N.R.M.A. Insurance Ltd v Tsakalos, J.

[1989] FCA 716

3UDGhlENT No. . ........ .... ,.-..- 716 p -%

I N THE FEnERAL "OURT OF 4 l l S T 9 A L I A )

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AUSTRALIAN C A P I T A L TER? I T O R I ) No. ACT G60 o f 1 9 8 8

DTSTRICT REGlTTRY	)
GENERAL	D I ' I I S I O N
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On A p p e a l f r o m t h p S 1 1 p r 3 ~ e c o ~ r r t o f t h e . : : 1 s t . r 3 ! 7 3 1 C a p i t a l

Territory

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AND J O Y N TSAK4CO5 --

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AND	JOHN	TSAY4?0S
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AND N R Y A I F I S ' I R A : : C C I !r.lITFO

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C r o s s ? e ~ ~ o i d ? i t

- MINUTE OF 04nER

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CO119T:	I < e l l y ,	J e n k i n s o n	a n d	U e a v p s	. ] , l .
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PLACE:	C a n b e r r a

DATE:  1 5 V a r c h , 1 9 8 9

2 2 NOV 1989

FEDERAL COURT oe

AUSTRALIA

THE COURT ORDERS THAT:

- PRINCIPN REG18TRY

1.	The	a p p e a l	h e	d i s m i s s e d .
7 .	T h e	c r o s s - a p p e a l	h ?	d i s n i s s ~ d .

3 . The a p p e l l a n t p a y t h e r e s p o n d e n t ' $ c o s t s o f +,bp a a p e a l .

4.	T h e	c r o s s - a p p e l l a ~ t p a y	t h e	c r o s s - r e s p o n d ~ i t ' s c o s t s	o f
t h e	c r o s s - a p p e a l .

5. T h e a m o u n t s o f t h e s a ~ d o r d e r s f o r c o s t s h e s e t o f f a n d

t h e b a l a n c e b e paid t o t h e p a r t y e n t i t l e d .

(NOTE:  S e t t l e m e n t a n d e n t r y o f o r d e r s i s d e a l : w i t h i n n r d e r 3 6

o f t h e F e d e r a l C o l ~ i - t R u l e s . )

IN THE FEDERAL COURT OF AUSTRALIA	)
AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY	)

No. ACT G40 of 1988

DISTRICT REGISTRY

GENERAL DIVISION

ON APPEAL FROM THE SUPREME COURT

OF THE AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY

BETWEEN: NRMA INSURANCE LIMITET:

Appellant

AND :  JOHN TSAKALOS

Res~ondent

AND:  JOHN TSAKALOS

Cross Appellant

AND :  NRMA INSURANCE LIMITED

Cross Respondent

CORAM: Kelly, Jenklnson and Neaves JJ

DATE: 16 March 1989

PLACE: Canberra

REASONS FOR JUDGMENT

KELLY J:

I have had the advantage of readlng the reasons for judgment of Jenklnson J. I agree wlth those reasons and have nothing to add to them. I agree wlth the orders he proposes. i

I certify that thls --'--- I

page? &a true copy of the

Reasons f o r J u d g a e n t h e r e l n o f h l s H c n o ~ r

Mr. Justlce /.'2//- J

Associate l

3eted:  / , 5' 7 !

I N THE FEDERAL r O l J R i OF A U S T R A L I A )

A U S T R A L I A N C A P I T A L TERRITORY j N o . 4CT GaO o f 1 9 3 8

h l C T Q T T T R F G T C ~ R Y - ~ \

, . ., . . . . . . . . - . , . . .

GENERAL O L V I S I O N

O n A p p e a l f r o m i ' l e S ~ ~ p r e . n e C o u r t o f t h e A i r s t r a ; i a n C a 2 i t a '

T e r r i t o r y

SETWEEN. NRY4 I V S I I R A V C E I L I Y I T E Q

A p p ~ l l a i t

A N D JOHN TFAKALOS

R e s p o n r l e r l t

A N D JOHN TSAKALOS

C r o s s A p p ~ l l a n t

AND:  NRY4 INSI IRANCF L I M I T E D

C r o s s P e s p o n d e n t

COURT:	K e l l y ,	, l e n k i n s o n	a n d	Y e a v e s	JJ .
PLACE.	C a n h e r r a

DATE :  1 6 M a r c h , 1 9 9 s

REAFONS FOR J ' IOGMENT

J E N K I N S O N	J .
A p p e a l s 5 y h o t + p a r t i e s a g a i n s t a j ~ ~ d g r n e n t f o r d a m a g e s

i n r e s p e c t o f p e r s o n a l i n j u r y .

