Jabbour v Hicks
[2007] FMCA 2139
•21 December 2007
FEDERAL MAGISTRATES COURT OF AUSTRALIA
| JABBOUR v HICKS | [2007] FMCA 2139 |
| CONTROL ORDERS – Criminal Code – application for interim control order – preventing terrorist act – training from terrorist organisation – obligations, prohibitions and restrictions – reasonably appropriate and adapted – interim control order made. |
| Criminal Code Act 1995, section 3 Criminal Code, sections 100.1, 104.2, 104.3, 104.4, 104.5 |
| R v Thomas [2006] VSCA 165 |
| Applicant: | RAMZI JABBOUR |
| Respondent: | DAVID MATTHEW HICKS |
| File number: | ADG 347 of 2007 |
| Judgment of: | Donald FM |
| Hearing date: | 20 December 2007 |
| Date of last submission: | 20 December 2007 |
| Delivered at: | Adelaide |
| Delivered on: | 21 December 2007 |
REPRESENTATION
| Counsel for the Applicant: | Mr Berger |
| Solicitors for the Applicant: | Australian Government Solicitor |
| Counsel for the Respondent: | Ms Detmold |
| Solicitors for the Respondent: | Mr McLeod |
ORDERS
Pursuant to section 104.4 of the Criminal Code an interim control order is made in relation to DAVID MATTHEW HICKS in the terms at attachment 1.
That service of the interim control order be affected by personally serving a copy of the sealed orders of the Court as soon as possible.
The confirmation hearing for the interim control order is listed for 10am on 18 February 2008.
Any evidence relied upon by the Respondent be filed and served on the Applicant by 4 February 2008.
Any further evidence relied upon by the Applicant be filed and served on the Respondent by 14 February 2008.
Each party has liberty to apply for further directions on the giving of 3 days notice to the other party.
………………………………………….
Federal Magistrate Donald
Attachment 1
No. ADG 347 of 2007
Criminal Code (Cth), sub-section 104.4
INTERIM CONTROL ORDER
Name of Controlled Person: David Mathew Hicks
Date of Birth: 7 August 1975
Under the powers conferred by sub‑section 104.4 of the Criminal Code (Cth) this interim control order has been made against you because:
a. An AFP member holding the rank of Superintendent or above, namely Manager Counter Terrorism Domestic, has requested it in accordance with sub‑section 104.3 of the Criminal Code; and
b. The Court has received and considered the information put before the Court by the applicant; and
c. The Court is satisfied on the balance of probabilities that:
i. making the order would substantially assist in preventing a terrorist act; and
ii. you have received training from a listed terrorist organisation; and
d. The Court is satisfied on the balance of probabilities that each of the obligations, prohibitions and restrictions to be imposed on you by the order is reasonably necessary, and reasonably appropriate and adapted, for the purpose of protecting the public from a terrorist act.
The obligations imposed on you under sub‑section 104.5(3) of the Criminal Code are set out in Schedule 1 to this Order – see attached.
You are required to meet the obligations set out in Schedule 1 of the interim control order.
By virtue of sub‑section 104.27 (read with sub‑section 100(1) of the Criminal Code) the penalty for contravening any of these obligations is imprisonment for 5 years.
You may attend the Federal Magistrates Court which is located at the Roma Mitchell Commonwealth Law Courts Building, 3 Angas Street, Adelaide, South Australia on 18 February 2008 at 10am, for the court to:
confirm (with or without variation) this interim control order;
declare this interim control order to be void; or
revoke the interim control order.
This interim control order will be in force when personally served on you. However, you are not required to comply with the remainder of the obligations contained in Schedule 1 until you are released from custody from Yatala Prison.
If confirmed, the confirmed control order is to be in force for 12 months after the day on which this interim control order is made.
Your lawyer may attend the Australian Federal Police Adelaide office, 8th floor, 55 Currie Street, Adelaide, in order to obtain a copy of this interim control order.
Date of interim control order: 21 December 2007
………………………………………….
Federal Magistrate Donald
(Criminal Code (Cwlth), sub-section 104.5(3))
SCHEDULE 1
This schedule sets out the obligations imposed on David Mathew Hicks pursuant to sub‑section 104.5(3) of the Criminal Code Act 1995 (Criminal Code).
