Motor Vehicles (Standards) Regulations Australian Vehicle Standards Rules (NT)

AUSTRALIAN VEHICLE STANDARDS RULES

made as part of the Motor Vehicles (Standards) Regulations under the Motor Vehicles Act.

Contents

Page

Part 1Introductory

Division 1General

1Name of regulations  

2Object of Vehicle Standards  

Division 2Some features of the Vehicle Standards

3Definitions — the dictionary etc  

4Diagrams  

5Notes  

6Examples  

Part 2Application of the Vehicle Standards

7Application to vehicles and combinations on roads and road-related areas  

8What is a road  

9What is a road-related area  

10Vehicles to which the Vehicle Standards do not apply    

11Non-application of Vehicle Standards — exemption under other laws

12Non-application of Vehicle Standards — inconsistent ADR requirements    

13Non-application of Vehicle Standards — Motor Vehicle Standards Act approvals

Part 3Australian Design Rules

Division 1Interpretation

14What is an ADR  

15What is a national standard

16References to national standards

17What is a second edition ADR

18What is a third edition ADR 

Division 2Compliance with ADRs

19Compliance with second edition ADRs  

20Compliance with third edition ADRs  

21Exception to compliance with ADRs — vehicles that are not road vehicles  

22Exception to compliance with ADRs — Motor Vehicle Standards Act

23Partial exception to compliance with ADRs — personally imported vehicles

Part 4Adopted standards

24What is an adopted standard  

25Reference to adopted standards  

26Exception to compliance with adopted standards          

Part 5General safety requirements

Division 1All vehicles

27Steering  

28Turning ability  

29Ability to travel backwards and forwards  

30Protrusions  

31Driver’s view and vehicle controls  

32Seating  

33Mudguards and spray suppression  

34Horns, alarms etc  

35Rear vision mirrors  

36Rear vision mirrors — surfaces  

37Additional rear vision mirrors  

38Automatic transmission  

39Diesel engines  

40Bonnet securing devices  

41Electrical wiring, connections and installations             

42Television receivers and visual display units               

43Windscreens and windows  

44Window tinting  

45Windscreen wipers and washers  

46Wheels and tyres — size and capacity  

47Pneumatic tyres generally  

48Pneumatic tyres — carcass construction  

49Pneumatic tyres — size and capacity  

50Tyres — defects  

51Tyres for use on vehicles with GVM over 4.5 tonnes      

52Tyres — manufacturer’s rating  

53Retreads  

54Tyre tread  

Division 2Additional requirements for motor bikes

55Steering gear and handlebars  

56Foot rests  

57Chain guards  

Part 6Vehicle marking

58Vehicle and engine identification numbers                 

59White or silver band on certain vehicles  

60Warning signs for combinations over 22 metres long     

61Warning signs not to be displayed on other vehicles      

62Specifications for warning signs  

63Left-hand drive signs  

Part 7Vehicle configuration and dimensions

Division 1Axles

64Axle configuration  

65Relation between axles in axle group  

Division 2Dimensions

66Width  

67Length of single motor vehicles  

68Length of single trailers  

69Length of combinations  

70Rear overhang  

71Trailer drawbar length  

72Height  

73Ground clearance  

Part 8Lights and reflectors

Division 1General requirements for lights

74Certain requirements apply only at night  

75Prevention of glare  

76Pairs of lights  

Division 2Headlights

77Headlights to be fitted to vehicles  

78How headlights are to be fitted  

79How single headlights are to be fitted  

80How additional headlights are to be fitted                   

81Performance of headlights  

82Effective range of headlights  

83Changing headlights from high-beam to low-beam position

Division 3Parking lights

84Parking lights  

Division 4Daytime running lights

85Daytime running lights  

Division 5Tail lights

86Tail lights generally  

87Pattern of fitting tail lights  

88Performance of tail lights  

89Wiring of tail lights  

Division 6Number plate lights

90Number plate lights  

Division 7Clearance lights

91Front clearance lights  

92External cabin lights  

93Rear clearance lights  

Division 8Side marker lights

94Vehicles needing side marker lights  

95Location of side marker lights  

96Performance of side marker lights  

97Side marker lights and rear clearance lights               

Division 9Brake lights

98Fitting brake lights  

99Performance and operation of brake lights                 

Division 10Reversing lights

100Reversing lights  

Division 11Direction indicator lights

101Direction indicator lights on motor vehicles                 

102Direction indicator lights on trailers  

103Location of direction indicator lights  

104Operation and visibility of direction indicator lights        

Division 12Fog lights

105Front fog lights  

106Rear fog lights  

Division 13Interior lights

107Interior lights  

Division 14Reflectors generally

108General requirements for reflectors  

Division 15Rear reflectors

109Rear reflectors  

Division 16Side reflectors

110Compulsory side reflectors on pole-type trailers           

111Optional side reflectors  

Division 17Front reflectors

112Compulsory front reflectors on trailers  

113Optional front reflectors  

Division 18Warning lights and signs on buses carrying children

114Application of Division  

115Fitting of warning lights and signs  

116Operation and performance of warning lights              

117Specifications for warning signs  

Division 19Other lights, reflectors, rear marking plates or signals

118Other lights and reflectors  

119Rear marking plates  

120Signalling devices  

121Mechanical signalling devices  

122Turn signals  

Division 20Vehicles not required to have lights or reflectors

123Certain vehicles used in daylight  

124Certain vehicles used for collection or exhibition purposes

Part 9Braking systems

Division 1Brake requirements for all vehicles

125Parts of a braking system  

126Provision for wear  

127Supply of air or vacuum to brakes  

128Performance of braking systems  

Division 2Motor vehicle braking systems

129What braking system a motor vehicle must have          

130Operation of brakes on motor vehicles  

131Air or vacuum brakes on motor vehicles  

Division 3Trailer braking systems

132What brakes a trailer must have  

133Operation of brakes on trailers  

134Air or vacuum brakes on trailers  

Division 4Additional brake requirements for B‑doubles and long road trains

135Application of Division to certain road trains               

136Braking system design for a prime mover in a B-double  

137Braking system design for motor vehicles in road trains  

138Braking system design for trailers in B-doubles or road trains  

139Air brakes of motor vehicles in B-doubles or road trains  

140Air brakes in a B-double or road train: least favoured chamber

141Recovery of air pressure for brakes in B-doubles and road trains     

142Air supply for brakes in B-doubles and road trains        

143Brake line couplings  

144Simultaneous parking brake application  

145Capacity of air reservoirs  

Part 10Control of emissions

Division 1Crank case gases and visible emissions

146Crank case gases  

147Visible emissions  

Division 2Exhaust systems

148Exhaust systems  

Division 3Noise emissions

149Silencing device for exhaust systems  

150Stationary noise levels — car-type vehicles and motor bikes and trikes      

151Stationary noise levels — other vehicles with spark ignition engines  

152Stationary noise levels — other vehicles with diesel engines   

153Measurement of stationary noise levels  

Part 11LPG fuel systems

154LPG-powered vehicles  

Part 12Maximum road speed limiting

155Speed limiting  

156Exemptions from speed limiting  

Part 13Mechanical connections between vehicles

Division 1Couplings on all types of vehicles

157General coupling requirements  

158Drawbar couplings  

Division 2Additional coupling requirements for B‑doubles and long road trains

159Application of Division to road trains  

160Couplings for B-doubles and road trains  

161Selection of fifth wheel couplings for B-doubles and road trains       

162D-value of a fifth wheel coupling  

163Mounting of fifth wheel couplings on B-doubles and road trains

164Branding of fifth wheel couplings and turntables on B‑doubles and road trains     

165Selection of kingpins for B-doubles and road trains       

166Attachment of kingpins on B-doubles and road trains     

167Branding of kingpins on B-doubles and road trains       

168Selection of couplings and drawbar eyes for road  trains 

169Attachment of couplings and drawbar eyes on road  trains

170Branding of couplings and drawbar eyes on road  trains 

171Tow coupling overhang on road trains  

Part 14Other matters

172Vehicle equipment  

173Restored vehicles  

174Retractable axles  

175Measurement of distance between parallel lines           

176Interpretation of certain second edition ADRs              

Dictionary132

Part 1Introductory

Division 1General

Note   The Australian Vehicle Standards Rules set standards that vehicles must comply with to be driven on roads and road-related areas.

The ADRs (Australian Design Rules) are rules for designing and building vehicles.  Imported vehicles must also comply with the ADRs.

The Vehicle Standards require a vehicle that is subject to an ADR when built or imported to continue to comply with the ADR.

The Vehicle Standards also apply certain other standards (adopted standards) that are intended to complement the ADRs.

The ADRs do not cover:

·vehicles built before 1969

·combinations of vehicles of any age

·every safety feature for vehicles built between 1969 and 1988.

These matters are covered by the Vehicle Standards.

In most cases, if a vehicle complies with the Vehicle Standards, it is suitable for road use.

1. Name of regulations

   These regulations are the Australian Vehicle Standards Rules  (the Vehicle Standards).

2. Object of Vehicle Standards

   (1)The object of the Vehicle Standards is to set standards, about the construction and performance of motor vehicles, trailers and combinations, that are uniform throughout Australia.

   (2)The standards are intended:

   (a)to promote, throughout the life of motor vehicles, trailers and combinations, their safe use and efficiency and the protection of the environment; and

   (b)to reduce the cost of transport administration.

Division 2Some features of the Vehicle Standards

1. Definitions — the dictionary etc

   (1)The dictionary at the end of the Vehicle Standards defines certain words and expressions, and includes signpost definitions to words and expressions defined elsewhere in the Vehicle Standards.

   Note   A signpost definition (eg road-related area see rule 9) is included in the dictionary if the definition applies outside the rule defining the word or expression.

   (2)The dictionary is part of the Vehicle Standards.

   (3)A definition in the Vehicle Standards applies to each use of the word or expression in the Vehicle Standards, unless the contrary intention appears.

2. Diagrams

   (1)A diagram in the Vehicle Standards is part of the Vehicle Standards.

   (2)A diagram of something (except the essential diagram in rule 165) is an illustrative example of the thing in black and white, but does not represent its dimensions or the dimensions of any part of it.

   Note   The essential diagram in rule 165 provides the dimensions required for a 75 millimetre kingpin used in a B-double or road train.

3AReferences to another law of this jurisdiction

A reference in the Vehicle Standards to another law of this jurisdiction includes any provision of the Motor Vehicles (Standards) Regulations 2003 other than the Vehicle Standards.

1. Notes

   A note in the Vehicle Standards is explanatory and is not part of the Vehicle Standards.

2. Examples

   (1)An example (whether or not in the form of a diagram) in the Vehicle Standards is part of the Vehicle Standards.

   (2)If the Vehicle Standards includes an example of the operation of a provision of the Vehicle Standards:

   (a)the example is not exhaustive; and

   (b)the example does not limit, and may extend, the meaning of the provision; and

   (c)the example and the provision are to be read in the context of each other and of the other provisions of the Vehicle Standards, but, if the example and the provision as so read are inconsistent, the provision prevails.