T h e r e s p o n d e n t , w h o i s c r o s s - a p p e l l a q t , s ~ ~ s t a i n e d

p e r s o r l a l i n j u r y o n 2 4 Y o v e m b e r 1 9 8 4 w h e n a m o t o r c a r i n w h i c h h e

w a s	a	p a s s e n g e r r a n o f f	C o t t e r R o a d i n t h e A u s t r a l i a n C a p i t a l
T e r r i t o r y a n d	s t r g c k a t r e e .	The d r i v n r o f t h e c a r was	t i l l e d ,and

a c t i o n was b r 0 1 l g h t h y t h e p l a i n t i f f i n ? r e 5 u p r e m e C o u r t o f t h e

A u s t r a l i a n C a p i t a : T e r r i t o r y a g a i n s t . t lhe a ~ ~ t h o r i z e d i n s ~ ~ r e r w h i ~ h

1 s s 1 1 e d t h e t h i r d - p a r t y i n s ~ r r a n c e p o l i c y i n r e s p e c t o f t i l e c a r ,

p u r s l i a n t t o s.61(3! o f t h e M o t o r T r a f f i c D r 4 i n a n c e 1 9 3 6 o f t h a r ,

Tr r .1 t o r y .

T h e p a r t i e s h a d a g r e e d h e f o r e t r i a l o f t h e a c t i o n t h a t

t h e n e g l i g e n c e o f t h e d r i v e r h a d h e e n a c a : ~ s e o f t h e p l a i n t i f f ' s

i n j u r i e s a n d t h a t t h e a n o l r n t o f t h e r l a n a g e s sho111d b e a s s e s s e d a t

9 1 1 4 , 5 7 7 . 5 5 . What r e q a i n e d f o r d e t e r m i n a t i o n a t t r i a l w e r e l s s l r e s

r a i s e d h y t h e d e f e n d a n t ' s p l e a o f v o l l ~ i t a r y a s s u m p t i o n b y t b e

p l a i n t i f f o f t h e r i s k o f i n j u r y a n d t h e p l e a o f contributory

n e g l i g e n c e . The l e a r n e d C h i e f J u s t i c e h y whom t ' l o s e i s s u e s w e r e

t r i e d f o t t n d t h a t t h e r e h a d h e e n n o v o l u n t a r y assump ' . i nn o f t h e

i s , h u t t h a t t h e r e h a d h e e n c o n t r i b u t o r y n e g l i g e n c e o n t h e p a r t

o f t h e p l a i n t i f f . 1 1 s H o n o u r c o n c l t ~ d e d t h a t o n e q u a r t e r was t h e

f r a c t i o n b y w h i c h i t was j u s t a n d e q u i t a b l e i n t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s

t h a t t h e a m o u n t o f t h e damages s I i o111d b e r p r l ~ ~ c e r l . A c c o r d i n g l y

t h e r e was j u d g m e n t f o r t h e p l a i n t i f f i n t h e s l im o f $R5,933.39. S y

i t s a p p e a l t h e a p p e l l a n t s o u g h t t h e s e t t i n g a s i d e o f t h e j u d g m e n t

a n d e n t r y o f j u d g m e n t f o r t h e d e f e n d a n t o n t h e g r o u n d t h a t t b e

p l e a o f v o l u n t a r y a s s u m p t i o n o f r i s k s h o u l d h a v e h e e n u p h e l d . I n

t h e a l t e r n a t i v e t h e a p p e l l a n t s o u g h t t h e s ~ r h s t i t u t i o i o f o i e h a l f

f o r	o n e q l r a r t e r	as	t h e f r a c t i o n	h y w h i c h	t h e a m o u n t	q f t h e damages
s h o u l d	b e	r e d u c e d .	Ry	h i s	c r o s s - a p p ~ a l t h e	c r o s s - a p p e l l a n t

p l a i n t i f f s o u g h t t h e s e t t i n g a s i d e o f t h e f i n d i n g o f contributory

n e g l i g e n c e a n d e n t r y o f j u d g m e n t f o r $ 1 1 4 , 5 7 7 . 5 5 .

