Hewson v The Queen
[2011] VSCA 57
•11 March 2011
SUPREME COURT OF VICTORIA
COURT OF APPEAL
S APCR 2009 0692
| MATTHEW HEWSON |
| v |
| THE QUEEN |
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| JUDGES | ASHLEY and BONGIORNO JJA |
| WHERE HELD | MELBOURNE |
| DATE OF HEARING | 9 February2011 and 8 March 2011 |
| DATE OF JUDGMENT | 11 March 2011 |
| MEDIUM NEUTRAL CITATION | [2011] VSCA 57 |
| JUDGMENT APPEALED FROM | (Unreported, County Court of Victoria, 18 June 2009, Judge Nixon) |
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Criminal law – Sentence – Multiple offences – Whether sentencing judge erred in finding the appellant at high risk of re-offending – Whether sentencing judge erred in finding that appellant had poor prospects of rehabilitation – Expert evidence that appellant was at moderate to high risk of re-offending and that treatment could reduce risk – Appellant young and immature man (aged 18 at time of offending, 19 at sentence and now aged 21) – Appellant in adult prison – Intensive psychological treatment only available immediately before release – Appeal allowed – Appellant re-sentenced.
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| Appearances: | Counsel | Solicitors |
| For the Appellant | Mr P J Matthews | Victoria Legal Aid |
| For the Crown | Mr S M Cooper | Mr C Hyland, Solicitor for Public Prosecutions |
ASHLEY JA:
Matthew Hewson, a man born 1 October 1989 and so now aged 21, appeals by leave against sentence passed in the County Court on 18 June 2009 when, on a plea of guilty, he was sentenced as follows:
Ct Offence Victim Sentence Cumulation 1 False imprisonment LO 18m +3m 2 Armed robbery LO 2y +3m 3 Rape LO 6y 3m BASE 4 Indecent assault LO 12m 5 Kidnapping AD 2y +3m 6 Indecent assault AD 18m 7 Indecent assault AD 2y +12m 8 Indecent assault AD 18m 9 Armed robbery AD 2y +3m 10 Attempted armed robbery AD 12m 11 Kidnapping KR 2y +3m 12 Indecent assault KR 2y +12m 13 Attempted armed robbery KR 12m TES 9 years 6 months, NPP 6 years 6 months
Circumstances
The offences were committed, as the above table shows, upon three victims.
At the time of the offending, which took place between April or May 2008 and 9 September 2008, the appellant was aged 18.
The first victim, LO, was then aged 14.
Each of the second and third victims, AD and KR, was aged 16.
The offending involved two incidents. The first concerned LO. The second concerned AD and KR.
The sentencing judge described the offending as follows:
So far as the offences which form the subject of Counts 1‑4 on the presentment, these offences involve LO. On a date in either April or May 2008 LO was catching public transport home after dinner at a friend's house. She missed her connecting train so she walked to catch a bus which arrived at Knox City between 11.30 p.m. and midnight. She was walking to her home and she heard someone behind her on the other side of the road but did not think anything of it at the time. As she got close to home she lit a cigarette. She then saw a man, and that man approached her. He was dressed all in black and he was physically much larger than her. First he asked her for the time, and she could not help because her phone was out of battery and he then asked for a cigarette. She gave him one and then they continued walking in the same direction, this time, of course, on the same side of the road. They talked and he told her that his name was Matt. You were that man. When she arrived at her house she told you that she had to go and thought you were coming to get a hug when she felt something against her. She looked and saw that it was a silver pocket knife. You held it to the front of her throat and said, ‘Don't scream or I'll cut you’. That was the commencement of the first count, the count of false imprisonment.
LO said she would not scream, but she became very upset. You demanded her bag, but she told you that she had nothing in it. You then told her to pull her pants down. She asked why, and you only said ’cos’, and again told her that you would cut her if she refused. You were still holding the knife in your hand. As a result she complied and you demanded that she give you her underpants. She asked you if you would go if she complied and you said you would, so she did comply and you put her underpants in your pocket. That involves Count 2, the count of armed robbery. But you did not leave, so she pulled her trousers back on as quickly as she could.
Each time a car passed you would put the knife to the girl's neck and warn her not to scream. You then told her that she had to perform oral sex on you by sucking your penis. You pulled your pants down to your knees but you still had the knife in one hand. She said she did not want to, but you told her that if she did not do so you would ‘cut her and slice her’. You put the knife to her throat again but removed it when she agreed.
LO was crying and only agreed due to the threats made by you to her.
