES OF EMPLOYEES
PART 3 – NOISE
INTRODUCTION
PURPOSE
SCOPE
DEFINITIONS
RESPONSIBILITIES OF MANUFACTURERS, SUPPLIERS AND INSTALLERS
Design and construct plant with safe noise levels
RESPONSIBILITIES OF EMPLOYERS
Identify hazards
Assess the risks
Implement risk control measures
Use engineering controls
Use administrative controls
Develop a noise control policy and program of action
Provide audiometric testing
Provide training
Provide personal hearing protectors
RESPONSIBILITIES OF EMPLOYEES AND CONTRACTORS
Use personal hearing protection provided
Report defective noise control equipment
PART 4 – MANUAL TASKS
PART 5 – VIBRATION
INTRODUCTION
PURPOSE
SCOPE
DEFINITIONS
RESPONSIBILITIES OF MANUFACTURERS, SUPPLIERS, ERECTORS AND INSTALLERS OF PLANT AND EQUIPMENT
Prevent risks of vibration
Provide information
RESPONSIBILITIES OF EMPLOYERS IN CONTROL OF PLANT
Identify hazards
Assess the risks
Implement risk control measures
Establish limits for exposure to whole–body vibration
Establish limits for exposure to hand/arm vibration
Select and provide appropriate tools
Implement safe systems of work
Provide personal protective equipment (PPE)
Provide information, training and supervision
Monitor and review control measures
Keep Records
RESPONSIBILITIES OF EMPLOYEES
PART 6 – HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS AND HEPATITIS B & C
INTRODUCTION
PURPOSE
SCOPE
DEFINITIONS
RESPONSIBILITIES OF EMPLOYERS
Identify hazards
Assess the risks
Implement risk control measures
Eliminate the risk
Use engineering controls
Use administrative controls
Use personal protective equipment (PPE)
Implement standard precautions
Implement HBV vaccination protocol
Provide education and training
Develop safe work procedures
Implement procedures for storage, transport and disposal of clinical waste
Implement post-exposure procedures
Implement procedures for the provision of counselling
Implement guidelines for testing, monitoring and informed consent
Develop guidelines for notification and record keeping
Implement program of regular monitoring and evaluation
RESPONSIBILITIES OF EMPLOYEES
Comply with risk control measures
PART 7 – CONFINED SPACES
INTRODUCTION
PURPOSE
SCOPE
DEFINITIONS
RESPONSIBILITIES OF MANUFACTURERS AND IMPORTERS
Eliminate risks in the design
Ensure entry and exit is not affected
RESPONSIBILITIES OF EMPLOYERS
Identify hazards
Assess the risks
Generic risk assessments
Review of risk assessments
Implement risk control measures prior to entry
Ensure the confined space is isolated from any hazardous services
Withdrawing a confined space from use
Establish safety precautions
Prevent contamination
De-energise equipment and devices in a confined space
Establish cleaning and disposal procedures
Use of the purging process
Implement risk control measures when entering a confined space
Provide for effective ventilation in a confined space
Ensure safe atmospheric conditions are maintained
Conduct atmospheric testing and evaluation
Evacuate or monitor when there are flammable contaminants
Provide written approval for entry to a confined space
Provide a stand-by person
Develop effective communication
Use appropriate signs and barriers
Provide suitable safety equipment
Provide respiratory devices
Provide safety harnesses
Ensure safe use of electrical equipment
Establish emergency and rescue procedures
Provide education and training
Establish record keeping procedures for training and entry permits
RESPONSIBILITIES OF EMPLOYEES
PART 8 – INDOOR AIR QUALITY
INTRODUCTION
PURPOSE
SCOPE
DEFINITIONS
RESPONSIBILITIES OF MANUFACTURERS, SUPPLIERS AND ERECTORS/INSTALLERS
Ensure the air-handling system is designed and installed correctly
RESPONSIBILITIES OF EMPLOYERS WITH CONTROL OF THE AIR HANDLING SYSTEM
Identify hazards
Assess the risks
Implement risk control measures
Develop effective procedures for the operation, maintenance and testing of the air – handling system.
Conduct air-handling system quality tests
Establish accurate and up to date record procedures
RESPONSIBILITIES OF EMPLOYERS WITHOUT CONTROL OF THE AIR HANDLING SYSTEM
Establish tenancy agreements and procedures for the air handling system
Develop procedures within the agreement for maintenance and testing
Control air pollutants
Respond to air quality issues
RESPONSIBILITIES OF EMPLOYEES
PART 9 – SAFETY IN LABORATORIES
INTRODUCTION
PURPOSE
SCOPE
DEFINITIONS
RESPONSIBILITIES OF EMPLOYERS
Ensure appropriate design and construction
Identify hazards
Assess the risks
Implement risk control measures
Control chemical risks
Control biological risks
Control radiation risks
Control mechanical risks
Control electrical risks
Control risks associated with fumes
Provide Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Develop written safety procedures for the laboratory
Provide training
Implement appropriate emergency and rescue procedures
RESPONSIBILITIES OF EMPLOYEES
PART 10 – ASBESTOS IN SITU
PART 11 – STORAGE AND HANDLING OF DANGEROUS GOODS
INTRODUCTION
PURPOSE
SCOPE
DEFINITIONS
RESPONSIBILITIES OF MANUFACTURERS, IMPORTERS AND SUPPLIERS OF DANGEROUS GOODS
RESPONSIBILITIES OF EMPLOYERS
Design safe facilities
Identify hazards
Consider other hazard sources
Assess the risks
Implement risk control measures
Control hazards at the design stage
Control hazards in the workplace
Eliminate hazards
Eliminate the activity
Substitute or modify the hazards
Isolate the hazard
Use engineering methods to control the hazard
Use administrative controls
Provide Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Monitor and review controls
Specific risk control measures
Separate dangerous goods from people, protected places, and other property
Separate dangerous goods from incompatible substances
Keep dangerous goods stable
Protect structures and plant from impact
Protect containers for bulk dangerous goods from impact
Protect the environment
Ensure the integrity of containers
Contain spills of dangerous goods
Eliminate risks when transferring dangerous goods
Provide fire protection in the workplace
Develop and implement emergency procedures
Develop and implement emergency plans
Provide safety equipment to control risks
Provide emergency equipment for spills
Eliminate ignition sources in hazardous areas
Prevent static electricity
Control hazardous atmospheres
Use purging
Provide sufficient lighting for the workplace
Implement security measures
Dispose of plant, equipment and containers
Provide information
Provide information for health and safety procedures
Provide an MSDS
Ensure risk assessments are made available to employees
Provide information for plant and structures
Maintain a manifest register for emergency purposes
Maintain a register of information for dangerous goods.
Provide a diagram of the site plan
Review and revise risk assessments
NOTIFICATION OF STORAGE AND HANDLING OF DANGEROUS GOODS
Mark containers on receivable dangerous goods
Mark containers at the workplace
Provide placards for the workplace
Calculate the quantities of dangerous goods.