T h e p l a i n t i f f , Y r . T s a k a l o s , m e t t h e d r i v e r , Y r . 611g?1,

l a t e i n t h e e v e n i n g o f ? ? N o v e m h e r 1 9 8 4 i n a c a r p a r k n e a r a p l a c ~

c a l l e d M a t i l d a ' s T a v e r n . F a c h h a d come t o t h e t a v e r n w i t b s e v e r a l

f r i ~ n d s . Y r . G u g o l w a s , a i t ? e l e a r n e d C h i e f J u s t i c e f o u n d a ~ d a s

b o t h p a r t i e s a c c e p t e d , w e l l a c f e c t e d b y l i q u o r . N e i t b e r p a r t y

c h a l l ~ n g e d h i s H o n o u r ' s f i q d ' n g c o n c e r n i n g Y r . T s a k a l o s , t h a t " t h s

e v i d e n c e d o e s n o t l e a d me t~ a c o ~ c l ~ ~ s i o n t h a t t h e p l a i n t i f f was

m o r e t h a n s l i g h t l y i n t o x i c a t e d a t t h e m o s t . " T h e m e e t i n g i n f h e

c a r p a r k was h y c b a n c e . On. m e q h e r o f flr. B ~ ~ g e l ' s g r o ~ ~ p c l a i m e d a

s l i g h t a c q u a i n t a n c t . w i t h . ~ n e o f Y r . T s a k a l o s ' s f r i e n d s , 511:

otherwise t h e members o f e a c h g r o u p w e r e s t r a n g e r s t o t h e m e n h e r s

o f t h e o t h e r g . Y r . G ~ ~ g e l ' s f r i ~ n d s , Y e s s l o l l r s B o w e r s a n d

S w i q d e l l s , h a d b e e n d r i v e n + y + i m t o t h e c a r p a r k a f t e r t h e t h r e e

o f t h e m h a d s p e n t t h e ~ v e n l ~ g t o g e t h e r d r i n k i n q w h i s k e y a n d r u n

a n d c e l e b r a t i n g t h e r e g i s t r a t i n n t h a t d a y o f M r . G ~ ~ g e l ' s w h i t e Y G

convertible. M r . T s a 4 a 1 3 s 1 s g r o u p , c o m p o s e d o f t w o y o u n g men a n d

t w o y o l r n g l a d i e s , + a d b e e n a t a h o t e l f o r s e v e r a l h o u r s , t h e n t o

a n o v a l , a n d t h e n c e t o M a t i l d a ' s T a v e r n . T h e y t r a v e l l e d i n a c a r

d r i v e n b y o n e o f t h e y o u n g women. A l l h a d c o n s u m e d b e e r d u r i n g

t h e e v e n i n g .

Y e s s i e u r s sowers, S w i n d e l l s , T s a k a l o s a n d h i s m a l e

c o m p a n i o n n a v i d T r e m b l e a l l g a v e e v i d e n c e o f a c o n v e r s a t i o n i n t h e

c a r p a r k w h i c h c o n c l l ~ d p d w i t h a suggestion t h a t M r . T s a k a l o s a n d

Y r . T r e m b l e s h o u l d b e t a k ~ n " f o r a s p i n " i n Y r . G u g e l ' S

c o n v e r t i b l e . M r . T r e v h l e t h e r e u p o n s a t i n a s p a c e b e h i n d t h e c a r

s e a t s , M r . T s a k a l o s s a t i n t h e p a s s e n g e r s e a t a n d Y r . G u g e l d r o v e

h i s c a r	o u t o f t h e c a r p a r k	t o t h e p l a c e w h e r e	i t c o l l i d e d w i t h
t h e t r e e .

The l e a r n e d C h i e f J ~ ~ s t i c e ' s c o n c l ~ l s i o n s c o n c ~ r n i n q t b e

p l e a o f v o l ~ ~ n t a r y a s s ~ ~ m p t i o n o f r i s k w n r e s t a t e d t h l r s

" T h e	l a w	r e l a t i n g t o t h e d e f e n c e	o f v o l u n t a r y
a s s u m p t i o n	r i s k	a n d	c o n t r i b ~ r t o r y n e g l l q e n i ?

