Magda v Transport Accident Commission
[2019] VCC 1987
•20 December 2019
| IN THE COUNTY COURT OF VICTORIA AT MELBOURNE COMMON LAW DIVISION | Revised (Not) Restricted Suitable for Publication |
SERIOUS INJURY LIST
Case No. CI-17-01716
| FLORIN MAGDA | Plaintiff |
| v | |
| TRANSPORT ACCIDENT COMMISSION | Defendant |
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JUDGE: | HER HONOUR JUDGE TSALAMANDRIS | |
WHERE HELD: | Melbourne | |
DATE OF HEARING: | 27 and 28 November 2019 | |
DATE OF JUDGMENT: | 20 December 2019 | |
CASE MAY BE CITED AS: | Magda v Transport Accident Commission | |
MEDIUM NEUTRAL CITATION: | [2019] VCC 1987 | |
REASONS FOR JUDGMENT
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Subject:Transport accident
Catchwords: Injury to the left hand – causation – pecuniary disadvantage
Legislation Cited: Transport Accident Act 1986
Cases Cited:Haden Engineering Pty Ltd v McKinnon (2010 31 VR 1; Grech v Orica Australia Pty Ltd & Anor (2006) 14 VR 602; Stijepic v One Force Group Australia Pty Ltd & Anor [2009] VSCA 181; Hooley v TAC [2019] VSCA 263
Judgment: Leave granted
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APPEARANCES: | Counsel | Solicitors |
| For the Plaintiff | Mr T Tobin SC Mr A Newman | Maurice Blackburn Lawyers |
| For the Defendant | Mr P Elliott QC Mr A Anderson | Solicitor to the Transport Accident Commission |
HER HONOUR:
Preliminary
1 On 1 September 2002, Mr Magda was a passenger in his brother’s car, when it was struck by a drunk driver who veered onto the wrong side of the road. At the time of the accident Mr Madga was 17 years old and was working as an apprentice cabinet maker in his father’s business. Mr Magda suffered fractures to his left hand which caused him to take a short period of time off work. Mr Madga said that, after the fractures had healed, he got on with his life but that he continued to suffer ongoing pain as well as pins and needles in his left hand. Mr Magda said that his pain and restrictions worsened with time, such that, in December 2018, he underwent surgery to his left hand. Mr Magda now seeks leave to claim common law damages for the injuries he suffered in this accident.
2 In order for Mr Magda to be entitled to claim common law damages for this accident, he must satisfy me that he suffered an injury to his left hand, the impairment of which satisfies paragraph (a) of the definition of “serious injury” contained in s93(17) of the Transport Accident Act 1986 (“the Act).
3 The Transport Accident Commission (“the TAC”) accepts that Mr Magda injured his left hand in this transport accident, but denies that the consequences to him can be described as serious.
4 Mr Magda and his treating surgeon, Mr John Crock, were called to give evidence and were cross-examined. Also in evidence were supporting affidavits from Mr Magda’s wife, his brother-in-law and a former employee of his business, together with numerous medical reports and clinical records. I have read these tendered documents, together with the transcript of the proceedings. I shall not refer to all of that material in the course of this judgment, but rather to those parts of the evidence and reports which I consider necessary to give context to and explain the conclusions reached in my judgment.
5 For the reasons which follow, I am satisfied that the consequences to Mr Magda from his left hand injury can be described as at least very considerable such that he should therefore be granted leave to commence common law proceedings.
The transport accident and its consequences to Mr Magda
6 Mr Magda was 17 years old at the time of the accident and was undertaking an apprenticeship in cabinet making in his father’s business. In his spare time, Mr Magda said that he enjoyed going to the gym and playing indoor soccer.
7 Mr Magda said that after the accident, he was taken by ambulance to the William Angliss Hospital. He said that he complained of left arm and left wrist pain but was told by hospital staff that nothing was broken. A few days later, however, Mr Madga saw his general practitioner, Dr Long, who arranged for an x-ray to be taken. This was reported as demonstrating a mildly displaced fracture at the base of the second metacarpal and a crack fracture at the base of the third metacarpal.
8 Mr Magda said that his left wrist was put in a plaster for approximately six to eight weeks. Mr Magda did not initially work during this period but returned in the later weeks on light duties.