You then put your penis into her mouth and made her suck it. That involved Count 3, the count of rape. As she performed oral sex upon you, you told her not to worry and that you did not have AIDS. She did this for what she estimated to be about 40 seconds while you pushed her head down towards you. She stopped and again told you that she did not want to, but you again told her to keep going or you would cut her. Eventually she stopped and you told her to masturbate you instead. She did that briefly and you then told her to bend over. She knew you wanted to have sex with her, and although she did not want to be further assaulted, she again complied because she was frightened that otherwise you would cut her. You still had the knife which was visible in your hand.
You put your penis towards the girl's buttocks, but did not penetrate her, nor get close to doing so. That involves Count 4, the indecent assault.
The girl became even more upset and started yelling at you about what you were doing. Fortunately at this stage one of her neighbours arrived home in a car. They parked in the driveway and stayed there for some time with the headlights and engine on so the girl got up and walked to her house but you followed her. She tried to pretend that the house that she was at was not her house but eventually she told you that it was. The girl invited you inside as a pretence and tried to open the door, but it was locked. She was trying to make a noise so that her sister would wake up and come to the door. At this point the front light turned on and you ran away. The ordeal had lasted about 20‑25 minutes and she was falsely imprisoned over that time.
and –
So far as Count 5‑13 are concerned involving AD and KR, on 9 September 2008 the two girls were out walking at a point near the location of the first group of offences. It was about 6.45 p.m. As they walked a man, and that man was you, Mr Hewson, approached them and asked for the time. Ms R checked her phone and told you the time. You then pulled out a knife and said quietly, ‘Come with me now or I'll stab you both’. Ms R said they would come with you if you put knife away, and you then put it in your jacket pocket, but still held on to the knife. You then turned the girls around so that they were walking back the way that they had come. Those incidents involved Counts 5 and 11 on the presentment, both counts of kidnapping.
AD asked you what was going on, but you did not reply. You walked up to the front of a house where there were some bushes along the fence line. AD refused to go into the bushes and you then started to indecently assault her. She tried to stop you but you pulled out the knife and said, ‘Do it or I'll fucking stab you’, and you waved the knife in front of her. First you touched the girl's breasts, putting her hand inside her shirt and touching and squeezing her breasts. The knife was in your pocket at this stage. Those incidents involve Count 6 on the presentment.
Ms D protested, but you ignored her. She tried to stop you, both by telling you to stop and by trying to stop you with her hands but she was very frightened due to the presence of the knife and on a couple of occasions you pulled the knife out again. You wanted AD to take off her top but she refused to do so.
Meanwhile, Ms R had also been trying to stop you. However, you then turned to her and lifted her shirt and started touching her breasts under her bra with both of your hands. You told her to take her bra off. She asked you to stop and said that they would give you anything, however, you ignored her and she slid her bra down to her stomach. You then touched her breasts for about a minute, squeezing them. You then told the girls to go into the bushes, and as they were very frightened they complied. You then started touching Ms R on the breast under her top again. You returned to do this a third time. That involved Count 12 on the presentment, which is a rolled‑up count of indecent assault involving the three incidents referred to in Schedule B, which is annexed to the presentment.
You then turned back to Ms D and asked her to take her top off; she refused. You came closer to her and put your hand down the front of her pants and into her underwear and started touching and rubbing her vagina with the flat of your hand. That involves Count 7, a count of indecent assault, and again that is a rolled‑up count involving the incidents referred to in Schedule A.
Because she feared the knife, Ms D did not physically resist you and you assaulted her for about 10 seconds or thereabouts. You then told Ms D to take off her underpants. She refused saying, ‘No, you are not going to have them’. However, you threatened her, saying, ‘It is either that or I will rape you up the arse’. She again refused, and you again put your hands into her underwear and started rubbing her vagina as you had before. That also involves part of Count 7, the count of indecent assault.
Ms D was crying and begging you to stop. You then approached Ms R and demanded her underwear, she refused, and that involves Count 13, the count of attempted armed robbery.
Ms D pulled away on this occasion and started to walk away. However, you grabbed her on the bottom, and that involves the indecent assault alleged by Count 8. She turned back and told you to stay away from her. You grabbed her jumper and tried to pull her back towards you and she saw that you had the knife out again. She was crying and her crying was getting increasingly loud. You then threatened to stab the girls if she did not shut up. Ms R offered you her bank card and PIN number, but you again demanded the girl's underwear. They asked you if you would leave them alone if she complied and you said you would. Ms R told you that they would comply if you stood on your knife, and you did that. Ms R said that her underwear was large underwear and you would not want it, so you said that you would only take Ms D’s. Reluctantly she pulled her underpants off and gave them to you. That is Count 9, the count of armed robbery.