p a r t i c u l a r l y a s i t r e l a t e s t o a c l a i ~ 5 y a

p a s s e n g e r a g a i n s t a d r u n k e n d r i v p r , h a s

r e c e n t l y a n d c o n v e n i e n t l y b e e n r e s t a t e d n y

G a l l o p J . a n d t h e c a s e s c o l l e c t e d i n , G e ~ f f r e ~

I a n T r y d e v . Gavan R o b e r t H o l ~ n e s (unr . ; ,o r ted,

16 J u n e 1988, S u p r e m e C o u r t o f t h e A C T ) . 4s

h i s H o n o ~ l r o b s e r v e d , t h e c a s e z establish ? l a c

f o r t h e d e f e n c e o f v o l ~ ~ n t a r y a s z ~ ~ i p t i o n ? f

r i s k t o s u c c e e d i n a d r i n k d r i v i n g c a s e , t h e

d e f e n d a n t	m u s t	p r o v e	t h a t	t h e	p l a i n t i f f c n u l o
s e e	t h a t	t h e d r i v e r w a s	o r	c o u l d w e 1 1	h e

i n t o x i c a t e d t o s u c h a d e g r e e a s t o r e n d e r hi11

a n u n s a f e d r i v e r , t h a t h e a p p r e c i a t e d f u l l y

t h a t i t was d a n g e r o u s t o t r a v e l i n t h e v e b l c l n

a s a p a s s e n g e r , a n d t h a t h e n e v ? r i h e l e s s

d e c i d e d v o l u n t a r i l y , t h a t i s t o s a y , w i t b o t r t

c o m p u l s i o n o r n e c e s s i t y t o t a k e t h e r i s k

i n v o l v e d i n t r a v e l l i n g a s a p a s s e n g e r .

I n t h e	p r e s e n t	c a s e	i t i s ,	o f c o u r s e ,	f i r m l y
e s t a b l i s h e d	t h a t	t h e	d e c e a s e d	was	we11

a f f e c t e d b y l i q u o r a n d , i q ~ n y v i e w , t h i s w o u l d

h a v e b e e n a p p a r e n t t o a n y b o d y who c o n v e r s e d

w i t h h i m o r who o b s e r v e d h i m w a l k i n g o r

g e t t i n g a b o u t . H o w e v e r , t h p e v i d e n c e i n t h e

c a s e i s s o v a g u e a n d imprecise t h a t i t i s n o t

e s t a b l i s h e d t o my s a t ~ s f a c t i o n t h a t t h e r e was

i n f a c t a c o n v e r s a t i o n h e t w e e n t h e p1 a i n t i f f

a n d t h e d e c e a s e d , n o r i s i t e s t a b l i s h e d t h a t

t h e d e c e a s e d was o u t o f t h e v e h i c l e a t a l l ,

l e t a l o n e i n c i r c u m s t a n c e s t h a t h i s c o n d i t i o n

m u s t h a v e made i t s e l f k n o w n t o t h e p l a i n t i f f .

I f o n e t h i n g i s c l e a r , i t i s t h a t t h e i n t e r e s t

a n d a t t e n t i o n o f b o t h t h e p l a i n t i f f a n d O a v i d

T r e m b l e was f o c u s e d n o t ~ r p o n t h e d r i v e r o f t h e

v e h i c l e o r i t s o c c u p a n t s h u t u p o n t h e v e h i c l e

i t s e l f . I r e j e c t t h e d e f e n c e o f v o l u n t a r y

a s s u m p t i o n o f r i s k . "

N e i t h e r p a r t y c h a l l e n g e d t h e s t a t e m e n t o f t h e c r i t e r i a

u p o n w h i c h t h e d e f e n c e r e s t s . I t was t h e s e c o n d o f t h e q l ~ o t e d

p a r a g r a p h s w h i c h t h e a p p e l l a n t ' s s u b m i s s i o n s c h a l l e n g e d . T h e

a t t a c k was f r a m e d i n t w o w a y s . F i r s t , i t was s ~ l b m i t t e d t h a t a

n u m b e r o f t h e w i t i e s s e s h a d g i v e n e v i d e n c e t h a t Y r . G u g ~ l h a d b e e n

o u t o f h i s c a r a n d i n t h e c o m p a n y o f h i s t r n f r i e n d s i n t h ~ ! c a r

p a r k w h e n c o n v e r s a t i o n was occurring h e t w e e n t h e m a l e n e m b e r s o f

t h e t w o g r o u p s . T h e l e 3 r i e d C h i e f J u s t i c e h a d e r r e d , i t was s a i d ,

i n f a i l i n g t o m a k e a f i n d i n g t o t h e e f f ~ c t o f t l l a t e v i d e n c e .

