Navigation (Examination of Engineers) Regulations (Amendment) (Cth)

STATUTORY RULES

1972 No.

 

REGULATIONS UNDER THE NAVIGATION ACT 1912-1972.*

I, THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL in and over the Commonwealth of Australia, acting with the advice of the Federal Executive Council, hereby make the following Regulations under the Navigation Act 1912-1972.

Dated this fourteenth day of September, 1972.

Paul Hasluck

Governor-General.

By His Excellency’s Command,

Sgd. Peter Nixon

Minister of Slate for Shipping and Transport.

 

Amendments of the Navigation (Examination of Engineers) Regulations 1964

Interpretation.

1. Regulation 4 of the Navigation (Examination of Engineers) Regulations 1964 is amended by omitting the definition of “regular watch” in sub-regulation (1.) and inserting in its stead the following definition:—

“‘regular watch’ means a system of keeping watch that requires each person keeping watch to keep watch for eight hours in each twenty-four hours or a system of work that requires each person working in accordance with the system to perform work to at least one-third of the period during which Work is being performed in accordance with the system;”.

Prescribed qualification.

2. Regulation 7 of the Navigation (Examination of Engineers) Regulations 1964 is amended by adding at the end of sub-regulation (2.) the words “or to so much of Part B of that examination as consists of papers in Electrotechnology and Naval Architecture”.

Service as apprentice engineer orjourneyman.

3. Regulation 9 of the Navigation (Examination of Engineers) Regulations 1964 is amended by omitting from sub-regulation (2.) the words “one year” and inserting in their stead the words “nine months”.

Service as student or technical apprentice.

4. Regulation 10 of the Navigation (Examination of Engineers) Regulations 1964 is amended—

(a) by omitting paragraph (b) of sub-regulation (1.) and inserting in its stead the following paragraph:—

“(b) shall have obtained one of the following United Kingdom technical qualifications—

(i) a Higher National Diploma in Mechanical Engineering;

(ii) a Higher National Certificate in Mechanical Engineering;

(iii) an Ordinary National Certificate in Mechanical Engineering;

(iv) an Ordinary National Diploma in Engineering.”; and

(b) by omitting from sub-regulation. (2.) the words “one year” and inserting in their stead the words “nine months”.

 

* Notified in the Commonwealth Gazette on 1972.

  Statutory Rules 1954, No. 33, as amended by Statutory Rules 1965, No. 109; 1968, No. 29; and 1969, No. 97.

19666/71—Price 20c 10/18.7.1972.

Service under marine engineer training scheme.

5. Regulation 12 of the Navigation (Examination of Engineers) Regulations 1964 is amended—

(a) by adding at the end of paragraph (a) of sub-regulation (1.) the word “and”;

(b) by omitting paragraphs (b) and (c) of sub-regulation (1.) and inserting in their stead the following paragraph:—

“(b) to perform prescribed service for a period of not less than thirty months.”; and

(c) by inserting after sub-regulation (1.) the following sub-regulation:—

“(1a.) For the purposes of the last preceding sub-regulation, prescribed service is—

(a) service at sea as an apprentice engineer; or

(b) workshop service, being service in a shipyard or the engineering works of a marine-engine builder or other service suitable for the training of a marine engineer,

but the candidate shall not be taken to have satisfied the requirements of paragraph (b) of that sub-regulation unless the period of the prescribed service performed by him included service of the kind referred to in paragraph (a) of this sub-regulation for a period of not less than eighteen months and service of a kind referred to in paragraph (b) of this sub-regulation for a period of not less than six months.”.

Qualifying sea service for steam certificate by bolder of motor certificate.

6. Regulation 18 of the Navigation (Examination of Engineers) Regulations 1964 is amended by omitting from paragraph (a) of sub-regulation (1.) the word “ six” and inserting in its stead the word “three”.

Sea service to have been mainly served when regular watch is being kept on the ship.

7. Regulation 20 of the Navigation (Examination of Engineers) Regulations 1964 is amended by omitting sub-regulation (2.).

Prescribed qualifications.

8. Regulation 21 of the Navigation (Examination of Engineers) Regulations 1964 is amended by adding at the end of sub-regulation (2.) the words “or to so much of Part B of that examination as consists of papers in Electrotechnology and Naval Architecture”.

Qualifying sea service.

9. Regulation 23 of the Navigation (Examination of Engineers) Regulations 1964 is amended by omitting from paragraph (a) of sub-regulation (3.) the word “six” and inserting in its stead the word “three”.

10. Regulation 26 of the Navigation (Examination of Engineers) Regulations 1964 is repealed and the following regulation inserted in its stead:—

Sea service to have been mainly served when regular watch is being kept on the ship.

“26. Two-thirds at least of the period of sea service of a candidate shall have been served in a ship at a time when regular watch Is being kept on the ship.”.

11. After regulation 28 of the Navigation (Examination of Engineers) Regulations 1964 the following regulation is inserted:—

Part only of sea service otherwise than in keeping regular watch to be counted.

“28a. Not more than one-half of the period of sea service of a candidate that is spent in the engine or boiler spaces of a ship otherwise than whilst keeping watch in pursuance of a regular watch shall be counted as qualifying sea service.”.

Reckoning of tea service asqualifying sea service.