OBLIGATIONS
The following obligations form part of the interim control order and are imposed on you by virtue of sub-section 104.5(3) of the Criminal Code Act 1995 (Criminal Code):.
This interim control order will be in force when personally served on you. However, you are not required to comply with the remainder of the obligations contained in this Schedule until you are released from custody from Yatala Prison:
You are required to remain at specified premises between specified times each day, or on specified days, namely, you are to remain at a premises in the State of South Australia which is agreed in writing between yourself and the coordinator of the Australian Federal Police (AFP) Joint Counter Terrorism Team, Australian Federal Police Adelaide Office (the AFP CT Coordinator) (“the specified premises”) between midnight and 6.00am each day, unless:
a.you notify the Australian Federal Police CT Coordinator, AFP Adelaide Office, Level 8, 55 Currie Street, Adelaide, South Australia in writing[1] of another address that you will be residing at between these times or you request an amendment to the above times for specified reasons; and
[1] For the purposes of this Order, the term “in writing” includes hand or type written hard copy letters and, subject to paragraphs 7g and 7h, electronic correspondence in the form of an “e-mail”.
b.The AFP CT Coordinator consents to the amendment in writing.
You are required to report to the following specified persons at the following specified times and places:
a. a member of South Australia Police every Monday, Wednesday and Saturday, between 8am and midnight, at a police station in a location as directed by the Australian Federal Police CT Coordinator unless:
(i)You contact the AFP CT Coordinator in writing, requesting an amendment to the obligations set out in section 2a; and
(ii)The AFP CT Coordinator consents to the amendment in writing.
You are required to allow impressions of your fingerprints to be taken by the South Australia Police for the purposes of ensuring compliance with paragraph 2 of this Interim Control Order:
a. within 24 hours of your release from custody from Yatala Prison; and,
b. where required by a member of the South Australia Police, on any occasion you report at the place specified in paragraph 2.
You are prohibited from leaving Australia except with the prior written permission of the AFP CT Coordinator.
You are prohibited or restricted from carrying out the following specified activities (including in respect of your work or occupation), namely:
a. You are prohibited from acquiring, taking possession of, producing, accessing or supplying documentation (including in electronic form) or attempting to acquire, take possession of, produce, access or supply documentation (including in electronic form) regarding:
i.explosives; and/or
ii.weapons; and/or
iii.combat skills; and/or
iv.military tactics
b. You are prohibited from manufacturing, acquiring, taking possession of or attempting to manufacture, acquire, or take possession of any commercial, military or home made and/or improvised explosives or explosive accessories, initiation systems or firing devices;
c. subject to section 104.5(5) of the Criminal Code Act 1995 (Cth), you are prohibited from communicating to any person, whether directly or indirectly (including via internet chat rooms, websites, media interviews, publications and group gatherings) in relation to:
i. methodology, tactics and other knowledge connected with, or likely to facilitate, terrorist acts, including explosives, weapons and/or combat skills; or
ii.names or contact details of persons you know to be associated with a terrorist organisation;
You are prohibited from communicating or associating with specified individuals, namely:
a. Any individual that you know to be a member of a terrorist organisation.
You are prohibited from accessing or using the following specified forms of telecommunications or other technology:
a. Any mobile telephone service that has not been approved in writing by the AFP CT Coordinator with such approval to be given provided only one mobile telephone service is nominated in total and sufficient details to identify the service to be used are provided[2];
[2] It is noted that the Australian Federal Police will provide you with a pre-paid mobile telephone service and meet the initial costs of purchasing the phone. Any subsequent costs associated with this service shall be your responsibility. This service shall be an approved service for the purposes of this order.
b. A telephone service card, subscriber identification module card (SIM card) or account, incorporating a credit or “top up” facility that has not been approved in writing by the AFP CT Coordinator with such approval to be given provided only one telephone service card, SIM card or account, incorporating a credit or “top up” facility is nominated in total and sufficient details to identify the service to be used are provided;
c. Any fixed or landline telephone service that has not been approved in writing by the AFP CT Coordinator with such approval to be given provided only one fixed or landline telephone service is nominated in total and sufficient details to identify the service to be used are provided or is required in the case of an emergency.