Part 2Application of the Vehicle Standards

1. Application to vehicles and combinations on roads and road-related areas

   The Vehicle Standards apply to motor vehicles, trailers and combinations on roads and road-related areas.

2. What is a road

   A road is an area that is open to or used by the public and is developed for, or has as one of its main uses, the driving or riding of motor vehicles.

3. What is a road-related area

   A road-related area is any of the following:

   (a)an area that divides a road;

   (b)a footpath or nature strip adjacent to a road;

   (c)an area that is open to the public and is designated for use by cyclists or animals;

   (d)an area that is not a road and that is open to or used by the public for driving, riding or parking vehicles.

4. Vehicles to which the Vehicle Standards do not apply

   The Vehicle Standards do not apply to:

   (a)a vehicle used only on a railway or tramway; or

   (b)a vehicle designed to be controlled by a person walking next to it; or

   (c)a vehicle propelled by a motor with a maximum power output of not over 200 watts; or

   (d)a motorised wheelchair that cannot travel at over 10 kilometres an hour; or

   (e)a vehicle or combination that is being repaired, or is being tested in the course of being repaired, so it will comply with the Vehicle Standards; or

   (f)a vehicle or combination being driven or towed directly to a place where it is to be repaired so it will comply with the Vehicle Standards; or

   (g)a vehicle that is categorised, in the Australian Design Rules, as a power-assisted pedal cycle; or

   (h)a vehicle that was categorised, in a third edition ADR, as a power-assisted pedal cycle, but is no longer categorised as a power-assisted pedal cycle because of a change to the category.

5. Non-application of Vehicle Standards — exemption under other laws

   (1)A provision of the Vehicle Standards does not apply to a vehicle or combination if the vehicle or combination is exempt from:

   (a)the provision under another law of this jurisdiction; or

   (b)the corresponding provision of the law of another jurisdiction.

   (2)However, the vehicle or combination is exempt only if all conditions of the exemption (if any) are being complied with.

   Example

   An exemption permitting a greater dimension limit for a vehicle is subject to conditions about the route where, and times when, the vehicle is permitted to travel, and the escort vehicles required to accompany the vehicle. A relevant provision of the Vehicle Standards does not apply to the vehicle only if the conditions are complied with.

6. Non-application of Vehicle Standards — inconsistent ADR requirements

   A provision of Parts 5 to 13 of the Vehicle Standards does not apply to a vehicle if:

   (a)the provision is inconsistent with a requirement of a second or third edition ADR applying to the vehicle; and

   (b)the vehicle complies with the requirement.

7. Non-application of Vehicle Standards — approvals under other laws

   A provision of Parts 5 to 13 of the Vehicle Standards does not apply to a vehicle if:

   (a)the vehicle does not comply with a requirement of an ADR applying to the vehicle; and

   (b)the provision of the Vehicle Standards corresponds to the requirement of the ADR; and

   (c)despite the non-compliance:

   (i)before the repeal of the Motor Vehicle Standards Act 1989 (Cwlth), an approval had been given under section 10A (2) or (3) of that Act to place identification plates on vehicles of that type; or

   (ii)an approval to place identification plates on vehicles of that type has been given under Schedule 3, item 4 (2) or 6 (2) to the Road Vehicle Standards (Consequential and Transitional Provisions) Act 2018 (Cwlth); or

   (iii)the vehicle has been entered on the RAV; and

   (d)for a vehicle to which paragraph (c)(i) or (ii) applies – the vehicle complies with the approval conditions, if any.

   Note  1 Section 10A (2) of the Motor Vehicle Standards Act 1989 (Cwlth) (repealed) dealt with vehicles that did not comply with an ADR, but the non-compliance was only in minor and inconsequential respects.

   Note 2 Section 10A (3) of that Act dealt with vehicles that did not comply with an ADR, and the non-compliance was not minor and inconsequential, but the vehicle would be safe to use if conditions were complied with.

   Note 3 Schedule 3, items 4 (2) and 6 (2) of the Road Vehicle Standards (Consequential and Transitional Provisions) Act 2018 (Cwth) provide for the Minister to decide applications for approval made under section 10A (2) and (3) of the Motor Vehicle Standards Act 1989 (Cwlth) that were not decided before the repeal of that Act.

Part 3Australian Design Rules

Note   This Part applies the second and third edition ADRs to various vehicles.

Under the Part, a vehicle that is subject to ADRs when it is built generally remains subject to the ADRs throughout its life. However, a vehicle need not comply with a standard if the standard is replaced by, or inconsistent with, a later standard and the vehicle complies with the later standard. Older vehicles may, therefore, be fitted with any equipment allowed on newer vehicles.

Vehicles that are modified must continue to comply with the Vehicle Standards.

The following provisions of the Vehicle Standards extend the application of particular second or third edition ADRs to vehicles to which the ADRs are not expressed to apply:

·rule 41 (4) (electrical wiring, connections and installations)

·rule 119 (rear marking plates)

·rule 136 (1) and (2) (braking system for prime mover in B‑double)

·rule 137 (braking system design for motor vehicles in road trains)

·rule 138 (1) and (3) (braking system design for trailers in B‑doubles or road trains)

·rule 155 (1) and (2) (speed limiting).

The following provisions of the Vehicle Standards apply to a vehicle instead of the corresponding ADR requirement:

·rule 44 (5) and (6) (window tinting)

·rules 51 and 52 (tyre speed category requirements)

·rule 115 (warning lights and signs on buses carrying children)

·rule 118 (4) (display of certain lights and reflectors).

Division 1Interpretation

1. What is an ADR

   An ADR is an Australian Design Rule.

Division 2Compliance with ADRs

1. Compliance with second edition ADRs

   (1)If a second edition ADR recommends that the ADR should apply to the design and construction of a vehicle, the vehicle must comply with the ADR.

   (2)If a second edition ADR contains a requirement for a type of equipment fitted to a vehicle built on or after a stated time any equipment of the same type fitted to the vehicle after it is built must comply with:

   (a)the requirement as in force when the vehicle was built; or

   (b)if the requirement is amended after the vehicle is built and before the equipment is fitted — the requirement as in force:

   (i)when the vehicle was built; or

   (ii)when the equipment was fitted; or

   (iii)at any time between when the vehicle was built and the equipment was fitted.

   (3)However, a vehicle, or equipment fitted to a vehicle, need not comply with a recommendation or requirement of a second edition ADR if:

   (a)the recommendation or requirement is replaced by, or is inconsistent with, a requirement of a third edition ADR applying to the vehicle or equipment; and

   (b)the vehicle or equipment complies with the requirement of the third edition ADR.

   (4)If a second edition ADR allows a vehicle built on or after a stated time to be fitted with equipment, a vehicle built before the time may also be fitted with the equipment.

2. Compliance with third edition ADRs

   (1)If a third edition ADR applies to the design and construction of a vehicle, the vehicle must comply with the ADR.

   (2)If a third edition ADR contains a requirement for a type of equipment fitted to a vehicle built on or after a stated time, any equipment of the same type fitted to the vehicle after it is built must comply with:

   (a)the requirement as in force when the vehicle was built; or

   (b)if the requirement is amended after the vehicle is built and before the equipment is fitted — the requirement as in force:

   (i)when the vehicle was built; or

   (ii)when the equipment was fitted; or

   (iii)at any time between when the vehicle was built and the equipment was fitted.

   (3)However, a vehicle, or equipment fitted to a vehicle, need not comply with a requirement of a third edition ADR if:

   (a)the requirement is replaced by, or is inconsistent with, a requirement of a later version of the ADR applying to the vehicle or equipment; and

   (b)the vehicle or equipment complies with the requirement of the later version.

   (4)If a third edition ADR allows a vehicle built on or after a stated time to be fitted with equipment, a vehicle built before the time may also be fitted with the equipment.

3. Exception to compliance with ADRs — vehicles that are not road vehicles

   A vehicle need not comply with an ADR applied by rule 19 (1) or 20 (1) if:

   (a)before the repeal of the Motor Vehicle Standards Act 1989 (Cwlth), a determination or declaration under section 5B of that Act provided that the vehicle is not a road vehicle for that Act; or

   (b)the vehicle is within a class determined in, or is specified in, an instrument under section 6 (5) (b) or (6) (b) of the Road Vehicle Standards Act 2018 (Cwlth).

4. Exception to compliance with ADRs — particular approvals

   (1)A vehicle need not comply with an ADR applied by rule 19 (1) or 20 (1) if:

   (a)despite non-compliance with the ADR:

   (i)before the repeal of the Motor Vehicle Standards Act 1989 (Cwlth), an approval had been given under section 10A (2) or (3) of that Act to place identification plates on vehicles of that type; or

   (ii)an approval to place identification plates on vehicles of that type has been given under Schedule 3, item 4 (2) or 6 (2) to the Road Vehicle Standards (Consequential and Transitional Provisions) Act 2018 (Cwlth); and

   (b)the vehicle complies with the approval conditions, if any.

   Note   See notes to rule 13.

   (2)A vehicle need not comply with an ADR applied by rule 19 (1) or 20 (1) if:

   (a)either:

   (i)before the repeal of the Motor Vehicle Standards Act 1989 (Cwlth), the vehicle was permitted to be supplied to the market under section 14A (1) of that Act; or

   (ii)an approval for the vehicle to be supplied to market has been given under Schedule 3, item 11 (2) to the Road Vehicle Standards (Consequential and Transitional Provisions) Act 2018 (Cwlth); and

   (b)for a vehicle for which an approval was given under a provision mentioned in paragraph (a) – the vehicle complies with the approval conditions, if any.

   (3)A vehicle need not comply with an ADR applied by rule 19 (1) or 20 (1) if:

   (a)before the repeal of the Motor Vehicle Standards Act 1989 (Cwlth), the vehicle was permitted to be used in transport in Australia under section 15 (2) of that Act; and

   (b)for a vehicle for which an approval was given under section 15 (2) of the Motor Vehicle Standards Act 1989 (Cwlth) – the vehicle complies with the approval conditions, if any.

   (4)A vehicle need not comply with an ADR applied by rule 19 (1) or 20 (1) if:

   (a)despite non-compliance with the ADR, the vehicle has been entered on the RAV; and

   (b)if the approval of the vehicle's entry on the RAV is subject to conditions – the vehicle complies with the conditions.

5. Partial exception to compliance with ADRs — personally imported vehicles

   (1)In this rule:

   personally imported vehicle means a vehicle built after 1968 that:

   (a)has been imported into Australia by a person in accordance with:

   (i)an approval to import given under regulation 9D or 13 of the Motor Vehicle Standards Regulations 1989 (Cwlth) before their repeal; or

   (ii)an approval to import under Schedule 3, item 13 to the Road Vehicle Standards (Consequential and Transitional Provisions) Act 2018 (Cwlth); or

   (b)has been:

   (i)imported into Australia by a person in accordance with a concessional RAV entry approval granted on the basis that the vehicle satisfied the eligibility criterion set out in section 39 of the Australian Vehicle Standards Rules 2019  (Cwlth); and 

   (ii)entered on the RAV.