9 Mr Magda said that he suffered some pins and needles in his left wrist when the plaster came off.
10 In December 2004, Dr Long referred Mr Magda for a further scan, as he continued to suffer ongoing pain in his left wrist. The scan, which was performed on 8 December 2004, demonstrated that the fracture in Mr Magda’s left wrist had healed. Mr Magda said that, at that time, he was told that his ongoing symptoms were not likely to have been related to the transport accident.
11 Thereafter, Mr Magda continued to work in the family business. He said that he had some pain and pins and needles in his left hand, but that he persisted at work.
12 Mr Magda said that he took over his father’s business in approximately 2007. The business involved the construction of fireplace mouldings and covers. He said that his father had initially carved the mouldings which were used to create the decorative mantles. Mr Magda’s main customer was Illusions Australia Pty Ltd (“Illusions”), in addition to some other small businesses and individual customers that provided him with work.
13 On 3 September 2010, Mr Magda consulted chiropractor, Dr Hunt. At that time, Mr Magda complained of pins and needles, weakness and numbness in both hands. Mr Magda said that Dr Hunt recommended that he wear splints on his wrists at night, which Mr Magda said provided some relief from his symptoms.
14 On 26 March 2013, nerve conduction tests were performed which demonstrated bilateral median neuropathy consistent with moderate left and mild right carpal tunnel syndrome.
15 Mr Magda was then referred to plastic surgeon, Mr James Leong, who recommended that he undergo surgery to his left carpal tunnel. There was an initial dispute as to the payment of this surgery, for which the TAC later agreed to cover the cost. Mr Magda said that he elected not to undergo the surgery, however, as he was concerned about the recovery period and the amount of leave he would be required to take from the business.
16 In May 2016, Mr Magda was referred to plastic and reconstructive surgeon, Mr John Crock. At that time, Mr Crock injected steroid into Mr Magda’s left wrist and recommend that he wear a night splint on his left hand.
17 Mr Magda said that his symptoms improved following the injection, but that he continued to experience an altered sensation and pain in his left wrist and hand, with waking at night. In September 2016, Mr Crock administered a further injection into Mr Magda’s left wrist.
18 In May 2018, Mr Magda re-attended upon Mr Crock complaining that the steroid injection had been ineffective. Mr Crock recommended a left-sided carpel tunnel release. Mr Magda said that by this time, the pain and altered sensation in his wrist and hand were much worse, to the extent that he was then prepared to undergo surgery. Mr Magda understood that there was likely to be a six to eight week recovery period following the surgery, and so arranged to undergo the procedure in December 2018 in order to minimise the disruption to his business.
19 Prior to the surgery, Mr Magda said that much of the cabinet making work he performed required him to use both his hands. Mr Magda said that his brother-in-law, Ricky Baker, assisted him with heavy lifting and the delivery of mantles approximately two to three times a week. He said that the mantles sometimes weighed up to 30 kilograms.
20 The income of the business fluctuated over the years, and Mr Magda stated that he received approximately $1,000 per week. I note, however, that the taxation returns indicated that his personal taxable income ranged between $20,000 gross to $46,956 gross per annum.
21 On 10 December 2018, Mr Crock performed a left carpal tunnel release.
22 Approximately 10 days after the surgery, Mr Magda experienced such intense pain in his wrist that he attended the Korrumburra Hospital. He was advised to attend a local general practitioner, who proceeded to remove his dressing and sutures. Mr Magda said that this procedure was extremely painful and almost caused him to faint.
23 On 27 December 2018, Mr Magda attended upon Mr Crock, who arranged for his wound to be re-dressed, and referred him for hand therapy.
24 Mr Magda said that Ms Nicole Young performed hand therapy on a regular basis until April 2019. He said that this treatment comprised taping and bandaging his left hand, wearing a sling for three to four months as well as wearing a wrist brace at night. In addition, Mr Magda was provided with exercises to perform, including the use of a hand clap. Mr Magda said that, notwithstanding such therapy, he continued to experience shooting pains and altered sensation in his left wrist throughout the course of his therapy.
25 In a letter dated 22 March 2019, Ms Young stated that, based upon her recommendation, Mr Magda had not returned to work. She recommended that he only complete “extremely light activities”, then noted that, in circumstances where no such activities existed within a carpentry role, he was incapacitated for work at that time.
