Marai v The King

[2023] NSWCCA 224

Court of Criminal Appeal

Supreme Court

New South Wales

Medium Neutral Citation:

Marai v R [2023] NSWCCA 224

Hearing dates:

11 August 2023

Date of orders:

05 September 2023

Decision date:

05 September 2023

Before:

Kirk JA at [1]
Fagan J at [2]
Sweeney J at [21]

Decision:

1. Grant leave to appeal

2. Allow the appeal

3. Set aside the sentence imposed in the District Court

4. Sentence the applicant to imprisonment for 3 years, commencing on 7 January 2022. He is to be released pursuant to s 20(1)(b) of the Crimes Act 1914 (Cth) after serving 1 year and 8 months imprisonment on 6 September 2023.

Catchwords:

CRIME — Appeals — Appeal against sentence — Backdating commencement of sentence — Taking into account immigration detention — Obligation to give reasons

Legislation Cited:

Crimes Act 1914 (Cth)

Criminal Code Act 1995 (Cth)

Crimes (Sentencing Procedure) Act1999 (NSW)

Cases Cited:

Alimudin v McCarthy; Nurdin v Bravos (2008) 23 NTLR 102; [2008] NTCA 7

Glynn Kaderavek v R [2018] NSWCCA 92

Islam v The Queen [2014] ACTCA 2

Kentwell v The Queen (2014) 252 CLR 601; [2014] HCA 37

Parhizkar v R [2014] NSWCCA 240

R v Cheraghi [2020] NSWCCA 70

R v Dadash [2012] NSWSC 1511

R v Thomson; R v Houlton (2000) 49 NSWLR 383; [2000] NSWCCA 309

Refaieh v R [2018] NSWCCA 72

Sahhitanandan v The Queen [2019] VSCA 115

Taylor v R [2020] NSWCCA 46

Travelex Ltd v Federal Commissioner of Taxation (2010) 241 CLR 510; [2010] HCA 33

Underwood (a Pseudonym) v The Queen [No 2] [2018] VSCA 87

Texts Cited:

Nil

Category:

Principal judgment

Parties:

Freddy Marai (Applicant)
Rex (Respondent)

Representation:

Counsel:
R Rodger (Applicant)
D Jordan (Respondent)

Solicitors:
Legal Aid (NSW) (Applicant)
Solicitor for Public Prosecutions (Respondent)

File Number(s):

2021/235174

Publication restriction:

Nil

 Decision under appeal 

Court or tribunal:

District Court

Jurisdiction:

Criminal

Date of Decision:

6 October 2022

Before:

Craigie SC DCJ

File Number(s):

2021/235174

HEADNOTE

[This headnote is not to be read as part of the judgment]

The applicant was sentenced in the District Court for an offence of using a carriage service to procure a person under 16 years for sexual activity. Prior to being sentenced he was, for a period, on bail but held in immigration detention, his visa having been cancelled. He was sentenced to 3 years imprisonment, to be released on recognizance after serving 1 year and 8 months imprisonment. The sentencing judge backdated the sentence to take into account 77 days of pre-sentence custody.

For a portion of the period in immigration detention, the applicant had been held pursuant to a Criminal Justice Stay Certificate, issued at the request of the Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions, for the purpose of finalising the criminal proceedings. The sentencing judge did not take into account any of the time the applicant spent in immigration detention, despite counsel’s submission that his Honour should, nor did he give reasons for his decision not to do so.

The issues on appeal were:

(1) whether his Honour erred in failing to take into account the period the applicant spent in immigration detention and/or in failing to give reasons for not doing so;

(2) if so, on resentence, whether the applicant’s pre-sentence immigration detention was to be treated as “custody in relation to the offence” for the purpose of those provisions, and if so, how much credit was he to be given for that time in detention in backdating the commencement of his sentence.

The applicant otherwise took no issue with the sentence imposed or any other of the sentencing judge’s findings.

The Court upheld the appeal, and resentenced the applicant to the same term of imprisonment and the same period prior to release on recognizance, but to commence from an earlier date:

Issue 1: error

(1) In failing to provide reasons for not taking into account the period of time the applicant had spent in immigration detention, when that matter had been raised on his behalf in the sentence proceedings as a significant matter to be taken into account, his Honour erred in the exercise of his sentencing discretion: at [7] and [91].

Issue 2: resentence

(2) The term of imprisonment imposed by the sentencing judge was appropriate: at [19] and [105].

(3) It was open to take immigration detention into account when considering the commencement date of a term of imprisonment. In the absence of evidence before a sentencing judge as to the nature of the burden of immigration detention, it is open to treat immigration detention as equivalent to other forms of custody: at [8], [18] and [104].

Crimes Act 1914 (Cth), s 16E; Crimes (Sentencing Procedure) Act 1999 (NSW), ss 24(a) and 47; Sahhitanandan v The Queen [2019] VSCA 115, considered.

(4) Sweeney J, Kirk JA agreeing, held that the commencement of the applicant’s sentence should be backdated pursuant to the general discretion in s 47(2) of the Crimes (Sentencing Procedure) Act, by in substance the whole of the time he spent in immigration detention while released on bail, from after the date the Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions requested the Department of Home Affairs to issue a Criminal Justice Stay Certificate to him: at [95]-[104].

(5) Fagan J, dissenting, held that the applicant’s time in immigration detention should be treated as “custody in relation to the offence” for the purposes of ss 24(a) and 47(3) of the Crimes (Sentencing Procedure) Act, but only the period from when the Department of Home Affairs issued the Criminal Justice Stay Certificate until he was sentenced: at [18].

JUDGMENT

1. KIRK JA: I agree with Sweeney J.

2. FAGAN J: I have had the advantage of reading Sweeney J’s judgment in draft and I gratefully adopt her Honour’s summary of the key dates and of the proceedings on sentence. I agree that error has been shown and that, on resentencing, a sentence with an earlier commencement date is warranted. I have come to a different view about the extent to which the commencement should be backdated.

3. As Sweeney J points out, the learned sentencing judge’s remarks do not reveal the basis upon which, in fixing the commencement date for the sentence, he gave no credit for time spent in immigration detention following the applicant’s release from his custody on remand on 9 March 2022. It does not appear whether his Honour concluded that credit for the applicant’s time in immigration detention could not be allowed as a matter of law, or, if his Honour thought the matter was discretionary, what considerations he took into account. Backdating to allow for the time in immigration detention was clearly sought on the applicant’s behalf and some authorities on the subject were cited, particularly at pars 56 and 57 of the written submissions to the sentencing judge that have been quoted by Sweeney J.

4. As noted in her Honour’s judgment, the first question is whether ss 24(a) and 47(3) of the Crimes (Sentencing Procedure) Act 1999 (NSW) fall within s 16E(2)(a) of the Crimes Act 1914 (Cth), as State provisions having the effect that a sentence:

(a)   may be reduced by the period that the person has been in custody for the offence.