Use placards
Placard bulk dangerous goods
Provide placards to the perimeter or access points to the workplace
Locate placards correctly within the workplace
Ensure the accuracy of placards
Provide education, training and supervision
Consult with employees
Provide induction and training
Provide supervision
Ensure the safety of visitors
RESPONSIBILITIES OF AN EMPLOYER WHO BUILDS, OWNS OR OPERATES A PIPELINE
Notify dangerous goods transferred through pipelines
RESPONSIBILITIES OF EMPLOYEES
PART 12 – HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES
INTRODUCTION
PURPOSE
SCOPE
DEFINITIONS
RESPONSIBILITIES OF MANUFACTURERS AND SUPPLIERS
RESPONSIBILITIES OF EMPLOYERS
Identify hazards
Obtain MSDS and make available to employees
Ensure containers are labelled
Assess the risks
Implement risk control measures
Eliminate the hazard
Use substitution control measures
Use isolation control measures
Use engineering controls
Use administrative controls
Provide Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Control hazardous atmospheres
Maintain register of all hazardous substances used at the workplace
Record monitoring results
Notify Employees
Provide health surveillance
Provide biological monitoring
Provide instruction and training
Provide structured induction training programs
Maintain records and provide information
Inform persons about enclosed hazardous substances
Produce assessment report when required
Maintain health surveillance records
Provide information to emergency services
RESPONSIBILITIES OF EMPLOYEES
PART 13 – SYNTHETIC MINERAL FIBRES
INTRODUCTION
PURPOSE
SCOPE
DEFINITIONS
RESPONSIBILITIES OF MANUFACTURERS
RESPONSIBILITIES OF EMPLOYERS
Identify hazards
Assess the risks
Implement risk control measures
Provide facilities for personal hygiene
Control the removal of waste products
Control the removal of SMF products
Personal protective equipment (PPE)
RESPONSIBILITIES OF EMPLOYEES
PART 14 – VINYL CHLORIDE
INTRODUCTION
PURPOSE
SCOPE
DEFINITIONS
RESPONSIBILITIES OF EMPLOYERS
Identify hazards
Assess the risks
Implement risk control measures
Control work in confined spaces
Performing maintenance work
Provide personal protective equipment (PPE)
Establish a monitoring program
Provide education and training
Maintain records
RESPONSIBILITIES OF EMPLOYEES
PART 15 – CARCINOGENIC SUBSTANCES
INTRODUCTION
PURPOSE
SCOPE
DEFINITIONS
RESPONSIBILITIES OF EMPLOYERS
Identify scheduled carcinogenic substances
Assess the risks
Implement risk control measures
Control the risk
Health surveillance
Maintain records
Notify Comcare
Apply for exemption on use
RESPONSIBILITIES OF EMPLOYEES
PART 16 – TIMBER PRESERVATIVES
INTRODUCTION
PURPOSE
SCOPE
DEFINITIONS
RESPONSIBILITIES OF SUPPLIERS
RESPONSIBILITIES OF EMPLOYERS
Identify hazards
Assess the risks
Implement risk control measures
Implement safety procedures for timber preservatives
Provide personal protective equipment (PPE)
Implement procedures for safe storage of treated timber and timber treatment chemicals
Implement procedures for safe handling and carriage of treated timber
Implement emergency procedures
Ensure proper disposal
Provide education and training
RESPONSIBILITIES OF EMPLOYEES
PART 17 – INORGANIC LEAD
INTRODUCTION
PURPOSE
SCOPE
DEFINITIONS
RESPONSIBILITIES OF EMPLOYERS
Provision of information to new employees
Criteria for exclusion from a lead–risk job
Identify hazards
Assess the risks
Implement risk control measures
Ensure the containment of lead contamination
Ensure appropriate cleaning of the workplace
Implement safe work practices
Establish air monitoring and health surveillance procedures
Provide appropriate amenities for employees
Provide personal protective equipment (PPE)
Provide education and training
Maintain accurate records
RESPONSIBILITIES OF EMPLOYEES
PART 18 – ETHYLENE OXIDE
INTRODUCTION
PURPOSE
SCOPE
DEFINITIONS
RESPONSIBILITIES OF DESIGNERS, MANUFACTURERS AND INSTALLERS
Designers and Installers of chambers and cabinets
Designers and Installers of the Cylinder System
RESPONSIBILITIES OF EMPLOYERS
Identify hazards
Assess the risks
Implement risk control measures
Fumigation/Sterilisation
Establish safety procedures for chamber operation
Establish safe procedures for the Unit Dose Canister System operation
Control the access to work areas
Provide personal protective equipment (PPE)
Ensure safe storage of cylinders
Develop emergency procedures
Provide education and training
Maintain records of atmospheric and health monitoring
Establish a Maintenance Program
Develop a testing regime
RESPONSIBILITIES OF EMPLOYEES
PART 19 – ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION IN SUNLIGHT
INTRODUCTION
PURPOSE
SCOPE
DEFINITIONS
RESPONSIBILITIES OF EMPLOYERS
Identify hazards
Assess the risks
Implement risk control measures
Provide shade
Schedule work to reduce exposure
Move the job indoors or into a shaded area
Provide personal protective equipment (PPE)
Provide sunscreen
Provide information, training and supervision
Monitor and review effectiveness of control measures
RESPONSIBILITIES OF EMPLOYEES
PART 20 – OCCUPATIONAL DIVING
INTRODUCTION
PURPOSE
SCOPE
DEFINITIONS
RESPONSIBILITIES OF EMPLOYERS
Identify hazards
Assess the risks
Implement general risk control measures
Ensure medical fitness
Ensure technical qualifications
Implement specific risk control measures
Monitor and review control measures
Keep written records
DIVING SUPERVISOR RESPONSIBILITIES
Implement emergency plans
First aid and oxygen provision
Rescue of a diver procedures
Maintain a dive safety log
RESPONSIBILITIES OF EMPLOYEES
PART 21 – SPRAY PAINTING
INTRODUCTION
PURPOSE
SCOPE
DEFINITIONS
MANUFACTURERS OF BOOTHS
SUPPLIERS OF BOOTHS
RESPONSIBILITIES OF EMPLOYERS
Identify hazards
Assess the risks
Implement risk control measures
Use a Spray Booth
Maintaining a spray painting booth
Ensure that spray painting outside spray booths is safe
Ensure electrical safety
Ensure electrical safety when electrostatic spray painting is used
Provide Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Provide health surveillance
Provide education and training
Maintain records
RESPONSIBILITIES OF EMPLOYEES
PART 22 – ABRASIVE BLASTING
INTRODUCTION
PURPOSE
SCOPE
DEFINITIONS
RESPONSIBILITIES OF EMPLOYERS
Identify hazards
Assess the risks
Implement risk control measures
Select less hazardous abrasive medium
Adopt a less hazardous surface preparation method
Isolation of the abrasive blasting process
Use administrative controls
Provide personal protective equipment (PPE)
Provide air monitoring and health surveillance
Provide amenities
Provide education and training
Maintain records
Control measures for associated hazards and risks
PART 23 – CONSTRUCTION INDUCTION TRAINING
PART 24 – FALLS IN CONSTRUCTION
PART 25 – CASH IN TRANSIT
INTRODUCTION
PURPOSE
SCOPE
DEFINITIONS
RESPONSIBILITIES OF MANUFACTURERS, SUPPLIERS AND INSTALLERS OF ATM MACHINES
RESPONSIBILITIES OF CIT USERS
RESPONSIBILITIES OF EMPLOYERS
Identify hazards
Assess the risks
Implement risk control measures
Develop standard operating procedures
Allocate appropriate resources
Provide communication systems
Select appropriate vehicles
Provide personal protective equipment (PPE)
Vary the route and time procedures
Provide education and training
Provide supervision
Provide information
Monitor and review
Implement incident response procedures
Implement post-hold-up procedures
Keep records
RESPONSIBILITIES OF EMPLOYEES
INTRODUCTION
THE COMMONWEALTH OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK
The Commonwealth Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) legislative framework consists of the Occupational Health and Safety Act 1991 (the Act) and supporting regulations and this Code of Practice.
The Act
The objective of the Act is to secure the health, safety and welfare at work of employees and to protect other persons at or near workplaces from risks to health and safety arising out of the activities of employees at work. The Act defines the general duties and responsibilities of duty holders and provides for specific OHS consultative arrangements and compliance and enforcement matters.
The Regulations
The Occupational Health and Safety (Safety Arrangements) Regulations 1991, (Safety Arrangements Regulations) and the Occupational Health and Safety (Safety Standards) Regulations 1994 (Safety Standards Regulations) set out mandatory obligations on specific matters. These regulations are written in terms of process and/or outcomes that duty holders must follow or achieve to meet their general duties under the Act in relation to these matters.
Code of Practice
The Act and regulations are supported by this Code of Practice. This Code is a source of practical guidance on safe work practices and risk management in relation to specific hazards and/or hazardous activities. This Code provides guidance to duty holders on standards of health and safety that must be achieved in the workplace in relation to those matters, hazards or hazardous activities.
LEGAL STATUS AND APPLICATION OF THIS CODE OF PRACTICE
This Code aims to ensure that adequate health and safety standards are implemented on specific OHS matters whilst allowing flexibility for a duty holder to incorporate new inventions and technological changes that are most appropriate for their workplace, provided they do not reduce health and safety standards.
This Code does not impose mandatory legal obligations. Civil or criminal proceedings cannot be instituted solely on the grounds that a person failed to comply with this Code. However, this Code is admissible in evidence before a court as proof of the standards of health and safety that should be achieved by duty holders to comply with the relevant provisions of the Act and regulations on specific OHS matters.
If this Code is used as evidence in legal proceedings concerning a breach of the Act or regulations, it reverses the burden of proof to the duty holder. This means that if the duty holder has not followed the guidance provided in this Code, it must prove that the related provisions of the Act or regulations were complied with by other equivalent or better means. If the duty holder fails to do so, the breach is proven.
Duty holders must comply with this Code unless they identify another way of achieving the same or better safety standards than those prescribed in this Code. If the duty holder determines that they can meet or better the safety standards prescribed by this Code by alternative means, it is appropriate and lawful for them to do so.
An investigator or a health and safety representative may cite this Code as a means of remedy for an alleged breach of the Act or regulations.
CODE TO BE READ IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE ACT AND REGULATIONS
This Code must be read in conjunction with the Act and the regulations.
The Act, regulations and this Code are complementary documents, which set the legal requirements for occupational health and safety in the Commonwealth OHS jurisdiction. The requirements of this Code are designed to operate in conjunction with the mandatory provisions of the Act and regulations.
This Code does not cover all the responsibilities of the duty holders. There may be additional risks at a workplace that have not been specifically addressed in this Code. Under the Act, duty holders are still required to identify and assess these risks and ensure that control measures are implemented.
Definitions in the Act and regulations apply to this Code. Each Part of this Code includes additional definitions that apply to that particular Part.
CONSULTATION PROVISIONS
One of the objectives of the Act is to foster a cooperative, consultative relationship between employers and employees on the health, safety and welfare of employees at work. This Code should be implemented utilising the consultative framework established under the Act where appropriate. This includes health and safety management arrangements – the contents of which must be consulted upon – as well as consulting with employees and/or their representatives, health and safety representatives and health and safety committees.
PART 1 – RISK MANAGEMENT
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Risk management, in the occupational health and safety context, refers to a systematic process by which management policies, procedures and practices are applied to identify the workplace hazards, assess the risks associated with those hazards, determine the appropriate control measures and monitor and review the risk management process for efficacy in providing a safe and healthy workplace.
1.2 Workplace injury and disease have a significant impact on the human and financial resources of organisations. An effective risk management strategy can assist employers to meet their statutory obligations and reduce costs, increase productivity, raise staff morale, improve workplace relations and enhance health and safety performance generally.
1.3 Employers have general duties under the Act to take all reasonably practicable steps to protect the health and safety of their employees. In addition, Part 1 of the Safety Standards Regulations imposes specific requirements on employers in relation to the matters covered by those regulations. These include the identification of all reasonably foreseeable hazards arising from work that may affect the health and safety of employees or others at work, carry out risk assessments and implement risk control measures.
