Navigation (Examination of Engineers) Regulations (Amendment) (Cth)

Statutory Rules

1975 No. 77

REGULATIONS UNDER THE NAVIGATION ACT 1912-1973.*

I, THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL of Australia, acting with the advice of the Executive Council, hereby make the following Regulations under the Navigation Act 1912-1973.

Dated this thirtieth day of April, 1975.

JOHN R. KERR

Governor-General.

By His Excellency’s Command,

C. K. JONES

Minister of State for Transport.

_______

Amendments of the Navigation (Examination of Engineers) Regulations 1964

Interpretation.

1. Regulation 4 of the Navigation (Examination of Engineers) Regulations 1964 is amended—

(a) by omitting from sub-regulation (1) the definition of “the Principal Examiner” and substituting the following definition:—

“‘the Principal Examiner’ means the person for the time being holding, or performing the duties of, the office in the Australian Public Service of Marine Education Officer, Grade 2 (being Position No. 36 in the Marine Crews Section, Marine Crews and Services Branch, Marine Standards Division of the Department of Transport);”; and

(b) by omitting from sub-regulation (3) the words “the First Schedule” and substituting the word and figure “Schedule 1”.

Service as apprentice engineer or journeyman.

2. Regulation 9 of the Navigation (Examination of Engineers) Regulations 1964 is amended—

(a) by omitting from sub-regulation (1) the words “A candidate” and substituting the words “Subject to sub-regulation (1a), a candidate”;

 

* Notified in the Australian Government Gazette on 6 May 1975.

  Statutory Rules 1964, No. 33, as amended by Statutory Rules 1965, No. 109; 1968, No. 29; 1969, No, 92; and 1972, No. 155.

 

(b) by inserting after sub-regulation (1) the following sub-regulation:—

“(1a) Where a candidate has completed his apprenticeship in less than 4 years, that candidate shall have performed workshop service in accordance with this regulation on work of a kind referred to in sub-regulation (1) for not less than the period of his apprenticeship.”;

(c) by omitting from sub-regulation (2) the words “Of the period of service specified in the last preceding sub-regulation a period of at least nine months” and substituting the words “Of the period during which a candidate performed workshop service in accordance with sub-regulation (1) or (1a), whichever is applicable, a period of not less than the prescribed period”;

(d) by inserting after sub-regulation (2) the following sub-regulation:—

“(2a) For the purposes of sub-regulation (2), the prescribed period is—

(a) where the period of the apprenticeship is 3 years or less— 6 months;

(b) where the period of the apprenticeship is more than 3 years but not more than 3 years and 6 months—7 months and 15 days; or

(c) in any other case—9 months.”;

(e) by omitting from sub-regulation (3) the words “period of service specified in sub-regulation (1) of this regulation not spent as specified in the last preceding sub-regulation” and substituting the words “period during which a candidate performed workshop service in accordance with sub-regulation (1) or (1a), whichever is applicable, not spent as specified in sub-regulation (2)”; and

(f) by omitting from sub-regulation (4) the words “for not less than four years as an apprentice engineer or a journeyman” and substituting the words “as an apprentice engineer or a journeyman for not less than the period for which, by virtue of sub-regulation (1) or (1a), whichever is applicable, he is required to have performed workshop service”.

Service under marine engineer training scheme.

3. Regulation 12 of the Navigation (Examination of Engineers) Regulations 1964 is amended by omitting paragraph (a) of sub-regulation (1) and substituting the following paragraph:—

“(a) to complete a 2-year course leading to—

(i) the United Kingdom Ordinary National Diploma in Engineering;

(ii) the Marine Engineering Technician’s Certificate of the City and Guilds of London Institute; or

(iii) the United Kingdom Higher National Diploma in Mechanical Engineering (Marine); and”.

Prescribed qualifications.

4. Regulation 27 of the Navigation (Examination of Engineers) Regulations 1964 is amended by omitting paragraph (b) and substituting the following paragraph:—

“(b) a certificate of service corresponding with a certificate of competency as first class engineer, steamship and motorship.”.

 

Application for examination.

5. Regulation 34 of the Navigation (Examination of Engineers) Regulations 1964 is amended by omitting from paragraph (aa) of sub-regulation (2) the words “the Commonwealth” and substituting the word “Australia”.

Prescribed examination for candidates for second class certificates who do not already hold certificates.

6. Regulation 39 of the Navigation (Examination of Engineers) Regulations 1964 is amended—

(a) by omitting from sub-regulat6ion (1) the words—

“(j) an oral examination in Engineering Knowledge.” and substituting the words—

“(j) an oral examination.”;

(b) by omitting from sub-regulation (2) the words “consisting of nine questions of which six only are to be attempted”;

(c) by omitting from sub-regulation (3) the words “consisting of two questions of which one only is to be attempted”; and

(d) by omitting from sub-regulation (5) the words “the Second Schedule” and substituting the word and figure “Schedule 2”.

Method of taking examination referred to in regulation 39.

7. Regulation 40 of the Navigation (Examination of Engineers) Regulations 1964 is amended—

(a) by inserting in paragraph (a) of sub-regulation (10), after the word “Architecture” (first occurring), the words “or, if he has been granted an exemption under sub-regulation 48 (3) from one of those subjects, the examination in the other of those subjects”;

(b) by omitting from paragraph (a) of sub-regulation (10) the words “both Electrotechnology and Naval Architecture, he is entitled to be credited with passes in both of those subjects” and substituting the words “Electrotechnology, Naval Architecture or both of those subjects, he is entitled to be credited with a pass in that subject or with passes in both of those subjects, as the case may be”; and

(c) by omitting from paragraph (b) of sub-regulation (10) the words “passes in both Electrotechnology and Naval Architecture may apply to take, at any examination held not less than one month after the examination at which he passed those subjects,” and substituting the words “a pass in Electrotechnology or Naval Architecture or with passes in both of those subjects may apply to take, at any examination held not less than 1 month after the examination at which he passed that subject or those subjects,”.

Prescribed examination for candidates for second class certificates who already hold certificates.

8. Regulation 41 of the Navigation (Examination of Engineers) Regulations 1964 is amended—

(a) by omitting from paragraph (a) of sub-regulation (2) the words “consisting of nine questions of which six only are to be attempted”; and

(b) by omitting from sub-regulation (3) the words “the Second Schedule” and substituting the word and figure “Schedule 2”.