d. Any public telephone except in the case of an emergency;
e. Any satellite telephone service;
f. Any Voice Over Internet Protocol (VOIP) service including any software or hardware that will facilitate a VOIP service that has not been approved in writing by the AFP CT Coordinator with such approval to be given provided only one VOIP service including any software or hardware that will facilitate a VOIP service is nominated in total and sufficient details to identify the service to be used are provided;
g. Any internet service provider account that has not been approved in writing by the AFP CT Coordinator, with such approval to be given provided only one internet service provider account is nominated, in total and sufficient details to identify the account to be used are provided;
h. Any electronic mail (e-mail) account that has not been approved in writing by the AFP CT Coordinator, with such approval to be given provided only one e-mail account is nominated in total and sufficient details to identify the account to be used are provided.
You are prohibited or restricted from possessing or using specified articles or substances, namely:
a.You are prohibited from possessing or using any firearm or ammunition (you must immediately surrender any such items in your possession to police); and
b.You are prohibited from possessing or using commercial, military, home made and/or improvised explosive or explosive accessories, initiation systems or firing devices (you must immediately surrender any such items in your possession to police).
………………………………………
Federal Magistrate Donald
SCHEDULE 2
SUMMARY OF THE GROUNDS ON WHICH THIS ORDER IS MADE
Mr Hicks trained with Lashkar-e-Tayyiba between March and June 2000. LeT is a listed terrorist organisation under regulation 4V of the Criminal Code Regulations 2002, made under the Criminal Code. Mr Hicks stated that he received weapons training, hand to hand combat, topography, guerrilla warfare and survival training.
Mr Hicks trained with Al-Qa’ida between January 2001 and August 2001. Al-Qa’ida is a listed terrorist organisation under regulation 4A of the Criminal Code Regulations 2002, made under the Criminal Code. Mr Hicks stated he undertook four training courses with Al-Qa’ida in Afghanistan.
a)Basic training; which he undertook at ‘Muaskar Farouq’ in January/February 2001. The course was of 8 weeks duration split into 4 components of 2 weeks instruction in: weapons training, commando tactics and explosives.
b)Guerrilla Tactics/Mountain Warfare; which he undertook at ‘Muaskar Farouq’ in March/April 2001. This course was of 7 weeks duration, comprising instruction in: guerrilla warfare strategies, advanced marksmanship, topography, ambush, attacks, reconnaissance and surveillance.
c)Urban Warfare which he undertook at ‘Muaskar Ubada’ in May/June 2001. This course was of 7 or 8 weeks duration comprising instruction in: weapons training, advanced marksmanship, sniper training, house entries.
d)Information Collecting which he undertook in a private house at Kabul in July/August 2001. This course was of 3 weeks duration comprising instruction in how to disguise your appearance as a Muslim when travelling to foreign countries and surveillance of people, streets and premises.
The training referred to above has provided Mr Hicks with the capability to execute plans for terrorist acts or to provide instruction to others in this regard.
The fact that Mr Hicks has trained in LeT and Al-Qa’ida training camps, and associated with senior Al-Qa’ida figures in Afghanistan may lead aspirant and current extremists to seek out his skills and experiences to guide them in achieving their potentially extremist objectives.
The controls will protect the public and assist Mr Hicks to reintegrate into the community and adapt back into the Australian society and culture. Without these controls, Mr Hicks could be exploited or manipulated by terrorist groups. Due to his knowledge and skills, he is a potential resource for the planning or preparation of a terrorist act.
| FEDERAL MAGISTRATES COURT OF AUSTRALIA AT ADELAIDE |
| RAMZI JABBOUR |
Applicant
And
| DAVID MATTHEW HICKS |
Respondent
REASONS FOR JUDGMENT
PRELIMINARY
This is a matter in which application is made pursuant to Subdivision B of Division 104 of the Criminal Code for the issue an interim control order in relation to the Respondent David Matthew Hicks.