1.4 Manufacturers and suppliers have duties under the Act to take reasonably practicable steps to ensure that plant and/or substances are designed, constructed and supplied in a way that ensures employees’ safety and there is no risk to their health.
1.5 Erectors and installers also have a duty to ensure the plant is erected or installed safely and that the process of erection or installation is safe and does not create a risk to the health and safety of employees at the workplace.
1.6 This part of the Code must be read in conjunction with the introduction to this Code, including in relation to consultation. 1
PURPOSE
1.7 The purpose of this Part is to provide practical guidance to employers and other duty holders to assist them to identify hazards, assess the risk and implement risk control measures in the workplace in accordance with the Act and Part 1 of the Safety Standards Regulations.
SCOPE
1.8 This Part applies to all employers covered by the Act who have duties to manage risks at work.
1.9 The requirements set out in Part 1 of the Safety Standards Regulations do not limit the operation of any other regulation that expressly provides for the control of risks to the health or safety of a person at work. That is, where other parts of the Safety Standards Regulations expressly provide for the control of risks in relation to a particular subject matter, employers must comply with those regulations. The parts of the Safety Standards Regulations that set out specific risk control duties are:
·Part 3: Occupational Noise;
·Part 4: Plant;
·Part 5: Manual Handling;
·Part 6: Hazardous Substances;
·Part 7: Confined Spaces;
·Part 8: Storage and Handling of Dangerous Goods;
·Part 9: Major Hazard Facilities;
·Part 10: Electricity;
·Part 11: Driver Fatigue;
·Part 12: Construction Work; and
·Part 13: Falls from 2 metres or more.
DEFINITIONS
‘Consequence’ – means outcome or impact of an occurrence.
‘Exposure’ – occurs when a person is exposed to a hazard.
‘Frequency’ – means a measure of the number of occurrences per unit time.
‘Generic risk assessment’ – means a risk assessment, which may be used across areas and job sites because the hazards and risks have been deemed similar.
‘Harm’ – is death, injury, illness (including psychological illness) or disease that may be suffered by a person because of a hazard or risk.
‘Hazard’ – means something that can or has the potential to cause injury or illness.
Likelihood’ – describes the probability or frequency of an injury or illness occurring.
‘Monitor’ – means to check, supervise, observe critically or measure the progress of an activity, action or system on a regular basis in order to identify change from the performance level required or expected.
‘Probability’ – a measure of the chance of occurrence expressed as a number.
‘Residual risk’ – means the remaining risk after implementation of the risk control measures.
‘Risk’ – means the probability or likelihood and consequences of a hazard causing injury or illness.
‘Risk assessment’ – means the overall process of risk analysis and risk evaluation (AS/NZS 3931). It is the process of evaluating the probability and consequences of injury or illness arising from exposure to an identified hazard or hazards.
‘Risk analysis’ – mean the analysis of risk by use of a table or other process which may be qualitative, quantitative or a combination of these methods to assist in the evaluation of a hazard according to the probability or likelihood and consequence of injury or illness.
‘Risk evaluation’ – is the decision making process of the assessed risks to determine which risks require control and control priorities in an organisational context.
‘Risk control’ – means the process of managing the elimination or minimisation of a risk. This may be an object, work process or system of work.
‘Risk management’ – means the culture, processes and structures that are directed towards promoting health and safety by the management of hazards and risks within an organisation.
‘Risk management framework’ – means a set of elements in a system which may include strategic planning, decision making, processes, policies and procedures for dealing with the risks.
‘Risk retention’ – means the loss or benefit remaining from a particular risk.
RESPONSIBILITIES OF MANUFACTURERS, SUPPLIERS, ERECTORS AND INSTALLERS
1.10 Manufacturers, suppliers, erectors and installers have a general duty to take all reasonably practicable steps to ensure that employees are safe from risks to health and safety arising from the use of plant and machinery at work. In addition to the general duty, manufacturers and suppliers have specific duties in regard to conducting research, testing and examining plant, machinery and substances to assist in the control of identified risks. They must also provide certain information to employers related to the safe use of plant and substances (see sections 18 and 19 of the Act). Manufacturers and suppliers should follow the four (4) step risk management process outlined in paragraphs 1. 11 and 1.12 and apply as appropriate.
RESPONSIBILITIES OF EMPLOYERS
1.11 Risk management involves the establishment of an appropriate framework and culture for health and safety within an organisation. It is an ongoing systematic method of firstly identifying hazards then analysing, evaluating, treating, monitoring and communicating risks associated with any activity, function or process with the objective of minimising the risk of harm or injury from a hazard.
1.12 To ensure that risks are managed in accordance with the duties under the Act and the specific requirements set out in the Safety Standards Regulations, employers should undertake the following four–step risk management process:
Step 1 identify the hazard;
Step 2 assess the risk associated with the hazard;
Step 3 control the risk; and
Step 4 review the process.
1.13 When undertaking the risk management process, employers should be practical about the ways in which they identify hazards and the potential risks associated with them. They should consider what actually occurs in the workplace as opposed to what may occur in theory.
1.14 Employers should conduct hazard identification and risk assessment from the design and planning phases through to workplace operations where employees use plant, equipment, hazardous substances and dangerous goods.
The risk management process
Responsibility to consult
1.15 Communication and consultation is integral to every step of the risk management process. Employers should consult with employees, and/or their representatives or health and safety representatives and health and safety committees where appropriate. Consultation should occur when:
a) identifying hazards;
b) assessing the risks;
c) determining and implementing control measures;
d) developing policy and procedures;
e) deciding on the training requirements; and
f) supervising and monitoring the risk control measures.
Identify hazards
1.16 Employers should identify all reasonably foreseeable hazards arising from work mindful that some hazards may be obvious and readily identifiable while other hazards, such as exposure to noise, chemicals or psychological injury for example, may be less so.
1.17 Employers may classify hazards in a number of ways. For example, some common workplace hazard types can include:
a) gravitational – this includes, but is not limited to, activities where a person can fall or an object can fall on to a person;
b) body stressing or impact hazard – activities that cause stress to muscles and/or skeleton including manual handling, occupational overuse and slips, trips or falls on the same level;
c) mechanical – this includes, but is not limited to, plant, equipment and items that have the potential to cut, tear, rip, abrade, crush, penetrate, produce projectiles or cause sudden impact;
d) source of energy – this includes, but is not limited to, electricity, heat, cold, noise, radioactive sources and high powered light;
e) chemical and biological – this includes, but is not limited to, chemical compounds, acids and poisons, powders, dusts, vapours, bacteria, viruses, mould and mildew from various processes which have the potential to impair health, have adverse effects on human reproduction, cause diseases or may have explosive, flammable, toxic or corrosive properties; and
f) psychosocial environment – this includes workplace stressors, which arise from a variety or combination of sources, and includes, but is not limited to, bullying and harassment.
1.18 In carrying out hazard identification, the employer should consider the following sources of information:
a) examination of injury and dangerous occurrence data;
b) technical and scientific evaluation;
c) visual inspection of the workplace in a direct way with walk-though inspection of plant and equipment;
d) quantitative hazard analysis;
e) testing and auditing reports from the workplace;
f) consultation with employees, health and safety representatives and health and safety committee members; and
g) discussions with designers, manufacturers, suppliers, importers, or any other relevant party who may assist in the identification of a potential hazard or hazardous situation in the workplace.
Assess the risks
1.19 Where employers have identified a hazard, they should ensure that an assessment is made of the risks associated with that hazard.
1.20 Employers should ensure that, as a minimum, a risk assessment is conducted before:
a) the introduction of any new plant or substances;
b) the introduction of a new work practice or procedure; and
c) any change in a workplace, work practice, activity or process where the change may give rise to a health or safety risk.
1.21 The level of risk increases exponentially with the injury or disease causing potential of a hazard. Therefore, risk is the probability and consequence of a hazard causing injury, ill health or disease. A risk assessment is a process for determining the likelihood and severity of an injury or a disease resulting from exposure to that hazard.
1.22 When the hazard has been identified, employers should consider whether there are specific regulations that deal with that hazard. For example, there are regulations which deal specifically with the risk management of occupational noise, plant, manual handling, hazardous substances, electricity, driver fatigue, falls from heights, confined spaces, construction and storage and handling of dangerous goods. In circumstances where there are no governing regulations, the employer should conduct a risk assessment as described in this Part.
1.23 When conducting a risk assessment an employer should:
a) gather information about each identified hazard;
b) consider the number of people exposed, or likely to be exposed to each hazard;
c) consider the duration of the exposure; and
d) use the information obtained to assess the likelihood and consequences of exposure to the hazard.
1.24 A hazard may have the potential to cause a range of consequences from minor discomfort to a serious disabling injury, illness or death. When determining the potential consequences of identified hazards, employers should consider:
a) the nature of the hazard posing the risk;
b) any combinations of hazards such as heat and manual handling tasks;
c) the types of injuries or illnesses foreseeable from exposure;
d) the duration and level of exposure to the hazard; and
e) the existing control measures in place.