5. If ss 24(a) and 47(3) of the Crimes (Sentencing Procedure) Act are within that description then those sections apply according to their terms. In my view, that is the position. The state provisions, which Sweeney J has set out so far as relevant, are concerned with “custody in relation to the offence”, which is encompassed by the expression “custody for the offence” in s 16E(2)(a) of the Crimes Act 1914. The two expressions appear to be coextensive for all practical purposes. Under the State provisions pre-sentence custody “must” be taken into account and the effect of doing so is, in substance, that the sentence imposed “may be reduced”, within the meaning of s 16E(2)(a), by the extent of the backdating allowed.

6. It follows that the learned sentencing judge was required to consider, under ss 24(a) and 47(3) of the Crimes (Sentencing Procedure) Act, whether the whole or any part of the applicant’s immigration detention from 9 March 2022 (release on bail) until 6 October 2022 (the passing of sentence) was “custody in relation to the offence”. If, contrary to the view expressed above, ss 24(a) and 47(3) are not engaged, then sub-s (3) of s 16E of the Crimes Act 1914 would take effect, as follows:

(3)   Where the law of a State or Territory does not have the effect mentioned in subsection (2), a court […] in that State or Territory that imposes a federal sentence on a person or fixes a non-parole period in respect of such a sentence must take into account any period that the person has spent in custody in relation to the offence concerned.

If that sub-section is engaged it leads to the same position as if the State provisions were applicable and the same terminology is brought to bear, by the words to which emphasis has been applied, above.

7. I agree with Sweeney J that error on the part of the learned sentencing judge is shown, as contended for in the amended appeal ground, at least to the extent that his Honour did not give reasons sufficient to demonstrate why he did not give credit for the period of immigration detention. Did he conclude that it was not “custody”? Or was his Honour not satisfied that the detention was “in relation to the offence concerned”? Alternatively, was it concluded that, while taking the immigration detention into account, it did not warrant any backdating – and, if that was the case, why not? The error requires that this Court must exercise the sentencing discretion afresh unless it appears that no lesser sentence is warranted in law.

8. “Custody” is not statutorily defined in either the Crimes (Sentencing Procedure) Act or the Crimes Act 1914. However, in all the authorities noted by Sweeney J it has been recognised that detention of a person against his or her will by a government authority constitutes “custody” in this context, notwithstanding that the detention may not be in a prison where inmates are held on remand or under sentence pursuant to a criminal law statute or an order of a court administering the criminal law. I respectfully adopt the observation of the Victorian Court of Appeal in Sahhitanandan v The Queen [2019] VSCA 115 at [36] that “in the absence of evidence before a sentencing judge as to the nature of the burden of immigration detention, the judge will have no basis for distinguishing immigration detention from any other form of custody".

9. In the sentencing proceedings in the present case there was no evidentiary basis for treating the applicant’s time in immigration detention as anything more or less than “custody” for the purposes of either s 24(a) or s 47(3) of the Crimes (Sentencing Procedure) Act or s 16E of the Crimes Act 1914. Was the whole or part of that detention between 9 March 2022 and 6 October 2022 “in relation to the offence concerned”? There is a wealth of authority on the meaning of the expression “in relation to” and it is clear that the degree of connection connoted may vary considerably according to context. In Travelex Ltd v Federal Commissioner of Taxation (2010) 241 CLR 510; [2010] HCA 33, where the phrase appeared in a section prescribing the incidence of Goods and Services Tax, French CJ and Hayne J said this at [25]:

It may readily be accepted that "in relation to" is a phrase that can be used in a variety of contexts, in which the degree of connection that must be shown between the two subject matters joined by the expression may differ. It may also be accepted that "the subject matter of the enquiry, the legislative history, and the facts of the case" are all matters that will bear upon the judgment of what relationship must be shown in order to conclude that there is a supply "in relation to" rights. (citations omitted)

10. In the provisions now under consideration, where the subject is the degree of connection between a period of custody and the prosecution of an offence sufficient to warrant the allowance of credit for time served towards a sentence later imposed, it is my view that the relevant sections do not require a precise, mechanical or direct connection of a legally causative nature.

11. In Sahhitanandan v The Queen the formula under consideration came from a Victorian statute and was worded differently from the expressions “in relation to the offence” and “for the offence” that appear in the NSW and Commonwealth statutes. The Victorian provision referred to custody “in relation to proceedings for the offence” (emphasis added). The Court said at [30] that that describes “a connection between the custody and the proceedings which is more than tenuous or incidental". I respectfully adopt that interpretation as equally apposite to the expressions in ss 24(a) and 47(3) of the NSW Act and s 16E of the Crimes Act 1914.

12. In this case the facts that bear upon the connection between the applicant’s offence and his period of immigration detention are as follows. First, his Bridging C Visa was cancelled on 10 November 2021. The Court has been informed that the cancellation was not due to the proceedings against him on the charge with which this sentence appeal is concerned. He pleaded guilty to that charge in the Local Court but the date of the plea is not clear on the papers. The plea was confirmed in the District Court on 6 September 2022 and the applicant was convicted when sentence was passed on 6 October 2022. He had not been convicted of the offence when the Bridging C Visa was cancelled.

13. The Court was informed that the reason for cancellation was “due to criminal conviction”. That necessarily referred to a conviction or convictions dating from before 10 November 2021. The applicant’s convictions prior to that date were as follows:

26 February 2020 at Liverpool Local Court: convicted of driving unlicensed and with a high range prescribed concentration of alcohol, in an uninsured and unregistered motor vehicle (four offences) committed on 26 January 2020. A community correction order of 12 months was imposed. It was called up on 3 June 2020 and an intensive correction order of 12 months was fixed, commencing 3 June 2020 and expiring on 2 June 2021.

3 June 2020 at Liverpool Local Court: convicted of driving during disqualification, with a high range prescribed concentration of alcohol, in an uninsured and unregistered motor vehicle (four offences) committed on 29 March 2020. Intensive correction order of 18 months imposed, commencing 3 June 2020 and expiring on 2 December 2021.

14. Secondly, from 10 November 2021 the applicant became an unlawful non-citizen by force of s 15 of the Migration Act 1958 (Cth). From that date the applicant was liable to be detained until he could be deported: s 189 of the Migration Act.

15. Thirdly, I infer that after the applicant had lodged an appeal against cancellation of his visa on 11 November 2021, he would not have been deported until that application had been determined by the Administrative Appeals Tribunal but his detention would continue under s 189 if he was not otherwise in custody pursuant to the administration of the criminal law.

16. Fourthly, the Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions requested by letter of 23 February 2022 that the Department of Home Affairs issue in respect of the applicant a Commonwealth Criminal Justice Stay Certificate under s 147 of the Migration Act and a Criminal Justice Visa under s 155. The making of this request, before it was actioned, did not of itself change the applicant’s immigration status. Accordingly, when he was released to bail on 9 March 2022 he remained an unlawful non-citizen subject to deportation and his detention in the Commonwealth facility at Villawood from that date was due to a combination of his unlawful non-citizen status, his liability to deportation and the circumstance that his appeal to the Administrative Appeals Tribunal against cancellation of his visa had not yet been determined.