I am satisfied that Applications of this type are normally dealt with on an ex parte basis. The legislation does not specifically provide guidance in this respect but the structure of the relevant provisions clearly establishes that an application is normally made in the absence of the Respondent with the resultant orders having no effect until personally served on him. The Respondent then has the opportunity of returning to the Court where Orders are able to be confirmed, varied or discharged in circumstances where the evidence is able to be tested and where the Respondent is able to give evidence on his own behalf and make submissions. On the only other occasion that an Application was made pursuant to this legislation, this was the way in which the matter proceeded.[3]
[3] R v Thomas [2006] VSCA 165
In this particular matter, however, the Respondent is currently in prison and, through his legal representatives, he has been given notice of these proceedings. Those legal representatives have appeared on the application for interim orders and have been able to participate to the extent permissible in proceedings of this type. Even though they have been able to represent the interests of the Respondent, this fact does not alter the nature of the proceedings dealt with at this time and does not alter the procedural steps that must be taken. The Orders made by me today must be the subject of further confirmation proceedings in which the Respondent is able to challenge, if he so desires, the orders made.
I note that submissions have been made concerning the age of documents relied upon and the current attitude of the Respondent. The Respondent has not sought to produce evidence to these proceedings. He has not asked to give evidence himself. He will again have the opportunity to provide evidence to this Court at the confirmation proceedings and this evidence, if produced, will be weighed with the other evidence when considering the fate of the orders made today. It must be clearly understood that the Court can only make decisions based upon evidence presented to it and each party has had and continues to have the opportunity to properly present its case.
It is important to note that the function of this Court is not to determine whether or not the Respondent should be punished or further punished for any of his activities. Rather, the function of this Court is to consider whether an interim control order should be made placing restrictions upon the activities of Mr Hicks and, if so, what those restrictions should be. In making those decisions, the applicable legislation provides clear guidance as to the matters to be taken into account by the Court. Punishment or further punishment is not a factor to which this Court has any regard. The matters are to be considered on what could be described as a prospective basis – what is to occur in the future so that the public is protected from a terrorist act.
EVIDENCE
In considering this matter, I have had regard to the Application filed in these proceedings and to the two affidavits of the Applicant, the first being sworn on 12 December 2007 and the second being sworn on 18 December 2007. The second of these affidavits was simply to correct an accidental omission from the first.
I have also had regard to the submissions made on behalf of both the Applicant and Respondent.
LEGISLATION
I note the various legislative provisions as detailed to the Court by the Applicant in the course of submissions. The relevant statutory provisions are contained within section 100.1 of the Criminal Code (relevant definitions) and in sections 104.2 to 104.5 of that Code.
Section 104.4 provides:
Making an interim control order
(1) The issuing court may make an order under this section in relation to the person, but only if:
(a) the senior AFP member has requested it in accordance with section 104.3; and
(b) the court has received and considered such further information (if any) as the court requires; and
(c) the court is satisfied on the balance of probabilities:
(i) that making the order would substantially assist in preventing a terrorist act; or
(ii) that the person has provided training to, or received training from, a listed terrorist organisation; and
(d) the court is satisfied on the balance of probabilities that each of the obligations, prohibitions and restrictions to be imposed on the person by the order is reasonably necessary, and reasonably appropriate and adapted, for the purpose of protecting the public from a terrorist act.
(2) In determining whether each of the obligations, prohibitions and restrictions to be imposed on the person by the order is reasonably necessary, and reasonably appropriate and adapted, the court must take into account the impact of the obligation, prohibition or restriction on the person’s circumstances (including the person’s financial and personal circumstances).
(3) The court need not include in the order an obligation, prohibition or restriction that was sought by the senior AFP member if the court is not satisfied as mentioned in paragraph (1)(d) in respect of that obligation, prohibition or restriction.
BACKGROUND
In the following brief statement of background, I indicate that I am satisfied on the balance of probabilities as to each of the facts recited based upon the annexure and attachments to the Affidavit of the Applicant sworn 12 December 2007, this being the only evidence before the Court at this time.
On the material before me, I am satisfied that the Respondent is an Australian citizen who was born in Adelaide, South Australia on 7 August 1975. I am satisfied that in September 1999 he converted to Islam.
I am satisfied that he trained with the organisation known as Lashkar-e-Tayyiba (“LeT”) between March 2000 and June 2002. I am also satisfied that he trained with the organisation known as Al-Qa’ida between January 2001 and August 2001. Each of these organisations are listed terrorist organisations pursuant to the Criminal Code Regulations 2002. I am satisfied that they were not so listed when the Respondent trained with them.
