Inclusion of ecological communities in the list of threatened ecological communities under section 181 of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (12/09/2008) (Cth)

Commonwealth of Australia

Inclusion of ecological communities in the list of threatened ecological communities under section 181 of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999

I, PETER ROBERT GARRETT, Minister for the Environment, Heritage and the Arts, pursuant to section 184(1)(a) of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999, hereby amend the list referred to in section 181 of that Act by:

including in the list in the critically endangered category

Littoral Rainforest and Coastal Vine Thickets of Eastern Australia

as described in the Schedule to this instrument.

Dated this…......12th..............................day of…..........September........................2008

PETER ROBERT GARRETT

Minister for the Environment, Heritage and the Arts

SCHEDULE

Littoral Rainforest and Coastal Vine Thickets of Eastern Australia

The ecological community represents a complex of rainforest and coastal vine thickets, including some that are deciduous, on the east coast of Australia. Typically, the ecological community occurs within two kilometres of the coast, including offshore islands, or adjacent to a large salt water body, such as an estuary and, thus, is influenced by the sea. It is naturally distributed as a series of disjunct and localised stands occurring on a range of landforms derived from coastal processes that can include dunes, headlands, seacliffs, offshore islands or other places influenced by the sea. As a result, the ecological community is not associated with a particular soil type and can occur on a variety of geological substrata.

The ecological community occurs from Princess Charlotte Bay, Cape York Peninsula to the Gippsland Lakes in Victoria as well as on offshore islands on the east coast. The latitudinal range where the ecological community occurs encompasses warm temperate, sub-tropical and tropical climate zones.

The ecological community is defined by habitat expressed in terms of structure, floristic composition and ecology in response to coastal processes. Whilst the ecological community’s canopy species are well adapted to coastal exposure (e.g. strong and persistent salt-laden winds and storm events), the canopy protects less tolerant plants in the understorey.  The canopy height varies with the degree of exposure and can range from <1 to 25 m tall. Due to extreme exposure to salt laden winds, the canopy often demonstrates equal height. Highly exposed patches will display the effect of windshear in the canopy. In more sheltered sites, for example, around estuaries, wind shear may not be evident in the canopy.

The diversity of plants (particularly canopy species) generally declines in a north to south direction, i.e. with increasing latitude. However, species richness of adjacent patches may vary considerably within one latitudinal zone.

The key diagnostic characteristics of the ecological community are:

• The ecological community occurs in the following IBRA bioregions: Cape York Peninsula, Wet Tropics, Central Mackay Coast, South Eastern Queensland, NSW North Coast, Sydney Basin and South East Corner.

• Patches of the ecological community occur within two kilometres of the east coast, including offshore islands, or adjacent to a large body of salt water, such as an estuary, where they are subject to maritime influence.

• The structure of the ecological community typically is a closed canopy of trees but can be patchy when in exposed situations and as a result of storm events. As a result, the canopy forms a mosaic due to canopy regeneration.  Usually, several vegetation layers are present. However, where there is extreme exposure to salt laden winds, these distinct layers demonstrate equal height.  Moreover, wind sheared canopy can be present on the frontal section leading to closed secondary canopies. Emergents may be present, for example, species from the genera Araucaria (northern bioregions only), Banksia or Eucalyptus. The ground stratum of the vegetation typically is very sparse.

• The ecological community contains a range of plant life forms including trees, shrubs, vines, herbs, ferns and epiphytes. To the north, most plant species diversity is in the tree and shrub (i.e. canopy) layers rather than in the lower layer. The converse generally occurs from the Sydney Basin Bioregion southwards. Feather palms, fan palms and large leaved epiphytes are generally rare. Ground ferns and epiphytes are lower in diversity in littoral rainforests compared to most other rainforest types.

• Plants with drought tolerant and succulent features are generally more common in littoral rainforest than in hinterland rainforest types. Canopy stem sizes also tend to be smaller compared to that in hinterland rainforest. Trunks rarely host mosses though lichens are usually common.

• Whilst species can be regionally predictable, there may be considerable variation in the composition of individual stands of the ecological community within any given bioregion. Annexure A provides a list of plant species for each relevant bioregion. 

The Littoral Rainforest and Coastal Vine Thickets of Eastern Australia ecological community comprises those patches that meet the key diagnostic characteristics (above) and the condition thresholds below.