17. Fifthly, on 18 May 2022 the Administrative Appeals Tribunal confirmed the cancellation of the applicant’s visa. I infer that, in the ordinary course, he would thereafter have been deported as soon as reasonably practicable. I infer that that would not likely have occurred instantly but may have occurred within about 14 days or so. However, on 4 June 2022 the Department of Home Affairs issued a Commonwealth Criminal Justice Stay Certificate, the effect of which was that “the non-citizen is not to be removed or deported”: s 150. The Certificate remained in force up to the date when sentence was passed.

18. On those facts, it is my view that the applicant’s immigration detention from 4 June 2022 until he was sentenced on 6 October 2022 constituted “custody in relation to the offence” and was required to be taken into account by the learned sentencing judge. Only the period from 4 June onwards qualifies for consideration in backdating under the relevant provisions because prior to that, from 9 March 2022, the applicant was detained as an unlawful non-citizen liable to be deported when and if his appeal rights in relation to the cancellation of his Bridging C Visa should be exhausted. The period from 9 March 2022 to 3 June 2022 was referable to the applicant’s immigration status and was not “in relation to the offence”, in circumstances where the applicant had been released to bail. The subsequent period of 124 days from 4 June to 6 October was “in relation to the offence” because the applicant’s continued detention, rather than deportation, followed from the issue of the Commonwealth Criminal Justice Stay Certificate which in turn arose directly from the prosecution. With respect to those 124 days, I see no reason why they should not count fully as time served. I would see no justification for merely taking that period into account in some partial or unquantified manner, less favourable than full credit.

19. The length of the sentence imposed by the learned trial judge otherwise accords with the sentence that I consider appropriate having regard to the objective seriousness of the offence, the offender’s subjective circumstances and antecedents and all other relevant sentencing factors. I agree with the learned judge’s allowance of 77 days of backdating on account of the applicant’s remand in a correctional centre, from 21 December 2021 when his sentence for earlier offences expired up to 9 March 2022 when he was released to bail. The total appropriate backdating, counting from 6 October 2022, is 201 days, which leads to a commencement date of 19 March 2022.

20. I propose the following orders:

1. Grant leave to appeal.

2. Quash the sentence imposed by his Honour Judge Craigie SC in the District Court on 6 October 2022.

3. In lieu thereof sentence the applicant to imprisonment for 3 years to date from 19 March 2022 and to expire on 18 March 2025, the offender to be released at the expiry of 1 year and 8 months on 18 November 2023 upon him entering into a recognisance under s 20(1)(b) of the Crimes Act 1914 (Cth) that he will be of good behaviour for a period of 1 year and 4 months from 19 November 2023 until 18 March 2025.

21. SWEENEY J: Freddy Marai seeks leave to appeal against the sentence imposed upon him in the District Court on 6 October 2022 by Craigie SC DCJ for one offence of using a carriage service to procure a person under 16 years for sexual activity. That offence, contrary to s 474.26(1) of the Criminal Code Act 1995 (Cth), has a maximum penalty prescribed of 15 years imprisonment. His Honour sentenced Mr Marai to 3 years imprisonment, and ordered that he be released on recognizance pursuant to s 20 (1)(b) of the Crimes Act 1914 after serving 1 year and 8 months imprisonment. His Honour backdated the sentence to commence on 20 July 2022, taking into account 77 days of pre-sentence custody.

22. The sole ground of appeal, which was amended during the hearing without objection by the Crown and with the leave of the Court is: "The sentencing judge erred in failing to take into account the period of time the applicant was in immigration detention referable to the offence when he had been asked to do so, and/or failed to give reasons in that regard.”

21. The applicant did not otherwise take issue with the sentence imposed.

22. The essential submission made on behalf of the applicant was that this Court should allow the appeal, and taking into account the applicant’s time spent in immigration detention, when he was on bail for the offence, from 9 March 2022 until 6 October 2022, further backdate the commencement date of his sentence. The Crown opposed that course.

23. Because the applicant does not otherwise challenge the sentence imposed, the facts of the offence and the other matters before the sentencing judge can be stated briefly.

The sentence proceedings

26. Between 27 July 2021 and 17 August 2021, Mr Marai, using a different name, communicated by Facebook Messenger with a person he believed to be a 14-year-old girl, but who was a police officer pretending to be such. The communications turned quickly to sexual matters and became more explicit over time, and Mr Marai arranged to meet the 14-year-old girl for the purpose of sexual intercourse. When he went to the meeting place he was arrested by police.

27. He pleaded guilty in the Local Court. Mr Marai was 28 years old at the time of the offence. He was living on his own in Australia during the Covid pandemic, having left his family in Papua New Guinea when he came to Australia in 2018. He had a short prior criminal history, consisting mostly of driving offences. An Intensive Correction Order for a second high range PCA offence had been revoked, leading to him being imprisoned for just over four months until 22 December 2021.

28. In fixing the commencement date of the sentence he imposed, Craigie SC DCJ took into account 77 days of pre-sentence custody after Mr Marai finished serving his revoked ICO and before he was released on bail on 9 March 2022. When Mr Marai was released on bail on that day he was taken into immigration detention, and remained there until the time of the sentence hearing on 6 September 2022 and the date he was sentenced, 6 October 2022.

29. His Honour did not take into account that period of time when Mr Marai was on bail but in immigration detention. His Honour expressly advised counsel for Mr Marai of that after he delivered his Remarks on Sentence, but did not say so during his Remarks on Sentence.

30. The material before his Honour in relation to Mr Marai’s immigration detention, and submissions made in respect of that issue, were as follows.

31. Near the beginning of the sentence proceedings the Crown tendered a letter which became Exhibit B. It was a letter from a solicitor in the Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions’ office to Mr Marai’s solicitors, dated 5 September 2022. It stated:

“Freddy Marai – Refusal of Criminal Justice Visa

On 4 June 2022 a Criminal Justice Stay Certificate was issued by the delegate of the Department of Home Affairs on the application of the CDPP. The effect of the Criminal Justice Certificate is that the removal or deportation of Freddy Marai from Australia is stayed whilst the Certificate is in effect.

On 23 August 2022 a delegate of the Department of Home Affairs refused to issue a Criminal Justice Stay Visa to Freddy Marai. A copy of the CJV refusal fact sheet is attached.” [This document was not attached to the letter in the appeal book].

32. When tendering it, the solicitor from the CDPP's office, who appeared to be also the author of the letter, said:

“It also has relevance because you may have seen from the Crown’s submissions that a submission was made that the period of time that Mr Marai has spent in immigration detention ought not be taken into account, but your Honour, given the circumstances in which our office has sought to keep Mr Marai in the country for the purposes of participating in these proceedings that I wish to revise that submission and say that it would be open to your Honour to take into account that".

33. His Honour said:

“Yes, I must say it would strike one as passing strange that this Court frequently gives people the benefit of far more benign periods of semi-custodial conditions than might be, with the best will in the world, encountered in immigration custody."

34. The Crown's written submissions on sentence included the following:

"10. At the time of the offending, the offender was on a Bridging C Visa… This visa expired on 10 November 2021. Therefore, when the offender was released from custody he entered immigration detention, which is where he remains to this day.

…

12. The Crown submits that period of time spent in immigration detention is not referable to the current offence and therefore should not be taken into account.