Prescribed examination for candidates for first class certificates who do not already hold first class certificates.

9. Regulation 42 of the Navigation (Examination of Engineers) Regulations 1964 is amended—

(a) by omitting from sub-regulation (1) the words—

“(h) an oral examination in Engineering Knowledge.”

and substituting the words—

“(h) an oral examination.”;

(b) by omitting from sub-regulation (2) all words from and including the word “consisting”; and

 

(c) by omitting from sub-regulation (4) the words “the Third Schedule” and substituting the word and figure “Schedule 3”.

Method of taking examination referred to in regulation 42.

10. Regulation 43 of the Navigation (Examination of Engineers) Regulations 1964 is amended—

(a) by inserting in paragraph (a) of sub-regulation (9), after the word “Architecture” (first occurring), the words “or, if he has been granted an exemption under sub-regulation 48 (3) from one of those subjects, the examination in the other of those subjects”;

(b) by omitting from paragraph (a) of sub-regulation (9) the words “both Electrotechnology and Naval Architecture, he is entitled to be credited with passes in both of those subjects” and substituting the words “Electrotechnology, Naval Architecture or both of those subjects, he is entitled to be credited with a pass in that subject or with passes in both of those subjects, as the case may be”; and

(c) by omitting from paragraph (b) of sub-regulation (9) the words “passes in both Electrotechnology and Naval Architecture, may apply to take, at any examination held not less than one month after the examination at which he passed those subjects” and substituting the words “a pass in Electrotechnology or Naval Architecture or with passes in both of those subjects may apply to take, at any examination held not less than 1 month after the examination at which he passed that subject or those subjects,”.

Prescribed examination for candidates for certificates of competency as first class engineer, steamship and motorship who already hold first class certificates.

11. Regulation 44 of the Navigation (Examination of Engineers) Regulations 1964 is amended—

(a) by omitting from paragraph (a) of sub-regulation (2) the words “consisting of nine questions of which six only are to be attempted”; and

(b) by omitting from sub-regulation (3) the words “the Third Schedule” and substituting the word and figure “Schedule 3”.

Prescribed examination for candidates for extra first class certificates.

12. Regulation 45 of the Navigation (Examination of Engineers) Regulations 1964 is amended—

(a) by omitting from sub-regulation (3) the words “consisting of two subjects for drawing of which one only is to be attempted”; and

(b) by omitting from sub-regulation (5) the words “the Fourth Schedule” and substituting the word and figure “Schedule 4”.

Exemptions.

13. Regulation 48 of the Navigation (Examination of Engineers) Regulations 1964 is amended—

(a) by omitting from sub-regulation (3) the words “and Naval Architecture” and substituting the words “, Naval Architecture or both of those subjects”; and

(b) by inserting in sub-regulation (3), after the word “subject”, the words “or those subjects”.

Headings to Schedules.

14. The Navigation (Examination of Engineers) Regulations 1964 are amended by omitting the heading “THE SCHEDULES.”.

Schedule 1.

15. The First Schedule to the Navigation (Examination of Engineers) Regulations 1964 is amended—

(a) by omitting the heading “FIRST SCHEDULE.” and substituting the heading “SCHEDULE 1”;

 

(b) by omitting from Form 1 the words “Commonwealth of”;

(c) by omitting from Form 2 the words “Commonwealth of”;

(d) by omitting from Form 3 the words “Commonwealth of”; and

(e) by omitting from Form 3 the words “Shipping and” (wherever occurring).

Schedule 2, 3 and 4.

16. The Second, Third and Fourth Schedules to the Navigation (Examination of Engineers) Regulations 1964 are repealed and the following Schedules substituted:—

SCHEDULE 2 Regulations 39 and 41

SYLLABUS FOR EXAMINATION FOR A SECOND CLASS CERTIFICATE

Part A

Mathematics

Arithmetic. Ratio and proportion. Percentages.

Algebra. Indices, including fractional and negative types. Use of common logarithms for multiplication, division, powers and roots. Use of Napierian logarithms. Simplification of algebraic expressions. Addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of algebraic functions. Rearrangement of formulae. Factorization. Algebraic fractions. Squares and cubes of polynomials such as (a±b)2 and (a±b)3. Simple equations, Quadratic equations and solutions by factorization or by completing the square, proof of general formula for solution. Simultaneous equations. Variation, direct and inverse.

Graphical work. Simple graphs of statistics. The graph y = ax + b either from calculated values or from experimental results. Calculation of constants from graphs. Graphical solution of simple simultaneous equations involving 2 unknowns. Graph of y = ax2 + bx + c and graphical solution of equation ax2 + bx + c = 0.

Trigonometry. Measurement of angles in degrees and radians. Complementary and supplementary angles. Sine, cosine and tangent of angles up to 360°. Solution of right-angled triangles. Proof of sine and cosine rules. Solution of triangles by these rules. Solution of simple trigonometric equations. Expansion of sin (A±B) and cos (A±B).

Geometry. Properties of triangles. Sum of the angles. Relation between exterior and interior angles. Isosceles and equilateral triangles. Similar and congruent triangles. The circle, Properties of chords and tangents. Angles in the same segment. Angles at centre and circumference.

Mensuration. Areas of triangle, polygon, parallelogram, trapezium, circle, sector and segment of a circle and ellipse. Areas of oblique sections of regular solids of uniform cross-section. Area and mean height by mid-ordinate rule and by Simpson’s rules. Ratio of areas of similar figures. Volumes and surface areas of prisms, pyramids, frustums, spheres, cylinders and cones. Ratio of masses, weights and volumes of similar solids. Solids of revolution.

Applied Mechanics

Statics. Force as a vector. Triangle and polygon of forces. Resultant and equilibrant of a system of concurrent coplanar forces. Equilibrium of 3 coplanar forces. Moment of a force. Couples. Moments of areas and volumes. Centrolds and centres of gravity (limited to geometrical shapes). Conditions of equilibrium of solids. Necessary force applied parallel to an inclined plane to pull body up or down the plane or to hold it stationary (Including effect of friction). Work done at uniform speed up the plane.

Friction. Laws of friction for dry surfaces. Coefficient of friction. Friction angle. Energy and power lost due to friction in simple bearings.