• Small patches can be resilient and viable, but the minimum size of a patch needs to be 0.1 ha; AND

• The cover of transformer weed species (as identified in Annexure A) is 70% or less. Transformer weeds are highly invasive plants with the potential to seriously alter the structure and function of the ecological community. This threshold recognises the relative resilience and recoverability of the ecological community to invasion by weed species; AND

• The patch must have:

o   at least 25% of the native plant species diversity characteristic of this ecological community in that bioregion (Annexure A); OR

o   at least 30% canopy cover of one rainforest canopy (either tree or shrub) species (Annexure A, excluding Banksia and Eucalyptus species that may be part of the ecological community).

Note that:

• Where gaps in the canopy exist, they should be in the process of regenerating with the usual suite of rainforest gap species for the site (Annexure A). Where weed invasion is significant, natural regeneration of native gap species may be limited.

• As species diversity diminishes from northern to southern latitudes, it is important to take into account the natural diversity of a patch in a particular bioregion when examining specific sites.

Annexure A

FLORA SPECIES OF LITTORAL RAINFOREST AND COASTAL VINE THICKETS OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA BY BIOREGION

Note 1:  This ecological community is defined by habitat expressed in terms of structure, flora composition and ecology in response to coastal processes. Whilst species can be regionally predictable, there may be considerable variation in the composition of individual stands of the ecological community within any given bioregion. The diagnostic characteristics presented in the listing advice should be considered when determining the presence or absence of this ecological community.

Note 2:  This flora list is not exhaustive. Additional rainforest species encountered when surveying a site need to be included when determining the condition thresholds. Species in this list may not always be exclusive to this ecological community. 

CAPE YORK PENINSULA

FLORA SPECIES
Trees Acacia crassicarpa Acacia polystachya Acacia solenota Aglaia elaeagnoidea Aidia racemosa Alectryon reticulatus Araucaria cunninghamii Arytera bifoliolata Asteromyrtus angustifolia Atractocarpus sessilis Beilschmiedia obtusifolia Bossiaea arenicola Buchanania arborescens Canarium australianum Celtis philippensis var. philippensis Choriceras tricorne Cochlospermum gillivraei Cryptocarya cunninghamii Cupaniopsis anacardioides Dinosperma erythrococcum Diospyros compacta Diospyros maritima Drypetes deplanchei Elaeodendron melanocarpum Emmenosperma cunninghamii Endiandra glauca Erythrina variegata Eugenia reinwardtiana Exocarpos latifolius Ficus opposita Ganophyllum falcatum Garuga floribunda var. floribunda Guettarda speciosa Gyrocarpus americanus Halfordia kendack Litsea glutinosa	Trees (continued) Mallotus nesophilus Manilkara kauki Mimusops elengi Neofabricia myrtifolia Niemeyera antiloga Pisonia grandis Polyalthia nitidissima Pouteria sericea Premna dallachyana Premna serratifolia Rhodamnia fordii Stenocarpus verticis Sterculia quadrifida Strychnos lucida Syzygium bamagense Syzygium banksii Syzygium suborbiculare Terminalia muelleri Vavaea amicorum Vitex acuminata Xanthostemon arenarius Shrubs Antirhea ovatifolia Capparis lucida Carissa laxiflora Croton arnhemicus Eugenia reinwardtiana Glycosmis trifoliata Ixora timorensis	Shrubs (continued) Leucopogon ruscifolius Leucopogon yorkensis Lithomyrtus obtusa Memecylon pauciflorum var. pauciflorum Micromelum minutum Pemphis acidula Suriana maritima Tabernaemontana orientalis Triflorensia australis Vitex acuminata Forbs Xenostegia tridentata Lilies Dianella pavopennacea Vines Abrus precatorius Alyxia spicata Asparagus racemosus Capparis sepiaria Cassytha filiformis Flagellaria indica Orchid (epiphytic and ground) Dendrobium discolor
TRANSFORMER WEEDS
Annona glabra Bidens pilosa var. pilosa Cryptostegia grandiflora Hyptis suaveolens Lantana camara Senna siamea