   (2)A personally imported vehicle must be fitted with:

   (a)seat belts that are as effective as seat belts that meet an Australian Standard or British Standard for seat belts as in force when this rule commenced; and

   (b)seat belt anchorages that meet the number and location requirements of second or third edition ADR 5; and

   (c)child restraint anchorages that meet the number, location, accessibility, thread size and form requirements of second edition ADR 34 or third edition ADR 5 or 34; and

   (d)head restraints that meet the number, location and size requirements of second or third edition ADR 22.

   (3)However, a personally imported vehicle need only meet the requirements of an ADR mentioned in subrule (2) if the ADR recommends that it should apply, or applies, to a vehicle of the same type.

   (4)A personally imported vehicle need not otherwise comply with an ADR applied by rule 19 (1) or 20 (1).

Part 4Adopted standards

1. What is an adopted standard

   An adopted standard is a standard, except a national standard, that is applied, adopted or incorporated by the Vehicle Standards.

   Example

   Rule 62 (7) adopts Australian Standard AS 1906 Retro-reflective Materials and Devices for Road Traffic Control Purposes.

2. Reference to adopted standards

   Unless the contrary intention appears, a reference in a rule or subrule to an adopted standard is a reference to the standard as in force when the rule or subrule commenced.

3. Exception to compliance with adopted standards

   A vehicle need not comply with an adopted standard if:

   (a)the standard is replaced by, or is inconsistent with, a later version of the standard; and

   (b)the vehicle complies with the later version of the standard.

Part 5General safety requirements

Note   For a vehicle to be operated safely, the vehicle needs to be properly designed to minimise the potential for accidents and harm to other road users.

This Part sets out various requirements covering the driver’s view from a vehicle, the driver’s control of a vehicle, protection of vehicle occupants and other road users, and other general safety features.

Division 1All vehicles

1. Steering

   (1)A motor vehicle must have a right-hand drive.

   (3)A motor vehicle has a right-hand drive if the centre of at least 1 steering control of the vehicle is to the right of, or in line with, the centre of the vehicle.

   (4)A component of the steering system of a motor vehicle that is essential for effective steering of the vehicle must be built to transmit energy by mechanical means only.

   (5)Failure of a non-mechanical component of the steering system must not prevent effective steering of the vehicle.

   (6)This rule does not apply to a vehicle if the vehicle is built or used mainly for a purpose other than the transport of goods or people by road.

2. Turning ability

   (1)A motor vehicle must be able to turn in a circle not over 25 metres in diameter, measured by the outer edge of the tyre track at ground level.

   (2)The vehicle must be able to comply with subrule (1) whether it turns to the left or to the right.

3. Ability to travel backwards and forwards

   A motor vehicle with an unloaded mass over 450 kilograms must be able to be driven both backwards and forwards when the driver is in the normal driving position.

4. Protrusions

   (1)An object fitted to a vehicle must be designed, built and fitted to the vehicle in a way that minimises the likelihood of injury to a person making contact with the vehicle.

   (2)However, subrule (1) does not apply to an object fitted to a vehicle if:

   (a)the vehicle was designed before 1965 and the object was part of the design of the vehicle; or

   (b)the object was fitted to the vehicle before 1965 in accordance with the law of the place where the object was fitted.

5. Driver’s view and vehicle controls

   A motor vehicle must be built:

   (a)to allow the driver a view of the road and of traffic to the front and sides of the vehicle so the driver can drive the vehicle safely; and

   (b)with its controls located so the driver can drive the vehicle safely.

6. Seating

   A seat for a driver or passenger in a vehicle must be securely attached to the vehicle.

7. Mudguards and spray suppression

   (1)A vehicle must have firmly fitted:

   (a)a mudguard for each wheel or for adjacent wheels; and

   (b)for each axle group and single axle on a vehicle that is part of a B-double — spray suppression devices complying with Parts 1 and 2 of British Standard AU200-1984 Spray Reducing Devices for Heavy Goods Vehicle.

   (2)However, subrule (1) (a) does not apply to a vehicle if:

   (a)the construction or use of the vehicle makes the fitting of mudguards unnecessary or impracticable; or

   (b)the body or part of the body of the vehicle acts as a mudguard.

   Examples of vehicles to which subrule (2) (a) applies

   1.Timber jinkers.

   2.Most road-making plant.

   3.Some agricultural equipment.

   (3)A mudguard fitted to a vehicle with a GVM over 4.5 tonnes must, when the wheels of the vehicle are in position to move straight ahead:

   (a)reduce the danger of a person contacting the moving wheels; and

   (b)for the rear wheels:

   (i)cover the overall tyre width of the wheel or wheels to which it is fitted; and

   (ii)be fitted so the height above ground level of the lowest edge of the rear of the mudguard is not over one-third of the horizontal distance between the edge and the centre of the rearmost axle.

   (4)However, a mudguard may be up to:

   (a)230 millimetres above ground level; or

   (b)on a vehicle built to be used off road — 300 millimetres above ground level.

   (5)The outside of a rear mudguard, except a mudflap, of a vehicle that can be seen from the rear of the vehicle must be coloured white or silver if the vehicle:

   (a)is at least 2.2 metres wide; and

   (b)has a body the vertical measurement of which is under 300 millimetres at the rear, measured from the lowest point of the body above ground level to the highest point; and

   (c)is not fitted with rear marking plates in accordance with rule 119.

   (6)For subrule (5) (a), the width of a vehicle is measured disregarding any anti-skid device mounted on wheels, central tyre inflation systems, lights, mirrors, reflectors, signalling devices and tyre pressure gauges.

8. Horns, alarms etc

   (1)A motor vehicle must be fitted with at least 1 horn or other device that can give sufficient audible warning to other road users of the approach or position of the vehicle.

   (2)A motor vehicle must not be fitted with a device that can make a sound like the sound of a siren, bell, exhaust whistle, compression whistle or repeater horn.

   (3)However, subrule (2) does not apply to:

   (a)a police vehicle; or

   (b)an emergency vehicle; or

   (c)a transport enforcement vehicle; or

   (d)an Australian Protective Service vehicle; or

   (e)a vehicle in the service of the Australian Border Force (as defined in section 4(1) of the Australian Border Force Act 2015 (Cth)); or

   (f)an Airservices Australia vehicle; or

   (g)a vehicle at least 25 years old that is fitted as a police or emergency vehicle if:

   (i)the vehicle is used for exhibition purposes; or

   (ii)it is part of a collection of former police or emergency vehicles; or

   (h)an anti-theft alarm if the alarm cannot be operated while the vehicle’s ignition is on.

   (4)Also, a motor vehicle may be fitted with a device that emits a regular, intermittent sound while the vehicle is reversing or in reverse gear.

   (5)The device must not be louder than is necessary so the driver, and a person near the vehicle, can hear the device when it is operating.

9. Rear vision mirrors

   (1)A rear vision mirror or mirrors must be fitted to a motor vehicle as required by this rule so that a driver of the vehicle can clearly see by reflection the road behind the vehicle and any following or overtaking vehicle.

   (2)At least 1 rear vision mirror must be fitted to:

   (a)a car; and

   (b)a motor trike with 2 front wheels; and

   (c)a motor bike, or motor trike with 1 front wheel, built before July 1975.

   (3)At least 1 rear vision mirror must be fitted to each side of:

   (a)a motor vehicle with a GVM over 3.5 tonnes; and

   (b)a motor bike, or motor trike with 1 front wheel, built after June 1975.

   (4)A motor vehicle with a GVM not over 3.5 tonnes (except a motor vehicle mentioned in subrule (2) or (3)) must be fitted with:

   (a)at least 1 rear vision mirror on the right side of the vehicle; and

   (b)at least 1 rear vision mirror on the left side of the vehicle or inside the vehicle.

   (5)A rear vision mirror fitted to a motor vehicle with a GVM over 3.5 tonnes must not project over 150 millimetres beyond the widest part (excluding lights, signalling devices and reflectors) of the vehicle or combination.

   (6)However, the rear vision mirror may project not over 230 millimetres beyond the widest part of the vehicle or combination if it can fold to project not over 150 millimetres beyond the widest part.

10. Rear vision mirrors — surfaces

    (1)A rear vision mirror required to be fitted to the side of a motor vehicle with a GVM over 3.5 tonnes must have a reflecting surface of at least 150 square centimetres.

    (2)A rear vision mirror required to be fitted to the right side of a motor vehicle with a GVM over 3.5 tonnes must have a flat reflecting surface if:

    (a)the motor vehicle has only 1 steering control; and

    (b)the centre of the steering control is to the right of, or in line with, the centre of the motor vehicle.

    (3)The reflecting surface of the rear vision mirrors that are required to be fitted to a motor bike or moped must:

    (a)each be of the same curvature; and

    (b)if convex, be part of a notional sphere with a radius of at least 1.2 metres.

11. Additional rear vision mirrors

    A motor vehicle may be fitted with additional rear vision mirrors or mirror surfaces that are flat or convex or a combination of flat and convex surfaces.

12. Automatic transmission

    (1)A motor vehicle fitted with an automatic transmission must have an engine starter mechanism that cannot operate when the transmission control is in a position to drive the vehicle.

    (2)A vehicle built after 1975 that is fitted with an automatic transmission must have an indicator in the driver’s compartment showing the transmission control position.

    (3)Subrules (1) and (2) do not apply to a motor vehicle with less than 4 wheels.

13. Diesel engines

    A motor vehicle propelled by a compression ignition engine (commonly known as a diesel engine) must be fitted with a device preventing the engine from being started accidentally or inadvertently.

14. Bonnet securing devices

    (1)A motor vehicle with a moveable body panel forward of the windscreen that covers an engine or luggage storage or battery compartment, must have a device to secure the panel.

    (2)However, if the panel opens from the front in a way that partly or completely obstructs the driver’s forward view through the windscreen, the panel must have primary and secondary devices to secure the panel.

15. Electrical wiring, connections and installations

    (1)The wiring of electrical equipment of a vehicle, except the high tension ignition wiring, must:

    (a)be supported at intervals of not over 600 millimetres, unless the vehicle is a pole-type trailer with a pole with an adjustable length, or an extendible trailer; and

    (b)be insulated at each of its joints; and

    (c)be located where it cannot:

    (i)become overheated; or

    (ii)contact moving parts; or

    (iii)come near enough to the fuel system to be a fire hazard; and

    (d)be protected from chafing.

    (2)The electrical connectors between motor vehicles and

    
    

    trailers, for operation of the vehicle lights required by the Vehicle Standards, must comply with Australian Standard AS 2513-1982 Electrical Connections for Trailer Vehicles.