The Respondent travelled to Pakistan on 11 November 1999 and after sometime decided that he wished to join the LeT. He was provided with an air ticket for travel to Lahore. His intention was to assist the people to push the Indians out of Kashmir. He attended a LeT training camp and received training in weapons handling; shooting tactics; ballistic missiles; room entry; grenade throwing; mountain survival, topography; hand to hand combat; and guerrilla warfare.
Around 2000 he attended the line of control between Indian and Pakistan controlled Kashmir. He discharged some small arms across the border in the direction of the Indian bunkers.
Also in about December 2000, the Respondent travelled to Afghanistan to receive training from Arab run training camps. The LeT provided some funds and a domestic ticket from Karachi to Quetta. From there he travelled across the border into Afghanistan. When he arrived in Afghanistan he stayed in a Madafah (house) in Kandahar for about 3 weeks waiting for an appropriate training course. He then undertook 4 Al-Qa’ida training courses which included training in the areas of weapons training; commando tactics, topography and explosives. He then trained in advanced instruction in guerrilla warfare strategies, advanced marksmanship, topography, ambush, attacks, reconnaissance and surveillance.
The next component of this training comprised instruction in weapons training, advanced marksmanship, sniper training and house entries. The final component of this training was related to information collecting and surveillance of people, streets and premises. He indicated both in his interview annexed to the affidavit filed by the Applicant and in letters sent to his family in Australia that whilst in these training camps he had the opportunity, together with others at the training camps, of meeting Osama bin Laden.
After completing his training, the Respondent wished to return to Australia but had no funds to enable him to do this and required some action in relation to his expired visa. He travelled over the border into Pakistan in attempt to address these issues. When he did so, he left his personal belongings in Afghanistan..
He then learned of the events of September 11, returned to Afghanistan to collect his belongings and then discovered that the borders had been closed preventing his return to Pakistan. He was eventually made to leave that madafah in which he was living and moved to another. He was then made to leave that house. At that time he was informed that there would probably be American air strikes and was given the option of going to the mountains, to Kabul or to Kandahar airport. He agreed to go to Kandahar airport.
He remained in trenches in that location for about 2 weeks before the bombing commenced. At that time he was under the direction of those in the Al-qa’ida organisation. He and others were then ordered to guard a tank located in a mountain village behind Kandahar. He was given a rifle and found his own ammunition which he carried as he was fearful that the Northern Alliance would kill all foreigners. There is no evidence that he ever discharged that weapon.
After a few days at that location, he travelled to Kabul with the intention of training others in the front line in the tactics he had learned. He then travelled to Kunduz where he was ordered to the front line. Shortly after his arrival at the back of the front line, the Northern Alliance advanced and the front line collapsed. He fled to Kunduz being pursued by the Northern Alliance.
The Respondent then attempted to travel back to Pakistan by taxi but was apprehended by the Northern Alliance.
CONSIDERATION
I am satisfied that the Applicant, a senior AFP member, has requested this interim control order with the written consent of the Attorney-General in accordance with the requirements of section 104.2 of the Code..[4]
[4] See annexure RJ1 to the affidavit of Ramzi Jabbour sworn 12 December 2007.
I must now turn to consider whether the court can be satisfied on the balance of probabilities that making the order would substantially assist in preventing a terrorist act or that the Respondent has provided training to or received training from, a listed terrorist organisation. The Applicant has submitted that the Court should be satisfied as to each of those questions.
In relation to the first, it is urged upon the Court that the evidence appearing in the affidavit of the Applicant sworn 12 December 2007 establishes that the Respondent has received training in various activities that could assist in a terrorist act and that he has expressed views which, when combined with his past actions and training, are sufficient grounds for concern that a terrorist act could be committed either by him or with his assistance.
I have regard to the definition of “terrorist act” contained within the Code[5]. I note the submission that even if there is a reasonably small chance of such a terrorist act occurring, nevertheless a control order could substantially assist in preventing such act. Accordingly, it is submitted, an interim control order should be made.