WET TROPICS

FLORA SPECIES
Trees Acacia crassicarpa Acacia oraria Acacia polystachya Acmena hemilampra subsp. hemilampra Acronychia acronychioides Aidia cowleyi Alectryon connatus Aleurites moluccana Alphitonia excelsa Anthocarapa nitidula Antidesma erostre Antirhea tenuiflora Archidendron grandiflorum Archontophoenix alexandrae Arenga australasica Argyrodendron polyandrum Arytera divaricata Backhousia hughesii Beilschmiedia obtusifolia Blepharocarya involucrigera Brackenridgea australiana Brucea javanica Buchanania arborescens Calophyllum inophyllum Calophyllum sil Canarium australianum Canarium vitiense Carallia brachiata Castanospermum australe Celtis paniculata Cerbera floribunda Chionanthus ramiflorus Cleistanthus apodus Cryptocarya cunninghamii Cryptocarya exfoliata Cryptocarya hypospodia Cryptocarya triplinervis var. riparia Cryptocarya vulgaris Cupaniopsis anacardioides Darlingia darlingiana Dillenia alata Diospyros compacta Diospyros cupulosa Diospyros hebecarpa Diospyros maritima Drypetes deplanchei Dysoxylum latifolium Dysoxylum oppositifolium Dysoxylum setosum Elaeocarpus bancroftii Elaeocarpus michaelii Elaeodendron melanocarpum Elattostachys microcarpa Emmenosperma cunninghamii Endiandra glauca Endiandra hypotephra Endospermum myrmecophilum Euroschinus falcatus Exocarpos latifolius Ficus destruens Ficus obliqua var. obliqua Ficus opposita Ficus racemosa Ficus variegata var. variegata Ficus virens Vines (continued) Jasminum elongatum Mallotus repandus Melodorum uhrii Mucuna gigantea Neosepicaea jucunda Pachygone ovata Parsonsia velutina Pycnarrhena novoguineensis Rhamnella vitiensis Rourea brachyandra Salacia chinensis Salacia disepala Sarcopetalum harveyanum Secamone elliptica Smilax australis Smilax blumei Smilax calophylla Stephania japonica Tetrastigma nitens Tetrastigma thorsborneorum Uvaria concava Vandasina retusa	Trees (continued) Flindersia bourjotiana Ganophyllum falcatum Garuga floribunda var. floribunda Glochidion harveyanum var. harveyanum Gmelina dalrympleana Gomphandra australiana Grevillea baileyana Guettarda speciosa Guioa acutifolia Heritiera littoralis Hibiscus tiliaceus Intsia bijuga Ixora timorensis Lepiderema sericolignis Lepidozamia hopei Licuala ramsayi Litsea bindoniana Litsea breviumbellata Litsea fawcettiana Litsea glutinosa Melaleuca leucadendra Melia azedarach Miliusa brahei Millettia pinnata Mimusops elengi Mischocarpus exangulatus Myristica insipida Myrsine porosa Normanbya normanbyi Ormosia ormondii Palaquium galactoxylum Paraserianthes toona Planchonia careya Pleiogynium timorense Pleomele angustifolia Podocarpus grayae Polyalthia nitidissima Polyscias australiana Polyscias elegans Pouteria chartacea Pouteria obovata Pouteria sericea Pouteria xerocarpa Psydrax banksii Psydrax tropica Ptychosperma elegans Randia fitzalanii Rhodamnia spongiosa Rhodomyrtus macrocarpa Sarcopteryx reticulata Schefflera actinophylla Scolopia braunii Semecarpus australiensis Syzygium angophoroides Syzygium banksii Syzygium forte subsp. forte Syzygium kuranda Syzygium monospermum Terminalia arenicola Terminalia muelleri Thespesia populnea Vavaea amicorum Wilkiea pubescens Wrightia laevis Xylopia maccreae Epiphytes Bulbophyllum baileyi Cymbidium madidum Dendrobium discolor var. discolor Epipremnum pinnatum Ophioglossum pendulum Platycerium hillii Pyrrosia longifolia Vittaria ensiformis Ferns (terrestrial) Drynaria sparsisora Schizaea dichotoma Parasites Amyema glabra Amyema villiflora subsp. tomentilla Cassytha filiformis	Shrubs Aglaia elaeagnoidea Aglaia meridionalis Alchornea rugosa Allophylus cobbe Atractocarpus sessilis Capparis lucida Clausena brevistyla Codiaeum variegatum var. moluccanum Cordyline cannifolia Cyclophyllum multiflorum Dichapetalum papuanum Eugenia reinwardtiana Gardenia actinocarpa Glycosmis trifoliata Harpullia rhyticarpa Ixora biflora Linospadix minor Lithomyrtus obtusa Mackinlaya confusa Maytenus fasciculiflora Micromelum minutum Morinda citrifolia Opilia amentacea Pilidiostigma papuanum Pisonia aculeata Pittosporum rubiginosum Psychotria dallachiana Rhodomyrtus trineura subsp. trineura Salacia chinensis Tabernaemontana orientalis Tabernaemontana pandacaqui Vitex trifolia var. trifolia Ximenia americana Herbs Achyranthes aspera Amorphophallus galbra Cyrtococcum oxyphyllum Dianella bambusifolia Hypolytrum nemorum Oplismenus hirtellus subsp. imbecillis Pseuderanthemum variabile Vines Abrus precatorius Alyxia spicata Calamus australis Calamus caryotoides Cansjera leptostachya Capparis sepiaria Cassytha filiformis Cissus hastata Colubrina asiatica var. asiatica Connarus conchocarpus subsp. conchocarpus Derris sp. Daintree (D.E.Boyland+ 469) Flagellaria indica Gynochthodes sessilis Hibbertia scandens Hippocratea barbata Hoya australis subsp. tenuipes Hugonia jenkinsii Hypserpa decumbens Hypserpa laurina
TRANSFORMER WEEDS
Agave sp. (sisal hemp) Cenchrus echinatus Hyptis suaveolens Lantana camara Opuntia sp. (prickly pear) Megathyrsus maximus Melinis minutiflora Passiflora foetida Passiflora suberosa Sphagneticola trilobata Tridax procumbens