You also tried to take Ms D's iPod from her, but she refused to part with it. That involves Count 10 on the presentment, a count of attempted armed robbery. When you went to pick up the knife both of the girls ran away.
The appellant was arrested on 10 September 2008. When his room was searched, police found AD’s underpants, pornographic magazines and four other pairs of women’s underwear, one of which belonged to LO.
The appellant was interviewed by police on 10 September 2008. He made a considerable number of admissions, although he underplayed the seriousness of what he had done. Nonetheless, as I earlier indicated, he pleaded guilty to the counts upon which he was presented.
Each of the complainants made a victim impact statement in which she explained the emotional and psychological sequelae of the incident.
Grounds
The appellant appeals on the following grounds:
1.The learned judge erred in finding the appellant at high risk of reoffending.
2.The learned judge erred in finding the appellant had poor prospects of rehabilitation.
3.The learned judge erred in failing to take into account (either sufficiently or at all) the role of the appellant’s immaturity in the offending.
4.The learned judge erred in failing to take into account (either sufficiently or at all) the impact of adult custody upon the appellant.
5.The sentence imposed on count 3, the total effective sentence and the non-parole period are manifestly excessive.
Sentencing remarks
The judge emphasised the seriousness of the offending, and aggravating aspects of the appellant’s conduct when he said:
LO, the victim in Counts 1‑4 inclusive was only 14 years old when you accosted her as she walked home alone at night from her bus stop at Knox City. The girl was not previously known to you, and after you caught up with her you engaged her in conversation while walking with her and you then threatened her at knife‑point when she was near her home. You demanded her underwear and threatened to cut her with a knife if she did not comply. Understandably she gave you her panties and then this vulnerable young girl was subjected to the ultimate indignity when you raped her orally. You put your penis into her mouth and demanded that she suck it although you were well aware she was not freely agreeing to such an act. You threatened to cut her unless she complied, and out of fear she did what you demanded. When you stopped, you told her to masturbate you and indecently assaulted her in the circumstances described in the Crown opening.
You imprisoned this child in the sense that she was not free to leave and detained her for some 20‑25 minutes in what was clearly a terrifying time for her. You treated this child with callous indifference, having no regard for her whatsoever. Your conduct well merits the epithets of despicable, repulsive and abhorrent. You subjected this child to great indignities and the emotional consequences for her were significant, although she has declared a very measured victim‑impact statement.
His Honour identified particularly relevant sentencing considerations:
The circumstances in which you committed these crimes on each occasion are indeed concerning, and the offence seriousness is very high indeed. Relevant sentencing considerations include a combination of just punishment, deterrence, that is deterrence to you personally as well as to others who may be minded or even tempted to act as you did on these occasions.
The sentence should also reflect, and be seen to reflect, the denunciation of such violent sexual conduct, as well as considering the protection of the community and also considering your prospects so far as your rehabilitation in the future is concerned.
I regard specific deterrence, the protection of the community and denunciation as particularly important factors to weigh and balance in the overall sentencing process. They are particularly relevant considerations given the opinion expressed by Ms Pamela Matthews, a psychologist, whose report is in evidence and who also gave evidence in the course of the plea, when she stated that you have the potential to be a very serious sexual offender without treatment and appropriate intervention.
You committed these crimes within the space of some six months and the very circumstances in which the crimes were committed, in a public area at night, so far as the first series of offences were concerned, and in the evening, so far as the second series of offences were concerned, these offences were committed on young women and those facts highlight the importance of protecting the community.
While general deterrence remains a factor to be considered, I have concluded that it is of less importance than it ordinarily is in cases such as this because of your age in particular, and to that may be added relevant factors in your background together with the fact that you had not previously been convicted of any sexual offence.
While I acknowledge that the rehabilitation of a young offender, if it can be achieved, is a prime aim in the criminal justice system, I will refer to your prospects so far as future rehabilitation is concerned later in these reasons for sentence.
His Honour accepted that the plea of guilty had been made early, and that, the significance of the plea aside, the appellant had made admissions in his record of interview and had exhibited remorse.
The very experienced judge acknowledged that the appellant’s youth was ‘a significant factor to consider in the overall sentencing process.’
His Honour referred to the reports of Dr Danny Sullivan, consultant psychiatrist, dated 23 October 2008, and of Ms Pamela Matthews, psychologist, dated 23 May 2009. He noted a degree of divergence in the reports, specifically whether the appellant was still suffering from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (‘ADHD’).