r e c o n d , i t was s a i d t h a t h i s H o n o u r h a d i n d i c a t e d elsewhere i n h - s

r e a s o n s f o r j ~ ~ d g m e n t h i s a c c a p t a n c e o f o n e o f t h e w i t n e s s e s a s

r e l l a S l o a n d was a c c o r d i n g l y i n e r r o r i n f a i l i n g t o make a f i n d i n g

i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e e v i d e n c e o f t h a t w i t n e s s t h a t Y r . G u g e l h a d

b e e n o u t s i d e h i s c a r w h e n 9 1 s m o v e m e n t s m i g h t h a v e b e e n o h s e r v e d

b y M r . T s a k a l o s .

I t i s c o n v e n i e n t t o d e a l f i r s t h t h e s e c o n d o f w h a t

w e r e o v e r l a p p i n g s u h m i s s i o ~ s . I n t h e c o u r s e o f d i s c u s s i n g

~ v i d e n c e	g i v e n	h y	M r .	B o w e r s	t l l e	l e a r n e d	C h i e f	J u s t i c e	h a d
o b s e r v e d :

" F g r	a	p e r s o n who	h a d	d r u n k	s o much	o v e r	t h e
c o u r s e	o f	t h e	e v ? n i n g	a n d	n i g h t ,	Y r .	B o w e r s
h a d	a	r e m a r k a b l y	c l e a r	mPmory	a s	t o	t h e

e v e n t s ."

L a t e r h i s H o n o u r o b s e r v e d

" O n c e a g a i n , M r . R o w e r s d i s p l a y e d a r e m a r k a b l y

c l e a r memory i n t h e l i g h t o f w h a t h e c l a i m s t o

h a v e d r u n k . "

It was s u h m i t t e d t h a t t h e s e o b s e r v a t i o n s i n d i c a t e d h i s

H o n o u r ' s a c c e p t a n c e , a 1 b e l t s ~ l r p r i s ~ d a c c e p t a n c e , o f Y r . B o w e r s '

e v i d e n c e . I d o n o t r e a d t h e o b s e r v a t i o n s i n t h a t s ? n s e , h u t

r a t t i e r a s i r o n i c a l c o m n e n t s .

I n s u p p o r t o f t h e f i r s t s u h r ; l i s s i o n c o u n s e l f o r t h e

a p p e l l a n t t o o k t h e C o u r t t h r o u g h t h e t r a n s c r i p t o f t h e e v i d e n c e

c o n c e r n i n g t h e e v e n t s i n t h e c a r p a r k . A c a r e f u l r e a d i n g o f t h a t

t r a n s c r i p t d o e s	n o t s l i g g e s t	t o my	mind	a n y	d e f i n i t e f i n d i n g
c o n t r a d i c t o r y o f t h e f i n d i n g s	o f t h e t r i a l	j l l d g e	w h i c h	a r e	s t a t e d

1 n t h e p a s s a g e q u o t e d . S u c h a r e a d i n g d o e s l n d i r c e a s t r o n g

i m p r e s s i o n t h a t t h e t r i a l j u d g e , who saw a n d h e a r d t h e w i : n e s s e s

g i v i n g e v i d e n c e o f e v e n t s w h i c h h a d o c c u r r e d n e a r l y f o u r y e a r s

3 e f o r e t h e y t e s t i f i e d , was i n a m u c h b e t t e r p o s i t i o n t o e v a l u a t e

t h e i r h o n e s t y a n d r e l i a b i l i t y t h a n I a n . ! d o n o t c o n s i d e r t h a t

t h e e v i d e n c e a s a w h o l e j u s t i f i e s a n a f f i r m a t i v e f i n d i n g t h a t

" t h e r e w a s i n f a c t a c o n v e r s a t i o n h e t w e e n t h e p l a l n t l f f a n d t h e

d e c e a s e d " b e f o r e M r . T s a k a l o s e n t e r e d t h e M 6 c a r , o r a f i n d i n g

t h a t " t h e d e c e a s e d was o u t o f t h e v e h i c l e " w h i l e Y r . T s a k a l o s was

i n t h e c a r p a r k . T h a t h e i n g s o , t h e a t t a c k o n t h e f i n d i n g t h a t

t h e r e h a d n o t b e e n a n a s s u m p t i o n h y Y r . T s a k a l o s o f t h e r i s k

c a n n o t h e u p h e l d .