CENTRAL MACKAY COAST/CENTRAL QUEENSLAND

FLORA SPECIES
Trees Acacia flavescens Acronychia laevis Aglaia elaeagnoidea  Aidia racemosa Alectryon connatus Alphitonia excelsa Araucaria cunninghamii Arytera divaricata  Banksia integrifolia Celtis paniculata Chionanthus ramiflorus Clerodendrum floribundum Corymbia tessellaris Cryptocarya triplinervis Cupaniopsis anacardioides Diospyros geminata Drypetes deplanchei Elaeodendron melanocarpum Euroschinus falcatus Exocarpos latifolius Ficus congesta Ficus opposita Ficus rubiginosa Ganophyllum falcatum Hibiscus tiliaceus Jagera pseudorhus Litsea glutinosa Livistona decora Mallotus philippensis Mimusops elengi Olea paniculata Pandanus tectorius Paraserianthes toona Pittosporum ferrugineum	Trees (continued) Planchonia careya Pleiogynium timorense Polyalthia nitidissima Pouteria sericea Psydrax odorata Schefflera actinophylla Scolopia braunii Sterculia quadrifida Xylosma ovatum  Shrubs Alyxia ruscifolia Capparis lucida Clerodendrum inerme Cyclophyllum coprosmoides Eugenia reinwardtiana Lithomyrtus obtusa Micromelum minutum Psychotria polyostemma Tabernaemontana orientalis Vines Alyxia spicata Cissus opaca Eustrephus latifolius Hoya australis Jasminum didymum  Jasminum simplicifolium subsp. australiense Sarcostemma viminale subsp. brunonianum Smilax australis Stephania japonica Trophis scandens subsp. scandens	Herbs Dianella caerulea Pseuderanthemum variabile Sedges Gahnia aspera Cyperus eglobosus Cyperus enervis Grasses Imperata cylindrica Oplismenus spp. Orchids (epiphyic and ground) Dendrobium discolor Ferns Drynaria sparsisora Microsorum punctatum
TRANSFORMER WEEDS
Cryptostegia grandiflora Lantana camara Megathyrsus maximus (var. maximus and var. pubiglumis) Passiflora suberosa