26 Mr Magda said that whilst he was unable to perform a hands-on role in his business, he employed a friend, Dean Schutz, to undertake the physical work for him. He also continued to rely upon Mr Baker to help with the heavy lifting. Mr Magda said that Mr Schutz worked in the mornings and early afternoons and that Mr Baker often helped in the afternoons. He said that he limited himself to paperwork and speaking to clients.
27 In mid-2019, Mr Magda said that Illusions stopped providing him with work, despite having been his main client for about 10 years. Mr Magda said that he did not actually ask Illusions the reason, but that he attributed the cessation of work to the delay in producing and delivering the mantles that occurred following his surgery. Following the loss of Illusions as a client, Mr Magda said that his business was behind in its rent and that he could no longer afford to keep it afloat. As a result, in approximately August 2019, Mr Magda sold off all of his tools and equipment and wound up his business.
28 In November 2019, Mr Magda commenced employment with Mr Baker at AAA Trusses, a business which produces wooden parts for house frames. Mr Magda said that it is repetitive work which involves lifting small pieces of wood weighing less than 3 kilograms. Mr Magda said that this job requires him to leave home at 3.45am and that he returns home before 4.00pm. Mr Magda said that he does not get paid an hourly rate but that he is paid according to how many jobs he completes in a day. He said that he is working full-time and that he received $900 for his first full week of work.
29 Mr Magda said that he uses his left hand at work but restricts himself to not lifting more than 5 kilograms with his left hand. This restriction accords with the certificates of capacity Mr Magda has continued to receive from his general practitioner, Dr Colin Madeley.
30 Mr Magda has ongoing weakness and loss of the use of his left hand.
31 Mr Magda said that he takes Nurofen if he suffers pain in his hand, and that he wears the splint when he feels pins and needles, usually one to two times per week.
32 Mr Crock was called to give evidence. He stated that whilst he could not recall seeing Mr Magda after the surgery, he did not dispute Mr Magda’s evidence that he had reviewed him on the day that Mr Magda attended the clinic for his wound to be dressed.
33 On 7 February 2019, Mr Crock issued a medical statement in respect of Mr Magda’s income protection insurance, stating that Mr Magda had been incapacitated from his duties as a cabinetmaker from the time of the surgery, until 19 January 2019. I note that Mr Crock issued this certificate without examining Mr Magda or enquiring of him what symptoms he was suffering at that time.
34 In his oral evidence, when asked about Mr Magda’s work capacity and the restrictions to be imposed upon him, Mr Crock said that he would defer to the opinion of the hand therapist, who was more experienced in the interface between a patient’s injuries and their work duties. Mr Crock then said the he did not disagree with Ms Young’s recommendation on 22 March 2019, that Mr Magda only complete extremely light activities.
35 In June 2019, Mr Crock telephoned Mr Magda for the purpose of preparing a medical report for his solicitors. Mr Crock stated that he did not take any separate notes of this telephone conversation, but instead recorded the substance of what Mr Magda said to him, and the contents of the report. The report included the following description of Mr Magda’s condition:
“ Mr Magda had a carpal tunnel release performed in 2018, and since then his symptoms have markedly improved, but have not completely resolved. He still gets some tingling of his fingers at night and some symptoms consistent with median nerve irritation after driving for long distances, or lifting any heavy weights. These symptoms are in keeping with a diagnosis of median neuritis, rather than carpal tunnel syndrome per se. It is expected that his symptoms should gradually improve over the next six months, and no further medical treatment should be required.”
36 Mr Magda relied upon affidavits sworn by his wife, Mr Baker and Mr Schutz.
37 Mr Magda’s wife, Kate, stated that Mr Magda’s symptoms have worsened since 2010, and particularly in the last few years. Kate stated that since his surgery, she has rarely seen Mr Magda use his left hand for any jobs around the home that involve lifting. Kate also confirmed that Mr Magda is no longer able to use the whipper snipper, mow the lawn or weed in the garden. Kate stated that her husband’s sleep is poor and that he often tosses, turns and wakes in the middle of the night. Kate also confirmed that, as her husband was unable to physically work in his business, the bills had piled up, which caused their family a great deal of financial distress and ultimately caused her husband to close their business in mid-2019.