I t was s u h m i t t e d o n h e h a l f o f t h e a p p e l l a n t t h a t t h e

p r o p e r a p p o r t i o n m e n t h e t w e e n Y r . T s a k a l o s a n d Y r . G u g e l o f

r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t h e damage w h i c 4 M r . T s a k a l o s s ~ l s t a i n e d was o f

a n e q u a l s h a r e t o e a c h . I t w a s s u h m i t t p d t h a t t h e e v i d e n c e

d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t g r o s s signs o f intoxication w e r e m a n i f e s t e d i n

t h e c a r p a r k b y t h o s e w h o w e r e t o Y r . T s a k a l o s ' s k n o w l e d g e

c o m p a n i o n s o f t h e d r i v e r o f t h e c a r i n w h i c h h e was p r o p o s i n g t o

" t a k e a s p i n " , a n d t h a t h i s f a i l u r e t o a c t o n t h o s e s i g n s b y

m a k i n g	e n q u i r y	a b o u t	t h e	d r i v e r ' s	c o n d i t i o n	was	a	d e p a r t u r e	i n
s u b s t a n t i a l	d e g r e e	f r o m	t h e	s t a n d a r d	o f	c a r e	o f	t h e	r e a s o n a 5 l e

m a n .	The	s u b m i s s i o n	n a y	b e	a c c e p t g d	w i t h o u t	n e c e s s a r i l y	r e a c h i n g
a	v i e w	a h o ~ l t a p p o r t i o n m p n t	a t	v a r i a n c e	w i t h t h a t	w h i c h	t h e	t r i a l

j u d g e	t o o k .	And	I	d o	n o t	f i n d	m y s e l f	i n d i s a g r e e m e n t	w i t h	h ; s
v i e w .

I t f o l l o w s t h a t b o t h t h e a p p e a l a n d t h e c r o s s - a p p e a :

s h o u l d b e d i s m i s s e d . I w o u l d o r d e r t h a t t h e r e s p o n d e n t ' s c o s t s o f

t h e a p p e a l b e p a i d b y t h e a p p e l l a n t a n d t h a t t h e

c r o s s - r e s p o n d e n t ' s c o s t s o f t h e c r o s s - a p p e a l b e p a i d b y t h e

c r o s s - a p p e l l a n t a n d t h a t t h e a m o u n t s o f t h e t w o o r d e r s f o r c o s c s

b e s e t - o f f a n d t h e b a l a n c e p a i d t o t h e p a r t y e n t i t l e d .

I	c e r t i f y	t h a t	t h i s	a n d	t h e	6
p r e c e d i n g	p a g e s	a r e	a	t r u e	c o p y	o f

t h e R e a s o n s f o r J u d g m e n t o f Y r .

J ~ ~ s t i c e	J e n k i n s o n .
D a t e d :	lfi March,  1989

IN THE FEDERAL COURT OF AUSTRALIA	)
AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY	)
) No. ACT G 40 of 1988
DISTRICT REGISTRY
GENERAL DIVISION	)

ON APPEAL FROM THE SUPREME COURT

OF THE AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY

BETWEEN: NRMA INSURANCE LIMITED

Appellant

AND:  JOHN TSAKALOS

Respondent

AND B : - JOHN TSAKALOS

Cross Appellant

AND: NRMA INSURANCE LIMITED

Cross Respondent

CORAM: Kelly, Jenkinson and Neaves JJ

- DATE: 16 March 1989

REASONS FOR JUDGMENT

NEAVES J.

I agree that the appeal and cross-appeal should be

dismissed. I do not wish to add anything to the reasons given

by Jenkinson J. for reaching that conclusion.

I certify that this page

is a true copy of the Reasons for Judgment herein of the Honourable Mr Justlce Neaves.

Dated: 16 March 1989

Counsel for the appellant	: Mr L.M. Morris, Q.C.
and cross-respondent	and Mr J.C. Hartigan
Solicitors for the appellant	: Abbott Tout Russell Kennedy

and cross-respondent:

Counsel for the respondent : Mr S.L. Walmsley

and cross-appellant

Solicitors for the respondent : Crossin Power Haslem

and cross-appellant

Date of hearing : 13 March 1989