NORTHERN SOUTH EASTERN QUEENSLAND

FLORA SPECIES
Trees Acacia disparrima (A. aulacocarpa) Acronychia imperforata Acronychia laevis Aidia racemosa Alectryon connatus Alectryon tomentosus Alphitonia excelsa Arytera divaricata Bridelia leichhardtii Capparis arborea Celtis paniculata Clerodendrum floribundum Corymbia tessellaris Cryptocarya triplinervis Cupaniopsis anacardioides Cupaniopsis shirleyana Diospyros fasciculosa Diospyros geminata  Drypetes deplanchei Elaeodendron melanocarpum Euroschinus falcatus Exocarpos latifolius Ficus rubiginosa Ficus opposita Fitzalania sp. Gregory River (J.Randall 624) Geijera salicifolia Glochidion lobocarpum Harpullia hillii	Trees (continued) Ixora queenslandica Jagera pseudorhus Livistona decora Mallotus discolor Maytenus disperma Petalostigma pubescens Pittosporum ferrugineum Pleiogynium timorense Polyalthia nitidissima Polyscias elegans Pouteria sericea Psychotria loniceroides Psydrax odorata Scolopia braunii Sterculia quadrifida Xylosma ovatum Shrubs Alyxia ruscifolia  Breynia oblongifolia Carissa ovata Cyclophyllum coprosmoides Micromelum minutum  Pavetta australiensis Pittosporum revolutum Psychotria loniceroides Myrsine variabilis Turraea pubescens	Vines Cissus opaca Eustrephus latifolius Flagellaria indica Hoya australis Jasminum didymum Jasminum simplicifolium subsp. australiense Geitonoplesium cymosum Melodorum leichhardtii Pandorea pandorana Pleogyne australis  Sarcostemma viminae subsp. brunonianum Trophis scandens subsp. scandens  Smilax australis Stephania japonica var. discolor Secamone elliptica Forbs Pseuderanthemum variabile Fern Microsorum punctatum Grasses Ancistrachne uncinulata Imperata cylindrica Sedges Cyperus eglobosus
TRANSFORMER WEEDS
Lantana camara Megathyrsus maximus (var. maximus and var. pubiglumis) Passiflora suberosa Psidium guajava Schinus terebinthifolius Cryptostegia grandiflora

SOUTHERN SOUTH EASTERN QUEENSLAND AND NSW NORTH COAST

FLORA SPECIES
Trees	Trees (continued)	Shrubs (continued)
Acacia disparrima	Jagera pseudorhu*	Rhysotoechia bifoliolata
Acacia maidenii*	Litsea australis*	Senna acclinis
Acacia melanoxylon*	Litsea reticulata	Sterculia quadrifida
Acmena hemilampra subsp. hemilampra	Livistona australis	Symplocos stawellii
Acmena smithii	Lophostemon confertus	Synoum glandulosum
Acronychia imperforata	Macaranga tanarius*	Wikstroemia indica
Acronychia littoralis	Mallotus discolor
Acronychia oblongifolia	Mallotus philippensis
Acronychia wilcoxiana	Melia azedarach*	Epiphytes
Alectryon coriaceus*	Melicope vitiflora*
Alphitonia excelsa	Mischocarpus pyriformis*	Asplenium australasicum
Aphananthe philippinensis*	Notelaea longifolia*	Davallia solida var pyxidata
Archidendron grandiflorum	Olea paniculata	Platycerium bifurcatum
Archidendron hendersonii	Pararchidendron pruinosum var. pruinosum*	Pyrrosia confluens
Archontophoenix cunninghamiana	Pilidiostigma rhytispermum*
Arytera divaricata	Pittosporum undulatum*
Baloghia inophylla	Podocarpus elatus	Vines and scramblers
Banksia integrifolia subsp. integrifolia*	Polyalthia nitidissima*
Bridelia exaltata	Polyscias elegans*	Austrosteenisia blackii
Callistemon salignus*	Pouteria australis	Cayratia clematidea
Callitris columellaris	Pouteria chartacea*	Cissus antarctica
Celtis paniculata	Pouteria myrsinoides*	Cissus hypoglauca
Claoxylon australe*	Pouteria queenslandica	Cissus sterculiifolia
Clerodendrum floribundum*	Psydrax lamprophylla*	Cynanchum elegans
Clerodendrum tomentosum*	Psydrax odorata*	Dioscorea transversa
Commersonia bartramia*	Rhodamnia acuminata	Embelia australiana
Commersonia fraseri*	Rhodamnia argentea*	Flagellaria indica
Cryptocarya foetida	Rhodomyrtus psidioides*	Geitonoplesium cymosum
Cryptocarya triplinervis	Sarcomelicope simplicifolia*	Hibbertia scandens
Cupaniopsis anacardioides*	Scolopia braunii*	Hoya australis
Dendrocnide photinophylla	Syzygium australe	Maclura cochinchinensis
Diospyros australis*	Syzygium francisii	Marsdenia rostrata
Diospyros fasciculosa	Syzygium hodgkinsoniae	Morinda jasminoides
Diospyros geminata	Syzygium luehmannii	Pandorea pandorana
Diospyros pentamera	Syzygium moorei	Parsonsia straminea
Drypetes deplanchei subsp deplanchei	Syzygium oleosum*	Ripogonum album
Duboisia myoporoides*	Toechima tenax*	Sarcopetalum harveyanum
Dysoxylum fraserianum	Trema tomentosa var. aspera*	Smilax australis
Elaeocarpus obovatus	Trochocarpa laurina*	Smilax glyciphylla
Elaeocarpus reticulatus	Wilkiea hugeliana*	Stephania japonica
Elattostachys nervosa*
Endiandra discolor*	Shrubs	Herbs
Endiandra sieberi*	Alocasia brisbanensis
Ficus coronata*	Breynia oblongifolia	Aneilema acuminatum
Ficus fraseri*	Capparis arborea	Calochlaena dubia
Ficus macrophylla	Cordyline congesta	Commelina diffusa
Ficus obliqua	Cordyline rubra	Dianella caerulea
Ficus rubiginosa	Cordyline stricta	Doodia aspera
Ficus superba var. henneana	Cyclophyllum coprosmoides	Gahnia aspera
Ficus watkinsiana	Elaeodendron australe	Gymnostachys anceps
Flindersia bennettiana	Eupomatia laurina	Hypolepis muelleri
Flindersia schottiana	Euroschinus falcatus	Lomandra longifolia
Glochidion ferdinandi var. ferdinandi*	Exocarpus latifolius	Monococcus echinophorus
Glochidion sumatranum*	Hibiscus heterophyllus	Oplismenus imbecillis
Guioa acutifolia	Homalanthus populifolius	Ottochloa gracillima
Guioa semiglauca*	Myrsine variabilis	Ottochloa nodosa
Halfordia kendack*	Neolitsea dealbata	Pellaea falcata var. falcata
Harpullia hillii*	Pittosporum multiflorum	Pteridium esculentum
Harpullia pendula*	Pittosporum revolutum	Scleria sphacelata
Hodgkinsonia ovatiflora	Psychotria loniceroides
Note 1: Species with * are trees and shrubs