12. Regulation 29 of the Navigation (Examination of Engineers) Regulations 1964 is amended—

(a) by omitting from sub-regulation (1.) the words “In this regulation” and inserting in their stead the words “Subject to sub-regulation (2a.) of this regulation, in this regulation”;

 

(b) by inserting in sub-paragraph (ii) of paragraph (a), and sub-paragraph (ii) of paragraph (b), of sub-regulation (1.), after the word “keeps”, the words “watch in pursuance of a”;

(c) by inserting in clause (b) of sub-paragraph (ii) of paragraph (b) of sub-regulation (1.), before the word “regular”, the words “watch in pursuance of a”;

(d) by inserting after sub-regulation (2.) the following sub-regulation:—

“(2a.) So much of the sum of the full-rate periods of sea service by a candidate, expressed in months in accordance with the last preceding sub-regulation, being periods of sea service during which the candidate did not keep watch in pursuance of a regular watch or, in the case of a candidate for a first-class certificate, kept watch in pursuance of a regular watch otherwise than in the capacity referred to in clause (a) or clause (b), as the case may be, of sub-paragraph (ii) of paragraph (b) of sub-regulation (1.) of this regulation, as exceeds eight months shall be deemed not to be full-rate periods of sea service.”; and

(e) by omitting from sub-regulation (3.) the words “the last preceding sub-regulation” and inserting in their stead the words “ sub-regulation (2.) of this regulation”.

Application for examination.

13. Regulation 34 of the Navigation (Examination of Engineers) Regulations 1964 is amended by omitting from paragraph (e) of sub-regulation (2.) the words “the original and one copy of”.

Method of taking examination referred to in regulation 39.

14. Regulation 40 of the Navigation (Examination of Engineers) Regulations 1964 is amended—

(a) by inserting in sub-regulation (5.), after the word “whole”, the words “, or such part as he is not exempted from,”; and

(b) by adding at the end thereof the following sub-regulation:—

“(10.) Notwithstanding sub-regulation (5.) of this regulation—

(a) a candidate may at the one lime take the examinations in both Electrotechnology and Naval Architecture without at the. same time taking the examinations in Engineering Knowledge that he is required, by virtue of sub-regulation (1.) of the last preceding regulation, to take, and, if he passes in both Electrotechnology and Naval Architecture, he is entitled to be credited with passes in both of those subjects; and

(b) subject to regulation 7 of these Regulations, a candidate who is so credited with passes in both Electrotechnology and Naval Architecture may apply to take, at any examination held not less than one month after the examination at which he passed those subjects, all the examinations, both written and oral, in Engineering Knowledge that he is required, by virtue of sub-regulation (1.) of the last preceding regulation, to take.”.

Method of taking examination referred to in regulation 42.

15. Regulation 43 of the Navigation (Examination of Engineers) Regulations 1964 is amended—

(a) by inserting in sub-regulation (4.), after the word “whole”, the words “, or such pair as he is not exempted from,”; and

(b) by adding at the end thereof the following sub-regulation:—

“(9.) Notwithstanding sub-regulation (4.) of this regulation—

(a) a candidate may at the one time take the examinations in both Electrotechnology and Naval Architecture without at

 

the same time taking the examinations in Engineering Knowledge that he is required, by virtue of sub-regulation (1.) of the last preceding regulation, to take, and, if he passes in both Electrotechnology and Naval Architecture, he is entitled to be credited with passes in both of those subjects; and

(b) subject to regulation 21 of these Regulations, a candidate, who is so credited with passes in both Electrotechnology and Naval Architecture, may apply to take, at any examination held not less than one month after the examination at which he passed those subjects, ail the examinations, both written and oral, in Engineering Knowledge that he is required, by virtue of sub-regulation (1.) of the last preceding regulation, to take.”.

Exemptions.

16. Regulation 48 of the Navigation (Examination of Engineers) Regulations 1964 is amended by inserting in sub-regulation (3.), after the words “in Part A”, the words “, or from Electrotechnology and Naval Architecture in Part B,”.

First Schedule.

17. The First Schedule to the Navigation (Examination of Engineers) Regulations 1964 is amended by adding at the end of Form 1 the following words:—

“NOTE: Where the person being reported on performed duty on regular watch under a system that did not require persons keeping the watch to keep watch for eight hours in each twenty-four hours, the particulars of the classification of duties shown on the front of this form in relation to that person shall include a brief description of the duration and frequency of, and of the work performed on, the watches kept by that person under that system.”.

Second, Third and Fourth Schedules.

18. The Second, Third and Fourth Schedules to the Navigation (Examination of Engineers) Regulations 1964 are repealed and the following Schedules inserted in their stead:—

“SECOND SCHEDULE. Regulations 39 and 41.

SYLLABUS FOR EXAMINATION FOR A SECOND CLASS CERTIFICATE.

Part A.

Mathematics.

Arithmetic.—Conversion of physical quantities involving length, area, volume or force from one system of units to another. Ratio and proportion. Percentages.

Algebra.—Indices, including fractional and negative types. Use of common logarithms for multiplication, division, powers and roots. Use of Naperian logarithms. Simplification of algebraic expressions. Addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of algebraic functions. Re-arrangement of formulae. Factorization. Algebraic fractions. Squares and cubes of polynomials such as (a±b)2 and (a±b)3 Simple equations. Quadratic equations and solution by factorization or by completing the square. Proof of general formula for solution. Simultaneous equations. Variation, direct and inverse.

Graphical work.— Simplegraphs of statistics. The graph y = ax + b either from calculated values or from experimental results. Calculation of constants from graph. Graphical solutions of simple simultaneous equations involving two unknowns. Graph of y = ax2 + bx + c and graphical solution of equation ax2 + bx + c = 0.

Trigonometry.—Measurement of angles in degrees and radians. Complementary and supplementary angles. Sine, cosine, and tangent of angles up to 360°. Solution of right-angled triangles. Proof of sine and cosine rules. Solution of triangles by these rules. Solution of simple trigonometric equations. Expansions of sin (A ± B) and cos (A ± B).

Geometry.—Properties of triangles. Sum of the angles. Relation between exterior and interior angles. Isosceles and equilateral triangles. Similar and congruent triangles. The circle. Properties of chords and tangents. Angles in the same segment. Angles at the centre and circumference.