Kinematics. Linear motion. Graphs and equations for displacement, speed, velocity and uniform acceleration. Simple cases of vector change of velocity and the acceleration produced. Relative velocities in 1 plane only. Angular motion. Equations for displacement, velocity and uniform acceleration.

Dynamics. Work and power. Problems with constant force or force with linear variation. Energy. Conservation of energy. Potential energy. Kinetic energy of translation. Newton’s laws of motion. Momentum and rate of change of momentum. Centrifugal force and its application to conical pendulum, unloaded governor, curved tracks and machine parts. Stress in thin rim due to centrifugal action.

Schedule 2—continued

Part A—continued

Machines. Simple lifting machine. Graphs of load-effort and load-efficiency. Linear law. Velocity ratio, mechanical advantage and efficiency of the following machines:—wheel and axle, differential wheel and axle, rope pulley blocks, differential pulley blacks, screw jack, Warwick screw, hydraulic jack, worm-driven chain blocks and single and double purchase crab winches. Reduction gearing.

Stress and strain. Direct stress and strain. Shear stress. Hooke’s law. Modulus of elasticity. Ultimate tensile stress. Yield stress. Limit of proportionality. Percentage elongation and reduction of area. Working stress. Factor of safety. Stress due to restricted expansion or contraction of single members.

Beams. Cantilevers and simply supported beams with concentrated or uniformly distributed loads. Shearing force and bending moment diagrams. Stress due to bending.

Torsion. Twisting moment due to engine crank mechanism. Strength and stiffness of solid or hollow shafts of circular cross-section. Stress due to torsion. Power transmitted by shafts. Coupling bolts.

Thin shells. Circumferential and longitudinal stress in thin cylindrical and spherical shells subject to internal pressure.

Hydrostatics. Equilibrium of floating bodies. Variation of fluid pressure with depth. Level control. Total force due to liquid pressure on immersed plane surfaces horizontal or vertical. Centre of pressure on a rectangular vertical plane surface or triangular plane surface, both with 1 edge parallel to the surface of the liquid.

Hydraulics. Full bore flow of liquid through pipes under constant head. Flow through orifice. Coefficients of velocity, contraction of area and discharge.

Heat and Heat Engines

Basic thermodynamic principles. Properties, energy, the first law of thermodynamics, flow and non-flow processes.

Elements. Temperature and its measurement. Linear, superficial and volumetric expansion due to temperature changes. Coefficients and the relationship between them. Specific heat.

Heat transfer. Qualitative treatment of heat transfer by conduction, convection and radiation. Laws of conduction and thermal conductance and applications to problems.

Mixtures. Heat and temperature problems involving change of phase and not more than 3 substances.

Gases. Boyle’s and Charles’ laws for perfect gases. Absolute temperature. Characteristic equation. Constant R and its use in simple problems. Isothermal and adiabatic expansion and campression. Relation between p, V and T when pVn=constant. Specific heats cp and cvand the relationship between them.

Air compressors. Elementary principles and cycles of operation. Calculation of work done. Indicator diagrams.

I.C. engines. Elementary principles and cycles of operation. Actual indicator diagrams. Work done and power developed. Fuel consumption.

Properties of steam. Change of enthalpy with and without change of phase. Specific volume of steam under various conditions. Throttling. Separating and throttling calorimeters. Boiler efficiency. Use of steam tables in problems referring to steam plant. Effect of air leakage into condensers.

Reciprocating steam auxiliary machinery. Mean effective pressure and work done. Advantages of using steam expansively. Steam consumption per hour and per power-hour. Thermal, mechanical and overall efficiencies of engines.

Boilers and engines. Boiler efficiency. Heat balance for engine and boiler trials.

Steam turbine. Elementary principles. Simple velocity diagrams. Thermal mechanical and overall efficiency. Steam consumption per hour and output.

Combustion. Solid and liquid fuels. Higher calorific value. Chemical equations for complete combustion. Theoretical minimum air required. Excess air.

Refrigeration. Vapour-compression cycle. Refrigerating effect. Cooling load. Use of tables of properties of refrigerants.

Boilers and evaporators. Change in dissolved solids due to contaminated feed. Blowing down.

Drawing

The Drawing paper will consist of a test of the candidate’s ability to apply the principles of projection and candidates will be asked to draw a plan, elevation or section, or a combination of these views, of a piece of marine machinery from information supplied. All the required information for the completion of the drawing will be given in the question paper.

 

Schedule 2—continued

Part B

Electrotechnology

General. Effects of electric current—chemical, magnetic, thermal. Production of light. Electric shock. Production of e.m.f. by chemical, magnetic, thermal and light means. Electrical safety.

The electric circuit. Units—ampere, ohm and volt. Ohm’s law. Series and parallel circuits of sources of e.m.f. and of resistances. Current distribution in simple circuits. Non-linear resistors in parallel with constant value resistors. Difference between e.m.f. and p.d. Power and energy. Conductor resistance, effect of length, area, material and temperature. Specific resistance. Temperature coefficient of resistance. Types of insulation. Wheatstone network bridge, slide wire bridge. Applications to steering gears, resistance pyrometers, strain gauges, etc.

Electrolytic action. Theory of electrolytic dissociation applied to common solutions, etc., acidulated water, copper sulphate and salt water. Uses of electrolysis. Faraday’s laws. Electro-chemical equivalent.

Cells. Primary (wet or dry Leclanche) and secondary (acid or alkaline) types. Construction and principles. Maintenance, charging. Watt-hour and ampere-hour efficiencies.

Magnetism and electromagnetism. Simple magnetic theory. Magnetic field. Lines of force. Field strength. Field intensity. Magnetic fields due to current in straight conductors, loops, coils and solenoids. Relative directions of current and field. Effect of iron. Flux density. Total flux. Reluctance. Permeability. Typical B/H and µ/B curves.

Electro-magnetic induction. Faraday’s and Lenz’s laws. Magnitude and direction of induced e.m.f. Force produced on a current carrying conductor.

Electronics. Knowledge of terms used in electronic circuits. Thermionic emission. Conduction in vacuum, gases, insulators, semi-conductors and conductors. Rectification.