1.25 Once the consequences of a hazard have been determined, employers should assess the likelihood of that hazard causing harm. Factors which may affect the likelihood of an incident occurring are:
a) how often the hazard has the potential to harm – when the same hazardous task is repeated the more likely an incident will occur, for example, when an employee continuously or frequently carries a load, pushes a trolley or uses a vibrating hand tool;
b) the number of people exposed to the hazard – the greater the number of people exposed to a hazard, the more likely an incident will occur;
c) the duration of exposure – the longer a person is exposed to a hazard, the more likely an incident will occur;
d) the quantities of materials or multiple exposure points involved;
e) the position of the hazard relative to employees and to other hazards – for example, employees located next to a noisy machine are more likely to suffer hearing related conditions than those working further away, or some stored chemicals such as methylated spirits may only represent a hazard if located near a heat source;
f) the skills and experience level of persons exposed – an employee with extensive experience may be less likely to make a mistake which results in an incident than one who is new to the role or conversely, a more experienced employee may become complacent;
g) the special characteristics of persons exposed – for example colour blindness or hearing impairment;
h) other elements of the work environment such as distractions – for example, construction employees listening to music on their headphones may increase their chances of being hit by vehicles used on the building site;
i) environmental conditions – there may be conditions which increase the likelihood of an incident occurring such as water in the vicinity of an electrical hazard;
j) the work organisation, such as rostering and shift arrangements or the pace at which work should be performed;
k) the introduction of new work processes; and
l) the effectiveness of existing control measures.
1.26 The likelihood and consequences may be estimated using statistical analysis and numerical calculations. Where no reliable or relevant past data is available, subjective estimates may be made.
1.27 The identified hazard may require a simple or a complex risk analysis depending on the risk of harm to people in the workplace. The types of risk assessment that may be undertaken will vary with the degree of analysis required. Employers may use, but are not limited to, some of the following:
a) Qualitative analysis – this type of analysis is descriptive and involves a subjective assessment of the likelihood and consequences of an event occurring. This type of analysis includes:
(i) evaluation using multi–disciplinary groups;
(ii) specialist and expert judgement; and
(iii) structured questionnaires;
b) Quantitative analysis – this type of analysis uses a numerical value rather than a descriptive scale for both consequences and likelihood. The way in which consequences and likelihood are expressed and the way they combine provide the level of risk. Methods of analysis include:
(i) consequence analysis;
(ii) statistical analysis of historical data;
(iii) fault tree and event tree analysis;
(iv) influence diagrams;
(v) life cycle cost analysis;
(vi) network analysis;
(vii) simulation and computer modelling;
(viii) statistical and numerical analysis;
(ix) test marketing and market research; and
(x) probability analysis.
1.28 A simple qualitative form of analysis can be illustrated by means of a risk assessment matrix, see diagram below. Refer to AS/NZS 4360:2004 – Risk management and HB 436:2004 – Risk management guidelines for detailed
information on risk assessment options.
1.29 The level of risk is determined by the relationship between likelihood and consequence.
Simple qualitative risk assessment matrix
1.30 Likelihood or the chance of each of the events actually occurring can be determined and rated in the following way:
a) very likely (exposed to hazard constantly);
b) likely (exposed to hazard occasionally);
c) unlikely (could happen but only rarely); or
d) highly unlikely (could happen but probably never will).
1.31 Determining consequences involves making a judgement about the level of harm that can occur because of exposure to the hazard. Consequences can be rated in the following way:
a) fatality;
b) major or serious injury (serious damage to health that may be irreversible, requiring medical attention and ongoing treatment). This is likely to involve significant time off work;
c) minor injury (reversible health damage that may require medical attention but limited ongoing treatment). This is less likely to involve significant time off work. A minor injury is unlikely to involve more than 1 day off work; and
d) negligible injuries (might sustain slight injury and may require only primary first aid) and no time off work.
1.32 In circumstances where there is uncertainty about the level of risk, inadequate information or uncertainty about the degree of exposure even after having completed a risk assessment, employers should consider the actions listed below:
e) seek more information – apply good practice to minimise exposure until more information is available;
f) seek specialist advice if necessary;
g) conduct surveys, environmental and medical monitoring;
h) analyse records and data regarding dangerous occurrences, employee complaints, sick leave, unscheduled absences and staff turnover;
i) examine organisational culture and behaviour as a risk factor; and
j) assess the competency and training levels.
Implement risk control measures
1.33 Where restrictions on available funds or other resources, or physical practicalities, mean that not all identified controls for hazards can be implemented immediately, employers should determine the most effective control measure for the identified hazard and prioritise the implementation process according to the risk profile of each hazard. Controls for hazards assessed as high risk should be put into operation before those assessed as a medium or low risk.
1.34 Employers should ensure that any risks to the health and safety of employees, arising from the workplace or any work related activity, are:
a) eliminated; or
b) if it is not reasonably practicable to eliminate the risks, then minimise the risk.
1.35 Employers should ensure that the control measures selected:
a) adequately control exposure to the risk;
b) do not create a new hazard; and
c) allow employees and contractors to do their work without undue discomfort or distress.
1.36 Employers should use the hierarchy of control pyramid to determine the most appropriate method with respect to risk control. This approach involves designing out or removing hazards at the source and controlling any residual risks by engineering or organisational means. Employers should start at the top of the hierarchy of control pyramid and work their way down. The hierarchy of control pyramid is structured in the following way:
a) eliminate the hazard. If this is not possible then;
b) substitute or modify the hazard. If this is not possible then;
c) isolate the hazard. If this is not possible then;
d) use engineering controls to control the hazard at its source. If this is not possible then;
e) use administrative controls. If this is not possible then;
f) use personal protective equipment (PPE).
1.37 Employers should first ensure, where reasonably practicable, that any hazards identified are eliminated. Elimination of hazards is the most effective control measure. Elimination prevents factors, such as human error, lack of awareness, stress, fatigue, acting reflexively or giving priority to operational or production demands, from influencing the selection of the most appropriate control measure. Elimination of a hazard might include:
a) removing trip hazards that clutter corridors;
b) disposing of unwanted chemicals;
c) removing hazardous plant or substances;
d) promptly repairing damaged equipment;
e) increasing the use of e-mail to reduce excessive photocopying and collation;
f) ceasing a dangerous work practice; and
g) ensuring new equipment meets the ergonomic needs of users.
1.38 Elimination of a hazard is best achieved at the design stage of any plant, equipment or process. This is often referred to as ‘safe design’ and is a concept which can be applied across all industries to eliminate hazards at the source. The implementation of safe design practices has a positive impact on health and safety in the workplace. Where no hazard exists, no risk of injury or illness exists.
Substitution controls
1.39 Where elimination of the hazard is not reasonably practicable, employers should minimise the risk using control measures individually or in combination. The hierarchy of controls next advocates substitution as a means of minimising the risk to employees from an identified hazard.
1.40 Employers should consider substitution of the hazard with something with a lesser risk that still performs the same task in a satisfactory manner. Examples of substitution controls might include:
a) substitution of a hazardous substance with a less hazardous substance;
b) substitution of telephone handsets with headsets where there is frequent use of the telephone; and
c) substitution of a smaller package or container to reduce the risk of manual handling injuries such as back strain.
Isolation controls
1.41 If substitution is not possible, employers should consider isolating the hazard from employees or separating employees from the hazard. This may be achieved by using separate purpose built rooms, barricades or sound barriers. Isolation removes the hazardous process from the main work area. Examples of isolation controls might include:
a) use of a fume cupboard to isolate and store chemicals; and
b) use of remote handling equipment for hazardous substances or procedures.
Engineering controls
1.42 Employers should consider engineering controls as the next option on the hierarchy of controls to minimise the risk to an identified hazard. This can include engineering modifications to plant or it may involve a change to systems of work. Examples of engineering controls include the:
a) modification to plant;
b) installation of appropriate guarding on machinery; and
c) use of a ventilation system to remove chemical fumes or dust.
Administrative controls
1.43 If engineering controls do not control the risk or cannot be utilised, employers should apply administrative controls such as safe work practices. Administrative controls should not be the first option to control the risk but can be used if controls higher on the hierarchy of control pyramid cannot be applied or, having been applied, do not adequately control the risk.
1.44 Employers should use administrative controls to back up or supplement other more effective control measures. It may be necessary to use administrative controls while elimination or minimisation control measures are being evaluated and applied. Examples of administrative controls include the use of procedures and instruction and include:
a) regular maintenance programs for plant and equipment;
b) written work procedures for all hazardous tasks and equipment; and
c) a training, education and supervision program for employees/contractors, which includes preventative maintenance and housekeeping procedures.
Provide personal protective equipment (PPE)
1.45 If the application of administrative controls including safe work practices do not minimise the risk, employers should provide appropriate PPE to employees and/or contractors. PPE should only be used when higher order controls are not practicable or adequately effective.
1.46 PPE is often used in combination with other control measures as a final barrier between the employee and the hazard. PPE does not control the hazard at the source and relies on behaviour modification and correct use of the equipment to be successful. Where it is used, employers must make available to employees and/or contractors suitable and correctly fitted PPE free of charge. The PPE must be maintained according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Safety Standards Regulations 6.19(4) and (5)).
1.47 Employers should ensure that employees and/or contractors are trained in the correct use and maintenance of the PPE and that supervision is provided to ensure compliance with the training and instruction.
Monitor and review the risk management program
1.48 Employers should ensure that the monitoring and review of the risk management program captures information such as:
a) whether control measures are being implemented and used correctly;
b) whether solutions to workplace hazards are achieving the desired results;
c) whether risk management processes and initiatives are working;
d) what has been done to control risks and what remains to be done;
e) whether there are any new problems which have resulted from the introduction of risk control measures; and
f) whether new risk control measures are required.