Mensuration.—Areas of triangle, polygon, parallelogram, trapezium, circle, sector and segment of a circle and ellipse. Areas of oblique sections of regular solids of uniform cross-section. Area and mean height by mid-ordinate rule and by Simpson’s rules. Ratio of areas of similar figures. Volumes and surface areas of prisms, pyramids, frustrums, spheres, cylinders and cones. Ratio of masses, weights and volumes of similar solids. Solids of revolution.

Second Schedule—continued

Applied Mechanics.

Statics.—Force. Gravitational units. Force as a vector. Triangle and polygon of forces. Resultant and equilibrant of a system of concurrent coplaner forces. Equilibrium of three coplaner forces. Moment of a force. Couples. Moments of areas and volumes. Centroids and centres of gravity (limited to geometrical shapes), Conditions of equilibrium of solids. Inclined plane. Necessary force applied parallel to the plane to pull body up or down the plane or to hold it stationary (including effect of friction). Work done at uniform speed up the plane.

Friction.—Laws of friction for dry surfaces. Coefficient of friction. Friction angle. Energy and power lost due to friction in simple bearings.

Kinematics.—Linear motion. Graphs and equations for displacement, speed, velocity and uniform acceleration. Simple cases of vector change of velocity and the acceleration produced. Relative velocities in one plane only. Angular motion. Equations for displacement, velocity and uniform acceleration.

Dynamics.—Work and power. Horse-power. Problems with constant force or force with linear variations. Energy. Conservation of energy. Potential energy. Kinetic energy of translation. Newton’s laws of motion. Momentum and rate of change of momentum. Centrifugal force and its application to conical pendulum, unloaded governor, curved tracks and machine parts. Stress in thin rim due to centrifugal action.

Machines.—Simple lifting machine. Graphs of load-effort and load-efficiency. Linear law. Velocity ratio, mechanical advantage and efficiency of the following machines: wheel and axle, differential wheel and axle, rope pulley blocks, differential pulley blocks, screw jack, Warwick screw, hydraulic jack, worm-driven chain blocks and single and double purchase crab winches. Reduction gearing.

Stress and strain. — Direct stress and strain. Shear stress. Hooke’s law. Modulus of elasticity. Ultimate tensile stress. Yield stress. Limit of proportionality. Percentage elongation and reduction of area. Working stress. Factor of safety. Stress due to restricted expansion or contraction of single members.

Beams.—Cantilevers and simply supported beams with concentrated or uniformly distributed loads. Shearing force and bending moment diagrams. Stress due to bending, given the fundamental bending equation and the second moment of area of the section.

Torsion.—Twisting moment due to engine crank mechanism. Strength and stiffness of solid or hollow shafts of circular cross-section given the fundamental torsion equation and the polar second moment of area. Power transmitted by shafts. Coupling bolts.

Thin shells.—Circumferential and longitudinal stress in thin cylindrical and spherical shells subject to internal pressure.

Joints.—Strength of the following joints: single, double and treble riveted lap and butt joints and bull welded joints.

Hydrostatics.—Archimedes’ principle. Equilibrium of floating bodies. Specific gravity. Constant weight hydrometer. Variation of fluid pressure with depth. Level control. Total force due to liquid pressure on immersed plane surfaces, horizontal or vertical. Centre of pressure on a rectangular vertical plane surface or triangular plane surface, both with one edge, parallel to the surface of the liquid.

Hydraulics.—Full bore flow of liquid through pipes under constant load. Flow through orifice. Coefficients of velocity, contraction of area and discharge.

Heat and Heat Engines.

Elements.—Temperature and thermometric scales. Conversion from Celsius to Fahrenheit and vice versa. Linear and volumetric expansion due to temperature changes. Coefficients and the relationship between them.

Heat and heat transfer.—Heat units: Btu. Chu, gram-calorie, joule. Specific heat. Mechanical equivalent of heat. Heat equivalent of power. Heat transfer by conduction, convection and radiation. Laws of conduction and radiation and simple applications.

Mixtures.—Heat and temperature problems involving not more than three substances. Water equivalent.

Gases.—Boyle’s and Charles’ laws for perfect gases. Absolute temperature. Characteristic equation. Constant R and its use in simple problems. Isothermal and adiabatic expansion and compression. Relation between P, V and T when PVa = constant. Specific heats Cp and Cr and the relationship between them.

I.C. engines and air compressors.—Elementary principles and cycles of operation. Calculation of work done. Indicator diagrams.

Properties of steam.—Change of enthalpy, with and without change of phase. Use of abridged steam tables. Specific volume of steam under various conditions. Throttling. Separating and throttling calorimeters. Boiler efficiency. Equivalent evaporation. Use of steam tables in simple problems referring to condensers. Effect of air leakage.

 

Second Schedule—continued

Reciprocating steam engine.—Actual indicator diagrams. Mean effective pressure and work done. Indicated and brake horse-power. Advantages of using steam expansively and of compounding. Steam consumption per hour and per horse-power-hour. Thermal, mechanical and overall efficiencies of simple and compounded engines.

Boilers and engines.—Boiler efficiency. Heat balance for engine and boiler trials.

Steam turbine.—Elementary principles. Simple velocity diagrams. Thermal, mechanical and overall efficiency. Steam consumption per hour and output.

Combustion.—Solid and liquid fuels. Higher calorific values. Chemical equations for complete combustion. Theoretical minimum air required. Excess air.

Refrigeration.—Vapour-compression cycle. Refrigerating effects. Use of tables of properties of refrigerants.

Boilers and evaporators.—Change of density due to contaminated feed.

Drawing.

The drawing paper will consist of a test of the ability to apply the principles of projection. Candidates will be asked to draw a plan, elevation or section, or a combination of these views, of a piece of marine machinery from information supplied. All the required information for the completion of the drawing will be given in the paper.

Part B.

Electrotechnology.

General.—Units—SI system. Effects of electric current—chemical, magnetic, thermal and production of light, electric shock. Production of e.m.f. by chemical, magnetic, thermal and light means. Electrical safety.