Alternating current theory. The sinusoidal wave, frequency, maximum, r.m.s. and average values. Phasor representation of a.c. quantities. Phase difference. The a.c. circuit. The inductor. Inductance and its effect on the circuit. The capacitor. Capacitance and its effect on the circuit. The general series circuit. Relationship between resistance, reactance and impedance. Simple treatment of power factor.

Instruments. Principles and function of a.c. and d.c. switchboard indicating instruments. Moving-coil, moving-iron and dynamometer types. Uses of shunts and series resistances to increase the range. The current transformer and potential transformer for instrument work (description and simple explanation). Rectifiers and transducers.

Testing methods and measurements. Resistance measured by ammeter-voltmeter, by bridge and by instrument. Simple ohmmeter and insulation testing. General insulation, continuity and milltvolt-drop testing. Fault tracing. Temperature measurement by resistance; and thermoelectric effects.

Circuits. Distribution system for a.c. and d.c. installations. Use of fuses and circuit-breakers. Use of earth lamps.

Electrical machines. Construction, general and details. Maintenance and protection. D.c. machines—field circuits (separate, shunt, series and compound). Commutating poles. Commutation. Simple approach to lap and wave windings.

A.C. generators. Protection. Simple explanation of the alternator as a generating unit. Parallel running and synchronizing procedure.

D.C. generators. Protection. E.m.f. and load voltage equation. Brief treatment of theory of self-excitation. Load characteristics. Methods of voltage control. Parallel operation procedure.

D.C. motors. Need for starters. Types of starters. Speed and torque equations. Load characteristics. Speed control.

Naval Architecture

General. Displacement. Wetted surface. Block, mid-section, prismatic and waterplane area coefficients. Tonne per centimetre immersion. Application of Simpson’s first rule to areas and volume.

Draught and buoyancy. Alteration of mean draught due to change in density of water, Buoyancy and reserve buoyancy. Effect of bilging amidship compartments.

Transverse stability. Shift of centre of gravity due to addition or removal of ballast, fuel or cargo. Stability at small angles of heel (given the second moment of area of the waterplane or formulae). The inclining experiment.

Resistance and propulsion. Comparison of skin frictional resistance of hull with model at different speeds. Rt = f.S.V.nand residual resistance. Admiralty and fuel coefficients.

 

Schedule 2—continued

Part B—continued

Relation between speed of vessel and fuel consumption with constant displacement and assuming that resistance varies as (speed)n. Elementary treatment of propeller. Pitch, apparent slip, real slip, wake, thrust and power.

Structural strength. Simple problems on strength of structural members to resist liquid pressure. Loading due to head of liquid.

Ship construction. Common terms used in the measurement of steel ships, e.g. length between perpendiculars, breadth overall, moulded depth, draught and freeboard. Definitions of shipbuilding terms in general use. Descriptions and sketches of structural members in ordinary types of steel ships. Machinery seating arrangements. Watertight doors. Hatches. Rudders. Bow thrusters. Propellers. Stern tubes. Watertight bulkheads. Double bottoms. Anchors and cables. Precautions necessary before entering empty oil fuel or ballast tanks. Descriptive treatment of the effect of free surface of liquids on stability.

The preservation in good condition of the ship’s structure, in particular the bilges, bunkers, tanks under boilers and watertight doors.

Ventilation arrangements (natural and mechanical) for pump rooms in tankers and for holds and oil fuel tanks.

Arrangements for the carriage of dangerous goods in bulk.

Fire detection and extinction arrangements for passenger and cargo spaces. Fire precautions in port and dry dock.

Fore and aft peak tanks, double bottom and deep tank filling and pumping arrangements. Compartmental drainage. Levelling arrangements for damaged side compartments.

Dry docking and maintenance of underwater fittings.

Engineering Knowledge (All Candidates)

(a) A knowledge of the methods of manufacture of the various components, the general effects of various treatments on the physical properties of materials commonly used in the construction of marine engines and boilers and the mechanical tests to which these materials are normally subjected.

(b) The natural and desirable properties of steam, fuel, lubricants and other liquids, gases and vapours used in machinery on board ship.

(c) The use, constructional details and principles involved in the action of the pressure gauge, thermometer, pyrometer, barometer, salinometer, bydrometer and other meters commonly used by engineers on board ship.

(d) Dissolved solids, scale formation and feedwater treatment. Corrosion inhibition.

(e) The methods of dealing with wear and tear of machinery and boilers. The alignment of machinery parts. The correction of defects due to flaws in material or accident. Temporary or permanent repairs in the event of derangement or total breakdown.

(f) Constructional details and principles of action of pumps and oily water separators fitted in ships. The general requirements concerning feed, fuel, bilge, ballast and fire pumping systems.

(g) The constructional arrangement, details and working of steering machinery, refrigerating machinery, hydraulic and other auxiliary machinery and such steam and internal combustion engines as are used for emergency and auxiliary machinery on board ship.

(h) (1) Application of the indicator. Fluctuation of pressure in the cylinder as shown by indicator diagrams. Interpretation of normal conditions.

(2) Methods of determining engine shaft power. The principles of working and methods of calibration of dynamometers and torsion meters.

(i) Safe working practices, overhauling machinery, mechanical safety in workshops, protective equipment, lifting tackle.

(j) Knowledge of the appropriate statutes that concern marine engineers (e.g. those dealing with oil pollution and clean air) is required.

(k) (1) Precautions against fire or explosion. Flash point. Explosive mixtures of air and gas or vapour given off by fuel or lubricating oils. The danger of leakage from oil tanks, pipes, gas producers and vaporizers, particularly in bilges and other unventilated spaces; sources of ignition. The action of wire gauze diaphragms and the places in which such devices should be fitted.

(2) Toxic and other dangerous properties of substances used in marine practice. Maintenance of plant associated with the carriage of dangerous cargoes.

(3) Fire detection. Methods of dealing with fire. Action and maintenance of mechanical and chemical fire extinguishers and other fire-fighting appliances, respirators and safety lamps.

(i) Control systems, automation and instrumentation. Periodically unmanned machinery spaces. Bridge control arrangements, alarm systems, operational techniques and work practices.

Schedule 2—continued

Part B—continued

Engineering Knowledge (Steam)

(a) The methods of constructing marine steam turbines, gearing and boilers, the processes to which the several parts are submitted, or which are incidental to their manufacture, and the methods employed in fitting the machinery on board ship.