[5] Section 100.1
In the course of submissions, I expressed some doubt as to whether the court could be satisfied as to the first limb of paragraph (c). This view was based on the absence of any indication in the evidence before me that the Respondent had at any time made any threat towards Australia or the Australian community. Upon reflection, however, I accept that the letters written by the Respondent to his family members whilst living and training in Pakistan and Afghanistan provide a sufficient basis when coupled with the evidence of military style training received by him from terrorist organisations prior to his capture.
An example of the letters to which I have just referred is that contained within attachment number 21 of the annexure to the affidavit of Ramzi Jabbour sworn 12 December 2007. That was a letter sent to his “family” and within that letter appears the following:
Christians and Jews are fighting Muslims in Eretria and the same in Nigeria. All because non-believers work together to destroy Islam. Myself as a practising Muslim with military experience can go to help in any of these conflicts.
Further, in a letter to another family member[6], the Respondent has written the following:
[6] Attachment 22 to Annexure RJ1 of the affidavit sworn by Ramzi Jabbour on 12 December 2007
So to as a Muslim (young and fit) my and (our)responsibility is to protect my brothers for the sake of Islam, to protect them from aggressive non-believers and not let them destroy Islam.
…
So please understand that if you are in a position to help (as I am) then of course I and others will help each other for the sake of Allah, and Allah is happy with those who take this action.
The evidence before me establishes to the requisite standard that the Respondent trained with both Lashkar-e-Tayyiba and Al-Qa’ida. That training included components relating to weapons training, commando tactics, explosives, guerrilla warfare strategies, advanced marksmanship, topography, ambush attacks, reconnaissance, surveillance, sniper training and house entries.[7] I also note that when in Afghanistan, the Respondent sought to train others in these areas.
[7] See, for example, Record of Interview, pages 16 to 21of Attachment 1 to Annexure RJ1 of the affidavit sworn by Ramzi Jabbour on 12 December 2007 and also Attachment 3 to the same Annexure.
I also note the submission made on behalf of the Respondent that the views expressed are somewhat aged. Unfortunately, at this time I do not have the benefit of any evidence of the Respondent and I must act on the basis of the evidence before the Court. The Respondent is able to provide further evidence to the Court on the next occasion that the matter is before the Court and another finding might be made on the basis of the then totality of evidence.
When the expressed views of the Respondent are coupled with the capacity to engage in such activities, I am satisfied on the balance of probabilities that there is a risk of the Respondent either participating in a terrorist act or training others for that purpose. It then follows, having regard to the control order sought, that such order in the terms contemplated would substantially assist in preventing such an act.
Even if I am wrong in relation to the first leg of section 104.(4)(c)(i) of the Code, I am satisfied that the Respondent has received training from a listed terrorist organisation. Both Lashkar-e-Tayyiba and Al-Qa’ida are listed terrorist organisations under the Criminal Code Regulations 2002. It is not relevant to the consideration of this aspect that they became listed after the dates on which the Respondent trained with them.[8]
[8] Thomas v Mowbray 237 ALR 194
It follows from the foregoing that I am satisfied on the balance of probabilities as to the issues referred to in section 104.4(1)(c) of the Criminal Code.
It remains for me to consider, in accordance with section 104.4(1)(d) of the Criminal Code, whether I am satisfied on the balance of probabilities that each of the obligations, prohibitions and restrictions to be imposed on the Respondent is reasonably necessary, and reasonably appropriate and adapted, for the purpose of protecting the public from a terrorist act. In doing so, I also take into account pursuant to section 104.4(2) of the Criminal Code, the impact of the obligation, prohibition or restriction on the Respondent’s circumstances (including his financial and personal circumstances). In this latter regard, I am hampered in these interim proceedings by not having any evidence either from or produced on behalf of the Respondent.
TERMS OF INTERIM CONTROL ORDER
As to the first of the obligations sought to be imposed on the Respondent, I note that it is sought to require the Respondent to be at specified premises in South Australia between the hours of 12 midnight and 6am. The particular premises are to be agreed in writing between the Respondent and the AFP CT Coordinator in Adelaide. There is further provision that the specified premises can be varied if agreed by the AFP CT Coordinator.
The Respondent has not objected to this obligation. I do accept that this condition would make it more difficult for the Respondent to travel to more remote locations to conduct training camps or the like for persons interested in terrorist activities. It should be recalled that the Respondent has trained in various activities that would be of interest and value to terrorist organisations. Such a restriction on the movement of the Respondent would also serve to make it more difficult for the Respondent to travel to other locations for terrorist activities. If he were to participate in any such activities, this condition would also enable the authorities to more easily locate the Respondent.