The electric circuit.—Units—ampere, ohm and volt. Ohm’s law. Series and parallel circuits of sources of e.m.f. and of resistances. Current distribution in simple circuits. Difference between e.m.f. and p.d. Power and energy. Relationships between heating, mechanical and electrical units. Joule’s equivalent. Conductor resistance, effect of length, area, material and temperature. Specific resistance. Temperature coefficient of resistance. Types of insulation. Wheatstone network bridge, slide wire bridge. Applications to steering gears, resistance pyrometers, strain gauges, &c.

Electrolytic action.—Theory of electrolytic dissociation applied to common solutions, acidulated water, copper sulphate and salt water. Uses of electrolysis, Faraday’s laws. Electrochemical equivalent.

Cells.—Primary (wet or dry Leclanche) and secondary (acid or alkaline) types. Construction and principles. Maintenance, charging. Wall-hour and ampere-hour efficiencies.

Magnetism and electromagnetism—Simple magnetic theory. Magnetic field. Lines of force. Field strength. Field intensity. Magnetic fields due to current in straight conductors, loops, coils and solenoids. Relative directions of current and field. Effect of iron. Flux density. Total flux. Reluctance. Permeability. Typical B/H and µ/B curves.

Electro-magnetic induction.—Faraday’s and Lena’s laws. Magnitude and direction of induced e.m.f. Force produced on a current carrying conductor.

Alternating current theory.—The sinusoidal wave, frequency, maximum, r.m.s. and average values. Vector representation of a.c. quantities. Phase difference. The a.c. circuit. Inductance and its effect on the circuit. The capacitor. Capacitance and its effect on the circuit. The general series circuit. Relationship between resistance, reactance and impedance. Simple treatment of power factor.

Instruments.—Principles and function of switchboard indicating instruments. Moving-coil, moving-iron and dynamometer types. Uses of shunts and series resistance to increase the range. The current transformer and potential transformer for instrument work (description and simple explanation). Rectifiers and transducers.

Testing methods and measurements.—Resistance measured by ammeter-voltmeter, by bridge, and by instrument. Simple ohmmeter and insulation testing. General insulation, continuity and millivolt-drop testing. Fault tracing. Temperature measurement by resistance.

Circuits.—Single-wire, 2-wire, 3-wire and ring main systems for d.c. Use of fuses and circuit-breakers. Use of earth lamps. Simple explanation of the alternator ns a generating unit. Parallel running and synchronising procedure.

Electrical machines.—Construction, general and details. Field circuits—separate, shunt, series and compound. Commutating poles. Commutation. Simple approach to lap and wave windings. Maintenance.

D.C. generators.—Protection. E.m.f. and load voltage equation. Brief treatment of theory of self-excitation. Load characteristics. Methods of voltage control. Parallel operation procedure.

D.C. motors. Need for starters. Types of starter, Speed and torque equations. Load characteristics. Speed control.

Naval Architecture.

General.—Displacement, Wetted surface. Block, mid-section, prismatic and water-plane area coefficients. Tons per inch immersion. Application of Simpson’s rules to areas and volumes.

 

Second Schedule— continued

Draught and buoyancy.— Alteration of mean draught due to change in density of water. Buoyancy and reserve buoyancy. Effect of bilging amidship compartments.

Transverse stability.—Shift of centre of gravity due to addition or removal of ballast, fuel or cargo. Stability at small angles of heel (given the second moment of area of the waterplane or formulae). The inclining experiment.

Resistance and propulsion.—Comparison of skin frictional resistance of hull with model at different speeds, Rr=f.S.Va and residual resistance. Admiralty and fuel coefficients. Relation between speed of vessel and fuel consumption with constant displacement and assuming that resistance varies as (speed)n. Elementary treatment of propeller. Pitch, apparent slip, real slip, wake, thrust and power.

Structural strength.—Simple problems on strength of structural members to resist liquid pressure. Loading due to head of liquid.

Ship construction.—Common terms used in the measurement of steel ships, e.g. length between perpendiculars, breadth overall, moulded depth, draught and freeboard. Definitions of shipbuilding terms in general use. Descriptions and sketches of structural members in ordinary types of steel ships. Machinery seating arrangements. Watertight doors. Hatches. Rudders. Propellers. Stern tubes. Watertight bulkheads. Double bottoms. Anchors and cables. Precautions necessary before entering empty oil fuel or ballast tanks.

The preservation in good condition of the ship’s structure, in particular the bilges, bunkers, tanks under boilers and watertight doors.

Ventilation arrangements (natural and mechanical) for pump rooms in tankers and for holds, coal bunkers and oil tanks.

Storage of coal.—Spontaneous combustion. Danger of explosion from gas given off by coal. Fire detection and extinction arrangements for passengers and cargo spaces. Fire precautions in port and dry dock. Fore and aft peak tanks, double bottom and deep tank filling and pumping arrangements. Compartmental drainage. Levelling arrangements for damaged side compartments.

Dry docking and maintenance of underwater fittings.

Engineering Knowledge (All Candidates).

(a) The general effects of various treatments on the physical properties of materials commonly used in the construction of marine engines and boilers, and the mechanical tests to which these materials ate normally subjected.

(b) Heat and combustion. The properties of steam, fuel lubricants and other liquids, gases and vapours used in machinery on board ship.

(c) The use, constructional details and principles involved in the action of the pressure gauge, thermometer, pyrometer, barometer, salinometer, hydrometer and other meters commonly used by engineers on board ship.

(d) The causes, effects and usual remedies for incrustation and corrosion. Feed water and blow densities, and scale formation.

(e) Constructional details and working principles or marine engines; methods of determining their brake horse powers. The principles of working and methods of calibration of dynamometers and torsion meters.