38 Mr Baker stated that Mr Magda began to ask for his assistance with the heavy lifting for the business approximately four or five years ago. Mr Baker said that he was not paid for this work and that he was simply helping out his brother-in-law. Mr Baker said that before the surgery, he noticed an expression of pain on Mr Magda’s face when they lifted something heavy together. Following the surgery, Mr Baker stated that he attended the business more frequently as Mr Magda required more help and was not performing any of the physical tasks.
39 Mr Baker stated that he has recently employed Mr Magda in his own business, and that his work is limited to cutting pieces of pine timber weighing approximately 3 kilograms.
40 Mr Schutz is a carpenter who worked with Mr Magda from 7 January 2019 until mid-2019. Mr Schutz stated that he observed Mr Magda wearing his arm in a sling for a few months after the surgery, and sometimes a splint on his wrist. Mr Schutz stated that Mr Magda avoided using his left hand and that, on occasions when he did pick something up with his left hand, he observed Mr Magda to wince with pain. Mr Schutz confirmed that Mr Magda did not perform any labouring work during that time, and instead spoke to clients and did paperwork.
Medico-legal opinions
41 In June 2014, Mr Magda was examined by plastic and hand surgeon, Mr Murray Stapleton. In his report dated 11 June 2014, Mr Stapleton noted that, due to the pins and needles and numbness Mr Magda experienced in his thumb, index and middle fingers of his left hand, his activities at work as a cabinet-maker were affected, together with his social, domestic and recreational activities. Mr Stapleton also noted that Mr Magda’s sleep was disturbed.
42 In May 2015, Mr Magda was examined by neurologist, Professor Stephen Davis. In his report dated 5 May 2015, Professor Davis noted that, at that time, Mr Magda’s symptoms did not restrict the nature of his cabinet-making duties, but that he had difficulty mowing the lawn, due to vibration from the lawnmower.
43 In July 2018, Mr Magda was examined by hand, plastic and reconstructive surgeon, Mr John Buntine. In his report dated 23 July 2018, Mr Buntine noted that Mr Magda woke every night between 3.00am and 4.00am by numbness and pins and needles affecting his left hand. Mr Buntine also noted that Mr Magda complained that he sometimes experienced similar problems at work, especially when lifting heavy objects.
44 In October 2019, Mr Buntine re-examined Mr Magda. In his report dated 15 October 2019, Mr Buntine noted that Mr Magda stated that he was still troubled by pins and needles and numbness experienced in the middle of the night, and that he suffered some scar tenderness. Mr Buntine also noted that Mr Magda cannot lift his child with his left hand as he experiences severe pain in the hand.
45 On examination, Mr Buntine noted that Mr Magda’s left hand grip was significantly reduced, as compared to the right side. Mr Buntine also noted that the circumference of Mr Magda’s left forearm was 30 centimetres, whilst his right forearm was 32 centimetres. Mr Buntine noted that Mr Magda was able to perform a full flexion of all his fingers on his left hand, but noted that he complained that extension of the wrist caused pulling upon the carpal tunnel release scar, and was uncomfortable for him. Mr Buntine considered the photograph of the left hand to demonstrate a normal appearance. Mr Buntine considered it evident that Mr Magda used his dominant right hand more than his left, but did not think the extent of the weakness in Mr Magda’s left hand grip could be adequately explained.
46 Mr Buntine expressed the opinion that Mr Magda’s complaints of scar tenderness, pins and needles and numbness, as well as weakness in grip of the left hand, were “predominantly of non-organic cause” which would be consistent with psychological or psychiatric problems. Mr Buntine said that there was “very little significantly wrong with the physical condition of the left hand” and that any abnormality of a physical cause was not affecting Mr Magda’s ability to work or undertake domestic and leisure activities.
47 In September 2019, Mr Magda was examined by plastic and reconstructive surgeon, Mr Felix Behan. In his report dated 2 October 2019, Mr Behan noted that Mr Magda complained of persistent symptoms, including paraesthesia in the median half of his left hand, as well as a limited range of movement and a lifting limit of 2 kilograms. Mr Behan also observed swelling, sweating and cyanotic changes consistent with a diagnosis of complex regional pain syndrome (“CRPS”). Mr Behan therefore recommended that Mr Magda be referred to pain specialist, Dr Peter Blombery. Mr Behan was of the opinion that the delay in diagnosis and treatment of Mr Magda’s carpal tunnel had caused irreparable damage to the median nerve and was likely to be permanent.