    (3)A trailer must be equipped with an electrical conductor, independent of the trailer coupling, that provides a return path between the electrical circuits of the trailer and towing vehicle.

    (4)The electrical wiring, connections and installations of a semi‑trailer, dog trailer or converter dolly used in a road train over 19 metres long after June 1998 must comply with third edition ADR 63, whether or not it was built before the date stated in the ADR for vehicles of that type.

16. Television receivers and visual display units

    (1)A television receiver or visual display unit must not be installed in a vehicle so any part of the image on the screen is visible to the driver from the normal driving position.

    (2)However, subrule (1) does not apply to:

    (a)a television receiver or visual display unit that cannot be operated when the vehicle is moving; or

    (b)a driver’s aid in any vehicle or a destination sign in a bus.

    Examples of driver’s aids

    1.   Closed-circuit television security cameras.

    2.   Dispatch systems.

    3.   Navigational or intelligent highway and vehicle system equipment.

    4.   Rearview screens.

    5.   Ticket-issuing machines.

    6.   Vehicle monitoring devices.

    (3)A television receiver, or visual display unit, and its associated equipment in a vehicle must be securely mounted in a position that:

    (a)does not obscure the driver’s view of the road; and

    (b)does not impede the movement of a person in the vehicle.

1. Windscreens and windows

   (1)Transparent material used in a windscreen, window, or an interior partition, of a motor vehicle must be of approved material if:

   (a)the vehicle was built after June 1953; or

   (b)the material was first fitted to the vehicle after June 1953.

   (2)In this rule:

   approved material means material with the same characteristics as material mentioned in any of the following standards:

   ·Australian Standard AS R1-1965 Safety Glass for Land Transport

   ·Australian Standard AS R1-1968 Safety Glass for Land Transport

   ·Australian Standard AS 2080-1977 Safety Glass for Vehicles

   ·British Standard BS 857:1967 Specification for Safety Glass for Land Transport

   ·British Standard BS 5282:1975 Road Vehicle Safety Glass

   ·British Standard BS AU178:1980 Road Vehicle Safety Glass

   ·Japanese Industrial Standard JIS R 3211-1979 Safety Glasses for Road Vehicles

   ·American National Standard ANSI Z26.1-1980 Safety Code for Safety Glazing Materials for Glazing Motor Vehicles Operating on Land Highway.

   transparent material does not include any coating added to the windscreen, window or partition after its manufacture.

2. Window tinting

   (1)Glazing used in a windscreen of a motor vehicle must have a luminous transmittance of at least:

   (a)for a motor vehicle built after 1971 — 75%; or

   (b)for another motor vehicle — 70%.

   (2)Windscreen glazing of a motor vehicle must not be coated in a way that reduces its luminous transmittance.

   (3)However, subrules (1) and (2) do not apply to the greater of the following areas of a windscreen:

   (a)the area above the highest point of the windscreen that is swept by a windscreen wiper;

   (b)the upper 10% of the windscreen.

   (4)Glazing used in a window or interior partition of a motor vehicle must have a luminous transmittance of at least 70%.

   (5)Glazing behind the rear of the driver’s seat may be coated to achieve a luminous transmittance of not less than 35%.

   (6)Glazing in a side window forward of the rear of the driver’s seat may be coated to achieve a luminous transmittance of not less than 70% or, if another law of this jurisdiction allows a lesser luminous transmittance, the greater of:

   (a)the lesser luminous transmittance allowed under the other law; and

   (b)35%.

   (7)Glazing that has been coated to reduce its luminous transmittance must not have a reflectance of over 10%.

   (8)The luminous transmittance requirements in subrules (5) and (6) apply to a vehicle instead of the corresponding requirements in the relevant ADR.

   (9)In this rule:

   glazing means material fitted to the front, sides, rear or interior of a vehicle, through which the driver can see the road, but does not include a coating added after manufacture of the material.

   luminous transmittance, for glazing, means the amount of light that can pass through the glazing as a percentage of the amount of light that would be transmitted if the glazing were absent.

3. Windscreen wipers and washers

   (1)A motor vehicle with 3 or more wheels that is fitted with a windscreen must be fitted with at least 1 windscreen wiper unless a driver in a normal driving position can obtain an adequate view of the road ahead of the motor vehicle without looking through the windscreen.

   (2)At least 1 windscreen wiper fitted to the motor vehicle must:

   (a)be able to remove moisture from the part of the windscreen in front of the driver to allow the driver an adequate view of the road ahead of the motor vehicle when the windscreen is wet; and

   (b)be able to be operated from a normal driving position; and

   (c)for a motor vehicle built after 1934 — continue to operate until the wiper is switched off; and

   (d)for a motor vehicle built after 1959 the driving position of which is nearer one side of the vehicle than the other:

   (i)be able to remove moisture from the part of the windscreen in front of the driver, and a corresponding part of the windscreen on the other side of the centre of the motor vehicle, to allow the driver an adequate view of the road ahead of the motor vehicle when the windscreen is wet; and

   (ii)if the windscreen wipers are operated by engine manifold vacuum — be provided with a vacuum reservoir or pump to maintain the efficient operation of the wiper or wipers while the vehicle is in motion.

   (3)If the motor vehicle was built after 1982 and has a GVM over 4.5 tonnes, it must also be fitted with a windscreen washer that can direct water onto the windscreen within the area swept by a windscreen wiper so the wiper can spread the water to all of the area swept by the wiper.

   Note   The ADRs require certain vehicles with a GVM not over 4.5 tonnes to be fitted with a windscreen washer.

   (4)The windscreen washer must be able to be operated from a normal driving position.

4. Wheels and tyres — size and capacity

   The wheels and tyres fitted to an axle of a vehicle must be of sufficient size and capacity to carry the part of the vehicle’s gross mass transmitted to the ground through the axle.

5. Pneumatic tyres generally

   A vehicle built after 1932 must be fitted with pneumatic tyres.

6. Pneumatic tyres — carcass construction

   (1)A vehicle with a GVM not over 4.5 tonnes must not have pneumatic tyres of different carcass construction fitted to the same axle, but the tyres may have different cord materials and a different number of plies.

   (2)However, subrule (1) does not apply to a tyre being used in an emergency as a temporary replacement for a tyre complying with the subrule.

7. Pneumatic tyres — size and capacity

   The size and capacity of a pneumatic tyre to be fitted to a vehicle must be decided using a cold inflation pressure that is not more than the lesser of:

   (a)the pressure recommended by the tyre manufacturer; and

   (b)a pressure of:

   (i)for a radial ply tyre — 825 kilopascals; or

   (ii)for another tyre — 700 kilopascals.

8. Tyres — defects

   A tyre fitted to a vehicle must be free of any apparent defect that could make the vehicle unsafe.

9. Tyres for use on vehicles with GVM over 4.5 tonnes

   (1)A tyre fitted to a vehicle with a GVM over 4.5 tonnes must be suitable for road use at the lesser of:

   (a)100 kilometres an hour; and

   (b)the vehicle’s top speed.

   (2)This rule applies to a vehicle instead of the tyre speed category requirements in the relevant ADR.

10. Tyres — manufacturer’s rating

    (1)This rule applies to a motor vehicle if the vehicle:

    (a)has 4 or more wheels; and

    (b)was built after 1972; and

    (c)has a GVM not over 4.5 tonnes.

    (2)However, this rule does not apply to a tyre if the tyre:

    (a)is recommended by the vehicle builder as suitable for limited use on the vehicle in special circumstances at a speed less than the speed applying to the vehicle under subrule (3); or

    (b)is being used in an emergency as a temporary replacement for a tyre complying with this rule.

    (3)A tyre fitted to a motor vehicle must, when first manufactured, have been rated by the tyre manufacturer as suitable for road use at the lesser of:

    (a)a speed of at least:

    (i)for a car with special features for off-road use — 140 kilometres an hour; or

    (ii)for another car — 180 kilometres an hour; or

    (iii)for another motor vehicle — 120 kilometres an hour; and

    (b)the vehicle’s top speed.

    Example for paragraph (a) (i)

    A four-wheel drive vehicle.

    (4)This rule applies to a vehicle instead of the tyre speed category requirements in the relevant ADR.

11. Retreads

    (1)A tyre that is retreaded before the commencement of this rule must not be used on a vehicle if:

    (a)Australian Standard AS 1973-1976 Retreaded Pneumatic Passenger Car and Light Truck Tyre or Australian Standard AS 1973-1985 Retreaded Pneumatic Passenger and Light Truck Tyre applies to the tyre; and

    (b)the tyre was retreaded after publication of the Australian Standard; and

    (c)the tyre was not retreaded in accordance with Australian Standard AS 1973-1976 Retreaded Pneumatic Passenger Car and Light Truck Tyre, Australian Standard AS 1973‑1985 Retreaded Pneumatic Passenger and Light Truck Tyre or Australian Standard AS 1973-1993 Pneumatic Tyres — Passenger Car, Light Truck and Truck/Bus — Retreading and Repair Processes.

    (2)A tyre that is retreaded after the commencement of this rule must not be used on a vehicle if:

    (a)Australian Standard AS 1973-1993 Pneumatic Tyres — Passenger Car, Light Truck and Truck/Bus — Retreading and Repair Processes applies to the tyre; and

    (b)the tyre was not retreaded in accordance with the Australian Standard.

    Note   The Australian Standards mentioned in this rule require various markings on retreaded tyres. These may include a speed rating less than the rating originally marked on the tyre.

12. Tyre tread

    (1)A tyre on a motor vehicle must not have cleats or other gripping devices that could damage road surfaces.

    (2)Except at tread wear indicators, a tyre fitted to the vehicle must have a tread pattern at least 1.5 millimetres deep in a band that runs continuously:

    (a)across:

    (i)for a vehicle with a GVM over 4.5 tonnes — at least 75% of the tyre width that normally comes into contact with the road; or

    (ii)for another vehicle — the tyre width that normally comes into contact with the road; and

    (b)around the whole circumference of the tyre.

    (3)A vehicle must not be fitted with a tyre that has been treated by recutting or regrooving the tread rubber, unless the tyre was:

    (a)constructed with an extra thickness of rubber designed for recutting or regrooving; and

    (b)labelled to indicate the construction.

Division 2Additional requirements for motor bikes

1. Steering gear and handlebars

   (1)The handlebars on a motor bike must extend at least 250 millimetres, but not over 450 millimetres, on each side of the centre line of the vehicle.

   (2)In taking a measurement for subrule (1), mirrors and lights mounted on the handlebars of the motor bike are disregarded.

   (3)The lowest part of the hand grip on the handle bars must not be higher than 380 millimetres above the attachment point of the handlebars to the motor bike.

   (4)Hand grips on the handle bars must be fitted symmetrically.

   (5)If a motor bike has the head stem as the steering pivot point, the horizontal distance from the midpoint between the head stem bearings to the centre of the front wheel must not be over 550 millimetres.