SOUTHERN SOUTH EASTERN QUEENSLAND AND NSW NORTH COAST (continued)

TRANSFORMER WEEDS

Anredera cordifolia
Asparagus aethiopicus
Asparagus africanus
Asparagus plumosus
Brachiaria mutica
Cardiospermum grandiflorum
Delairea odorata
Desmodium uncinatum
Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. rotundata
Gloriosa superba
Ipomoea cairica
Lantana camara
Macfadyena unguis-cati
Megathyrsus maximus var. maximus
Ochna serrulata
Schefflera actinophylla
Schinus terebinthifolius

Senna pendula var. glabrata

SYDNEY BASIN

FLORA SPECIES

Trees

Acmena smithii
Acronychia oblongifolia
Banksia integrifolia
Claoxylon australe
Cupaniopsis anacardioides
Diospyros pentamera
Elaeodendron australe
Eucalyptus botryoides
Eupomatia laurina
Ficus obliqua
Glochidion ferdinandi
Guioa semiglauca
Livistona australis
Pittosporum undulatum
Podocarpus elatus
Myrsine howittiana
Sarcomelicope simplicifolia
Synoum glandulosum

Shrubs

Breynia oblongifolia
Notelaea longifolia
Pittosporum revolutum
Syzygium paniculatum

Vines/Creepers

Cissus antarctica
Cissus hypoglauca
Eustrephus latifolius
Geitonoplesium cymosum
Hibbertia scandens
Marsdenia rostrata
Parsonsia straminea
Smilax australis
Stephania japonica

Ferns

Pellaea falcate

TRANSFORMER WEEDS

Asparagus aethiopicus
Chrysanthemoides monilifera
Delairea odorata
Ehrharta erecta
Lantana camara
Senna pendula
Tradescantia albiflora (just ground layer, not into canopy, but still impacts on the ecological community significantly if infestation is thick)