…

14. The offender is currently subject to a Criminal Justice Stay Certificate issued by a delegate of the Department of Home Affairs on the application of the CDPP. The effect of the Criminal Justice Certificate is that the removal or deportation of the offender from Australia is stayed whilst the Certificate is in effect.”

35. During the sentence hearing counsel for Mr Marai said, in commencing his oral submissions:

“Now, the key issue still seems to be backdating, and I will come to that in a moment, there is a distinction between taking into account and quantifying the time referable to the immigration detention but I will come to that in a moment."

36. Later in his submissions counsel for Mr Marai submitted that Mr Marai’s hardship in custody would be particularly onerous, because of his having no family in Australia, combined with the restrictions imposed because of Covid. His Honour asked:

“HIS HONOUR: Are you speaking prospectively of the hardship that he will have to endure in full-time custody, not immigration detention?

COUNSEL: Yes, well, there's hardship in immigration detention as well. The immigration detention has many, if not all, of the administrative aspects of –

HIS HONOUR: Where is the evidence of that? Where is the evidence of the same kind that often falls from sources related to what prisoners have endured in the prison system?

COUNSEL: Yes, I don't have that evidence in relation to Covid. No I don't, but in terms of, perhaps I’m at cross-purposes, so prospectively I would ask your Honour to take those factors into account."

37. After further discussion about courts taking into account restrictions in custody as a result of the Covid pandemic, his Honour stated:

"I employ them quite frequently, but I haven't yet been asked to employ them with someone who is to be regarded, and the Commonwealth government constantly tells us this, has not been punished, but has been kept in a particular restrictive mode pending disposition of their immigration status."

38. Shortly thereafter counsel for Mr Marai said:

“If I could move to, and if I could ask your Honour to turn to paragraph 56 of my submissions and I have referred to a CCA case there. Now the argument that was run on appeal there was that the time in immigration detention should have been quantified. The appeal failed because the legal representative for the applicant had not raised that on sentence; that was the matter in which the ground was disposed of. I am saying that, just to be abundantly clear, that the time should be quantified not simply taken into account"."

39. In his written submissions on sentence counsel for Mr Marai stated:

“36. … He is currently being held in immigration detention at Villawood.

…

50. The offender has been held in immigration detention since 9 March 2022 (5 months and 29 days or 182 days as at 6 September 2022).

…

53. The period of pre-sentence custody solely referable to the subject offence is 77 days (23 December 2021 to 9 March 2022).

54. While there is no specific statutory requirement that a sentencing judge must take into account time spent in immigration detention as pre-sentence custody, it is clear from the authorities that immigration detention may be considered as quasi custody.

55. In Al-Kateb v Godwin [2004] HCA 37 at [264], Hayne J, with whom Callinan J agreed, said that whilst immigration detention was not a form of punishment, it could nonetheless easily be considered as punishment, because immigration detention centres had "many, if not all, of the physical features and administrative arrangements commonly found in prison."

56. The time allowed should be quantified: cf Parhizkar v R [2014] NSWCCA 240 at [68-70].

57. Further, it would be open to allow the whole of the time spent by the offender in immigration detention as pre-sentence custody: see R v Dadash [2012] NSWSC 511; Islam v The Queen [2014] ACTCA 2; R v Mohamed [2016] VSC 581; R v Taufoou [2021] NSWDC 402.”

40. In his Remarks on Sentence, delivered on 6 October 2022, his Honour noted from a Sentencing Assessment Report that Mr Marai was “detained in immigration custody… pending steps that had been taken towards his deportation”. His Honour noted "The offender, however, had appealed his visa status. It would appear that the appeal awaits resolution." (p. 6). Later in his Remarks, his Honour stated "The offender was granted bail in the Supreme Court on 7 February 2022, but not released until 9 March 2022, then immediately entering immigration detention, where he has remained since 9 March.” (p. 11). In his Remarks on Sentence his Honour stated "On behalf of the offender, [counsel], in oral submissions and relying upon his written submissions, also urged the Court to backdate any sentence to take into account the period of immigration detention." (P. 17). There was no further mention of this issue in his Honour's Remarks on Sentence.

41. In a transcript of proceedings after his Honour had delivered his Remarks on Sentence, during which his Honour discussed with counsel the correct commencement date for the sentence, taking into account 77 days of "Corrective Services custody", his Honour stated "I make it clear I have not regarded the immigration detention as referable to the sentencing process". Counsel replied "Yes, I understand that. Thank you, your Honour."

42. The Crown Prosecutor then raised s 19 of the Crimes Act 1914. Counsel for the applicant submitted that his Honour's consideration of s 19 had caused confusion and distracted his Honour from taking into account the applicant's period of immigration detention. It is not clear that that is so, particularly since s 19 was raised for the first time after his Honour had delivered his Remarks on Sentence, and after he had advised "I make it clear I have not regarded the immigration detention as referable to the sentencing process".

43. During the discussion of s 19, the following interchange occurred:

“COUNSEL: Your Honour, can I just make – just to be clear. Your Honour said – just wanted to confirm that your Honour said you're not giving any credit for time –

HIS HONOUR: No, I'm not.

COUNSEL: In immigration. I just wanted to be clear –

HIS HONOUR: I'm not. And –

COUNSEL: – About that.

HIS HONOUR: – We’re not going to canvass that again.

44. His Honour then referred to s 19 and then said:

“Leaving aside that, of course, you would have undermined the submissions made it some pains that I was not to subsume the period of immigration custody, which is what [counsel] argued for and what I found against".

45. From its terms, that comment appears to have been directed to the Crown Prosecutor, although the Crown had not made such submissions during the hearing and, as noted above, had conceded at the commencement of the proceedings that it was open to his Honour to take the time Mr Marai had spent in immigration detention into account.

The appeal hearing

46. One issue which arises in the consideration of the ground raised by the applicant is whether all of Mr Marai's period in immigration detention was referable to the offence for sentence. On that issue, and submitting to the contrary, the Crown tendered during the appeal hearing a chronology, which contained the following information:

“FREDDY MARAI TIMELINE

• 3 June 2020 – 2 December 2021: The Applicant was serving an 18 month ICO for an offence of Drive with High Range PCA – 2^nd +off

• 29 June 2022 – 28 June 2024: The Applicant was and is still serving a two year CCO for an offence of Drive Motor Vehicle during Disqualification Period – 2^nd +off

• 27 July 2021 – 17 August 2021: Date range the Applicant committed the offence contrary to s 474.26(1) of the Criminal Code.

• 17 August 2021: Taken into custody for the Cth offence

• 17 August 2021 – 22 December 2021: The ICO the Applicant was subjected to was revoked by the Parole authority on 31 August 2021 and was ordered to serve 4 months and 6 days in custody commencing 17 August 2021 and expiring on 22 December 2021.

• 10 November 2021: The Applicant’s Bridging C Visa (subclass WC-030) cancelled due to criminal conviction and was subsequently declared unlawful.

• 11 November 2021: The Applicant lodged an appeal against his visa cancellation to the AAT.