1.49 Employers should conduct systematic monitoring and review of the workplace to ensure that no new hazards are introduced. New hazards may arise through:
a) the use of new technology, equipment or substances;
b) the introduction of new work practices or procedures;
c) a change in work environment (new workplace); or
d) the introduction of new staff with different skills or knowledge levels.
1.50 Ensuring that hazards and risks are effectively controlled requires ongoing monitoring and review to check that control measures are implemented, are working effectively and are maintained. Factors that affect a risk assessment and change the level of risk include the financial and human resource input involved in implementing and maintaining control measures.
1.51 ‘Residual Risk’ is the risk that remains after risk control measures have been implemented. Employers should be aware of the nature and extent of the residual risk. It should be documented and subject to a monitoring and review process.
1.52 Monitoring and review should be cyclical and form part of the risk management process. This requires forward planning with regular evaluation points over a set period to review the hazards, risks and control measures.
1.53 For hazards covered by the Safety Standards Regulations, employers are required to conduct a risk assessment prior to the introduction of plant or substance, and before introducing work procedure and processes, or changing them where the change may affect health or safety. Employers do this for all other hazards. Prior planning should ensure that a risk assessment is part of the procedure when purchasing equipment and materials and is considered as part of the tender specifications for new equipment and services.
Keep records
1.54 The monitoring and review process is also assisted by effective record keeping. Records help to identify hazards and review the effectiveness of risk control measures. Employers should keep records that show:
a) details of workplace inspections and audits;
b) methods used to assess risks;
c) control measures implemented;
d) reviews of systems of work;
e) any action that has been taken to address particular hazards;
f) instruction, education or training provided;
g) any atmospheric monitoring and health surveillance results; and
h) the maintenance schedules for plant and equipment.
RESPONSIBILITIES OF EMPLOYEES
1.55 Under section 21 of the Act, employees must cooperate with the employer in relation to any duty or obligation imposed to ensure the workplace is safe and healthy.
1.56 Employees must use PPE in accordance with their training and consistent with the manufacturers safety requirements.
PART 2 – FIRST AID
INTRODUCTION
2.1 First aid management is an integral part of any workplace as it provides the initial care for those who are injured or become ill whilst performing work activities or tasks. First aid services provide the immediate first aid intervention:
a) in response to injuries which could result in death or severe disability;
b) in high-risk locations or when high-risk work is undertaken;
c) for illnesses due to exposure to environmental conditions, poisons or other
harmful substances;
d) for existing medical conditions which require immediate assistance (for
example, an allergic reaction); and
e) for minor injuries (for example, cuts, scrapes, bruises, sprains and strains).
2.2 The likelihood that first aid will be required for a workplace injury or illness is significant. First aid services prevent the escalation of minor injuries into presentations that are more complex or life threatening events. Examples of injuries, illnesses or events that can occur in the workplace are:
a) bleeding from wounds or embedded objects;
b) shock reactions from a crush injury;
c) head, neck and spinal injuries from falls;
d) exacerbation of heart related conditions (for example, angina);
e) fractures, sprains, strains and dislocations from equipment use;
f) exposure to extremes of hot and cold environments;
g) burns from hazardous chemicals; and
h) prior medical conditions that can be symptomatic in the workplace such as epilepsy, asthma and diabetes.
2.3 Employers should provide first aid that is appropriate to the hazards and risks identified within the organisation.
2.4 This Part of the Code must be read in conjunction with the introduction to the Code, including in relation to consultation. It should also be read in conjunction with Part 1 Risk Management. 1
PURPOSE
2.5 This Part provides practical guidance to employers on how to meet their duty of care under the Act. Specifically, it deals with the provision of appropriate first aid services to the employer’s employees as required under subsection 16(5)(c) of the Act.
SCOPE
2.6 This Part applies to all workplaces covered by the Act and includes all work locations within the control of the employer.
2.7 This Part is not intended to replace the need for expert medical assistance. Employees should be advised to seek medical assistance for matters that require a diagnosis or medical treatment outside of the scope and training of the first aid officers.
2.8 Where specific hazards have been identified, the employer may deem it necessary to add to or increase first aid services. This can be achieved by using the risk assessment process detailed in Part 1 of this Code of Practice and in consultation with the health and safety representatives, first aid officers and employees.
2.9 This Part has been divided into two sections to assist employers. The first section deals with first aid provisions applicable to all workplaces and the second section deals with workplaces where high-risk activities and tasks are performed.
DEFINITIONS
‘Automatic External Defibrillator’ – refers to a medical device, capable of being used safely by people with minimal first aid experience or training, designed to administer a shock that may restart the heart when there are no detectable signs of life other than a heart rhythm.
‘Cross infection’ – means the transmission of disease from infected employees to first aid officers or the infection of injured employees during the administration of first aid procedures. Control of infection depends on identifying the mode of spread and interrupting the cycle of infection, replication and spread. Use of disposable, single use equipment in first aid kits and procedures prevents directly inoculating the next injured employee with microbes from the first.
‘Designated person’ – means a person appointed by the employer as the first aid officer.
‘First Aid Officer’– means a person, appointed as a first aid officer by the employer, who holds a current approved first aid qualification from a nationally accredited course that has been delivered by a Registered Training Organisation.
‘First aid’ – means the initial care of the ill or injured. First aid begins when a first aid officer arrives on the scene of an incident, and continues until the casualty recovers, or medical aid arrives. The first aid officer may be required to remain and assist ((Australian First Aid handbook (St John’s Ambulance 2nd Ed).
‘First Aid Service’– means a service for the provision of first aid treatment for persons suffering illness or injury at work.
‘First Aid Provider’– means a provider of first aid training that is nationally accredited.
‘High–risk work’ – means any work that involves a high likelihood of injury or illness for which the consequence of injury is severe. The type of injuries can include – contusions or fractures, gunshot wounds, blast or knife injuries, sunburn, sprains and strains and burns or poisoning from a hazardous substance. High-risk workplaces where high-risk activities are undertaken may include working:
a) at heights;
b) in high-risk confined spaces;
c) where people (custodial) or animals are restrained (laboratories);
d) where there is s high-risk of workplace violence or traumatic injury;
e) with plant, equipment and instruments that can cause traumatic injury;
f) with hazardous substances, biological hazards, explosives and dangerous goods; and
g) with hazards associated with sources of energy including electricity and radiation.
‘Medical aid’ – means treatment by a doctor, registered nurse or ambulance officer.
‘RTO’ (Registered Training Organisation) – A RTO is a Registered Training Organisation deemed competent by a State or Territory authority to deliver nationally recognised training for a particular industry. Training delivered by a RTO results in a qualification that is part of the Australian Qualifications Framework.
RESPONSIBILITIES OF EMPLOYERS
Identify vaccination needs
2.10 Employers should develop guidelines on vaccinations for employees, specifically first aid officers, who may be at risk of contracting a serious infections disease. Please refer to Part 6 paragraphs 6.19- 6.26 for further guidance on vaccination protocols.
Identify workplace groups
2.11 Workplaces differ in size and work type and the groups categories in this Part will assist employers to determine which group applies to them. There are three (3) groups categorised.
Group A
a) any workplace at which 100 or more employees work; or
b) any high-risk workplace with 25 or more employees.
Group B
a) any workplace with more than 10, but fewer than 100 employees; or
b) any high-risk workplace with less than 25 employees.
Group C
a) workplaces with 10 or less employees. This includes mobile workplaces, aircraft, vehicles and small vessels or mobile plant (does not apply to high–risk work).
Provide first aid kits
2.12 Employers should ensure that each workplace has at least one first aid kit that meets the minimum requirements as detailed in paragraph 2.21 unless paragraph 2.17 applies.
2.13 With reference to the three groups detailed in paragraph 2.11 of this Part, employers should provide the following number of first aid kits.
Group A a) any workplace other than a high risk workplace – at least one kit provided for the first 50 employees; 2 kits for 100 and one additional kit for every 100 employees thereafter; or
b) high-risk workplace – at least one kit provided for the first 25 employees and one (1) additional kit for every 50 employees thereafter.
Groups B, C a) at least one kit is to be provided for employees.
2.14 Employers should ensure that where reasonably practicable, first aid kits are left unlocked.
2.15 Employers should ensure that all first aid kits and the contents purchased for the workplace are included on the Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods (ARTG) as administered by the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA).
2.16 Employers should purchase first aid kits that meet, or exceed, the following specifications:
a) constructed of impervious material that is dustproof and of sufficient size to adequately store the necessary contents;
b) capable of being sealed and preferably fitted with a carrying handle for ease of movement;
c) internal storage compartments that will enable items to be easily accessed; and
d) clearly labelled outside with a white on green sign with the words
‘First Aid’ and/or a white cross on a green background.
2.17 Employers should consider providing personal protection packs for employees where the work activities and tasks are conducted away from the regular place of work and carrying a first aid kit (refer to paragraph 2.21) is impractical. This can include those employees who perform work duties on foot, bicycles, in open or remote environments and whenever they do not have ready access to a first aid kit.
Note: Vehicles, small vessels, ships and aircraft are considered premises under the Act and are therefore a workplace.
Determine locations for first aid kits
2.18 Employers should locate first aid kits so that:
a) they are in a prominent and accessible location, with a first aid sign which includes the contact numbers of the first aid officers and emergency services;
b) they are clearly visible to all employees;
c) they are close to locations that have been identified as being high risk areas in accordance with any risk assessment;
d) they are in a place that will take an employee no longer than two minutes to reach (including time required to access secure areas);
e) there is a minimum of at least one kit on each alternate level in a multi- storey workplace;
f) they are immediately accessible in remote areas or areas of specific hazards such as:
(i) dangerous goods (for example, gas, corrosives, poisons, pesticides, explosives or any other hazardous substance or dangerous goods);
(ii) machinery and/or equipment (for example, on construction sites, in manufacturing and warehousing buildings); and
(iii) remote areas where professional medical assistance may be delayed or absent.