I am conscious that the freedom of movement of the Respondent is impacted upon by this consideration but consider, on balance, that the condition is reasonably necessary, appropriate and adapted for the purpose of protecting the public from a terrorist act.
The second condition sought to be imposed is one requiring the Respondent to report to police at a location directed by the AFP CT Coordinator on each Monday, Wednesday and Saturday between the hours of 12 midnight and 6am. The Respondent does not object to this condition other than for the frequency of reporting. It is submitted by his legal representative that 3 times per week is unduly onerous.
The Applicant has submitted that training camps for terrorists are usually held in remote locations away from prying eyes. A reporting condition with the frequency sought by the Applicant makes it more difficult to travel to such remote locations and to be effectively involved in any meaningful training of others. It is also submitted that a 3 times weekly reporting requirement would make it more difficult for the Respondent to leave the country for the purpose of training or participating in terrorist activities.
I again note the training undertaken by the Respondent and his willingness to train others whilst in Afghanistan. I also note the assertion by the Respondent in a letter to his family that he has contacts in other countries, contacts associated with those participating in conflicts.
The Respondent has not placed any evidence on his own behalf before the Court. It has been submitted that letters relied upon by the Applicant are somewhat dated and that the Respondent is no threat. He is also able to present evidence to the Court as to the impact such a requirement would have upon him. He has not done so as yet but will have the opportunity to present such evidence and to attempt to convince the Court of the assertions made on his behalf. Unless and until such evidence is before the Court the Court must make its Orders based upon the evidence actually before it which, at this time, consists only of the evidence produced by the Applicant.
I accept the submission of the Applicant but note that I have queried whether there may be some means other than a requirement to physically report to a police station on each occasion which would provide the same protection. Neither party has been able to provide a satisfactory alternative. If the Respondent is able to provide an appropriate alternative on the next court occasion, it is likely to be received positively but until an appropriate alternative is able to be found, I again accept that the condition sought to be imposed is reasonably necessary, and reasonably appropriate and adapted for the purpose of protecting the public from a terrorist act. I do so noting that the AFP will provide to the Respondent Cabcharge vouchers to be used for the purpose of such reporting requirement and, therefore, on the evidence before me, there is no financial impact upon the Respondent.
The third obligation sought to be imposed is one requiring the Respondent to provide his fingerprints on release from prison and on any occasion that he reports to police pursuant to these orders. This obligation is not opposed by the Respondent. I note that this obligation would enable police to ensure that the person reporting is indeed the Respondent and this, in turn, would enable the other obligations contained within this control order to be appropriately effective. On the evidence before me this obligation does not impose on the Respondent an impact of such a nature so as to persuade the court that the condition is not reasonably necessary, and reasonably appropriate and adapted, for the purpose of protecting the public from a terrorist act and I find accordingly.
The next obligation is in fact a restriction on the Respondent from being able to leave Australia. Given the history of the Respondent having travelled overseas in the past to participate in training activities with terrorist organisations and given that if he did travel overseas this would effectively place him out of the reach of this control order, I do find that this restriction is reasonably necessary, and reasonably appropriate and adapted for the purpose of protecting the public from a terrorist act. If he was able to travel overseas and receive further training this would enhance his ability to pursue terrorist activities in this country and elsewhere.
The fifth obligation sought by the Applicant is also not opposed by the Respondent. This is an obligation restricting the Respondent from carrying out specified activities. Those activities are acquiring, taking possession of, producing, accessing or supplying documentation or attempting to do those things in relation to explosives, weapons, combat skills, and/or military tactics. I again note the training received by the Respondent with terrorist organisations and his willingness to pass on such skills to others in Afghanistan. This obligation or restriction will serve to assist in preventing the further acquisition of such knowledge by the Respondent and will also serve to assist in the prevention of dissemination of such information to other who may be minded to participate in terrorist activities. I am unable to ascertain any inappropriate impact of such a restriction upon the Respondent and I find that such a restriction is reasonably necessary, reasonably appropriate and adapted for the purpose of protecting the public from a terrorist act.