• 7 February 2022: The Applicant was granted bail by Dhanji J in the Supreme Court of NSW

• 9 March 2022: The Applicant entered immigration detention on this date. His custodial movements details indicate:

REL STHC – SOUTH COAST C RELEASE ORDER IMMIGR 09/03/2022

Department of Home Affairs confirm that he was held in immigration detention from 9 March 2022. The Applicant therefore remained in custody after being granted bail from 7 February 2022 until 9 March 2022.

• 3 May 2022 – AAT hearing for visa cancellation

• 18 May 2022: AAT affirmed visa cancellation

• 4 June 2022 – CJC issued by Department of Home Affairs at the request of the CDPP.

• 16 June 2022 – Judicial review commenced in Federal Court re visa cancellation.

• 29 August 2022 – CJV refused.

• 6 September 2022: Sentence hearing in Parramatta District Court before Craigie SC DCJ for the Cth offence.

• 6 October 2022: Sentence judgment in Parramatta District Court before Craigie SC DCJ for the Cth offence.

• 7 October 2022 – CDPP sent a request to cancel the CJSC.

• 19 October 2022: NIA lodged.

• 8 November 2022 – CJV granted after reconsideration due to the Applicant being in prison due to Cth offence.

• 10 March 2023 – Judicial Review Result re visa cancellation – Minister Win.

• 5 June 2023: Appeal proper lodged.”

47. The Crown contended that the chronology showed that part of the time the applicant was held in immigration detention was not as a result of the application by the CDPP to prevent his deportation from Australia and keep him in Australia pending resolution of the prosecution, but because his visa was cancelled because of his conviction and sentence for State offences, and he took action to appeal against that decision.

48. In response, by leave, after the hearing, counsel for the applicant provided a document from the Department of Home Affairs which shows that the CDPP made its request to the Department for a Criminal Justice Stay Certificate and Criminal Justice Stay Visa on 23 February 2022. Therefore, counsel contended that all of the time the applicant spent in immigration detention after he was released on bail on 9 March 2022 was referable to the offence for sentence.

Submissions on behalf of the applicant

49. Counsel for the applicant submitted that a proper consideration by the sentencing judge of the issue of backdating the commencement of the sentence to take into account the time spent in immigration detention required consideration of s 16E of the Crimes Act 1914 and, by virtue of section 16E(1), ss 24 and 47 of the Crimes (Sentencing Procedure) Act. Counsel acknowledged that the sentencing judge was not obligated to backdate Mr Marai’s sentence to include his period of immigration detention, but submitted that his Honour did not turn his mind to the discretionary consideration of backdating the commencement of the sentence for that period. Counsel submitted that while his Honour had indicated when the letter, Exhibit B, was tendered, that some consideration of the period in immigration detention would be appropriate, the Crown having conceded such was open to the Court, and while his Honour noted in his Remarks on Sentence the submission made on behalf of Mr Marai that the period of immigration detention should be taken into account, his Honour gave no reason for not doing so and did not refer at all to Exhibit B in his Remarks on Sentence. Counsel submitted that his Honour giving no reason for ignoring the submission made about taking Mr Marai's immigration detention into account leads to the conclusion his Honour failed to take that relevant consideration into account.

Crown submissions

50. The Crown submitted that the question in respect of the applicant's immigration detention is whether he had been held in custody for or in relation to the offence, in accordance with s 47(3) of the Crimes (Sentencing Procedure) Act as applied by s 16E of the Crimes Act 1914. The Crown submitted that if the period of time in immigration detention was not referable to the offence, then those statutory provisions have no relevance and any period of time in immigration detention is to be considered as a subjective factor under s 16A(2) of the Crimes Act 1914, it being within the court’s general discretion under s 47(2) to backdate a sentence to commence on a day before the sentence was imposed.

51. The Crown's position was that while the sentencing judge could take into account the time spent in immigration detention where there was a nexus between that time and the offence for sentence, in this case his Honour was not obliged to do so, because not all of the time the applicant was held in immigration detention was referable to the offence, and no evidence of hardship by the applicant in immigration detention was adduced on his behalf, which the Crown submitted is required if an offender wishes a court to take into account something for his benefit.

52. The Crown submitted that taking into account time spent in immigration detention is different from it being referable to the offence.

53. The Crown submitted that at best, the Court would find his Honour did not give reasons, but not that he did not take into account the fact of the applicant's immigration detention, of which his Honour was aware.

54. The Crown submitted that in his Remarks on Sentence, the sentencing judge made clear that he was aware the applicant was in immigration detention, because of an appeal against his visa status, and he was aware the applicant's counsel had made a submission that the Court should backdate the sentence to take into account the period of immigration detention.

55. The Crown submitted that having stated those matters, his Honour imposed a sentence which did not give any credit for the time the applicant spent in immigration detention, and he made that clear in the discussion with counsel after he delivered his sentencing judgment. The Crown accepted that his Honour did not give any reason for his decision that he had not "regarded the immigration detention as referable to the sentencing process”, when he advised counsel of that decision after his judgment. However, the Crown submitted that the Court should find that having referred to the facts of the applicant being held in immigration custody and having appealed his visa status, and having been aware and stated that the applicant had been granted bail but taken into immigration detention, his Honour found that the applicant was being held in immigration detention due to him having no current visa. The Crown submitted that his Honour having found those facts, it was open to his Honour, having acknowledged the submission by counsel for Mr Marai and noted facts relevant to consideration of the submission, to decide that the period in immigration detention was not referable to the sentencing process, even if his Honour made no specific reference to the applicable statutory provisions.

56. The Crown accepted that his Honour was required to give reasons for his decisions, in accordance with the decisions of this Court in R v Thomson; R v Houlton (2000) 49 NSWLR 383; [2000] NSWCCA 309 and Taylor v R [2020] NSWCCA 46, where Davies J said at [87] that what is required to satisfy the requirement for reasons is "a succinct statement as to the approach adopted on sentence concerning the particular factors addressed in submissions”.

50. The Crown submitted that if the Court decides that the period the applicant spent in immigration detention, or part of it, is to be taken into account in resentencing him, regard should be had to the Criminal Justice Stay Certificate issued on 4 June 2022 which had the effect of staying the removal or deportation of the applicant. The Crown submitted that, as the Crown submitted in the sentence hearing, it was open to the Court to take into account the time the applicant spent in immigration detention while remaining in the country for the purpose of the criminal proceedings.

Consideration

58. Consideration of the issue raised by the applicant requires consideration of s 16E of the Crimes Act 1914 and ss 24 and 47 of the Crimes(Sentencing Procedure) Act, which it brings into operation.

59. Section 16E states, as relevant:

16E Commencement of sentences

(1) Subject to subsections (2) and (3), the law of a State or Territory relating to the commencement of sentences and of non‑parole periods applies to a person who is sentenced in that State or Territory for a federal offence in the same way as it applies to a person who is sentenced in that State or Territory for a State or Territory offence.

(2) Where the law of a State or Territory has the effect that a sentence imposed on a person for an offence against the law of that State or Territory or a non‑parole period fixed in respect of that sentence:

(a) may be reduced by the period that the person has been in custody for the offence; or

(b) is to commence on the day on which the person was taken into custody for the offence;

the law applies in the same way to a federal sentence imposed on a person in that State or Territory or to a non‑parole period fixed in respect of that sentence.