Supply contents for first aid kits
2.19 The contents of first aid kits should be single use and disposable to avoid the risk of cross infection to the first aid officer or any other person. Cross infection can occur when contaminated equipment (for example, steel scissors or tweezers) is re-used after contact with an infected person via blood, blood borne products and human waste.
2.20 Employers should ensure that first aid kits do not contain analgesics and antiinflammatories. Analgesics and antiinflammatories are a medical treatments that can mask symptoms, influence diagnosis and should not form part of the first aid procedures in accordance with best practice guidelines for first aid officers.
2.21 Employers should adopt the following list as the minimum requirement for any first aid kit. It should be noted that this list does not exclude the addition of other first aid items deemed necessary for high-risk workplaces or remote environments.
| Description | Group A ( Qty / Kit) | Group B ( Qty / Kit) | Group C ( Qty / Kit) | Personal Kit |
| Dressing Strips – Plastic (50) | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 (25) |
| Antiseptic – Swabs | 20 | 10 | 10 | 2 |
| Gloves Latex – Large (pair) | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Dressing tape (hypoallergenic) 25mm | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Amputation Bag Set in Envelope | 1 | 1 | 1 | NA |
| Bandage Conforming 5cm | 2 | 1 | 1 | NA |
| Bandage Crepe 10cm | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Triangular Bandage | 6 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Dressing Wound – No. 142P | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Dressing Wound – No. 13P | 2 | 1 | NA | NA |
| Eye pad – Sterile Single | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Non Adherent Dressing 7.5 x 7.5cm | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Emergency Blanket (space) | 1 | 1 | 1 | NA |
| Scissors – disposable | 1 | 1 | 1 | NA |
| Splinter probes – disposable sterile | 10 | 5 | 5 | 1 |
| Description Continued | Group A ( Qty / Kit) | Group B ( Qty / Kit) | Group C ( Qty / Kit) | Personal Kit |
| Sodium Chloride 30ml | 6 | 3 | 3 | N/A |
| First Aid Pamphlet Insert | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Resuscitation Face Shield / Mask (disposable) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| First Aid Manual | 1 | 1 | NA | NA |
Minimum requirements for first aid kits
Determine the need for additional first aid equipment or supplies
2.22 Additional first aid equipment (for example, Oxygen or an Automatic External Defibrillator (AED)) may be used in any workplace where:
a) a specific hazard exists that requires the equipment;
b) a need is identified from a risk assessment because of the location or type of work; or
c) a requirement for additional first aid equipment is determined in consultation with first aid officers, employees and/or their representatives.
2.23 When employers elect to have an AED in the workplace they should ensure that:
a) the AED is located in a clearly visible location (for example, a main reception or foyer area);
b) the AED is accessible to all employees and other persons within the workplace;
c) there is clear signage in the workplace which identifies the location of the AED; and
d) regular maintenance inspection procedures are established to ensure that the AED is operational and the pads are not out of date.
2.24 When employers elect to have oxygen units in the workplace they should ensure that:
e) the oxygen unit and oxygen cylinders are located in a secure and safe storage area that is accessible to first aid officers who are trained by a first aid provider to use the oxygen equipment; and
f) regular maintenance inspection procedures are established that will ensure the unit is operational at all times.
2.25 Employers should provide additional training, as determined by a first aid provider, to first aid officers in the use of any first aid equipment that is provided by the employer.
2.26 Some examples of commonly needed additional contents for first aid kit include eye, burns and remote workplace modules. These additional modules may include:
a) for eye injuries – additional quantities of sterile eye wash ampoules, eye pads and adhesive tape 1.25cm;
b) for burns – additional non-stick or low adherent dressings in a variety of sizes and extra sterile saline solution; and
c) for remote areas – additional quantities of sterile eye wash ampoules, sterile eye pads, adhesive tape 1.25cm, spray or wipe itch relief solution and sunscreen protection (minimum 30+ is recommended).
Undertake maintenance and replenishment of first aid kits
2.27 An employer should organise for the re-supply and maintenance of all kits and equipment that have been supplied for use by first aid officers and employees.
2.28 An employer should ensure that any items used from the first aid kits are replaced at the earliest opportunity.
2.29 The employer should delegate responsibility within each workplace for the checking and restocking of first aid kits. Alternatively, arrangements for on–site restocking of first aid kits can be made using a reputable first aid provider.
Note: Where an employer uses the services of a first aid provider to restock kits, they should check that the items being added are in accordance with the provisions detailed in paragraphs 2.19, 2.20 and 2.21 of this Part.
Allocate first aid officers
2.30 Employers should ensure that there are first aid officers in each workplace group as defined in paragraph 2.11. The number of first aid officers should be according to the following:
a) in workplace groups A and B with no specific hazards or high–level risks, the minimum requirements are:
(i) one first aid officer for 25 to 50 employees inclusive;
(ii) two first aid officers for 51 to 100 employees;
(iii) an additional first aid officer for every additional 100 employees.
b) in workplace groups A and B where specific hazards exist or high–level risks are identified, the minimum requirements are:
(i) one first aid officer for up to 25 employees;
(ii) two first aid officers for 25 to 50 employees;
(iii) an additional first aid officer for every additional 50 employees.
a) in workplace group A with less than 25 and group C with no specific hazards or high-level risks, a risk assessment may identify the need to provide a first aid officer.
2.31 The risk assessment undertaken for paragraph 2.30(c) workplaces should take into account factors that include:
a) the size and layout of the workplace;
b) access to trained first aid officers or other first aid services (first aid officers for shopping malls);
c) the location of the workplace and the distance to the nearest available ambulance or medical services;
d) the number and distribution of employees including shift work arrangements and the isolation of employees whilst at work;
e) the nature and specific hazards and risks of the work being performed; and
f) any previous occurrences of accidents (including any injuries) in the workplace.
2.32 Employers should conduct a risk assessment to identify the need to increase the number of first aid officers in any a workplace.
2.33 Employers should ensure that any decision to determine and alter the number of first aid officers is undertaken in consultation with employees and/or their representatives, the health and safety representatives or health and safety committees.
Provide training for first aid officers
2.34 Employers should ensure that all designated first aid officers hold current first aid qualification from a recognised RTO.
2.35 Employers should ensure that they use an accredited RTO that can provide a nationally recognised certificate. Employers can choose to set up their own in-house training courses using accredited first aid trainers or contract out their first aid training.
2.36 Employers should ensure that all training for first aid officers is undertaken in accordance with the recommended minimum training levels as follows:
a) First Aid Officer –
(i) Workplace Level II First Aid qualification; or
(ii) Senior First Aid (or equivalent);
b) Person in Control of a First Aid Room –
(i) Suitably qualified and trained person, for example, First Aid Officer, Occupational First Aid qualification (or equivalent) or Registered Nurse.
2.37 Employers should ensure that the qualifications of the trainer and the resources used to undertake the training of first aid officers is appropriate to the needs of the workplace.
Provide and maintain first aid rooms where required
2.38 Employers should provide a first aid room:
a) for Group A workplaces with more than 200 employees; or
b) where the workplace is considered high-risk and has more than 25 employees.
2.39 Each first aid room and the equipment is the responsibility of at least one (1) employer designated first aid officer. This officer should be suitably qualified and trained (refer to paragraph 2.36).
2.40 When an employer provides a first aid room, they should ensure that it is available at all times for any ill or injured employee. However, it may be used for other situations, for example:
a) breast-feeding mothers; or
b) short-term rest room (where employees are not in need of first aid but require a short-term rest).
2.41 A first aid room should not be used as a childcare area, for children who are ill, a workplace or a storage room other than for first aid supplies and first aid equipment.
2.42 Employers should ensure that a first aid room:
a) is suitably located and accessible;
b) has convenient access for transport of ill or injured employees;
c) is well lit;
d) is well ventilated;
e) has access to toilet and hand washing facilities;
f) is of sufficient size to allow for easy movement within the room and allow for stretcher access by ambulance/medical services; and
g) has an entrance that is clearly marked ‘FIRST AID’.
2.43 Employers should provide the following items for a first aid room:
a) first aid kit;
b) sink or wash basin with hot and cold running water;
c) approved hand washing solution in a pump pack dispenser along with disposable paper towelling;
d) work bench and/or a dressing trolley;
e) lockable cupboard;
f) sufficient storage for clean dressings, utensils and linen;
g) ‘contaminated waste’ bags with appropriate holder;
h) bed, couch or stretcher, blankets, sheets and pillowcases;
i) table or desk;
j) telephone and/or emergency call system; and
k) an injury register and/or a casualty report form.