Maximum horizontal distance from midpoint between head stem

bearings of motor bike to centre of front wheel

1. Foot rests

   A motor bike must be fitted with foot rests for the driver, and for any passenger for whom a seating position is provided.

2. Chain guards

   (1)If the engine power of a motor bike is transmitted to the rear wheel by a chain, the driver and any passenger must be protected from the front sprocket and at least the upper part of the chain by:

   (a)the frame or equipment of the motor bike; or

   (b)a chain guard.

   (2)A chain guard must cover the chain to a point:

   (a)at least 300 millimetres to the rear of the rearmost foot rest; or

   (b)above the centre of the rear drive sprocket.

Part 6Vehicle marking

Note   This Part contains requirements for a vehicle that help to identify the vehicle and, if the vehicle is unusually long, to warn other motorists.

1. Vehicle and engine identification numbers

   (1)In this rule:

   number includes letter.

   (2)A motor vehicle must have an individual engine identification number clearly stamped, embossed or otherwise permanently marked on it.

   (3)A motor vehicle built after 1930 must have the engine identification number on its engine block or the main component of its engine. 

   (4)A vehicle must have an individual vehicle identification number clearly stamped, embossed or otherwise permanently marked on a substantial part of its frame or chassis.

   (5)A vehicle or engine identification number must be located where a person can read it easily without having to use tools to remove a part of the vehicle that would otherwise obstruct the person’s view.

2. White or silver band on certain vehicles

   (1)This rule applies to a vehicle that:

   (a)is at least 2.2 metres wide; and

   (b)has a body with a vertical measurement under 300 millimetres at the rear, measured from the lowest point of the body above ground level to the highest point; and

   (c)is not fitted with rear marking plates in accordance with rule 119.

   (2)For subrule (1) (a), the width of a vehicle is measured disregarding any anti-skid device mounted on wheels, central tyre inflation systems, lights, mirrors, reflectors, signalling devices and tyre pressure gauges.

   (3)The vehicle must have a white or silver band at least 75 millimetres high across the full width of the rearmost part of the body of the vehicle.

3. Warning signs for combinations over 22 metres long

   (1)The following vehicles must display road train warning signs complying with this rule and rule 62:

   (a)a combination over 36.5 metres long;

   (b)a road train over 30 metres, but not over 36.5 metres, long that includes 1 or more dog trailers.

   (2)The following vehicles must display road train warning signs, or a long vehicle warning sign, complying with this rule and rule 62:

   (a)a road train over 22 metres, but not over 30 metres, long that includes 1 or more dog trailers;

   (b)a road train over 22 metres, but not over 36.5 metres, long that does not include a dog trailer.

   (3)Another combination over 22 metres, but not over 36.5 metres, long must display a long vehicle warning sign complying with this rule and rule 62.

   (4)Subrules (1), (2) and (3) do not apply to the extent of any inconsistency with a notice or permit issued under another law of this jurisdiction that applies to the combination.

   (5)Road train warning signs must be used in pairs and fitted horizontally, one at the front and the other at the rear of the combination.

   (6)A long vehicle warning sign must be fitted horizontally at the rear of the combination.

4. Warning signs not to be displayed on other vehicles

   (1)A road train warning sign must not be displayed on a vehicle unless the vehicle is part of a combination or road train mentioned in rule 60 (1) or (2).

   (2)A long vehicle warning sign must not be displayed on a vehicle unless the vehicle is a part of a combination or road train mentioned in rule 60 (2) or (3).

5. Specifications for warning signs

   (1)A road train or long vehicle warning sign must be manufactured in 1 or 2 parts from sheet steel 0.8 millimetres thick or another material of at least the same stiffness, unless it is designed to be fixed to a vehicle using an adhesive.

   (2)The warning sign must be at least 1.02 metres wide and at least 250 millimetres high.

   (3)A road train warning sign must display the words ‘road train’, and a long vehicle warning sign must display the words ‘long vehicle’, in black capital letters at least 180 millimetres high in typeface Series B (N) that complies with Australian Standard AS 1744 Forms of Letters and Numerals for Road Signs.

   (4)If the warning sign is in 2 parts, one word of the expression ‘road train’ or ‘long vehicle’ must be on one part and the other word of the expression must be on the other part.

   (5)The warning sign must display the sign manufacturer’s name or logo, and the brand and class of retro-reflective material used, in block letters not over 10 millimetres high.

   (6)The warning sign must have a black border.

   (7)The warning sign must be coated with yellow retro-reflective material of class 1 or 2 that meets Australian Standard AS1906 Retro-reflective Materials and Devices for Road Traffic Control Purposes.

   (8)The warning sign must be fitted so:

   (a)no part of the sign is:

   (i)over 1.8 metres above ground level; or

   (ii)under 500 millimetres above ground level; and

   (b)if the sign is in 2 parts — the parts are fitted at the same height above ground level.

Positioning of a warning sign

1. Left-hand drive signs

   (1)This rule applies to a motor vehicle with a GVM over 4.5 tonnes that has the centre of a steering control to the left of the centre of the vehicle.

   (2)The vehicle must display the words ‘left hand drive’ on the rear of the vehicle.

   (3)The words must be in letters at least 75 millimetres high, and in a colour contrast with the background to the words.

Part 7Vehicle configuration and dimensions

Note   This Part sets out various requirements covering the suspension on vehicles and size limits for single vehicles and combinations of vehicles, so that they can be operated safely with other traffic, without taking up too much road space or damaging the road and structures on the road.

Generally, the limits in this Part apply to a vehicle and any load it may be carrying.

Specific requirements for loaded vehicles are covered by other laws.

Division 1Axles

1. Axle configuration

   (1)A motor vehicle, except an articulated bus, must have only:

   (a)1 axle group, or single axle, towards the front of the vehicle; and

   (b)1 axle group, or single axle, towards the rear of the vehicle.

   (2)An articulated bus must have:

   (a)on its front section:

   (i)only 1 axle group, or single axle, towards the front of the section; and

   (ii)only 1 axle group, or single axle, towards the rear of the section; and

   (b)on another section — only 1 axle group or single axle.

   (3)A trailer must have only:

   (a)1 axle group or single axle; or

   (b)2 axle groups, 2 single axles, or 1 axle group and single axle, in the following configuration:

   (i)1 axle group, or single axle, towards the front of the vehicle, with all the wheels on the axle group or single axle connected to the steering mechanism for that part of the trailer;

   (ii)1 axle group, or single axle, towards the rear of the vehicle.

   (4)A semi-trailer that is extendible, or is fitted with sliding axles, must:

   (a)have a securing device that:

   (i)can securely fix the extendible part or sliding axles to the rest of the vehicle in any position of adjustment provided; and

   (ii)is located in a position that can prevent accidental or inadvertent release, if the device is mounted on the chassis of the vehicle; and

   (iii)is fitted with a visible or audible warning system to indicate to a person standing beside the vehicle that the device is not engaged; and

   (iv)is fitted with a way of preventing loss of air from the air brake supply, if the device uses air from the brake system and fails in a way allowing air to escape; and

   (v)is held in the applied position by direct mechanical action without the intervention of an electric, hydraulic or pneumatic device; and

   (b)be built so the adjustable parts of the vehicle remain connected if the securing device fails.

2. Relation between axles in axle group

   (1)The axles in an axle group, except a twinsteer axle group, fitted to a vehicle with a GVM over 4.5 tonnes must relate to each other through a load-sharing suspension system.

   (2)In this rule:

   load-sharing suspension system means an axle group suspension system that:

   (a)is built to divide the load between the tyres on the group so that no tyre carries a mass over 10% more than the mass that it would carry if the load were divided equally; and

   (b)has effective damping characteristics on all axles of the group.

Division 2Dimensions

1. Width

   (1)A vehicle must not be over 2.5 metres wide.

   (2)For subrule (1), the width of a vehicle is measured without taking into account any anti-skid device mounted on wheels, central tyre inflation systems, lights, mirrors, reflectors, signalling devices and tyre pressure gauges.

2. Length of single motor vehicles

   (1)A motor vehicle, except an articulated or controlled access bus, must not be over 12.5 metres long.

   (2)A controlled access bus must not be over 14.5 metres long.

   (3)An articulated bus must not be over 18 metres long.

3. Length of single trailers

   (1)On a semi-trailer or a dog trailer:

   (a)the distance between the point of articulation at the front of the trailer and the rear overhang line must not be over 9.5 metres; and

   (b)the distance between the point of articulation at the front of the trailer and the rear of the trailer must not be over 12.3 metres.

   (2)A projection forward of the point of articulation at the front of a semi-trailer must be contained within a radius of 1.9 metres from the point of articulation.

Maximum dimensions of a semi-trailer

(3)If a semi-trailer has 2 or more points of articulation at the front of the trailer, it must comply with subrules (1) and (2) when measured at one of the points.

(4)A trailer built to carry cattle, sheep, pigs or horses on 2 or more partly or completely overlapping decks must not have over 12.5 metres of its length available for the carriage of animals.

(5)For subrule (4), the length available for the carriage of animals on a trailer is measured from the inside of the front wall or door of the trailer to the inside of the rear wall or door of the trailer, with any intervening partitions disregarded.

1. Length of combinations

   (1)A combination must not be over:

   (a)for a B-double — 25 metres long; and

   (b)for a road train — 53.5 metres long; and

   (c)for a combination, except a road train, designed to carry vehicles on 2 or more partly or completely overlapping decks — 25 metres long; and

   (d)for another combination — 19 metres long.

   (2)In a B-double built to carry cattle, sheep, pigs or horses, the 2 semi-trailers must not have over 18.8 metres of their combined length available for the carriage of animals.

   (3)For subrule (2), the length available for the carriage of animals on a trailer is measured from the inside of the front wall or door of the trailer to the inside of the rear wall or door of the trailer, with any intervening partitions disregarded.

2. Rear overhang

   (1)The rear overhang of a semi-trailer, or dog trailer consisting of a semi-trailer and converter dolly, must not exceed the lesser of:

   (a)60% of the distance between the point of articulation at the front and the rear overhang line; and

   (b)3.7 metres.

   (2)A semi-trailer with 2 or more points of articulation at the front must comply with subrule (1) when measured at the same point used for measurement for compliance with rule 68 (3).

   (3)The rear overhang of a trailer with only 1 axle group or single axle (except a semi-trailer) must not exceed the lesser of:

   (a)the length of the load carrying area, or body, ahead of the rear overhang line; and

   (b)3.7 metres.

   (4)The rear overhang of a vehicle not mentioned in subrule (1) or (3) must not exceed the lesser of:

   (a)60% of the distance between the centre of the front axle and the rear overhang line; and

   (b)3.7 metres.