60. Section 24 of the Crimes (Sentencing Procedure) Act provides, as relevant:

“24 Court to take other matters into account

In sentencing an offender, the court must take into account—

(a) any time for which the offender has been held in custody in relation to the offence”.

61. Section 47 states, as relevant:

“47 Commencement of sentence

(1) A sentence of imprisonment commences, subject to… any direction under subsection (2), on the day on which the sentence is imposed.

(2) A court may direct that a sentence of imprisonment—

(a) is taken to have commenced on a day occurring before the day on which the sentence is imposed…

…

(3) In deciding whether or not to make a direction under subsection (2) (a) with respect to a sentence of imprisonment, and in deciding the day on which the sentence is taken to have commenced, the court must take into account any time for which the offender has been held in custody in relation to the offence…”

62. As has been noted previously by this Court, s 47(2) provides courts with a general discretionary power to backdate the commencement of sentences. Section 47(3) provides that in exercising the discretion the court must take into account time served in custody which relates to the offence, but s 47(3) does not fetter the scope of the general discretion provided by s 47(2)(a): Refaieh v R [2018] NSWCCA 72 per N Adams J, Hoeben CJ at CL and Johnson J agreeing; Glynn Kaderavek v R [2018] NSWCCA 92 per Hamill J, Beazley P and Schmidt J agreeing.

63. Section 16E uses slightly different terminology than ss 24 and 47. Section 16E(2)(a) refers to "the period that the person has been in custody for the offence". Sections 24(a) and 47(3) use the term "any time for which the offender has been held in custody in relation to the offence”. As N Adams J observed in Refaieh, the words "in relation to" in those sections have not been defined. Neither is "custody" defined in the Crimes (Sentencing Procedure) Act or the Crimes Act 1914. The word seems to be used commonly in criminal proceedings to mean custody in a prison.

64. The issue of a sentencing court taking into account time spent by an offender in immigration detention has been considered in a number of decisions.

65. In R v Dadash [2012] NSWSC 1511, RA Hulme J took into account the offender’s period in immigration detention in the following circumstances:

"[28] Mr Dadash spent almost a year in Corrective Services’ custody before he was returned to immigration detention. I am satisfied, however, that his detention since being returned is referable to the fact that he was charged with offences arising from the events of 20 April 2011 at Villawood. He had applied to be returned to his home country but the Australian Federal Police advised DIAC that this would be inappropriate whilst the charges were outstanding. As a consequence, I am prepared to accept that the entire period… should be taken into account as pre-sentence custody and the sentence I impose will be backdated to then.”

66. In Parhizkar v R [2014] NSWCCA 240 this Court was asked to consider that the sentencing judge had not quantified the time the offender had spent in immigration detention to backdate the commencement of his sentence. Basten JA described the situation in the following terms:

"[68] … The applicant was at all stages in detention. However, whilst awaiting trial, he was held for a period in custody in a prison, being a more restrictive form of detention. That pre-trial custody… was taken into account by backdating the sentence… The judge continued in his judgment on sentence…

“I have also taken into account in favour of each offender, although in an unquantifiable sense, that it is likely that the length of time they have been kept in immigration detention has been exacerbated by the fact that there have been pending criminal proceedings against them."

[69] The short point on the sentence appeal is that the period from when he was released back into immigration detention (having been held in gaol before being granted bail), until the time of the trial was "likely referable to the criminal charges". This was a period of some 13 months… During that period, he was held in "the maximum security section at Villawood, Blaxland, which is little different to a gaol." The submission was that the applicant should have had a quantifiable allowance with respect to that period of custody, which was not merely an extension of the period of immigration detention, but an extension in circumstances of increased restraint.

[70] While the point was made by way of submissions in this Court, it was not expressly relied on before the sentencing judge. Nor does it appear that evidence of the circumstances of the period in immigration detention was presented to him. In those circumstances, it cannot be said that the judge erred in the approach he took."

67. Price and McCallum JJ agreed. It seems to be this decision to which counsel for Mr Marai referred in his oral submissions to Craigie SC DCJ and in paragraph [56] of his written submissions on sentence.

68. In R v Cheraghi [2020] NSWCCA 70 the Court said that the sentencing judge was not obliged to backdate the sentence to include a period when the applicant was on bail and in immigration detention, because in the Court’s view the applicant was not being held in custody in relation to the offence for which he was being sentenced when he was on bail in immigration detention. Nevertheless, the sentencing judge had, in the exercise of his broad discretion under s 47(2)(a), backdated the sentence to count all of the time the offender was in immigration detention.

69. In Islam v The Queen [2014] ACTCA 2, the Court of Appeal of the ACT noted that there seemed to be no dispute that periods in immigration detention were linked directly or indirectly to Mr Islam's offending behaviour, and the Crown had conceded before the sentencing judge that a period of immigration detention while Mr Islam was awaiting trial for one of several offences for sentence should be taken into account in determining the backdating of his sentence. However, the sentencing judge had not given Mr Islam credit for some pre-sentence custody which included some immigration detention. The Court noted that the sentencing judge gave no reason for ignoring the period in immigration detention. The Court held that the sentencing judge’s failure to provide an explanation for why he disregarded periods of pre-sentence custody, including in immigration detention, indicated sentencing errors, "perhaps best categorised as failures to have regard to relevant considerations." The Court referred to R v Thomson; R v Houlton, in which this Court noted the obligation of sentencing judges to give reasons for their decisions.

70. In Alimudin v McCarthy; Nurdin v Bravos (2008) 23 NTLR 102; [2008] NTCA 7, the Court of Appeal of the Northern Territory held that the sentences of the appellants should be backdated to take into account periods of detention under fisheries management legislation and immigration detention. The appellants had been arrested using a foreign boat for fishing in the territorial sea of Australia, and detained under the Fisheries Management Act 1991 (Cth) and then in immigration detention, until Commonwealth authorities made a decision to prosecute them. The Court considered the operation of s 16E Crimes Act 1914 and the applicable provision of the Sentencing Act 1995 (NT), which then stated:

"Where an offender has been in custody on account of his or her arrest for an offence and the offender is convicted of that offence and sentenced to imprisonment it may be ordered that such imprisonment shall be regarded as having commenced on the day on which the offender was arrested or on any other day between that day and the day on which the court passes sentence."

71. The Court thus had to consider whether each appellant had been “in custody on account of his… arrest for an offence" for which he was subsequently convicted, when in fisheries and immigration detention. The Court stated, at [24], that the purpose of s 16E Crimes Act 1914 is to ensure that periods spent in custody by a person awaiting sentence are taken into account when sentence is imposed, either by reliance on the laws of the State or Territory which provide for a reduction of sentence for time spent in custody, or in the absence of such a provision, in reliance on the terms of s 16E(3). The Court stated:

"The necessary nexus is present when the custody is ‘in relation to’ the offence concerned reflecting an intention to permit a wide application to the provision".