(f) The methods of dealing with wear and tear of machinery and boilers. The alignment of machinery parts. The correction of defects due to flaws in material or accident. Temporary or permanent repairs in event of derangement or total breakdown.

(g) Constructional details and principles of action of pumps and oily water separators fitted in ships. The general requirements concerning feed, fuel, fire and ballast pumping systems.

(h) The constructional arrangement, details and working of steering-engines and gears, refrigerating machinery, hydraulic and other auxiliary machinery, and such steam and internal combustion engines as are used for emergency and auxiliary machinery on board ship.

(i) Application of the indicator. Calculation of mean pressure and horsepower. Fluctuation of pressure in the cylinder as shown by indicator diagrams.

(j) Precautions against fire or explosions due to oil or gas. Flash point. Explosive properties of gas or vapour given off by fuel or lubricating oils when mixed with a quantity of air. The danger of leakage from oil tanks, pipes, gas producers and vaporizers, particularly in bilges and other unventilated spaces. Extraneous ignition. The action of wire gauze diaphragms and the places in which such devices should be fitted.

(k) Spontaneous combustion of coal. Explosive properties of gas given off by coal.

(l) Fire detection. Methods of dealing with fire. Action and maintenance of mechanical and chemical fire extinguishers and other fire-fighting appliances, respirators and safety lamps.

Engineering Knowledge (Steam).

(a) The methods of constructing marine steam engines and boilers, the process to which the several parts are submitted or which are incidental to their manufacture and the methods employed in fitting the machinery on board ship.

 

Second Schedule— continued

(b) The various types of propelling and auxiliary machinery new in use, the functions of each important part and tile attention required by the different parts of the machinery on board ship.

(c) The methods of testing and altering the setting of the steam admission and exhaust valves, and the effect produced in the working of the engine by definite alterations in the setting of the valves.

(d) The constructional details and working of evaporators, feed water heaters and feed water filters.

(e) Marine boilers of various modern designs; the manner of staying them, and also the prevention of movement of boilers when vessels are pitching or tolling. The determination by calculation of suitable working pressures for boilers of given dimensions.

(f) The use and management of boiler fittings and mountings, with special reference to water-gauges and safety valves. Precautions necessary when raising steam and operating stop valves, with particular reference to the danger arising from water-hammer action.

(g) Constructional details, operation and maintenance of installations generally employed for assisting draught, super-heating steam and burning fuel.

Note.—Where questions on main propulsion reciprocating steam engines are set, an alternative question will be given.

Engineering Knowledge (Motor).

(a) The principles underlying the working of internal combustion engines. The differences between various types of engines. Constructional details of internal combustion engines in general use.

(b) The nature and properties of the fuel and lubricating oils generally used in internal combustion engines. The supply of air and fuels to cylinders of engines of different types. The constructional details of apparatus for carburetting or atomising the fuel. The means of cooling the cylinders and pistons. Constructional details and working of air compressors.

(c) The methods of constructing marine internal combustion engines. The processes to which the several parts are submitted or which are incidental lo their manufacture and the methods employed in fitting the machinery on board ship.

(d) Starting and reversing arrangements and the various operations connected therewith.

(e) The attention required for the operation and maintenance of the various parts of machinery. The use and management of valves, pipes, connections and safety devices employed.

(f) Enumeration and description of defects arising from working of machinery. The remedy for such defects.

(g) Constructional details and management of auxiliary steam boilers, their fittings mid mountings, with special reference to water-gauges and safely valves. Constructional details and management of auxiliary machinery. Draught. Combustion equipment, oil fuel equipment.

Oral Examination in Engineering Knowledge.

The oral examination will be largely based upon the subjects in this Part and will include questions on the management of engines and boilers, electrical machinery, prevention of fire and methods of fighting fires at sea, the duties of the supervising engineer, the work to be done to engines, boilers and auxiliary machinery in port and the periodical examination of the working parts.

Candidates should also be well acquainted with machinery and boiler casualties which may occur at sea and be able to state bow these may be prevented and remedied.

A knowledge of the appropriate statutes is also required.

“THIRD SCHEDULE. Regulations 42 and 44.

SYLLABUS FOR EXAMINATION FOR A FIRST CLASS CERTIFICATE.

Part A.

Applied Mechanics.

Statics.—Laws of equilibrium. Moments and couples. Polygon of forces. Rapson’s slide.

Friction.—Law of dry friction. Friction angle. Friction clutches. Friction on inclined plane. Friction on threads. Work done against friction.

Kinematics.—Linear and angular motion with acceleration. Cams. Velocity-time and acceleration-time graphs.

Relative velocity and acceleration.—Relative velocity between bodies moving in different planes.

Dynamics.—Newton’s law of motion. The force equation. Atwood machine. Acceleration of connected bodies. Effect of simple air resistance on motion under the effect of gravity. The torque equation. Conservation of momentum. Kinetic energy of translation and of rotation. Flywheels. Potential energy. Conservation of energy. Impulsive forces. Centrifugal force. Governors, including sleeve friction. Simple harmonic motion. Simple pendulum. Simple vibrations. Dynamic balancing of masses rotating in one plane. Basic dynamics of the engine mechanism. Use of piston velocity and acceleration formulae. Derivation of piston displacement formula.

 

Third Schedule—continued

Stress and strain.—Direct stress and strain and modulus of elasticity. Shear stress rind strain and modulus of rigidity. Stresses on oblique planes. Strength of simple connections such as pottered nr screwed joints. Resilience due to direct stress. Suddenly applied loads.

Compound bars.—Effects of direct loading and of temperature changes.

Beams.—S.F. and B.M, diagrams for cantilevers and simply supported beams. Stress in beams of simple section. Use of deflection formulae.

Torsion.—Torsion equations for solid and hollow round shafts. Torsion of shaft fitted with liner. Horse-power transmitted. Close coiled helical spring.