Mr Magda’s credibility as a witness
48 Mr Magda gave evidence in a simple and straightforward manner but was easily confused. This was most apparent when he was cross-examined regarding the assistance he required in his business before and after his surgery. Despite efforts from the defendant’s counsel to clarify the period of time about which he was asking, Mr Magda seemed genuinely confused and had difficulty distinguishing between the help he required before as compared to after the surgery.
49 Mr Magda also gave somewhat confusing evidence in relation to the slowing of his business in the first half of 2019. Mr Magda was unable to say when Mr Schutz ceased work and estimated that he was only there for two to four months. I note that Mr Schutz stated that he worked through to mid-2019. Mr Magda also stated that he had a surplus of some mantles which could be readily delivered, yet also stated that there was a delay in delivering mantles. He attributed the cessation of work from Illusions to this delay.
50 Mr Magda’s evidence demonstrated that he was a relatively simple businessman, operating a small, one-person business. He did not seek from Illusions, or provide a detailed analysis for, the failure of his business, in the manner in which one would expect from a shrewd businessman. Mr Magda’s inability to clearly articulate the reasons for which his business failed accord with my assessment that he was a genuine witness who was relatively unsophisticated.
51 Mr Magda also had difficulties recalling his initial complaint of bilateral carpal tunnel pain. Mr Magda said that he could not recall telling medico-legal psychiatrist, Dr David Weissman. Further, Mr Magda failed to report his bilateral carpal tunnel pain to Professor Davis, Mr Stapleton and Mr Buntine, each of whom examined him for medico-legal purposes. However, in circumstances where Mr Magda referred to bilateral symptoms in his first affidavit, where his symptoms were predominantly in his left hand, and where he had only ever required treatment for his left hand symptoms, I make no criticism of Mr Magda for any inadequate history provided to these doctors.
Are the consequences to Mr Magda from his left hand injury very considerable?
52 In the Court of Appeal decision of Haden Engineering Pty Ltd v McKinnon,[1] Maxwell P stated that, in assessing a plaintiff’s pain and suffering consequences, the Court should have regard to what the plaintiff says about the pain, what the plaintiff does about the pain, what the doctors say about the extent and intensity of the plaintiff’s pain, and what objective evidence shows about the disabling effect of the pain. The weight to be attached to the plaintiff’s account of pain depends largely upon an assessment of the plaintiff’s credibility. Maxwell P noted that the Court will make its own assessment of the plaintiff’s credibility based upon the evidence provided, and said that the Court may also take into account the views expressed by examining doctors as to the reliability of the plaintiff’s accounts of pain.[2]
[1](2010) 31 VR 1
[2](Supra) at paragraphs [9]-[12]
53 My acceptance of Mr Magda as a credible witness bears significantly upon my acceptance of his reports of persisting pain, pins and needles and weakness in his left hand, together with the difficulties he experiences when lifting heavy objects with his left hand. I accept that he sometimes wears a splint on his hand at night and that his sleep is interfered with. I also accept that Mr Magda takes painkillers as needed.
54 Professor Davis and Mr Stapleton noted persisting symptoms in Mr Magda’s left hand prior to the surgery, but neither have re-examined Mr Magda following the surgery. They do, however, provide support for Mr Magda suffering a persisting injury, which required surgical treatment.
55 I am not assisted by Mr Crock’s opinion. Notwithstanding that he was the treating surgeon in this matter, Mr Crock has not examined Mr Magda following the surgery (save for one occasion in late December 2018, when he likely saw Mr Magda, at the time his dressing was changed). I consider the medical clearance given by Mr Crock, that Mr Magda had the capacity to undertake normal work duties from 19 January 2019, to be inconsistent with Ms Stone’s opinion as at March 2019, that Mr Crock was incapacitated for carpentry duties. I consider Mr Crock’s deferral to the hand therapist for an opinion on work capacity to be appropriate.
56 Mr Crock’s report of June 2019 was based upon a telephone conversation with Mr Magda, and not an examination in person. The report was very brief, and I consider it to be an incomplete statement as to the true extent of Mr Magda’s symptoms at that time. Mr Crock acknowledged that, on occasions, despite a technically successful surgical procedure, a patient may be left with ongoing symptoms. Had Mr Crock examined Mr Madga prior to providing this report, I consider it likely he would have obtained greater detail from Mr Magda as to his ongoing symptoms and complaints, similar to the detail obtained by Mr Buntine and Mr Behan when they examined Mr Magda in the second half of 2019.