(b) The various types of propelling and auxiliary machinery now in use, the functions of each important part and the attention required by the different parts of the machinery on board ship.

(c) The methods of testing and altering the setting of the steam admission and exhaust valves of auxiliary machinery and the effect produced in the working of the engine by definite alterations in the settings of the valves.

(d) The constructional details and working of evaporators, feed water heaters and feed water filters.

(e) Marine boilers of various modern designs, their construction and manner of attachment to a ship.

(f) The use and management of boiler fittings and mountings, with special reference to water-gauges and safety valves. Precautions necessary when raising steam and operating stop valves with particular reference to the danger arising from water-hammer action.

(g) Constructional details, operation and maintenance of Installations generally employed for assisting draught, superheating steam and burning fuel.

Engineering Knowledge (Motor)

(a) The principles underlying the working of internal combustion engines. The differences between various types of engines. Constructional details of internal combustion engines, gearing and clutches in general use. The processes to which the several parts are submitted or which are incidental to their manufacture and the methods employed in fitting the machinery on board ship.

(b) The nature and properties of the fuel and lubricating oils generally used in internal combustion engines. The supply of air and fuels to cylinders of engines of different types. The means of cooling the cylinders and pistons. Constructional details and working of air compressors.

(c) Starting and reversing arrangements and the various operations connected therewith.

(d) The attention required for the operation and maintenance of the various parts of machinery. The use and management of valves, pipes, connections and safety devices employed.

(e) Constructional details and management of auxiliary steam boilers, their fittings and mountings, with special reference to water-gauges and safety valves. Constructional details and management of auxiliary machinery. Draught, combustion equipment, oil fuel equipment.

Oral Examination

The oral examination will be largely based upon the practical content of the subjects in this Part of the examination and will include questions on the management of engines and boilers, electrical machinery, prevention of fire and methods of fighting fires at sea, the duties of the supervising engineer, the work to be done to engines, boilers and auxiliary machinery in port and the periodical examination of the working parts.

Candidates should also be well acquainted with machinery and boiler casualties which may occur at sea and be able to state how these may be prevented and remedied.

______

SCHEDULE 3  Regulations 42 and 44

SYLLABUS FOR EXAMINATION FOR A FIRST CLASS CERTIFICATE

Part A

Applied Mechanics

Statics. Laws of equilibrium. Moments and couples. Polygon of forces. Rapson’s slide.

Friction. Law of dry friction. Friction angle. Friction clutches. Friction on inclined plane. Friction on threads. Work done against friction.

Kinematics. Linear and angular motion with acceleration. Cams. Velocity-time and acceleration-time graphs.

Relative velocity and acceleration. Relative motion between bodies moving in different planes.

 

Schedule 3—continued

Part A—continued

Dynamics. Newton’s laws of motion. The force equation. Atwood’s machine. Acceleration of connected bodies. Effect of simple air resistance on motion under the effect of gravity. The torque equation. Conservation of momentum. Kinetic energy of translation and of rotation. Flywheels. Potential energy. Conservation of energy. Impulsive forces. Centrifugal force. Governors including sleeve friction. Simple harmonic motion. Simple pendulum. Simple vibrations. Dynamic balancing of masses rotating in 1 plane. Basic dynamics of the engine mechanism. Use of piston velocity and acceleration formulae. Derivation of piston displacement formula.

Stress and strain. Direct stress and strain and modulus of elasticity. Shear stress and strain and modulus of rigidity. Stresses on oblique planes. Strength of simple connections such as cottered or screwed joints. Resilience due to direct stress. Suddenly applied loads.

Compound bars. Effect of direct loading and of temperature changes.

Beams. SF and BM diagrams for cantilevers and simply supported beams. Stresses in beams of simple section. Use of deflection formulae.

Torsion. Torsion equations for solid and hollow round shafts. Torsion of shaft fitted with liner. Power transmitted. Close coiled helical spring.

Struts. Eccentric loading of short columns. Use of strut formulae.

Hydrostatics. Flotation in 2 liquids of different densities. Total force and centre of pressure on immersed surfaces such as tanks and bulkheads.

Hydraulics. Bernoulli’s equation and applications. Venturi meter. Flow through orifices under constant head. Force exerted by a jet. Blade angle diagrams for a centrifugal pump.

Control. Simple flow and control problems.

Heat and Heat Engines

Elements. First and second laws of thermodynamics and applications. Work done associated with the formula pVn = C.

Heal transfer. Conduction and thermal conductance (excluding log mean temperature difference). Radiation.

Properties of steam. Calculation of change of enthalpy. Internal energy and entropy with and without change of phase. Use of steam tables and entropy. Throttling and separating calorimeter.

Mixtures of gases and vapours. Applications of Dalton’s law of partial pressure,

Gases. Boyle’s law. Charles’ law. Characteristic equation. Relations between p, V and T when pVn = C Determination of a from graph connecting p and V. Proof of the formula cp—cv= R. Calculations for expansions and compressions on air compressors, internal combustion engines, air pumps and air storage.

Gas cycles. Use of entropy charts. Constant volume cycle. Diesel cycle. Dual cycle. Open and closed cycles for gas turbines. Indicated and brake thermal efficiencies. Mechanical efficiency. Overall efficiency.

Expansion of steam. Throttling, expansion, work done and heat transfer.

Steam cycle. Use of entropy charts. Isentropic efficiency. Basic Rankine cycle. Heat drop in turbines. Effect on thermal efficiency of such modifications as superheating, reheating and regenerative feed healing.

Boilers and evaporators. Basic calculations on the effect of condenser leakage and impure feed on the dissolved solids and scale in boilers. Basic calculations on evaporator and boiler performance.

Turbines. Basic cycle and its modifications. Flow through nozzles (excluding proof of critical pressure ratio). Blade diagrams for impulse and reaction turbines. Force on blades. Work done on blades. Use of enthalpy-entropy charts to determine steam condition at various stages.

Combustion. Combustion equations. Calculation of theoretical air required. Determination of calorific value. Avogadro’s hypothesis. Basic analysis of exhaust gases. Relation between volumetric and mass analysis of a gas mixture. CO2 content of exhaust gases.