A prohibition is also sought to be imposed on the Respondent from manufacturing, acquiring, taking possession of or attempting to do those things in relation to any commercial, military or home made and/or improvised explosives or explosive accessories, initiation systems or firing devices. I again note the training received by the Respondent in relation to such devices and the statements made by him in the various letters sent to family members concerning Jihad and advancing the Islamic cause. I note that this restriction will prevent the production or detonation of an explosive device and restrict the ability of the Respondent to progress activity which may lead to the planning or preparation of a terrorist act. I am unable to ascertain any impact on the personal circumstances of the Respondent which could serve to dissuade the court from concluding that such a restriction is reasonably necessary and reasonably appropriate and adapted for the purpose of protecting the public from a terrorist act.
Again related to this condition is one whereby the Respondent would be restricted from communicating with any person, either directly or indirectly, in relation to methodology, tactics or other knowledge connected with or likely to facilitate terrorist acts and also a prohibition on providing information as to names or contact details of persons known by him as being associated with a terrorist organisation. This condition is not opposed by the Respondent and in considering this proposed restriction I note, particularly, the record of interview conducted by the Applicant with the Respondent and which forms part of the annexure to the Applicant’s affidavit filed in these proceedings. It is apparent from reading that interview that the Respondent has built up a both a knowledge of the matters sought to be the subject of the prohibition and also a relationship with a number of persons associated with terrorist organisations. The imposition of such restrictions will serve to prevent the promulgation of the knowledge obtained in the training camps of terrorist organisations and will also impede the spread of information as to contact persons within or associated with such organisations. There is no impact on Mr Hicks that I am able to ascertain from the material before me that would serve dissuade the court from imposing this condition. I conclude that this restriction is reasonably necessary, and reasonably appropriate and adapted for the purpose of protecting the public from a terrorist act.
The next condition or restriction sought to be imposed is one prohibiting the Respondent from communicating or associating with persons known to him as members of terrorist organisations. This is not opposed by the Respondent and clearly would serve to prevent the further gaining of knowledge able to be used by the Respondent in relation to terrorist activities, would serve to prevent the dissemination of the knowledge already possessed by the Respondent and would limit the opportunity for the Respondent to participate in terrorist activities. I do find that this restriction is reasonably necessary and reasonably appropriate and adapted for the purpose of protecting the public from a terrorist act.
The next condition or restriction sought is one whereby the Respondent would be limited to having one approved mobile telephone service; one approved sim card; one approved fixed or landline telephone service; one approved internet service provider account; and one approved electronic email account. The requirement for approval and restriction to one of each such service clearly reduces the ability of the Respondent to have multiple services which would, in turn, better enable him to avoid detection of preparations for terrorist acts or inappropriate dissemination of terrorist related information. The further restrictions sought as to the prohibition on using public telephones and satellite phones also serves to reduce the opportunities available to the Respondent in this regard. I note that it is intended by the AFP to meet the initial costs of the mobile service. I am unable to discern an impact on the Respondent that could serve to dissuade the Court from imposing such a restriction. I am satisfied and find that the restrictions or prohibition sought in this regard are reasonably necessary and reasonably appropriate and adapted for the purpose of protecting the public from a terrorist act.
The final restriction or prohibition sought is one prohibiting him from possessing or using any firearm or ammunition or any explosive or explosive accessories, initiation systems or firing devices. I again note the training received by the Respondent from terrorist organisations and particularly note the copy of an exercise book annexed to the affidavit of the Respondent. I accept on the evidence before me that this book includes notes on how to attack “vip’s” and particulars concerning explosive devices. Given the contents of the Respondent’s letters, also annexed to the same affidavit, and which have been referred to earlier in these reasons, I do find that this prohibition or restriction will serve to make it more difficult for the Respondent to engage in terrorist activities and that such prohibition or restriction is reasonably necessary, reasonably appropriate and adapted for the purpose of protecting the public from a terrorist act. I am unable to discern any impact on the personal circumstances of the Respondent that would serve to convince the court that such a prohibition or restriction should not be made.
I certify that the preceding fifty (50) paragraphs are a true copy of the reasons for judgment of Donald FM
Associate: Michelle Corney
Date: 21 December 2007
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