72. The Court stated that the intended effect of the local Sentencing Act provision and like provisions was to ensure that “fairness applies in the sentencing process”, and thus they should be accorded "the widest available application consistent with the wording of the provision": [25].

73. The Court found that the appellants were detained under fisheries and immigration detention in relation to the offences for which they were sentenced and therefore their sentences were backdated to commence on the date they were detained.

74. In Sahhitanandan v The Queen the Court of Appeal of Victoria considered the manner in which the sentencing judge approached that the appellant had been in immigration detention for a period before his bail was revoked and he was remanded in custody. The sentencing judge had been referred to the decision of the Victorian Court of Appeal in Underwood(a Pseudonym) v The Queen [No 2] [2018] VSCA 87 that "immigration detention should be taken into account in sentencing in a ‘broad and practical way’."

75. The prosecutor in the sentence proceedings had submitted that the sentencing judge should not numerically identify the "credit" referable to immigration detention, but should explain “what weight was assigned to the punitive nature of immigration detention" as part of the "instinctive synthesis" in reaching a lower sentence and non-parole period. Counsel for the offender had submitted to the sentencing judge that in the interests of transparency, the court should take into account all the time spent by the offender in immigration detention to reduce his sentence, and the court should state the amount by which the sentence was reduced because of his immigration detention.

76. The sentencing judge held that the period of immigration detention was not calculable as pre-sentence detention, as the appellant was in custody for a reason not related to the criminal proceedings, but because his bridging visa had expired and his application for a protection visa was refused, so he had become an unlawful non-citizen. The sentencing judge had noted that in immigration detention the appellant was in a "secure, guarded and locked environment where he did not have freedom to come and go”. The sentencing judge said that the period the offender had spent in immigration detention should be regarded as a significant factor in mitigation of the sentence and non-parole period, but his being in immigration custody for a reason not related to the criminal proceedings operated against giving him "full credit" for the period in immigration detention, and thus the weight attached to that detention was to be moderated.

77. During the hearing of the appeal, it became apparent that the appellant’s visa had been cancelled because he was charged with the offence for which he was sentenced and therefore he was in immigration detention for a reason "entirely related" to the criminal proceedings. Before the appeal court, counsel for the appellant accepted that the relevant provision of the Victorian sentencing legislation did not apply to immigration detention and "exact equivalence was not mandated".

78. The Victorian sentencing legislation used the term "held in custody in relation to proceedings for the offence". The Court of Appeal said that expression "describes a connection between the custody and the proceedings which is more than tenuous or incidental": [30]. The Court said the purpose of the provision was to avoid double punishment. The Court said "custody in immigration detention is not brought about as part of the proceedings for the offence and does not have the conduct of those proceedings as its objective” and that immigration detention is not for any punitive purpose: [31]. The Court said:

“[32] The question is, then, what account is to be taken of a period spent in immigration detention? As already noted, it was held in Underwood that the fact of such detention must be recognised in a ‘broad and practical way’ in the sentence imposed, reflecting the fact that the offender has been deprived of his or her liberty during the relevant period."

79. The Court noted the practice of allowing on sentence credit for some of the time spent in a residential rehabilitation facility, recognising the "punitive nature" of such residency, although distinguishing it from time spent in custody, the entire period of which must be deducted from a custodial sentence in a precise mathematical manner: [33].

80. The Court went on to observe that “unlike time spent in a residential rehabilitation facility, immigration detention is time spent in custody”: [36]. The Court noted that the purpose of immigration detention is not punitive, and made some observations about the conditions which may be experienced in immigration detention and prison. The Court said:

"But in the absence of evidence before a sentencing judge as to the nature of the burden of immigration detention, the judge will have no basis for distinguishing immigration detention from any other form of custody".

81. The Court held that the judge had been in error in finding that the appellant’s immigration detention was not related to the criminal proceedings, because as the material before the appeal court showed, the appellant was in immigration detention only because of the criminal charges. In resentencing the appellant the Court took into account his time spent in immigration detention. The Court stated:

"[40] … In our view, in order to give proper weight to the approximately 17 months spent by the appellant in immigration detention, a different sentence should be imposed. In taking account of that matter in a broad and practical way, we give only limited weight to the fact that immigration detention differs from custody in a prison because it lacks a punitive purpose. As mentioned, there is no evidence enabling us to make a meaningful comparison between the circumstances of the appellant’s detention and time spent on remand or in prison. It would nonetheless not be right for us to assume that the two forms of custody are identical.

[41] We will therefore give the time spent in immigration detention significant weight, recognising that it is only because of the present offending that the appellant’s bridging visa was cancelled.”

82. The Court did not allow a numerical equivalency between the period of immigration detention and the period by which it reduced the sentence on appeal, even though the Court acknowledged that the time the appellant spent in immigration detention was due to his criminal proceedings.

83. So it can be seen that there have been a range of approaches by courts to taking immigration detention into account on sentence. Some sentencing courts have allowed credit for the full period of immigration detention, particularly, as in Dadash, where the sentencing judge took the view that the offender was in immigration detention because he had been prevented from being returned to his home country by the prosecution requiring that he be kept in Australia pending the disposition of his criminal proceedings. Generally, although not always, the courts have required a nexus between the immigration detention and the offence to take it into account in the sentence. That is, they have approached the question in terms of the provisions in the sentencing legislation, whether the offender’s immigration detention was “in relation to” the offence for sentence. Otherwise, relevant factors seem to have been fairness and transparency in the sentencing process, and construing the sentencing provisions broadly to achieve those aims.

84. Although ss 24(a) and 47(3) mandate that a sentencing court must take into account time spent in custody "in relation to the offence", the broader discretion in s 47(2) is not so circumscribed. A sentencing discretion should be exercised fairly and reasonably.

85. On the basis of the chronology presented to this Court, the applicant was in immigration detention at the request of the CDPP, for the purpose of the completion of the prosecution proceedings, from 4 June 2022. The material presented by the applicant shows the CDPP made the application which resulted in the decision made on 4 June on 23 February 2022.

86. It appears from the material in the chronology that the applicant’s visa was cancelled on 10 November 2021 due to his conviction for prior criminal offences against State law, although as at that date he had been taken into custody for the Commonwealth offence for sentence, on 17 August 2021. He was granted bail on 7 February 2022 but remained in prison custody until he entered immigration detention on 9 March 2022. The applicant’s seeking review of his visa cancellation decision continued until 29 August 2022.

87. Craigie SC DCJ was made aware of the fact of the applicant being in immigration detention, and the submission was made to his Honour, in counsel’s written and oral submissions, that the applicant should be accorded a quantified period of backdating of his sentence to give him full credit for his period of immigration detention, albeit that the submission was made imperfectly, without reference to s 16E of the Crimes Act 1914 or ss 24 and 47 of the Crimes (Sentencing Procedure) Act.

88. Although his Honour referred in his Remarks on Sentence to that submission, his Honour made no reference in his Remarks on Sentence to Exhibit B, and the reason why the applicant was in immigration detention, at least in part, at the request of the Commonwealth, which the Commonwealth prosecutor conceded in the proceedings before his Honour. His Honour did not explain in his Remarks on Sentence why, having noted the submission made to him on behalf of the applicant, he had not backdated the sentence to take into account all or any of the period of time the applicant had spent in immigration detention.