Struts.—Eccentric loading of short columns. Use of strut formulae.

Hydrostatics.—Flotation in two liquids of different specific gravities. Total force and centre of pressure on immersed surfaces such as tanks and bulkheads.

Hydraulics.—Bernoulli’s equation and applications. Venturi meter. Flow through orifices under constant head. Force exerted by a jet. Blade angle diagrams for a centrifugal pump.

Control.—Simple flow and control problems.

Heat and Heat Engines.

Elements.—Expansion of solids and liquids including coefficient of apparent cubical expansion. First and second laws of thermodynamics and applications. Work done associated with the formula PVa = C.

Heat transfer.—Conduction (excluding log mean temperature difference). Radiation.

Properties of steam.—Calculation of change of enthalpy, internal energy and entropy with and without change of phase. Use of steam tables and entropy. Throttling and separating calorimeter.

Mixtures.—Heat and temperature problems involving two or more substances.

Gases—Boyle’s law. Charles’ law. Characteristic equation. Relations between P. V and T when PVa = C. Determination of n from graph connecting P and V. Proof of the formula R Cp — Cv = . Calculations for expansions and compressions on air compressors, internal combustion engines, air pumps and air storage. Applications of Dalton’s law of partial pressures.

Gas cycles.—Use of entropy charts. Constant volume cycle. Diesel cycle. Dual cycle. Open and closed cycles for gas turbines. Indicated and brake thermal efficiencies. Mechanical efficiency. Overall efficiency. Morse test.

Expansion of steam.—Throttling. Hypothetical PV diagrams. Work done, m.e.p., including effect of clearance. Compounding. Total power. Combined diagrams.

Steam cycle.—Use of entropy charts. Basic Rankine cycle. Heat drop in reciprocating engines and in turbines. Effect on thermal efficiency of such modifications as superheating, exhaust turbine and regenerative feed heating.

Density and scale.—Basic calculations on the effect of condenser leakage and impure feed on the density and scale in boilers. Basic calculations on evaporator and boiler performance.

Turbines.—Basic cycle and its modifications. Flow through nozzles (excluding proof of critical pressure ratio). Blade diagrams for impulse and reaction turbines. Force on blades. Work done on blades. Use of enthalpy-entropy charts to determine steam condition at various stages.

Combustion.—Combustion equations. Calculation of theoretical air required. Determinations of calorific value. Avogadro’s hypothesis, Basic analysis of exhaust gases. Relation between volumetric and weight analysis of a gas mixture. CO2 content of exhaust gases.

Refrigeration.—Reversed Carnot cycle. Vapour compression cycle. Use of vapour tables. Coefficient of performance.

Part B.

Electrotechnology.

Units.—SI system.

The magnetic circuit.— B-Hand B-AT/cm curves. Their effect on the design of simple magnetic circuits involving an air gap. Hysteresis. Electromagnetism. Mutual induction.

The electric circuit,—Kirchhoff’s laws. Parallel operation of batteries with unequal e.m.f.s. and differing internal resistances.

Distribution problems. Volt-drop. Single and doubly fed distributors. Ring mains.

Distribution system. D.c. 2-wire and 3-wire. A.c. single-phase end three-phase 3-wire and 4-wire.

Motor starters.—Automatic types—reference to time and current control. The drum controller for series motors.

 

Third Schedule—continued

Applications, etc.—Parallel operation of shunt and compound generators. Equalising bar. Load sharing treated qualitatively. Applications to Ward Leonard systems. Steering gear. Suitability of d.c, motors for the various types of work.

Faults and maintenance of machines. Overheating due to mechanical and electrical defects. Sparking at brushes. Loss of residual magnetism. Testing machines—use of the megger.

Calculations on starters.

General A.C.—Production of an alternating waveform. Rectification. The sine law. Frequency: amplitude, instantaneous and maximum values. Relation between frequency, number of poles and speed of a machine. R.M.S. and average values. Form factor.

Representation of an alternating quantity by means of vectors to give instantaneous and R.M.S. values.

The series circuit—Resistance, inductance and impedance. Current and voltage relationships. Use of vectors. Power, apparent power (V.A.) reactive volt-amp and power factor. The impedance triangle. Reactive and active components of current.

The parallel circuit.—Treatment by vectors and calculations of fairly simple circuits. Capacitance and the application of capacitors to power factor improvement. The desirability of high power factors.

Three-phase systems.—Star and delta (mesh) connections for supplies and loads. Phase and line relationships. Power. Three-phase 4-wire distributor. The application to the rotating magnetic field.

Alternators.—Construction. E.m.f. equation. Synchronising and reference to load sharing.

Induction motors.—Construction. Slip. Reference to rotor e.m.f. and frequency. Typical torque-speed curves. Wound, slip ring and cage types. Description of double wound type. Starting methods.

Synchronous motors.—Construction. Starting methods. Reference to use for power factor correction.

Propulsion.—Types using d.c. and a.c. machines. Turbo-electric drives; starting methods; speed changing. Advantages and disadvantages of electrical propulsion.

Single-phase motors.—Description of general common types. Starting.

Transformers.—Elementary principles and general description.

Instruments.—Simple treatment (qualitative) of dynamometer, wattmeter, frequency meter, power factor meter, rotary synchroscope, reverse power relay.

Naval Architecture.

General.—Form coefficients. Wetted surface formulae. Simpson’s rules applied to areas, moments of areas, second moments of areas, volumes, moments of volumes, centroids and centres of pressure.

Transverse stability.—Centre of gravity. Centre of buoyancy. Metacentre. Moments of statical stability. GZ curves. Cross curves of stability. Hydrostatic curves commonly supplied to ships. Effect of free liquid surface and subdivision of tanks. Dangers due to water accumulation during fire-fighting. Effect of suspended weights. Practical requirements to ensure stability at sea. Management of water and fuel tanks. Filling and emptying tanks at sea.