3. Trailer drawbar length

   (1)The distance between the coupling pivot point on the drawbar of a dog trailer, and the centre line of the front axle group or of the front single axle of the trailer, must:

   (a)not be over 5 metres; and

   (b)not be under 3 metres, if the trailer is used in a road train over 19 metres long.

Length of a drawbar on a dog trailer

(2)The distance between the coupling pivot point on a drawbar, and the centre line of the axle group or single axle on a trailer with only 1 axle group or single axle (except a semi-trailer) must not be over 8.5 metres.

1. Height

   (1)A vehicle must not be over 4.3 metres high.

   (2)However:

   (a)a vehicle built to carry cattle, sheep, pigs or horses must not be over 4.6 metres high; and

   (b)a double-deck bus must not be over 4.4 metres high.

2. Ground clearance

   (1)In this rule:

   ground clearance, of a vehicle, means the minimum distance to the ground from a point on the underside of the vehicle, except a point on a tyre, wheel, wheel hub, brake backing plate or flexible mudguard or mudflap of the vehicle.

   (2)A motor vehicle or combination must have a ground clearance of:

   (a)at least 100 millimetres at any point within 1 metre of an axle; and

   (b)at least one-thirtieth of the distance between the centres of adjacent axles at the midpoint between them; and

   (c)at any other point — at least the distance that allows the vehicle or combination to pass over a peak in the road with a gradient on either side of 1:15, if the wheels of 1 axle of the vehicle or combination are on the slope on one side of the peak and the wheels of the next axle are on the slope on the other side.

   (3)However, subrule (2) does not apply to:

   (a)a motor vehicle with less than 4 wheels; or

   (b)a combination that includes a motor vehicle with less than 4 wheels.

Ground clearance at the mid-point between 2 axles

Ground clearance over a peak in the road

Part 8Lights and reflectors

Note   This Part deals with how the lights on a vehicle must be fitted and work so that the driver can see the road, pedestrians and other vehicles at night, and can signal to others.

Other laws provide for when certain lights must be switched on.

In this Part, the description ‘yellow’ is used as a more modern term, instead of the description ‘amber’ which is used in earlier legislation and some ADRs.

Division 1General requirements for lights

1. Certain requirements apply only at night

   The requirements of this Part for a light, except a brake or direction indicator light, to be visible over a stated distance apply only at night.

2. Prevention of glare

   A light, except a high-beam headlight, fitted to a vehicle must be built and adjusted to provide the necessary amount of light, without dazzling the driver of another vehicle approaching, or being approached by, the vehicle.

3. Pairs of lights

   (1)If lights are required under the Vehicle Standards to be fitted to a vehicle in pairs:

   (a)a light must be fitted on each side of the longitudinal axis of the vehicle; and

   (b)the centre of each light in a pair must be the same distance from the longitudinal axis of the vehicle; and

   (c)the centre of each light in a pair must be at the same height above ground level; and

   (d)each light in a pair must project approximately the same amount of light of the same colour.

   (2)Subrule (1) applies to a motor bike with an attached sidecar as if the sidecar were not attached.

Division 2Headlights

1. Headlights to be fitted to vehicles

   (1)A motor vehicle must be fitted with: 

   (a)1 low-beam headlight if it is a moped, motor bike, or motor trike with 1 front wheel; or

   (b)a pair of low-beam headlights if it has 4 or more wheels or is a motor trike, except a moped, with 2 front wheels.

   (2)If a motor vehicle built after 1934 can travel at over 60 kilometres an hour:

   (a)each low-beam headlight mentioned in subrule (1) must be able to work in the high-beam position; or

   (b)the vehicle must be fitted with:

   (i)1 headlight that can work in the high-beam position if the vehicle is required to have 1 low-beam headlight; or

   (ii)a pair of headlights that can work in the high-beam position.

   (3)A motor bike may be equipped with a headlight modulation system that:

   (a)varies the brightness of its high-beam headlight or low‑beam headlight, but not both, at a rate of at least 200 and at most 280 flashes a minute; and

   (b)is designed to operate only in the daylight.

   (4)Additional headlights may be fitted to a motor bike or motor trike, or a motor vehicle with 4 or more wheels that was built before 1970.

   (5)Additional pairs of headlights may be fitted to a motor vehicle with 4 or more wheels that was built after 1969.

2. How headlights are to be fitted

   (1)The centres of low-beam headlights fitted as a pair on a motor vehicle with 4 or more wheels must be at least 600 millimetres apart.

   (2)However, subrule (1) does not apply to a motor vehicle built before 1970 if the centres of its low-beam headlights:

   (a)were under 600 millimetres apart when the vehicle was built; and

   (b)are not nearer than they were when the vehicle was built.

   (3)Each low-beam headlight of a pair on a motor trike (except a moped) with 2 front wheels must not be over 400 millimetres from the nearer side of the vehicle.

   (4)The centre of a low-beam headlight fitted to a motor vehicle built after June 1953 must be:

   (a)at least 500 millimetres above ground level; and

   (b)not over 1.4 metres above ground level.

3. How single headlights are to be fitted

   (1)A motor bike or trike with a single headlight fitted must have the light fitted in the centre.

   (2)Subrule (1) applies to a motor bike with an attached sidecar as if the sidecar were not attached.

4. How additional headlights are to be fitted

   If 2 or more additional headlights are fitted to a motor vehicle with 4 or more wheels, the additional headlights must as far as possible be fitted in pairs.

5. Performance of headlights

   (1)When on, a headlight, or additional headlight, fitted to a vehicle must:

   (a)show only white light; and

   (b)project its main beam of light ahead of the vehicle.

   (2)Headlights must be fitted to a vehicle so their light does not reflect off the vehicle into the driver’s eyes.

6. Effective range of headlights

   (1)This rule applies to a headlight that is on at night.

   (2)A low-beam headlight must illuminate the road ahead of the vehicle for at least 25 metres.

   (3)A high-beam headlight must illuminate the road ahead of the vehicle for at least 50 metres.

   (4)However, a low-beam headlight fitted to a motor vehicle built before 1931, or a moped, need only illuminate the road ahead of the vehicle for 12 metres.

7. Changing headlights from high-beam to low-beam position

   (1)A motor vehicle built after 1934 that can travel at over 60 kilometres an hour must be fitted with:

   (a)a dipping device enabling the driver in the normal driving position:

   (i)to change the headlights from the high-beam position to the low-beam position; or

   (ii)simultaneously to switch off a high-beam headlight and switch on a low-beam headlight; and

   (b)for a vehicle built after June 1953 — a device to indicate to the driver that the headlights are in the high-beam position.

   (2)A headlight fitted to a vehicle not fitted with a dipping device mentioned in subrule (1)(a) must operate in the low-beam position.

   (3)When a headlight fitted to a vehicle is switched to the low‑beam position, any other headlight on the vehicle must operate only in the low-beam position or be off.

Division 3Parking lights

1. Parking lights

   (1)A motor vehicle built after June 1953 must be fitted with:

   (a)a pair of parking lights if it is a motor trike with 2 front wheels (except a moped) or a motor vehicle with 4 or more wheels; or

   (b)at least 1 parking light if it is a motor bike with an attached sidecar, or a motor trike with 1 front wheel, (except a moped).

   (2)A pair of parking lights fitted to a motor vehicle with 4 or more wheels must be fitted with the centre of each light:

   (a)at least 600 millimetres from the centre of the other light; and

   (b)not over 510 millimetres from the nearer side of the vehicle.

   (3)However, a pair of parking lights fitted to a motor vehicle under 1300 millimetres wide may be fitted with the centre of each light not under 400 millimetres from the centre of the other light.

   (4)A parking light fitted to a motor trike with 2 front wheels must not be over 400 millimetres from the nearer side of the vehicle.

   (5)A parking light fitted to a motor bike with a sidecar must be fitted not over 150 millimetres from the side of the sidecar furthest from the motor bike.

Location of parking lights on a vehicle

(6)When on, a parking light must:

(a)show a white or yellow light visible 200 metres from the front of the vehicle; and

(b)not use over 7 watts power.

(7)A parking light fitted to a motor vehicle built after 1969 must be wired so the parking light is on when a headlight on the vehicle is on.

(8)A parking light fitted to a sidecar attached to a motor bike must be wired to operate when a headlight, tail light or parking light on the motor bike is on.

(9)For subrule (3), the width of a vehicle is measured disregarding any anti-skid device mounted on wheels, central tyre inflation systems, lights, mirrors, reflectors, signalling devices and tyre pressure gauges.

Division 4Daytime running lights

1. Daytime running lights

   (1)A pair of daytime running lights may be fitted to a motor vehicle.

   (2)A pair of daytime running lights fitted to a vehicle with 4 or more wheels must be fitted with the centre of each light:

   (a)at least 600 millimetres from the centre of the other light; and

   (b)not over 510 millimetres from the nearer side of the vehicle.

   (3)However, a pair of daytime running lights fitted to a motor vehicle under 1300 millimetres wide may be fitted with the centre of each light not under 400 millimetres from the centre of the other light.

Location of daytime running lights on a vehicle

(4)When on, a daytime running light must:

(a)show a white or yellow light visible from the front of the vehicle; and

(b)not use over 25 watts power.

Note   The third edition ADRs only allow white daytime running lights.

(5)Daytime running lights must be wired so they are off when a headlight, except a headlight being used as a flashing signal, is on.

(6)For subrule (3), the width of a vehicle is measured disregarding any anti-skid device mounted on wheels, central tyre inflation systems, lights, mirrors, reflectors, signalling devices and tyre pressure gauges.

Division 5Tail lights

1. Tail lights generally

   (1)A vehicle must have at least 1 tail light fitted on or towards the rear of the vehicle.

   (2)A motor trike with 2 rear wheels, or a motor vehicle with 4 or more wheels, built after 1959 must have at least 1 tail light fitted on or towards each side of the rear of the vehicle.

   (3)A trailer built after June 1973 must have at least 1 tail light fitted on or towards each side of the rear of the vehicle.

   (4)The centre of a tail light mentioned in subrule (1), (2) or (3) must not be over:

   (a)1.5 metres above ground level; or

   (b)if it is not practicable to fit the light lower — 2.1 metres above ground level.

   (5)A vehicle may have 1 or more additional tail lights at any height above ground level.

2. Pattern of fitting tail lights

   (1)If only 1 tail light is fitted to a vehicle, it must be fitted in the centre or to the right of the centre of the vehicle’s rear.

   (2)Subrule (1) applies to a motor bike with an attached sidecar as if the sidecar were not attached.

   (3)If 2 or more tail lights are fitted to a vehicle, at least 2 must be fitted as a pair.

Location of tail lights on a vehicle

(4)Tail lights fitted in accordance with this Division may also serve as rear clearance lights if they are fitted to a vehicle in accordance with rule 93 (3).

1. Performance of tail lights

   (1)When on, a tail light of a vehicle must:

   (a)show a red light visible 200 metres from the rear of the vehicle; and

   (b)not use over 7 watts power.