Refrigeration. Reversed Carnot cycle. Vapour compression cycle. Use of vapour tables. Coefficient of performance.

Part B

Electrotechnology

The magnetic circuit. B-H and B- At/m curves. Their effect on the design of simple magnetic circuits involving an air gap. Hysteresis.

 

Schedule 3—continued

Part B—continued

Electromagnetism and electrostatics. Mutual inductance. Energy stored in an electric field and in a capacitor. Generation of static electricity. Descriptive treatment of voltage and current changes in an electric circuit involving inductance, capacitance and resistance. Time constants.

The electric circuit. Kirchhoff’s laws. Network problems. Circuits involving non-linear elements.

A.C. circuit. Phasor representation of alternating quantities. Resistance, inductance and impedance. Current and voltage relationships. Power, apparent power (VA) reactive volt-amp and power factor applied to RLC circuits. The impedance triangle. Reactive and active components of current. Capacitance and the application of capacitors to power factor improvement. The desirability of high power factors.

Distribution problems. Volt-drop. Single and double fed distributors.

Distribution systems. D.c. 2-wire and 3-wire. A.c. single-phase and 3-phase 3-wire and 4-wire.

D.C. machines. Parallel operation of shunt and compound generators. Equalising bar. Load sharing treated quantitatively. Applications of Ward Leonard systems. Steering gear. Suitability of d.c. motors for the various types of work.

Faults and maintenance of machines. Overheating due to mechanical and electrical defects. Sparking at brushes. Loss of residual magnetism, etc. Testing machines—use of the megger.

Motor starters. Automatic types—reference to time and current control. The drum controller for series motors. Calculations on starters.

General A.C. Productioo of an alternating waveform. Rectification. The sine law. Frequency; amplitude, instantaneous and maximum values. Relation between frequency, number of poles and speed of a machine, R.m.s. average values and form factor.

Phasor representation of an alternating quantity to give instantaneous and r.m.s. values.

Electronics. Characteristics of electronic valves and transistors. Photo-electric effect. Effect of voltage feedback on amplifier gain, input and output impedances. Equivalent circuits.

3-phase systems. Star and delta (mesh) connections for supplies and loads. Phase and line relationships. Power. 3-phase 4-wire distributor. The production of rotating magnetic fields.

Alternators. Construction of salient pole, cylindrical rotor and brushless machines, E.m.f. equation. Synchronizing and load sharing. Automatic voltage regulators.

Induction motors. Construction. Slip. Reference to rotor e.m.f. and frequency. Typical torque-speed curves. Wound, slip ring and cage types. Description of double wound type. Starting methods.

Synchronous motors. Construction. Starting methods. Reference to use for power factor correction.

Propulsion. Types using d.c. and a.c, machines. Turbo-electric drives; starting methods; speed changing. Advantages and disadvantages of electrical propulsion.

Single-phase motors. Description of general common types. Starting.

Transformers. Elementary principles and general description.

Instruments, Qualitative treatment of e.g. dynamometer, wattmeter, frequency meter, power factor meter, rotary synchroscope, reverse power relay, salinometer, telegraph,

Naval Architecture

General. Form coefficients. Wetted surface formulae. Simpson’s rules applied to areas, moment of areas, second moments of areas, volumes, moments of volumes, centroids and centres of pressure.

Transverse stability. Centre of gravity. Ceotre of buoyancy. Metacentre. Moment of statical stability. GZ curves. Cross curves of stability. Hydrostatic curves commonly supplied to ships. Effect of free liquid surface and subdivision of tanks. Dangers due to water accumulation during fire-fighting. Effect of suspended weights. Practical requirements to ensure stability at sea. Management of water and fuel tanks. Filling and emptying tanks at sea.

Longitudinal stability. Longitudinal BM and GM and statical stability. Centre of flotation and its calculation. Moment to change trim.

Draught, trim and heel Changes due to adding or removing fuel ballast or cargo. Changes due to alteration in density of sea water. Changes due to bilging of compartments, using the lost buoyancy and added mass methods. Forces on rudder and stress in rudder stock. Heel when turning, including effect of centrifugal force and of rudder.

 

Schedule 3—continued

Part B—continued

Resistance and propulsion. Derivation of Admiralty and fuel coefficients. The law of corresponding speeds. Froude’s law of comparison. Simple problems on the prediction of full scale resistance from model experiments. Simple problems involving the use of ep, dp, and QPC. Simple problems on propellers. Pitch ratio. Wake factor. True slip. Apparent slip. Thrust and power. Cavitation.

Ship construction. Forces on ship under various conditions, including the effect of panting and pounding. Construction of all parts of steel ships. Use of high tensile steel and aluminium. Structural fire protection arrangements. Fire detection and extinction arrangements. Fire precautions in port and in dry dock. Arrangements for the carriage of dangerous goods in bulk. Bilge and ballast arrangements. Levelling arrangements for damaged side compartments. Dry docking. Ventilation of holds and oil fuel tanks. Design features of ships for general and specialized trades.

Ship measurement and classification. Meaning of ‘classed’ and ‘unclassed’ ships. Common terms used in measurement of modern steel ships. Common terms used in tonnage measurements, e.g. gross tonnage, nett tonnage, propelling power allowance.

Engineering Knowledge (All Candidates) The matters set out for Engineering Knowledge (All Candidates) in Schedule 2 and, in addition, the following matters:—

(a) The administrative duties of a Chief Engineer: organization of his staff for emergency duties and the use of safety equipment: organisation of repairs and surveys. Reports to owners.

(b) The recognition of irregularity in the performance of machinery. Analysis and interpretation of monitoring equipment and instrument readings to determine machinery condition and future availability. Diagnostic techniques to forestall breakdown.

Engineering Knowledge (Steam)

The matters set out for Engineering Knowledge (Steam) in Schedule 2.

Engineering Knowledge (Motor)

The matters set out for Engineering Knowledge (Motor) in Schedule 2 and, in addition, the following matter:—

The illustration by means of sketches of the changes produced in the indicator diagram due to an alteration in the setting or working of the valves or any other factors.

Oral Examination

The matters set out for the oral examination in Schedule 2.

NOTE regarding the subjects relating to Engineering Knowledge:

Candidates for examination in any of the subjects relating to Engineering Knowledge are expected to show a more extensive knowledge of all the matters in the syllabus for the examination for second class certificates in respect of that subject than is required to be shown by candidates for those certificates.