SOUTHEAST CORNER

SPECIES
Trees Acacia caerulescens Acacia maidenii Acacia mearnsii  Acmena smithii  Acronychia oblongifolia Alectryon subcinereus Banksia integrifolia subsp. integrifolia Claoxylon australe  Commersonia fraseri Commersonia rossii Elaeocarpus reticulatus  Elaeodendron australe var. australe Eucalyptus botryoides  Exocarpos cupressiformis  Ficus coronata Ficus rubiginosa Glochidion ferdinandi var. ferdinandi Livistona australis Monotoca elliptica s.s. Myoporum acuminatum Myoporum insulare  Myrsine howittiana  Notelaea longifolia forma longifolia Pittosporum undulatum Pomaderris aspera Shrubs Acacia longifolia subsp sophorae  Alyxia buxifolia  Breynia oblongifolia  Coprosma quadrifida  Eupomatia laurina  Goodenia ovata  Helichrysum elatum  Leucopogon parviflorus  Melicytus dentatus s.l. Notelaea venosa  Olearia viscosa Omalanthus populifolius Pittosporum revolutum  Pomaderris oraria subsp. calcicola Solanum aviculare  Synoum glandulosum subsp. glandulosum Trema tomentosa var. viridis Westringia fruticosa	Vines Aphanopetalum resinosum  Cassytha phaeolasia  Celastrus australis    Cissus antarctica Cissus hypoglauca    Clematis glycinoides var. glycinoides Eustrephus latifolius  Geitonoplesium cymosum  Glycine clandestina  Hibbertia dentata  Hibbertia scandens Kennedia rubicunda  Marsdenia rostrata  Morinda jasminoides  Muehlenbeckia adpressa Pandorea pandorana  Parsonsia straminea  Rhagodia candolleana subsp candolleana  Sarcopetalum harveyanum  Smilax australis  Stephania japonica subsp. discolor Tetragonia implexicoma         Tylophora barbata  Forbs Apium prostratum subsp. prostratum  Commelina cyanea  Desmodium gunnii  Dichondra repens  Euchiton gymnocephalus  Galium propinquum  Geranium homeanum  Hydrocotyle hirta  Lagenophora stipitata  Lobelia anceps  Lobelia purpurascens  Oxalis perennans  Plantago debilis  Plectranthus parviflorus  Pseuderanthemum variabile  Rumex brownii  Senecio linearifolius var. 7 Senecio minimus  Senecio tenuiflorus  Solanum pungetium  Solanum silvestre	Forbs (continued) Solanum stelligerum Stellaria flaccida Tetragonia tetragonioides  Urtica incisa  Veronica plebeia  Viola eminens Ferns Asplenium flabellifolium  Doodia aspera  Pellaea falcata s.s.  Pteridium esculentum  Pteris tremula  Epiphytes and/or Lithophytes Asplenium australasicum Dendrobium speciosum Microsorum pustulatum subsp. pustulatum Muellerina celastroides Platycerium bifurcatum Pyrrosia rupestris Rumohra adiantiformis Graminoids Carex appressa  Carex longebrachiata  Dianella caerulea s.l.  Dianella tasmanica  Echinopogon ovatus  Entolasia marginata  Ficinia nodosa  Gahnia aspera  Gahnia melanocarpa  Lachnagrostis billardierei Lepidosperma concavum Lepidosperma gladiatum Libertia paniculata Lomandra longifolia Luzula meridionalis  Microlaena stipoides var. stipoides Notodanthonia longifolia  Oplismenus hirtellus  Poa ensiformis  Poa labillardierei  Zoysia macrantha
TRANSFORMER WEEDS
Acetosa sagittata Agapanthus praecox Asparagus aethiopicus Asparagus asparagoides Asparagus densiflorus Asparagus plumosus (black berry tall climber) Asparagus scandens Chlorophytum comosum (spider plant) Chrysanthemoides monolifera subsp. rotundata Coprosma repens Cortaderi selloana (Pampas Grass) Cotoneaster glaucophyllus (large leaf) Cotoneaster pannosus (small leaf) Crassula sp. (long trailing) Crassula multicava	Crataegus monogyna Delairea odorata Dolichos (=Dipogon) lignosus Eriobotrya japonica (Loquat) Festuca arundinacea Galium aparine Hedera helix Jasminum polyanthum Lantana camara var. camara Ligustrum lucidum (large leaf) Ligustrum sinense Ligustrum vulgare Lonicera fragrantissima (hairy-stemmed version of L. japonica) Lonicera japonica	Lycium ferrocissimum Olea europa subsp. cuspidata Opuntia sp. Oxalis incarnata Pennesetum clandestinum Phalaris subsp. (previously aquatica) Phoenix canariensis Pinus radiata Polygala myrtifolia Populus x canescens Rhaphiolepis indica (Fairfield Park Shrub) Stenotaphrum secundatum Tradescantia albiflora Vinca major Zantedeschia aethiopica