Develop and implement a first aid policy
2.44 Employers should develop and implement a first aid policy to ensure that employees have a clear understanding of first aid arrangements within their workplace. This policy should form part of the Health and Safety Management Arrangements (HSMA). A first aid policy could include items such as:
a) the numbers of first aid officers and their distribution;
b) arrangements for any initial and ongoing training of first aid officers;
c) the role of the first aid officers in any emergency plans including the wearing of any safety clothing and personal protective equipment (for example, reflective vests for visibility or hard hats for construction sites);
d) arrangements for transportation to a hospital if required and the responsible person for payment of that transport in the event of any injury or illness whilst at work;
e) the basic responsibilities of first aid officers including:
(i) familiarization with the location and responsibilities associated with the first aid kits in their workplace;
(ii) the proper use of the first aid kits that are provided;
(iii) the appropriate response to requests for first aid assistance in their workplace;
(iv) the rendering of first aid assistance in their workplace to employees and other persons within the level of training and the scope of responsibilities of the position;
(v) the documentation process for all situations where first aid has been administered;
(vi) where appropriate, the arrangements for ambulance or additional medical assistance;
(vii) the maintenance, stocking and cleaning of first aid kits when alternative arrangements are not made by the employer; and
f) informing employees within their workplace of the location and use of first aid kits and first aid rooms.
2.45 Employers should ensure that a first aid policy details the need for first aid officers to advise an employee to seek medical attention or arrange for transportation to a medical facility when the first aider is unsure of the nature or extent of the injury or illness.
2.46 A first aid policy should detail the process for transportation by ambulance or a vehicle with an attendant who is not the driver. Employers should transport casualties by ambulance when:
a) the injury or illness is serious or life threatening;
b) the employee may lose or has lost consciousness;
c) the injury or illness is unable to be determined; or
d) the employee’s condition is likely to become worse whilst being transported to a medical facility.
Provide information to employees on first aid procedures
2.47 Employers should provide employees with information on:
a) the nature and location of first aid facilities in their workplace;
b) the names, work locations and phone numbers of their first aid officers; and
c) the procedures to be followed when first aid is required for example, first contact in the event of a first aid situation.
Note: First aid contact -This should be the first aid officer or, in their absence, his/her immediate supervisor.
2.48 Employers should ensure that all employees are provided with information on current first aid procedures when:
a) an employee first commences with an organisation as a part of the induction process;
b) there is significant change in the personnel, the workplace, the nature or type of duties performed; and
c) there are specific hazards or high–risk work practices in the workplace.
g) any other safety and security issues.
25.18 Employers should consult with CIT clients, government bodies, associations and industry specialists to ensure all safety and security hazards are identified and addressed as early as possible in the planning phase of the CIT operation.
25.19 When determining the likely hazards employers should consider the following:
a) the incident, injury and dangerous occurrence reports;
b) inspection reports on the vehicles used;
c) inspection reports on the CIT sites;
d) surveys assessments of the routes for transfer;
e) observing the systems of work and work practices;
f) determining the levels of training, experience and competence for the tasks; and
g) testing vehicles and equipment.
25.20 Employers should consider the safety and security hazards associated with an urgent one-off job prior to accepting or undertaking the job and conduct a site visit to ensure that all aspects of the site are subject to a risk assessment.
Identify hazards
25.21 When identifying hazards, employers should consider the whole system of work and any factors that can be hazardous to health and safety. As a minimum, the following should be considered:
a) Personnel
(i) the level of training, experience and competency to perform the tasks;
(ii) the varying roles (drivers, escorts, cash carriers, escort, guard);
(iii) shift work arrangements;
(iv) fatigue and stress related hazards;
(v) the number and frequency of manual handling tasks;
b) Operations
(i) work practices and systems of work;
(ii) time of day for the work to be performed;
(iii) method of transport;
(iv) task to be performed (driving, escort, pick-up and delivery; ATM work);
(v) traffic and pedestrian flow;
(vi) facilities such as first aid and amenities;
(vii) the methods of transport;
c) Equipment
(i) personal protective equipment (PPE);
(ii) firearms, use and training requirements;
(iii) systems of communication (back to base radio mobile phones);
(iv) the maintenance schedules for all equipment (vehicles, firearms etc).
d) Environment
(i) locations for CIT transfers (client sites, shopping centres, retail outlets, financial institutions, ATM’s);
(ii) the proximity of the parking at the transfer sites;
(iii) parking restrictions;
(iv) effectiveness of the lighting in all transfer areas;
(v) exposure to temperature variations;
(vi) exposure to blood and body fluids;
e) Other factors
(i) access and egress to all sites (ramps, stairs, open areas); and
(ii) any other hazards with the potential to cause injury or illness.
Assess the risks
25.22 Employers should ensure that a safety and security risk assessment is conducted for each site and all associated tasks for the CIT work.
25.23 Employers should consider the likelihood and consequences of death or serious injury from each identified hazard by considering the following factors:
a) the risk of injury to an employee or other person in the workplace;
b) the likelihood of injury or illness occurring;
c) the severity of the injury or illness possible from the hazard;
d) any other factors that may contribute to the risk;
e) available health and safety information related to the hazard or risk; and
f) any other information that may assist with the risk assessment such as incident reports.
25.24 Employers should ensure that contributing factors to the risk are assessed for each identified hazard in relation to the CIT activity such as:
a) the type of operation (overt or covert);
b) the regularity of the client runs and the time of the work (traffic volume);
c) the amount of cash and the weight in each transfer;
d) the mix of types of work being performed (patrol, security);
e) how many people are exposed (crew levels; public activity);
f) the maintenance of skills and relevant experience of the employees involved in the CIT operations;
g) factors contributing to fatigue and stress such as shift length, breaks, shift times;
h) rotation and the regularity of overtime;
i) adherence to safety procedures;
j) the surveillance equipment and techniques;
k) adequacy of the communication system in all hazardous situations;
l) the suitability of the vehicles for the operation (armoured or non-armoured);
m) the environmental conditions;
n) outcome of a security site assessment;
o) the suitability of equipment for the operation (firearms);
p) the condition of the vehicles and equipment; and
q) other factors such as:
(i) previous incidents or hold ups;
(ii) customer information;
(iii) individual personnel limitations; and
(iv) any other identified risk factor.
Implement risk control measures
25.25 Employers should consider the hierarchy of controls when implementing risk control measures. If it is not possible to eliminate the hazard or risk, employers should minimise the risk by:
a) selecting control measures which adequately control the exposure to that risk;
b) not creating another hazard or new risk; and
c) allowing the employee to perform the necessary work tasks without discomfort or distress.
25.26 Employers should consider substitution of an item or task with equipment or a process, which provides less exposure to the risk if elimination of the item or task is not reasonably practicable.
25.27 If substitution is not possible, employers should use isolation as a control measure to place some barrier between the hazard and the employee that prevents exposure to the hazard. This can be achieved by using, for example, a barrier between the vehicle cab and the vehicle body.
25.28 A combination of the risk controls from the hierarchy model should be considered by the employer to minimise the risk to the lowest level practicable if one single measure does not effectively control the risk.
25.29 Employers should use administrative controls in combination with other control measures such as substitution or isolation. Some examples include:
a) regular job rotation or re-rostering to different runs to reduce stress levels;
b) standard operating procedures;
c) adequate resources inclusive of:
(i) safe staffing levels;
(ii) communication types and procedures;
(iii) selection of appropriate vehicles; and
(iv) selection of appropriate PPE;
d) procedures for varying the route and times for the transfer of cash and valuable;
e) cash limits across footpaths as determined by the risk assessment;
f) training in specific roles, annual refresher courses; and
g) structured supervision.
Develop standard operating procedures
25.30 Employers should develop safe operating procedures in consultation with all involved CIT users and employees and these procedures should be based on the risk assessment and the control measures. Safe operating procedures can include:
a) clearly defined communicated roles and duties of each employee performing the CIT work operation (driver, escort guard or cash carrier);
b) pre-departure checklists;
c) regular testing of the safety features such as communication devices and duress alarms;
d) regular inspections and scheduled maintenance of the vehicles, PPE and other safety equipment;
e) procedures for the maintenance of confidentiality such as the description of the site by code;
f) variation in the CIT delivery and pick-up times and routes where possible;
g) system of communication with the base, including provision of daily welfare checks;
h) procedures for site servicing such as arrival on site and departure procedures (this is supplemented by the risk assessments);
i) procedures to defer pick-up and arrangements for back-up assistance in circumstances where suspicious behaviour or other potential hazards have been identified;
j) procedures for vehicle collision and/or vehicle equipment breakdown;
k) process to monitor adherence to determined cash limits;
l) hold-up and post hold-up procedures (refer paragraph 25.55);
m) process to address fatigue and stress;
n) hazard and incident reporting process;
o) systems for regular monitoring and review (refer paragraph 25.53); and
p) any other identified hazard or risk such as manual handling and noise management.
Allocate appropriate resources
25.31 Employers should ensure that the level of staffing has been subject to a risk assessment to determine minimum safe levels.
25.32 Employers should ensure that the assessed staffing levels are maintained throughout the CIT operation.
Provide communication systems
25.33 Employers should provide communication systems that ensure the safety of employees and other persons conducting CIT operations. These include back-to-base equipment, personal duress alarms and arrangements for emergency communication. Communication ‘black spots’ identified on the risk assessment should be controlled with the appropriate equipment and procedures.
Select appropriate vehicles
25.34 Employers should ensure that vehicles are selected in accordance with the nature of the operation and the risk assessment. Employers should ensure that the vehicle conforms to the Australian Standard design requirements, is mechanically sound and is serviced and maintained regularly and adequately by a competent person to ensure continued safety to the user.
25.35 Employers should ensure that soft skin vehicles, used for covert operations, are unmarked and employees or other persons conducting the covert operation are not in uniform and may or may not carry firearms, depending on the risk assessment.
25.36 Employers should ensure that soft skin vehicles used for overt operations carry the company signage and the employees or other CIT operators in the workplace wear uniforms and carry firearms.