His Honour also noted that each practitioner had described the appellant as immature.
In her report, Ms Matthews had assessed the risk of reoffending as being moderate to high. But the judge said this:
… However, in the light of her evidence that you had the potential to be a very serious sexual offender without treatment and active intervention, and her opinion that the commission of the sexual offences, coupled with your sexual development and preferences, meet the diagnostic criteria of fetishism, I regard this risk for re‑offending as high.
His Honour further summarised the position in this way:
So far as an appropriate sentence is concerned, yours is a very concerning and very complex problem. Whilst you are a young offender who has had problems with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and while bearing in mind very firmly the importance of rehabilitation for a young offender, those factors cannot supersede in the circumstances here considerations of specific deterrence, the need to protect the community, and denunciation in the sentencing possess. While you are a young offender with what Ms Matthews described as a dirty underwear fetish, dirty in the sense of worn or used female underwear, that fetish has quite rapidly developed into violent sexual offending including the very serious crime of rape.
As Ms Matthews' report stated, ‘Once fetishism is established it tends to be chronic’. Whilst I do not rule out the possibility of rehabilitation given your youth and the fact that you have not previously committed a sexual offence, on the material before me, not only do I lack confidence about your prospects for rehabilitation, I regard those prospects for the future as bleak. However, treatment is vital while you serve your sentence, and hopefully when you become eligible for parole the Adult Parole Board may be in a position to assist you with further treatment as well as supervision.
and –
In imposing sentence, the base sentence will be that imposed on Count 3, that is the count of rape.
I have moderated the sentence which ordinarily would be imposed for this serious crime because of the number of counts upon which you fall to be sentenced for the two discrete episodes of offending, the first before 30 June and the second on 9 September 2008, which involved three victims in all and because of the fact that a number of orders directing partial cumulation will be made, and bearing in mind the principle of totality.
Having imposed sentence, his Honour stated, pursuant to s 6AAA of the Sentencing Act 1991, that if the appellant had been convicted after trial he would have imposed a sentence of 12 years’ imprisonment with a non-parole period of nine years.
Grounds 1 and 2
Each of these grounds is a complaint of specific error – that is, that the judge made, and then acted upon, a wrong finding of fact.
The expert, Ms Matthews, reported that the appellant was at ‘moderate to high risk of re-offending’; and that treatment could reduce the risk.
The judge acknowledged what Ms Matthews had said in her report; but he stated that viva voce evidence given by the witness had persuaded him that the risk was high. He summarised the particular evidence as having been that the appellant ‘had the potential to be a very serious sexual offender without treatment and appropriate intervention’, and that the appellant met the diagnostic criteria of fetishism.
The judge’s finding that the appellant was at high risk of re-offending, and his finding that the appellant’s prospects of rehabilitation were bleak – findings attacked by grounds 1 and 2 – were interconnected. Absent rehabilitation, the combination of factors which had led to the appellant’s offending would remain unremedied, and the risk of him re-offending might readily be assessed as high.
Ms Matthews’ pessimistic assessment of risk, given in her oral evidence, assumed an absence of treatment and ‘appropriate intervention’. But an absence of treatment could not be assumed, particularly in a custodial setting.
Ms Matthews gave evidence as to the prospects for successful treatment.
The extent of the appellant’s present and prospective insight into his offending and fetish was pertinent in that connection. Ms Matthews gave this evidence:
What do you say about Mr Hewson's insight in relation to the fetish behaviour and indeed the offending?---I don't think he has insight into the fetish behaviour. I think he has insight into the facts that he distressed his victims enormously.
and –
Do you think he has any insight in relation to the, I suppose, aspects of rehabilitation that he will have to go through to minimise the risk of re-offending of this type?---No, I don't think Mr Hewson understands that at this stage.
You say at this stage. Is that something that you would anticipate happening as he matures and simply gets older by age?---It is because he is so young at present. He just doesn't have the insight that an older person might have. Not all older sex offenders do have insight, but he, you know, is very young and very immature.
Ms Matthews’ assessment that the appellant presented as being ‘very immature, very concrete’, and ‘for more immature than his age would suggest … three or four years younger than his actual chronological age’, fitted in with her opinion that, at that time, the appellant lacked the insight desirable for successful rehabilitation. But the passage in her evidence just cited showed that she believed that maturity, and with it insight, would probably eventuate.