   (2)A tail light fitted to a street rod vehicle may incorporate a blue lens not over 20 millimetres in diameter.

   (3)A street rod vehicle is a vehicle that has been modified for safe road use and that:

   (a)has a body and frame that were built before 1949; or

   (b)is a replica of a vehicle the body and frame of which were built before 1949.

2. Wiring of tail lights

   A tail light of a motor vehicle must be wired to come on, and stay on, when a parking light or headlight on the vehicle is on, unless an external switch is fitted to operate the tail light.

Division 6Number plate lights

1. Number plate lights

   (1)At least 1 number plate light must be fitted to the rear of a vehicle.

   (2)When on, the number plate light or lights must illuminate a number plate on the rear of the vehicle with white light, so the characters on the number plate can be read at night 20 metres from the rear of the vehicle.

   (3)A number plate light:

   (a)may be combined with another light; and

   (b)must not project white light to the rear of the vehicle except by reflection; and

   (c)must not obscure the characters on the number plate; and

   (d)must be wired to come on, and stay on, when a parking light, headlight or tail light on the vehicle is on.

Division 7Clearance lights

1. Front clearance lights

   (1)Front clearance lights may only be fitted to a vehicle that is at least 1.8 metres wide.

   (2)A pair of front clearance lights must be fitted to a motor vehicle that is at least 2.2 metres wide, or a prime mover.

   (3)The centre of a front clearance light must be:

   (a)not over 400 millimetres from the nearer side of the vehicle; and

   (b)if the vehicle was built after June 1953:

   (i)at least 750 millimetres higher than the centre of any low-beam headlight fitted to the vehicle; or

   (ii)not lower than the top of the windscreen.

   (4)However, a front clearance light may be mounted on an external rear vision mirror or a mirror support if, when the mirror is correctly adjusted, no part of the lens of the clearance light is visible to a person in the normal driving position.

   (5)When on, a front clearance light must:

   (a)show a yellow or white light visible 200 metres from the front of the vehicle; and

   (b)not use over 7 watts power.

2. External cabin lights

   (1)A motor vehicle fitted with front clearance lights may also have additional forward-facing lights on or above the roof of its cabin.

   (2)The additional forward-facing lights must be spaced evenly between the front clearance lights, with their centres at least 120 millimetres apart.

   (3)When on, an additional forward-facing light must:

   (a)show a yellow or white light; and

   (b)not use over 7 watts power.

3. Rear clearance lights

   (1)Rear clearance lights may only be fitted to a vehicle that is at least 1.8 metres wide.

   (2)A pair of rear clearance lights must be fitted to the rear of a vehicle that is at least 2.2 metres wide.

   (3)The centre of a rear clearance light must be:

   (a)not over 400 millimetres from the nearer side of the vehicle; and

   (b)if practicable, at least 600 millimetres above ground level.

   (4)When on, a rear clearance light must:

   (a)show a red light visible 200 metres from the rear of the vehicle; and

   (b)not use over 7 watts power.

Division 8Side marker lights

1. Vehicles needing side marker lights

   (1)A pair of side marker lights must be fitted towards the rear of the sides of a motor vehicle that is over 7.5 metres long and at least 2.2 metres wide.

   (2)A pole-type trailer, and a motor vehicle built to tow a pole-type trailer, with at least 1 cross-bar or bolster must have a side marker light fitted to each side of the back or only cross-bar or bolster.

   (3)A pole-type trailer with 2 or more cross-bars or bolsters may also have a side marker light fitted to each side of the front cross-bar or bolster.

   (4)At least 2 side marker lights must be fitted to each side of:

   (a)a trailer, except a pole-type trailer, that is at least 2.2 metres wide and not over 7.5 metres long; and

   (b)a semi-trailer that is not over 7.5 metres long.

   (5)At least 3 side marker lights must be fitted to each side of:

   (a)a trailer, except a pole-type trailer, that is at least 2.2 metres wide and over 7.5 metres long; and

   (b)a semi-trailer that is over 7.5 metres long.

   (6)For subrules (1), (4) and (5), the width of a vehicle is measured disregarding any anti-skid device mounted on wheels, central tyre inflation systems, lights, mirrors, reflectors, signalling devices and tyre pressure gauges.

1. D-value of a fifth wheel coupling

   In testing a fifth wheel coupling built for a 75 millimetre kingpin used in a B-double or road train to decide whether its D-value complies with rule 161 (1), the longitudinal movement (after readjusting the jaws of the coupling using a kingpin built to the dimensions mentioned in rule 165 (3) (a)) must not be over 4 millimetres.

2. Mounting of fifth wheel couplings on B-doubles and road trains

   A fifth wheel coupling must be mounted on a prime mover, or a semi-trailer used in a B-double or road train, in accordance with Australian Standard AS 1771‑1987 Installation of Fifth Wheel and Turntable Assemblies.

3. Branding of fifth wheel couplings and turntables on B‑doubles and road trains

   (1)A fifth wheel coupling on a vehicle built after June 1991 forming part of a B-double or road train must be clearly and permanently marked in accordance with Australian Standard AS 1773-1990 Articulated Vehicles–Fifth Wheel Assemblies with:

   (a)the name or trademark of its manufacturer; and

   (b)its D-value rating; and

   (c)its nominal size.

   (2)A turntable used in a vehicle built after the commencement of this rule that forms part of a B-double or road train must be marked with:

   (a)the name or trademark of the turntable’s manufacturer; and

   (b)the D-value rating of the turntable in accordance with Australian Standard AS 1773-1990 Articulated Vehicles–Fifth Wheel Assemblies.

4. Selection of kingpins for B-doubles and road trains

   (1)A kingpin used in a B-double or road train must:

   (a)be a 50, 75 or 90 millimetre kingpin; and

   (b)have a D-value complying with Australian Standard AS 2175-1990 Articulated Vehicles–Kingpins.

   (2)A 50 or 90 millimetre kingpin used in a B-double or road train must:

   (a)be built to meet the dimension requirements in Australian Standard AS 2175-1990 Articulated Vehicles–Kingpins; and

   (b)not be worn away more than recommended by the standard.

   (3)A 75 millimetre kingpin used in a B-double or road train must:

   (a)be built to meet the dimensions in the following essential diagram; and

   (b)not be worn away more than mentioned in subrule (4).

Dimensions of a 75 millimetre kingpin

(4)In testing a 75 millimetre kingpin mentioned in the essential diagram in subrule (3) to decide whether its D-value complies with subrule (1) (b):

(a)diameter F must not wear more than 3 millimetres; and

(b)diameter G must not wear more than 2 millimetres; and

(c)height H must not wear more than 2.3 millimetres.

1. Attachment of kingpins on B-doubles and road trains

   A kingpin used in a trailer that forms part of a B-double or road train must be attached in accordance with:

   (a)the manufacturer’s specifications and instructions; or

   (b)the guidelines detailed in Australian Standard AS 2175‑1990 Articulated Vehicles–Kingpins.

2. Branding of kingpins on B-doubles and road trains

   A kingpin used in a trailer built after June 1991 that forms part of a B-double or road train must be clearly and permanently marked on the lower circular face of the kingpin in accordance with Australian Standard AS 2175-1990 Articulated Vehicles–Kingpins with:

   (a)the name or trademark of its manufacturer; and

   (b)its D-value rating; and

   (c)its nominal size.

3. Selection of couplings and drawbar eyes for road         trains

   A drawbar-type coupling, or drawbar eye, used in a road train must:

   (a)be a 50 millimetre pin type; and

   (b)have a D-value complying with Australian Standard AS 2213-1984 50mm Pin Type Couplings and Drawbar Eyes for Trailers; and

   (c)be built to the dimensions mentioned in the standard; and

   (d)not be worn away more than is recommended in the standard.

4. Attachment of couplings and drawbar eyes on road      trains

   A drawbar-type coupling, or drawbar eye, used in a road train must be built and positioned so:

   (a)when the road train is moving, the drawbar can move at least 15° upwards or downwards from the position it occupies when the road train is parked on level ground; and

   (b)the pivot point of the coupling is not over 300 millimetres forward of the rear of the trailer to which it is attached; and

   (c)it is at a height of at least 800 millimetres, but not over 950 millimetres, when the road train is unloaded and parked on level ground.

5. Branding of couplings and drawbar eyes on road trains

   A drawbar-type coupling, or drawbar eye, used on a vehicle built after June 1991 that forms part of a road train must be clearly and permanently marked in accordance with Australian Standard AS 2213-1984 50mm-Pin Type Couplings and Drawbar Eyes for Trailers with:

   (a)the name or trademark of its manufacturer; and

   (b)its D-value rating.

6. Tow coupling overhang on road trains

   (1)In this rule:

   tow coupling overhang, of a vehicle, means the horizontal distance from the centre of the axle group, or the centre line of the single axle, at the rear of the vehicle to the pivot point of the coupling near the rear of the vehicle.

   (2)The tow coupling overhang of a motor vehicle, except a prime mover, used in a road train must not be more than the greater of:

   (a)30% of the distance from the centre of the front axle to the centre of the axle group or single axle at the rear of the vehicle; and

   (b)2.7 metres.

   (3)The tow coupling overhang of a semi-trailer, or a dog trailer consisting of a semi-trailer and converter dolly, used in a road train must not be more than 30% of the distance from the point of articulation to the centre of the axle group or single axle at the rear of the vehicle.

   (4)The tow coupling overhang of another dog trailer used in a road train must not be more than 30% of the distance from the centre of the front axle group or single axle to the centre of the axle group or single axle at the rear of the vehicle.

Tow coupling overhang — semi-trailer with
extra coupling at rear

Tow coupling overhang — motor vehicle

Tow coupling overhang — dog trailer

Part 14Other matters

1. Vehicle equipment

   A vehicle is taken to have equipment mentioned in the Vehicle Standards only if the equipment is in working order.

2. Restored vehicles

   (1)For the Vehicle Standards, a restored vehicle is taken to have been built when it was originally built and not when it was restored.

   (2)In this rule:

   restored vehicle means a vehicle that is being, or has been, restored to its manufacturer’s specifications, so far as it is practicable to meet the specifications.

3. Retractable axles

   (1)For the Vehicle Standards, a retractable axle is taken to be an axle only when it is in the lowered position.

   (2)In this rule:

   retractable axle means an axle with a means of adjustment enabling it to be raised or lowered relative to the other axles in the axle group.

4. Measurement of distance between parallel lines

   For the Vehicle Standards, a distance between 2 parallel lines is measured at right angles between the lines.

5. Interpretation of certain second edition ADRs

   The words ‘left’ and ‘right’ in the following second edition ADRs have the opposite meaning in the application of the ADRs, in accordance with the Vehicle Standards, to a motor vehicle with a left-hand drive:

   ·ADR 8 Safety Glass

   ·ADR 12 Glare Reduction in Field of View

   ·ADR 14 Rear Vision Mirrors

   ·ADR 16 Windscreen Wipers and Washers

   ·ADRs 18 and 18A Location and Visibility of Instruments

   ·ADRs 35 and 35A Commercial Vehicle Braking Systems.