25.37 Employers should ensure that soft skin vehicles used for CIT operations include the following minimum safety features:
a) drop safe, secure container to carry the cash or valuable;
b) back to base radio with override button for use in an emergency situation;
c) alternative communication method effective in ‘black spots’;
d) hands free telephone;
e) duress alarm with back to base alert;
f) remotely activated central locking; and
g) engine immobiliser designed to prevent unauthorised ignition of the vehicles.
25.38 Employers should ensure that armoured vehicles used for CIT operations are purpose built for the transportation of cash and other valuables and contain the following minimum features:
a) ballistic rated protection from armed attack;
b) back to base radio with override button for use in an emergency;
c) alternative communication method effective in radio reception ‘black spots’;
d) hands free mobile telephone;
e) duress alarm with back to base alert;
f) remotely activated central locking or alternative method of preventing unauthorised entry into the vehicle; and
g) may carry GPS or other vehicle tracking systems.
25.39 Employers should ensure that armoured vehicles used for overt CIT operations carry the company signage and the employees conducting the CIT operation are uniformed and have the necessary PPE and firearms.
Provide personal protective equipment (PPE)
25.40 Employers should provide PPE and any other equipment determined as essential items in the safety risk assessment. The PPE should be:
a) appropriate to the CIT operation;
b) comply with the relevant Australian Standards;
c) be mechanically sound; and
d) be maintained regularly to ensure the serviceability and safety to the user.
25.41 Employers should ensure that, when the safety and security risk assessment determines that firearms are essential, the equipment is supplied according to the requirements of the relevant state or territory legislation or regulation.
Note: Firearms are controlled by state and territory legislation and regulation. When using firearms, the employer must refer to the state or territory legislation and regulation where the CIT operation is conducted.
Vary the route and time procedures
25.42 Where possible, employers should consider varying the route taken for the CIT operation as well as the time for pick up and delivery.
Provide education and training
25.43 Employers should ensure that all persons performing CIT operations hold the appropriate qualifications in accordance with the Security Industry requirements. Evidence of appropriate qualifications should form part of the pre employment process. All persons engaged to perform CIT work should only perform duties within the scope of their qualifications.
25.44 Employers should ensure that all persons who perform CIT work receive training appropriate to their work activities. The target groups include:
a) employees, contractors and others engaged for CIT operations or otherwise participating in CIT work which has the potential to expose them to the risk of injury or illness;
b) managers and supervisors of all CIT employees or those who are responsible for implementing safe operating procedures;
c) staff responsible for the purchasing of plant, PPE, designing, scheduling and organising the work activities; and
d) safety and security assessors.
25.45 Employers should ensure that all CIT employees receive general induction, CIT operational specific and task specific training. The education and training should include:
a) general induction and site specific training inclusive of the statutory responsibilities of employers and employees;
b) the nature and extent of the hazards identified in relation to work performed including:
(i) the incident reporting process (hold-ups or attempted robberies, vehicle collisions or other types of incidents);
(ii) the hazard reporting process for defects in plant and equipment; and
(iii) any dangerous occurrence events or other hazards where safety may have been compromised;
c) safe operating policies, procedures and control measures to minimise the risk and effect of robbery. This should include:
(i) departure, arrival and on site procedures;
(ii) staffing levels;
(iii) communication systems;
(iv) cash limits;
(v) the use and operation of the vehicles and their safety features, plant and associated equipment;
(vi) where and how to use PPE including the correct selection and use of firearms;
(vii) fitting, proper care and maintenance of PPE;
(viii) confidentiality in relation to the CIT sites;
(ix) how to access health and safety information; and
(x) procedures to be adopted in the event of a hold-up or other emergency, vehicles collision or breakdown and/or other type of incident; and
d) the effect of a robbery on an employee and/or any other person undertaking CIT work.
25.46 Employers should ensure that persons undergoing on-the-job training receive the appropriate training, instruction and information in relation to the CIT operations. Where applicable, training should be provided for specific roles such as escort or support.
25.47 Employers should ensure that refresher programs form part of the education and training cycle and encompass simulated street operations for armoured vehicle operators.
25.48 Employers should ensure that a briefing is conducted for all employees and other involved persons prior to the initial CIT operation and at regular intervals thereafter. This briefing should include the risk assessment undertaken for the site and the safe operating procedures.
25.49 Employers should ensure that all site assessors, engaged for the purpose of site safety and security risk assessment for CIT operations, meet the requirement of competent person, hold qualifications in Security Risk Management and have CIT industry experience.
Provide supervision
25.50 Employers should provide supervision to all CIT employees and others in the workplace to ensure that:
a) the appropriate qualifications and licences are held and maintained;
b) knowledge and skills are acquired through competency training qualifications and experience;
c) occupational health and safety management systems are in place;
d) safe work practices are adopted and followed;
e) PPE is properly used; and
f) refresher training is in place, are attended and that attendance is recorded.
25.51 Employers should ensure that a person who is gaining experience to provide CIT services (covert or overt) is under the supervision of a competent person for a minimum of three months and/or until such time as the person demonstrates competence to perform the service.
Provide information
25.52 Employers should provide all employees and other persons involved in CIT operations with access to information on the risk assessments, safe operating procedures and any other relevant health, safety and security information. This may include:
a) the results of applicable safety and security risk assessments;
b) information on safe operating procedures;
c) reviews conducted of the risk assessments or safe operating procedures; and
d) other relevant occupational health and safety information.
Monitor and review
25.53 All persons undertaking CIT work should carry out this work in a lawful and competent manner. Employers should have a system for continuous monitoring that includes:
a) the consultation process followed;
b) adherence to the safety and security policies and procedures;
c) work processes inclusive of review of the safety and security risk management procedures;
d) the effectiveness of the control measures in place; and
e) the use and maintenance of the appropriate PPE.
Implement incident response procedures
25.54 Employers should ensure that there is an incident response procedure in place and include:
a) information and training specific to robbery, attempted robbery and any violent incident or emergency to all persons undertaking CIT operations prior to conducting CIT work;
b) clear and precise procedures for safety during a hold-up;
c) training in procedures for safety during a hold-up;
d) post hold-up procedures that include:
(i) critical incident response;
(ii) hazard and incident reporting process;
(iii) critical incident debriefing in the form of counselling and support; and
(iv) review process post hold-up.
Implement post-hold-up procedures
25.55 Employers should ensure that the post hold-up procedures include initial and longer-term responses. The initial procedure should include:
a) as soon as it is safe to do so, the most appropriate staff member should activate the duress facility to ensure that the police are contacted and an ambulance is dispatched if required;
b) first aid and support for any injured and/or traumatised employees and members of the public;
c) a process for ensuring that evidence is left undisturbed with the area cordoned off as a crime scene until the police arrive. Evidence includes anything that the robber(s) have come into contact with;
d) asking staff to note down the description of the robber(s) and the words used in the crime as soon as practicable;
e) asking all the witnesses to remain at the scene until the police arrive. If any witnesses wish to leave the scene, then names, addresses and telephone numbers should be recorded;
f) allowing staff to contract their families to advise them of the situation;
g) assisting members of the public to contact relatives and assist with help to vehicles or provide alternative transport; and
h) when required, providing a professional posttraumatic counselling service. Ensure all staff has access to the counsellor. Allow for the option of employees seeking assistance from their General Practitioner or Psychologist.
25.56 Employers should ensure that there is a procedure for management of any longer term issues in relation to post hold–up psychological effects by:
a) assisting with workers compensation claims as a result of the hold-up;
b) ensuring that follow up counselling is available to all employees;
c) encouraging employees to return to work and their normal duties as soon as possible. Seek guidance from a health professional in relation to a return to work program;
d) maintaining contact with any staff members who require more time off work to offer support and counselling;
e) providing other duties in other areas of the workplace to those employees who are too traumatised to return to their normal duties; and
f) providing support and guidance to staff who are required to attend court as a witness, seek compensation through the crime victims tribunal system or making a workers compensation claim.
Keep records
25.57 Employers should ensure that appropriate information is recorded and retained in relation to the health and safety of employees and others involved in CIT operations. Records can include:
a) risk assessments, work–sheets and checklists;
b) the process and methods used for the risk assessments;
c) the risk control measures;
d) any reviews of the systems of work;
e) any health and safety audits;
f) first aid, accident, incident and hazard reports;
g) training programs; and
h) plant and equipment maintenance schedules and reports.
RESPONSIBILITIES OF EMPLOYEES
25.58 The Act requires employees to take all reasonable care to protect their health and safety and that of other employees and persons near the work sites.
25.59 Employees should ensure they are conversant with the risk assessment for the site prior to commencing the service.
25.60 Employees should not divulge information to third parties that may increase the risk of a security incident.
25.61 Employees should assist the employer to comply with the legal obligations by providing information on safety and security hazards and risks and participating in the management of risk control measures.
25.62 Employees should ensure that they report all hazards, risks, incidents, injuries and dangerous occurrences according to the employer incident reporting process.
25.63 Employees should report any variations to the environment at the site that may necessitate a review of the service.
25.64 Employees should use and store the PPE provided by the employer according to the manufacturers’ instruction and any training provided.
25.65 Employees should report to their supervisors any PPE that is not fitted correctly and any damage to the PPE provided.
25.66 Employees should not:
a) interfere with or misuse any equipment provided;
b) obstruct any attempt to administer aid to prevent serious injury; or
c) refuse a reasonable request to assist in addressing or preventing a serious risk to the health, safety and welfare of persons at work.
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