_________

SCHEDULE 4 Regulation 45

SYLLABUS FOR EXAMINATION FOR AN EXTRA FIRST CLASS CERTIFICATE

Candidates for examination in all subjects are expected to show a more extensive knowledge of all the matters in the syllabuses for the examinations for first class and second class

certificates than is required to be shown by candidates for those certificates.

Part A

Theory of Machines (Mechanics of Fluids)

Plane kinematics of mechanisms. Instantaneous centres of rotation. Relative velocity of machine parts by calculation and graphic methods. Displacement, velocity and acceleration diagrams. Calculation of displacement, velocity and acceleration of slider crank mechanisms. Cams. Theory of shape and action of gear teeth. Helical, bevel, worm, spur gearing and gear trains. Inertia forces on engine mechanisms. Balancing of rotating masses, primary balancing of reciprocating parts, secondary balancing of engines. Turning moment diagrams. Flywheels. Governors. Vibrations of mechanical systems including forced vibration and the effect of viscous damping. Torsional oscillations of shafting. Whirling of shafts.

Gyroscopic theory and action.

 

Schedule 4—continued

Part A—continued

Friction and chain drives, clutches.

Lubrication, theory of boundary film lubrication, ball and roller bearings.

Automatic Control. Analysis of control systems with feedback which can be represented by first and second order differential equations. Examples from marine practice of servo-mechanisms and regulators.

Transfer functions. Combination of non-interacting elements; open and closed loop transfer functions.

System response. Transient and steady state response of systems with step and ramp changes of desired value and load, time constant, natural frequencies, damping ratio, logarithmic decrement, steady state deviation. The principle of superposition. Harmonic response, vectorial representation of input and output, amplitude ratio, phase displacement, resonance, performance improvement, feedback and feedforward methods, derivative and integral action, 3-term controllers.

Stability. The characteristic equation, determination of roots.

Hydrostatics. Fundamental properties of fluids. Viscosity, surface tension. Resultant pressure on plane and curved surfaces, centre of pressure. Vertical stability of the atmosphere.

Hydrodynamics, Streamline, laminar and turbulent flow, influence of solid boundaries on fluid motion, Bernoulli’s principle, continuity of flow. Distribution of pressure and velocity in free and forced vortices. Resistance of viscous fluid in streamline or turbulent motion. Use of coefficients to correct for resistance and streamline contraction. Measurement of velocity of incompressible flow by Pitot and static pressure tubes, orifices, notches and Venturi meter. Loss of head due to bends, sudden enlargements and contractions—hydraulic gradient. Dynamical similarity. Flow between parallel surfaces and in circular pipes. Critical velocities for flow in pipes. Reynolds’ number, Rayleigh’s formulae. Water-hammer. Impact and reaction of jets. The theory of centrifugal pumps, reciprocating pumps, accumulators and other hydraulic machines with a marine application.

Strength and Properties of Materials

Structure of the atom; electrons, protons, neutrons (simple Bohr atom); electron shells, energy levels, ionization potentials.

Arrangement of atoms in materials; types of atomic bond; crystalline and amorphous materials; nature of metallic, organic (highpolymer) and ceramic materials; crystal structure of metals; setting of resins.

Imperfections in materials and influence on mechanical properties; deformation in single crystals; polycrystalline metals, recrystalisation of deformed metals, basic strengthening mechanisms in metallic materials (strain hardening, solid-solution-hardening and dispersion hardening); deformation of polymers, methods of forming and working.

Mechanical properties of metals, polymers and other engineering materials (i.e. strength, elasticity, hardness, creep, fatigue, resistance to impact, wear, ductile and brittle behaviour including effect of temperature and strain rate). Effects of stress concentrations.

The structure and properties of cast metals and alloys; typical defects in castings— shrinkage and gas unsoundness, residual stresses. Structural and mechanical property changes resulting from cold working, annealing and hot working of metals; comparison of mechanical properties of cast and raw products. The joining of metals; shrinkage, oxidation, residual stresses and cracking associated with welding. The effect of welding on structure and properties of parent metal. Elements of binary phase diagrams applied to the strengthening of metals; the formation of solid solutions and dispersed phases; precipitation-hardening, quench-hardening and tempering. The influence of alloy structure on strength, ductility, fracture and creep characteristics.

Introduction to TTT diagrams for steels, the hardenability of carbon and medium alloy steels, and the influence of hardenability on welding behaviour.

Oxidation and corrosion of metals and alloys; stress-corrosion cracking, corrosion fatigue; protection against corrosion. Destructive and non-destructive testing of materials (strength, ductility, shear, impact, fatigue, hardness, X-ray, gamma ray, ultra sonic). Methods of forming and working metals.

Simple stress and strains; elastic constants. Compound stresses and strains; normal and shear stresses; complementary shear stresses; Poisson’s ratio; relation between elastic constants; principal stresses and planes; principal strains; strain energy due to complex stress; theories of elastic failure. Stresses and strains in thin wall and thick wall cylinders under fluid pressure; compound cylinders. Bending moments, slope and deflection in freely supported and built-in beams and cantilevers. Distribution of stress in beams. Leaf and flat spiral springs. Strain energy due to bending. Struts subjected to axial and eccentric loadings; torsion of shafts, transmission of power by shafting. Close coifed and open coiled helical springs. Stress and deflection in frame work treated analytically and graphically.

 

Schedule 4—continued

Part A—continued

Applied Thermodynamics

Processes, flow and non-flow, application of the thermodynamic laws for perfect and perfect fluids.

Ideal cycles, steam or gas, mixtures of gases.

Systems, available energy, availability in cyclic processes and in non-cyclic closed system processes. Entropy,

Heat transfer involving slender fins (fin efficiency), composite sections, flat and mathematically curved surfaces and with internal heat generation. Derivation and solution of indamental equations for steady 2-dimensional and unsteady 1-dimensional conduction problems. Transient heat flow.

Mixtures of gases and vapours, hygrometry, use of psychrometric chart. Humidification and dehumidification. Direct contact water and gas cooling. Application to air conditioning and non-marine plant.