Longitudinal stability.—Longitudinal BM and GM and statical stability. Centre of flotation and its calculation. Moment to change trim by one inch.

Draughts, trim and heel.—Changes due to adding or removing fuel ballast or cargo. Changes due to alteration in density of sea water. Changes due to bilging of compartments, using the lost buoyancy and added weight methods. Forces on rudder and stress in rudder stock. Heel when turning, including effect of centrifugal force and of rudder.

Resistance and propulsion.—Derivation of Admiralty and fuel coefficients. The law of corresponding speeds. Froude’s law’ of comparison. Simple problems or the prediction of full scale resistance from model experiments. Simple problems involving the use of E.H.P., D.H.P., and Q.P.C. Simple problems on propellers. Pitch ratio. Wake factor. True slip. Apparent slip. Thrust and power. Cavitation.

Ship construction.—Forces on ship under various conditions, including the effect of panting and pounding. Construction of all parts of steel ships. Structural fire protection arrangements. Fire detection and extinction arrangements. Fire precautions in port and in dry dock. Storage and ventilation of coal. Danger of explosion of gas given off by coal. Bilge and ballast arrangements. Levelling arrangements for damaged side compartments. Dry docking. Ventilation of holds and oil fuel tanks.

Ship measurement and classification.—Meaning of “classed” and “unclassed” ships. Three island and shelter deck vessels. Common terms used in measurement of modern steel ships. Common terms used in tonnage measurement, e.g., gross tonnage, net tonnage, propelling power allowance, tonnage hatch.

Third Schedule—continued

Engineering Knowledge (All Candidates).

The matters set out for Engineering Knowledge (All Candidates) in the Second Schedule and, in addition, the following matters:—

(a) The administrative duties of a Chief Engineer. The organization of his staff for emergency duties and the use of safety equipment. The organization of repairs and surveys. Reports to owners.

(b) The recognition of irregularity in the running of engines from indicator diagrams. The rectification of these irregularities. Illustration by means of sketches of the change produced in the diagram due to an alteration in the selling or working of the valves or any other factors.

Engineering Knowledge (Steam).

The matters set out for Engineering Knowledge (Steam) in the Second Schedule.

Engineering Knowledge (Motor).

The matters set out for Engineering Knowledge (Motor) in the Second Schedule.

Oral Examination in Engineering Knowledge.

The matters set out for the oral examination in Engineering Knowledge in the Second Schedule.

“FOURTH SCHEDULE. Regulation 45.

SYLLABUS FOR EXAMINATION FOR AN EXTRA FIRST CLASS CERTIFICATE.

Part A.

Candidates are expected to show a more extensive knowledge of all the matters in the syllabuses for the examinations for first class and second class certificates than is required to be shown by candidates for those certificates.

Theory of Machines (Mechanics of Fluids).

Plane kinematics of mechanisms. Instantaneous centres of rotation. Relative velocity of machine parts by calculation and graphic methods. Displacement, velocity and acceleration diagrams. Calculation of displacement velocity end acceleration of slider crank mechanisms. Cams. Theory of shape and action of gear teeth. Helical, bevel worm, spur gearing and gear trains. Inertia forces on engine mechanisms. Balancing of routing masses, primary balancing of reciprocating parts, secondary balancing of engines. Turning moment diagrams. Flywheels. Governors. Vibrations of mechanical systems including forced vibration and the effect of viscous damping. Torsional oscillations of shafting. Whirling of shafts. Gyroscopic theory and action. Friction and chain drives, clutches. Lubrication, theory of boundary film lubrication, ball and roller bearings.

Hydrostatics.—Fundamental properties of fluids. Viscosity, surface tension, Resultant pressure on plane and curved surfaces, centre of pressure. Vertical stability of the atmosphere.

Hydrodynamics.—Streamline, laminar and turbulent flow, influence of solid boundaries on fluid motion. Bernoulli’s principle, continuity of flow. Distribution of pressure and velocity in free and forced vortices. Resistance of viscous fluid in streamline or turbulent motion. Use of coefficients to correct for resistance and streamline contraction. Measurement of velocity of incompressible flow by Pitot and static pressure tubes, orifices, notches and Venturi meter. Loss of head due to bends, sudden enlargements and contractions—hydraulic gradient. Dynamical similarity. Flow between parallel surfaces and in circular pipes. Critical velocities for flow in pipes. Reynolds’ number, Rayleigh’s formulae. Water-hammer. Impact and reaction of jets. The theory of centrifugal pumps, reciprocating pumps, accumulators and other hydraulic machines with a marine application.

Strength and Properties of Materials.

Stress and strain. Complementary shear stress. Modulus of elasticity. Modulus of rigidity; Poisson’s ratio. Relationships between the elastic constants. Temperature stresses. Complex stress systems. Principal stresses and strains. Resilience, strain energy. Impact loading. Theories of elastic failure.

Shearing force. Bending moments, slope and deflection in freely supported and built-in beams and cantilevers. Distribution of stress in beams. Leaf and flat spiral springs.

Struts subjected to axial and parallel eccentric loadings.

Stresses and strains in thin-walled and thick-walled cylinders under fluid pressure, Compound cylinders.

Torsion of shafts, transmission of power by shafting, Close-coiled and open-coiled helical springs.

Stress and deflection in frameworks treated analytically and graphically.

 

Fourth Schedule—continued.

Physical properties of materials, composition and properties of the important ferrous and non-ferrous metals. Thermal equilibrium diagrams, iron carbon diagram, microstructure and macrostructure. Heat treatment and uses of plain and alloy steels. Cast irons including high duty and malleable types. Casting technique for ferrous and non-ferrous metals. Production of ingots and their defects. Effects of cold working. Creep and fatigue of metals. Corrosion and corrosion protection. Welding procedure and examination of welds. Non-destructive methods of metal testing.