57 Mr Buntine was of the opinion that Mr Magda’s complaints were predominantly non-organic. However, in circumstances where Mr Magda had an organic condition, which was surgically treated, together with my acceptance of Mr Magda as being genuine in his reports of persisting problems with pain, pins and needles and numbness, I am not assisted by Mr Buntine’s opinion.
58 The defendant submitted that Mr Magda’s winding up of his business was either premature, or unrelated to his left wrist injury. Mr Magda was criticised for his failure to ascertain the reason for which Illusions stopped providing him work, for not taking on another employee when Mr Schutz left, and for not running the business whilst being off the tools. I do not accept these criticisms.
59 As I have stated previously, I considered Mr Magda to be a simple businessman, who ran a small, one-person business, which required hands-on labouring. In the 10 years Mr Magda ran his business, it was only big enough to employ one labourer. I make no criticism of Mr Magda for not re-employing another worker after the departure of Mr Schutz. I am also not surprised that Mr Magda did not agitate with Illusions the reason for which they stopped sending him work. Whether or not the move from Illusions was related to his delay in meeting orders, is immaterial to my ultimate conclusion in this matter.
60 The defendant conceded that, given his age, if Mr Magda had been forced to give up his chosen trade, as a consequence of his left hand injury, it would be a “big pointer” in respect of a very considerable pain and suffering consequence. However, the defendant relied upon the opinions of Mr Buntine and Mr Crock to support its submissions, that I should not make such a finding. For the reasons stated above, I am not assisted by either opinion.
61 I note that Mr Baker and Mr Schutz corroborated Mr Magda’s evidence that he did not return to hands-on work as a cabinet maker following the surgery. Mr Magda stated that, in his new role, he is able to manage light weights, but that he experiences an increase in his symptoms if there is any additional weight. I consider this evidence to be very persuasive.
62 Mr Magda’s certificates of capacity impose a lifting restriction of 5 kilograms. Mr Behan supports these being ongoing restrictions.
63 In Grech v Orica Australia Pty Ltd & Anor,[3] Ashley JA stated that the matters a plaintiff needed to establish were to be resolved upon all the evidence before the court. “It was not a trial by doctors’ opinions; nor a trial in which relevant medical questions were to be decided on the footing, in effect, that medical opinion did not of itself provide answers to those questions.”[4]
[3](2006) 14 VR 602 at paragraph [35]
[4]Ibid at [35]
64 In considering all of the evidence, I am satisfied that Mr Magda will be permanently restricted in his work capacity as a cabinet maker. I accept that this was a career that he enjoyed, and one from which he derived pleasure. I consider his inability to perform such work to constitute a very considerable consequence to him.
65 I am not persuaded that Mr Magda presently suffers a pecuniary disadvantage. His current wage is similar to that which he was earning in his business. However, I am also satisfied that Mr Magda will be permanently restricted in the weights he can lift in his left hand, and that, as a manual worker, his future earning capacity may well be curtailed as a result of such restrictions.
66 I am also satisfied that Mr Magda is restricted as to the tasks he can perform around the home, and especially in the garden.
67 In determining this case, I have considered that Mr Magda is still very young. He was 17 years of age at the time of the transport accident and he has already endured 17 years of pain in his left hand. He will face such impairment consequences for decades to come. As was noted by Ashley JA and Beach AJA in Stijepic v One Force Group Australia Pty Ltd & Anor:
“…when judging the pain and suffering consequences for the appellant by comparison with other cases, we consider that it is relevant to look at the likely period to which those consequences will be experienced. All things being equal, impairment consequences which a man (or woman) will have to put up with for 40 years might well be judged more serious than the same consequences which a man (or woman) may have to put up with for a much shorter period of time.”[5]
[5][2009] VSCA 181 at [43]. Recently affirmed in the Court of Appeal decision of Hooley v TAC [2019] VSCA 263
68 In such circumstances, I am satisfied that the consequences to Mr Magda from his left hand impairment can be described as at least very considerable, such that he should be granted leave to commence common law proceedings for the transport accident.
Conclusion
69 I shall make the consequent orders.
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