82. Nor did his Honour provide reasons when he stated, after the delivery of his Remarks on Sentence "I make it clear I have not regarded the immigration detention as referable to the sentencing process", that being his conclusion rather than his reasons for that conclusion.

83. Later, when counsel for Mr Marai sought clarity, his Honour again did not give any reasons. It may be that what his Honour said at that point indicated some misapprehension as to what the Crown had submitted in the sentence proceedings, that the Crown had opposed Mr Marai’s immigration detention being taken into account (as it did in the written submissions, but not in oral submissions). But even if his Honour was confused about the Crown’s position, that did not absolve him from giving reasons for what he had decided.

84. In failing to provide reasons for not taking into account the period of time the applicant had spent in immigration detention, when that matter had been raised on his behalf in the sentence proceedings as a significant matter to be taken into account, his Honour erred in the exercise of his sentencing discretion.

85. Further, his Honour not providing reasons and only announcing his decision that he considered the immigration detention “not referable to the sentencing process” after he had delivered his sentencing remarks, strongly suggests that his Honour erred by failing to take into account the period in immigration detention in sentencing the applicant.

86. In the hearing of this appeal both counsel for the applicant and the Crown acknowledged that if the Court decided the judge had erred, the error was not one of mathematical calculation but an error in the exercise of the judge’s discretion, requiring that the applicant be re-sentenced in accordance with Kentwell v The Queen (2014) 252 CLR 601; [2014] HCA 37.

87. The Crown fairly made two submissions which assist the applicant. One was that it is open to the sentencing court to take into account the time the applicant spent in immigration detention while remaining in the country for the purpose of the criminal proceedings. The second was that if the applicant’s time in immigration detention was not to be regarded as his being held in custody for or in relation to the offence, pursuant to s 16E Crimes Act 1914 and s 47(3) Crimes (Sentencing Procedure) Act, it could be considered as a subjective factor and the sentence backdated in accordance with the general discretion in s 47(2) Crimes (Sentencing Procedure) Act.

88. The applicant was deprived of his liberty in immigration detention from 9 March 2022 until he was sentenced and entered into Corrective Services custody on 6 October 2022. I take the view that for all of that time he was in immigration detention, deprived of his liberty, because of the request of the Commonwealth made on 23 February 2022 that he remain in Australia for the purpose of the resolution of the prosecution proceedings. It seems from the chronology presented in these proceedings by the Crown that Mr Marai was not during that time seeking to be returned to Papua New Guinea, but was undertaking administrative reviews of the decision to cancel his visa until 29 August 2022. However although Mr Marai was in immigration detention for two reasons for part of the time, the CDPP request was a factor in that detention. I am satisfied his detention was in relation to his offence for sentence.

89. I note that Fagan J considers that the period of immigration detention which is referable to the offence dates only from 4 June 2022, the date the Department of Home Affairs issued the Criminal Justice Certificate. Before then, in his Honour’s view, the immigration detention was referable only to the applicant’s status as an unlawful non-citizen, and the appellant having sought a review of the Department’s decision to cancel his visa by the Administrative Appeals Tribunal. The Tribunal’s decision rejecting the review application was handed down on 18 May 2022.

90. The CDPP applied to the Department for a Stay Certificate on 23 February 2022. Fagan J takes the view that the request did not of itself change the applicant’s immigration status, before the Department’s decision on 4 June 2022. I understand the logic of his Honour’s view.

91. However, I consider that the timing of the bureaucratic decisions should not operate to the detriment of the applicant. It is not clear why, when the applicant was taken into custody for the Commonwealth offence on 17 August 2021, and his visa was cancelled on 10 November 2021, the CDPP did not make its request to the Department until 23 February 2022. It may be that their attention was focussed on the issue by the applicant being granted bail on 7 February 2022.

92. It is then not clear why the Department took until 4 June 2022 to make a decision on the CDPP’s request. It may be they were awaiting the outcome of the Tribunal review. However it is not likely that had the applicant sought to leave Australia between 23 February 2022 and 4 June 2022, he would have been permitted to do so while the Department’s consideration of the CDPP’s request was still pending.

93. To visit the consequences of the timing of departmental decisions on the applicant seems unjust. Therefore I remain of the view that all of the applicant’s period in immigration detention from 9 March 2022 should be treated as referable to his offence.

94. The question is whether the time the applicant spent in immigration detention at the behest of the CDPP is to be treated as a period of time that he was in custody for or in relation to the offence, for the purposes of s 16E Crimes Act 1914 and ss 24 and 47(3) of the Crimes (Sentencing Procedure) Act, or if it is to not be so treated, whether it can and should be taken into account, in accordance with the general discretion in s 47(2) to backdate the commencement of the sentence, as a feature of Mr Marai’s personal circumstances, and in either case, how much of his time in immigration detention he should be given credit for.

95. It is not clear that the provisions of s 16E and ss 24 and 47(3) which refer to persons being held in custody were intended to encompass immigration detention, although courts have interpreted them to that effect. I do not think it is necessary to resolve the meaning of those provisions to dispose of the applicant’s appeal. I acknowledge that Fagan J has taken a different approach.

96. As a matter of fairness, the period of time the applicant was in immigration detention between 9 March and 5 October 2022 (the day before he was sentenced and entered into Corrective Services custody) should be taken into account as a period he was detained in relation to his prosecution for the Commonwealth offence, and his sentence should be backdated, pursuant to the general discretion in s 47(2) Crimes (Sentencing Procedure) Act, by the whole of that period, of 211 days.

97. I do not consider that evidence of the applicant experiencing hardship, beyond the deprivation of his liberty, while so detained, is necessary for that backdating to occur.

98. In the event the Court came to re-sentence the applicant, he did not take issue with the term of the sentence imposed or any other of Craigie SC DCJ’s findings. The sentence should be the same as that imposed by Craigie SC DCJ, that is, 3 years imprisonment and to be released pursuant to s 20(1)(b) of the Crimes Act 1914 after serving 1 year and 8 months imprisonment, for the reasons his Honour gave.

99. The commencement date of the sentence should be further backdated from 20 July 2022, the date Craigie SC DCJ chose, by the 211 days the applicant was in immigration detention. However, to do so now would result in a release date which has passed. I note that the Notice of Intention to Appeal was filed on behalf of the Applicant on 19 October 2022, soon after his sentence date. The Notice of Appeal was filed on 5 June 2023. The hearing occurred on 11 August 2023. In those circumstances it seems appropriate that the backdating occur so that the applicant is released the day after the orders of this Court.

100. Therefore I propose the following orders:

1. Grant leave to appeal

2. Allow the appeal

3. Set aside the sentence imposed in the District Court

4. Sentence the applicant to imprisonment for 3 years, commencing on 7 January 2022. He is to be released pursuant to s 20(1)(b) of the Crimes Act 1914 (Cth) after serving 1 year and 8 months imprisonment on 6 September 2023.

**********

Decision last updated: 05 September 2023