Common types of testing machines and instruments. Material testing procedure.

Applied Thermodynamics.

The properties of gases and vapours including variable specific heats. Laws of thermodynamics. Internal energy, enthalpy and entropy. Mixtures of gases and vapours. Partial pressures.

The Carnot cycle, reversible and irreversible processes.

The representation of throttling, isothermal, adiabatic, isentropic and polytropic processes on energy charts.

Ideal air and vapour cycles for prime movers, compressors and refrigerators; their representation on energy charts. Efficiency calculations.

Flow of gases and vapours through nozzles and blading.

Heat transfer including conduction through composite walls,

Combustion. Properties of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels. Calorimetry.

The effects of varying air supply. Analysis of combustion products.

Marine Heat Engines.

Boiler plant testing and efficiency. Air supply and regulation. Condensers, feed heaters, de-aerators, economisers, air heaters, superheaters, reheaters, closed feed systems, evaporators.

Practical steam engine cycles. Effects of superheating, reheating and feed heating. Efficiencies. Turbine nozzle and blade calculations.

The reciprocating steam engine. Compounding.

Practical internal combustion engine cycles. Combustion. Effects of dissociation and variable specific heats.

Refrigeration, including multiple effect evaporation. Heat pump cycles. Carbon dioxide, ammonia, arcton and sulphur dioxide systems.

Air compressors, air motors. Reciprocating and rotary machines.

Gas turbines, cycles and efficiencies.

The testing and performance of marine heat engines.

Part B.

Essay.

The purpose of the Essay is to test a candidate’s ability to compose and write good grammatical English and to express his opinions, conclusions and suggestions in suitably written reports, business letters or essays on subjects connected with the profession or of a more general interest. Two subjects will be given; one only is to be attempted.

Machine Design (Drawing).

To produce a working drawing of any part of marine machinery, boilers, mechanical equipment or parts of a ship’s structure involving the arrangement of constituent members from given particulars, and the design calculations asked for. Two subjects will be given; one only is to be attempted.

Electrotechnology.

Electromagnetism.—Magnetic properties of ferromagnetic material, calculation of ampere turns for composite magnetic circuits, energy stored in magnetic field, self and mutual inductance, effect of inductance or capacitance on d.c. circuits.

Electrostatics.—General principles of electrostatics. Intensity and strength of electric fields. Theorems of Gauss and Coulomb. Potential and capacitance, potential gradient. Capacitors— charge and discharge of capacitors including oscillatory charge and discharge. Principles of dielectrics.

D.C. Machines.—Construction of d.c. machines. Windings, including multi-torn windings. Equaliser rings. Commutation. Armature reaction, interpoles. Characteristics of all types of d.c. motors and generators. Motor speed and torque—motor starting and control. Amplidyne and metadyne, application of amplidyne and metadyne to control of speed, current and voltage. Operation of d.c. generators in series and parallel. Testing of d.c. machines, direct and indirect methods—separation of losses, retardation and regenerative methods of testing. Distribution of d.c. current, 3-wire system, balancers, boosters, ring main systems.

Fourth Schedule—continued

Alternating current.—Generation of sinusoidal e.m.f. waveform, amplitude and frequency. Values of sinusoidal current and voltage. Calculations on circuits involving resistance, capacitance, inductance and resonance. Vector representation. Power factor. Single-phase mid three-phase circuits with star and delta connections. Power and energy measurement in three-phase balanced and unbalanced circuits. Transformers, transformation ratios, vector diagrams, voltage regulation and efficiency,

A.C. machines.—Flux distribution in salient pole and non-salient pole fields. E.m.f. generated in coils and distributed windings. Alternators and their use as synchronous motors. Polyphase induction motors, theory, characteristics anti starling arrangements. Parallel operation of a.c. alternators and instruments, Rectifiers for a.c. power circuit.

Electronics.—Vacuum and gas-filled valves and tubes, semi-conductors, transistors, photoelectric effects and their applications. Amplifiers and rectifiers.

Illumination.—Filament and gas discharge types of electric lamps.

Naval Architecture.

Derivation of Simpson’s and Tchebycheff’s rules.

Stability.—Hydrostatic curves, statical curves and cross curves of stability. Dynamical stability. Free surface problems. Grounding.

Subdivision of passenger ships.—Floodable length curves and their use.

Strength of ships.— The trochoidal wave theory. Local and longitudinal strength calculations. Statical strength treated graphically and by calculation. Dynamical effects. Oscillation, rolling and pitching of ships. Qualitative treatment of vibrations.

Resistance and propulsion of ships—Model experiments and laws of comparison. Dynamical similarity. Viscosity and its effects on fluid friction. Dimensional analysis and the non-dimensional factor approach to Reynolds’ and Fronde’s numbers Other methods of estimating power, e.g., Admiralty coefficient formula, Taylor’s curves. Circular constants and their use.

Propellers, geometry of the helix, typical triangle of velocities introducing slip and angle of incidence. Thrust, torque and efficiency. Blade element theory—lift and drag on aerofoil section. Axial momentum. Propeller coefficients and their use. Cavitation. Interaction between screw and ship. Hull efficiency and is factors. Overall propulsion coefficient.

Materials used in shipbuilding.—Steel, aluminium, notch embrittlement.

Classification societies’ rules.—Modern developments in structural design. Discontinuities. The employment of welding. Corrosion and fouling.

General principles of load line assignment and tonnage measurements.

Engineering Knowledge.

Questions will be set to test a candidate’s knowledge of technological investigations which have influenced engineering practice and important developments arising therefrom, free from the limitations of the syllabuses for the examinations for first class end second class certificates.”.

Application of amendments.

19. The amendments made by these Regulations, in so far as they relate to examinations or parts of examinations for certificates, apply in relation to examinations or parts of examinations that commence to be held after the commencement of these Regulations.

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