Descriptive knowledge of laminar flame propagation, minimum spark ignition energy, quenching distance, spontaneous ignition, flammability limits. Fuels. Combustion efficiency, effect of air/fuel ratio. First law of thermodynamics applied to combustion processes.

Frictionless 1-dimensional flow through ducts of varying cross-sectional area, heat addition and external work, critical pressure ratio. Mach number. Stagnation properties (temperature, pressure) at a point in the fluid stream. Wind tunnel testing.

Adiabatic 1-dimensional flow of imperfect gases in nozzles.

Application of fundamental principles to existing and proposed plant and equipment. Cycle analysis of specified hybrid plant both marine and non-marine.

Marine Heat Engines

Gas turbines, effect of intercooling, reheating and heat exchangers. Influence of component efficiencies, losses, pressure ratio and maximum cycle temperature on performance. Calculation of performance of specified plant.

Desirable characteristics of refrigerants. Vapour compression cycles, single and multiple stage expansion and compression. Heat pump applications.

Cycle analysis of steam plant including effects of superheating, reheating, regenerative feed heating with specified arrangement of feed heaters, drain coolers, pumps. Steady flow analysis of single and multiple effect evaporators.

Axial flow steam turbines. Performance, impulse, reaction, blading efficiency, stage and overall isentropic efficiencies, condition curve, reheat factor. Compounding.

Descriptive knowledge of ignition and flame propagation in internal combustion engines; types of combustion chambers and their influence on ignition delay, fuel air mixing, specific fuel consumption. Cetane number as an index of fuel rating. Dissociation.

Practical internal combustion engine cycles. Supercharging.

Operation of compressors, radial flow, axial flow, reciprocating. Blading in rotary machines. Steady flow analysis. Performance characteristics.

Heat transfer in marine plant. Parallel and counterflow heat exchangers involving fluids of constant specific heat. Surface and overall coefficient, use of dimensionless parameters in convection heat transfer.

The testing and performance of marine heat engines.

Part B

Essay

The purpose of the Essay is to test the candidates’ ability to compose and write good grammatical English and to express their opinions, conclusions and suggestions in essays on subjects connected with the engineer in society or on topics of current interest.

Candidates will be given 2 subjects; 1 only is to be attempted.

Machine Design (Drawing)

To produce a working drawing of any part of marine machinery, boilers, mechanical equipment or parts of ship structure involving the arrangement of constituent members from given particulars and the design calculations asked for.

Electrotechnology

Network theorems and their application to linear passive and active networks. Networks with mutual inductance. 2-port networks. Electrical measurement circuits. Strain gauge circuits. Transients and oscillations in R.L.C. circuits. Switchgear and distribution systems. Short circuit protection.

Schedule 4—continued

Part B—continued

Composite magnetic circuit calculations, energy stored in a magnetic field, self and mutual inductance, effect of inductance or capacitance on d.c. circuits. General principles of electrostatics. Intensity and strength of electric fields. Theorems of Gauss and Coulomb. Potential and capacitance, potential gradient. Charge and discharge of capacitors including oscillatory charge and discharge.

Generation of sinusoidal e.m.f. waveform, values of current and voltage. A.c. circuits involving resistance, capacitance, inductance and resonance. Phasor representation. Power factor. Single and 3-phase circuits with star and delta connections. Power and energy measurement in 3-phase balanced and unbalanced circuits. Harmonics in single-phase circuits.

Vacuum and gas-filled valves and tubes, semi-conductor diodes, thyristors and transistors. Photo-electric effects and applications. Amplifiers and rectifiers. Feedback effects on amplifiers,

Construction of d.c. machines. Windings including multiple windings. Equalizer rings. Commutation. Armature reaction interpoles. Characteristics of d.c. motors and generators used in marine practice. Motor speed, torque, starting and control. Application of amplidyne and metadyne to control of speed, current and voltage. Operation of d.c. generators in parallel. Testing of d.c. machines direct and indirect methods—separation of losses, retardation and regeneration methods of testing.

Construction of a.c. machines. Flux distribution in salient pole and non-salient pole fields. E.m.f. generated in coils and distributed windings. Armature reaction. Alternators and their use as synchronous motors. Voltage regulation. Parallel operation of alternators. Static and rotary voltage regulators. Instruments. Transformers—phasor diagrams, equivalent circuit, voltage regulation and efficiency. Polyphase induction motors—theory, characteristics and starting arrangements. Synchronous machines—equivalent circuit, synchronous impedance, voltage regulation.

Automatic control, simulation, use of analogues. Generation of integral and derivative action by passive and active electrical circuits. Analysis of control systems with feedback. Input and output characteristics. Transient, steady state and harmonic response of systems. Instruments—indicating, recording, integrating, detection, conversion and data transmission. Matching of components.

Naval Architecture

Derivation of Simpson’s and Tchebychefl’s rules.

Stability. Hydrostatic curves, statical curves and cross curves of stability. Dynamical stability. Free surface problems. Grounding.

Subdivision of passenger ships. Floodable length curves and their use.

The strength of ships. The trochoidal wave theory. Local and longitudinal strength calculations. Statical strength treated graphically and by calculation. Dynamical effects. Oscillation, rolling and pitching of ships. Qualitative treatment of vibrations,

Resistance and propulsion of ships. Model experiments and laws of comparison. Dynamical similarity. Viscosity and its effects on fluid friction. Dimensional analysis and the non-dimensional factor approach to Reynolds’ and Froude’s numbers. Other methods of estimating power, e.g. Admiralty coefficient formula, Taylor’s curves. Circular constants and their use. Propellers, geometry of the helix, typical triangle of velocities introducing slip and angle of incidence. Thrust, torque and efficiency. Blade element theory—lift and drag on aerofoil section. Axial momentum. Propeller coefficients and their use. Cavitation. Interaction between screw and ship. Hull efficiency and its factors. Overall propulsion coefficient.

Ship construction and materials used in ship building. Modern developments in structural design. Use of high tensile steels, mild steel, aluminium and other materials. Discontinuities. Welding. Corrosion and fouling.

General principles of load line assignment and tonnage measurements.

Engineering Knowledge

Questions will be set to test the candidate’s knowledge of technological investigations which have influenced engineering practice and important developments arising therefrom free from the limitations of the syllabuses for examinations for candidates for second class certificates and first class certificates.