   Note   The following table contains a list of some terms used in the third edition ADRs and the corresponding term used in the Vehicle Standards.

Third edition ADRs	Vehicle Standards
dipped-beam headlamp	low-beam (for a headlight)
front fog lamp	front fog light
rear fog lamp	rear fog light
wheelguard	mudguard
main-beam headlamp	high-beam (for a headlight)
reversing lamp	reversing light
direction indicator lamp	direction indicator light
stop lamp	brake light
rear registration plate lamp	number plate light
front position (side) lamp	parking light
rear position (side) lamp	tail light
end-outline marker lamp	front or rear clearance light
external cabin lamp	external cabin light
internal lamp	interior light
side marker lamp	side marker light
daytime running lamp	daytime running light
rear reflex reflector, non‑triangular	rear reflector
front reflex reflector, non‑triangular	front reflector
side reflex reflector, non‑triangular	side reflector

Dictionary

50 millimetre kingpin means a kingpin meeting the dimension requirements for a 50 millimetre kingpin in Australian Standard AS 2175-1990 Articulated Vehicles Kingpins.

75 millimetre kingpin means a kingpin with the dimensions mentioned in rule 165 (3).

90 millimetre kingpin means a kingpin meeting the dimension requirements for a 90 millimetre kingpin in Australian Standard AS 2175-1990 Articulated Vehicles Kingpins.

adopted standard see rule 24.

ADR see rule 14.

air brake means an air-operated or air-assisted brake.

articulated bus means a bus with at least 2 rigid sections that allow passengers access between the sections and are connected to allow rotary movement between the sections.

Australian Standard means a standard approved for publication on behalf of the Council of the Standards Association of Australia.

Note   Copies of Australian Standards are available from offices of the Standards Association of Australia.

axle means 1 or more shafts, positioned in a line across a vehicle, on which 1 or more wheels intended to support the vehicle turn.

axle group means a single, tandem, twinsteer, tri, or quad axle group.

Australian Design Rule see section 5(1) of the Motor Vehicles Act 1949.

B-double means a combination consisting of a prime mover towing 2 semi-trailers.

B-double

braking system, of a vehicle, means all the brakes of the vehicle and all the components of the mechanisms by which they are operated.

British Standard means a standard approved for publication on behalf of the British Standards Institution.

Note   Copies of British Standards are available from offices of the Standards Association of Australia.

British Standards Institution means the institution of that name established under royal charter in the United Kingdom.

bus means a motor vehicle built mainly to carry people that seats over 9 adults (including the driver).

car means a motor vehicle built mainly to carry people that:

(a)seats not over 9 adults (including the driver); and

(b)has a body commonly known as a sedan, station wagon, coupe, convertible, or roadster; and

(c)has 4 or more wheels.

centre line, of an axle group, means:

(a)if the group consists of 2 axles, one of which is fitted with twice the number of tyres as the other axle — a line located one-third of the way from the centre line of the axle with more tyres towards the centre line of the axle with fewer tyres; and

(b)in any other case — a line located midway between the centre lines of the outermost axles of the group.

Centre line of a tandem axle group fitted with an equal number of tyres on each axle

Centre line of a tandem axle group fitted with a different number of tyres on each axle

Centre line of a tri axle group

Centre line of a quad axle group

combination means a group of vehicles consisting of a motor vehicle connected to 1 or more vehicles.

controlled access bus means a bus, except an articulated bus, over 12.5 metres long.

converter dolly means a trailer with 1 axle group or single axle, and a fifth wheel coupling, designed to convert a semi-trailer into a dog trailer.

Converter dolly

daylight means the period in a day from sunrise to sunset.

dog trailer means a trailer (including a trailer consisting of a semi-trailer and converter dolly) with:

(a)1 axle group or single axle at the front that is steered by connection to the towing vehicle by a drawbar; and

(b)1 axle group or single axle at the rear.

Dog trailer

drawbar means a part of a trailer (except a semi-trailer) connecting the trailer body to a coupling for towing purposes.

drive includes be in control of.

driver, of a vehicle, means the person driving the vehicle.

emergency brake means a brake designed to be used if a service brake fails.

emergency vehicle means a vehicle that is an emergency vehicle for the Vehicle Standards under a law of this jurisdiction.

fifth wheel coupling means a device, except the upper rotating element and the kingpin (which are parts of a semi-trailer), used with a prime mover, semi-trailer, or converter dolly, to allow quick coupling and uncoupling and to provide for articulation.

front fog light means a light used to improve the illumination of the road in case of fog, snowfall, heavy rain or a dust storm.

GTM (gross trailer mass) means the mass transmitted to the ground by the axles of a trailer when the trailer is loaded to its GVM and connected to a towing vehicle.

GVM see section 5(1) of the Motor Vehicles Act 1949.

high-beam, for a headlight or front fog light fitted to a vehicle, means that the light is built or adjusted so, when the vehicle is standing on level ground, the top of the main beam of light projected is above the low‑beam position.

left, for a vehicle, means to the left of the centre of the vehicle when viewed by a person in the vehicle who is facing to the front of the vehicle.

low-beam, for a headlight or front fog light fitted to a vehicle, means that the light is built or adjusted so, when the vehicle is standing on level ground, the top of the main beam of light projected is:

(a)not higher than the centre of the headlight or fog light, when measured 8 metres in front of the vehicle; and

(b)not over 1 metre higher than the level where the motor vehicle is standing, when measured 25 metres in front of the vehicle.

A headlight in the low-beam position

Ministerial Council means the Ministerial Council for Road Transport established by the Heavy Vehicles Agreement, a copy of which is set out in Schedule 1 to the National Road Transport Commission Act 1991 of the Commonwealth.

moped means a motor bike or trike with an engine cylinder capacity of not over 50 millilitres and a maximum speed of not over 50 kilometres an hour.

motor bike means a motor vehicle with 2 wheels, and includes a 2 wheeled motor vehicle with a sidecar attached to it that is supported by a third wheel.

motor trike means a motor vehicle with 3 wheels, but does not include a 2 wheeled motor vehicle with a sidecar attached to it that is supported by a third wheel.

motor vehicle means a vehicle built to be propelled by a motor that forms part of the vehicle.

mudguard means a fitting or device, with or without a mudflap, that is built and fitted to a vehicle in a way that will, as far as practicable, catch or deflect downwards any stone, mud, water, or other substance, thrown up by the rotation of the wheel to which the fitting or device is fitted.

national standard see section 5(1) of the Motor Vehicles Act 1949.

point of articulation means:

(a)the axis of a kingpin for a fifth wheel; or

(b)the vertical axis of rotation of a fifth wheel coupling; or

(c)the vertical axis of rotation of a turntable assembly; or

(d)the vertical axis of rotation of the front axle group, or single axle, of a dog trailer; or

(e)the coupling pivot point of a semi trailer.

Point of articulation — fifth wheel coupling on a converter dolly (forming the front axle group of a dog trailer)

Point of articulation — fifth wheel on a prime mover

Point of articulation — kingpin for fifth wheel

pole-type trailer means a trailer that:

(a)is attached to a towing vehicle by a pole, or an attachment fitted to the pole; and

(b)is ordinarily used for transporting loads, such as logs, pipes, structural members, or other long objects, that can generally support themselves like beams between supports.

Pole-type trailer

police vehicle means a vehicle driven by a police officer in the course of his or her duty.

prime mover means a motor vehicle built to tow a semi-trailer.

quad axle group means a group of 4 axles in which the horizontal distance between the centre lines of the outermost axles is over 3.2 metres, but not over 4.9 metres.

rear fog light means a light used on a vehicle to make it more easily visible from the rear in dense fog.

rear overhang, of a vehicle, means the distance between the rear overhang line and the rear of the vehicle.

rear overhang line, of a vehicle, means:

(a)if there is a single axle at the rear of the vehicle — the centre line of the axle; or

(b)if there is an axle group at the rear of the vehicle — the centre line of the axle group, decided without regard to the presence of any steerable axle unless all axles in the group are steerable.

Rear overhang and rear overhang line — vehicle with tri axle group at rear

Rear overhang and rear overhang line — motor vehicle

Rear overhang and rear overhang line — semi-trailer

repeater horn means a device that makes a sound alternating between different tones or frequencies on a regular time cycle.

right, for a vehicle, means to the right of the centre of the vehicle when viewed by a person in the vehicle who is facing to the front of the vehicle.

road see rule 8.

road-related area see rule 9.

road tank vehicle has the same meaning as in the sixth edition of the Australian Code for the Transport of Dangerous Goods by Road and Rail.

road train means a combination, except a B-double, consisting of a motor vehicle towing at least 2 trailers (counting as a single trailer a converter dolly supporting a semi-trailer).

Road train

second edition ADR see section 5(1) of the Motor Vehicles Act 1949.

semi-trailer means a trailer (including a pole-type trailer) that has:

(a)1 axle group or single axle to the rear; and

(b)a means of attachment to a prime mover that results in some of the load being imposed on the prime mover.

service brake, for a vehicle, means the brake normally used to decelerate the vehicle.

single axle means an axle not forming part of an axle group.

single axle group means a group of at least 2 axles in which the horizontal distance between the centre lines of the outermost axles is under 1 metre.

spring brake means a brake using 1 or more springs to store the energy needed to operate the brake.

Standards Association of Australia means the association of that name incorporated in Australia under royal charter.

tandem axle group means a group of at least 2 axles in which the horizontal distance between the centre lines of the outermost axles is at least 1 metre, but not over 2 metres.

third edition ADR see section 5(1) of the Motor Vehicles Act 1949.

transport enforcement vehicle means a vehicle that is a transport enforcement vehicle for the Vehicle Standards under a law of this jurisdiction.

trailer means a vehicle that is built to be towed, or is towed, by a motor vehicle, but does not include a motor vehicle that is being towed.

tri axle group means a group of at least 3 axles in which the horizontal distance between the centre lines of the outermost axles is over 2 metres, but not over 3.2 metres.

turntable means a bearing built to carry vertical and horizontal loads, but does not allow quick separation of its upper and lower rotating elements, and that is used to connect and allow articulation between:

(a)a prime mover and semi-trailer; or

(b)the steering axle or axle group of a dog trailer and the body of the trailer; or

(c)a fifth wheel coupling and the vehicle to which it is mounted.

twinsteer axle group means a group of 2 axles:

(a)with single tyres; and

(b)fitted to a motor vehicle and connected to the same steering mechanism; and

(c)the horizontal distance between the centre lines of which is at least 1 metre, but not over 2 metres.

Twinsteer axle group on a motor vehicle

vacuum brakes means vacuum-operated or vacuum-assisted brakes.

vehicle includes the equipment fitted to, or forming part of, the vehicle.

yellow includes amber.

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