Concerning the potential for effective treatment, Ms Matthews also said this:
I would prefer to see Mr Hewson treated within the adolescent sex offenders program. I have concerns in terms of the adult program in that they mix paedophiles and rapists. They don't separate them out. And I'd have concerns about him becoming a more sophisticated offender in that context.
In all, when his Honour considered the matter, the appellant’s established fetish, his immaturity and his lack of insight made it difficult to predict that treatment would be effective. But it was another thing for his Honour to find, to the criminal standard, that the appellant’s prospects for rehabilitation were bleak – and hence that the risk of him re-offending was high. Those findings rested either on the appellant not having treatment, or else upon treatment failing.
Acknowledging the difficult task which confronted his Honour, in my respectful opinion it was not open to him to make those findings to the criminal standard. The assumption inherent in the first finding could not be safely made.[1] The latter finding involved a degree of pessimism which the evidence did not justify. The evidence, in my view, rather justified findings that the appellant’s prospects of rehabilitation were guarded, and hence that the risk of him re-offending was moderate to high – the former characterisation being pessimistic enough if treatment was undertaken with an apparent measure of success, the latter being appropriate if treatment was undertaken but without apparent success.
[1]Indeed - not that it was before his Honour - the appellant, since conviction, has constantly indicated his preparedness to undergo relevant treatment. This is at least consistent with the development of some insight.
In the event, I consider that grounds 1 and 2 have been made out.
Grounds 3–5
Error having been demonstrated, the question is whether this Court considers that a different sentence should have been passed. Its consideration of that question does not depend upon the appellant establishing that any aspect of the sentences passed was manifestly excessive, or that the judge attached no or inadequate weight to the appellant’s immaturity or to the impact of adult custody upon the appellant. It is nonetheless desirable to make these short observations: (1) authorities do show that immaturity – a concomitant of youth – can be relevant to assessment of the criminality involved in offending;[2] (2) incarceration of a young (and immature) young man in an adult prison carries the risk of causing damage ‘for which the offender and the community may pay dearly in the long term’;[3] (3) evidence adduced at the Court’s request[4] from Mr Brendan Money, Acting Assistant Commissioner, Offender Management Services, Corrections Victoria, shows that the appellant has been incarcerated at Ararat Prison since August 2009. It is a prison for sexual offenders – some 400 in all. Few are as young as the appellant. The prisoners include paedophiles and all other manner of sexual offenders. Some are recidivists. There is apparently no alternative to the appellant being imprisoned at Ararat until some months before his release. It is expected that he will then be transferred to the Marngoneet Correctional Centre - a facility which has accommodation, inter alia, for 50 sexual offenders undertaking intensive psychological treatment before release.
[2]R v Hearne (2001) 124 A Crim R 451, 458 [25]; DPP v SJR and GAS [2002] VSCA 131 [61]; R v PP (2003) 142 A Crim R 369, 374 [8] (Callaway JA).
[3]R v Misokka [1995] VSC 215 [4] (Vincent AJA).
[4]In the context of possible re-sentencing.
Disposition of the appeal
I am persuaded that the appeal should be allowed and a different sentence passed. Bad as the appellant’s offending was – and I do not underestimate its gravity – it was committed by a young man. He was aged 18 at the time of offending, and 19 at sentence. He is still aged only 21. He was immature for his years, and given appropriate treatment, was (and is) not without prospect of rehabilitation. That prospect, though not dominant when regard is had to the seriousness of the offending, should in my opinion be given significant weight. So also, I consider – particularly with respect to the appropriate non-parole period – that weight should be given to what Callaway JA described in R v PP[5] as ‘the ever-present need to facilitate [a youthful offender’s] release from the adult prison system if that could properly be achieved’ – a need highlighted in the present case by the prison in which the appellant is incarcerated and by the fact that, consonant with prisons’ practice, the appellant will only be given treatment for his abnormal sexual behaviour in the months before his release.
[5](2003) 142 A Crim R, 369, 377 [17].
I propose that the appellant be re-sentenced as follows:
Count 1 18 months’ imprisonment Count 2 2 years’ imprisonment Count 3 5 years and 9 months’ imprisonment Count 4 12 months’ imprisonment Count 5 2 years’ imprisonment Count 6 12 months’ imprisonment Count 7 18 months’ imprisonment
Count 8 12 months’ imprisonment Count 9 2 years’ imprisonment Count 10 12 months’ imprisonment Count 11 2 years’ imprisonment Count 12 18 months’ imprisonment Count 13 12 months’ imprisonment
I would cumulate three months of each of the sentences on counts 1, 2, 4, 5 and 9 and six months of each of the sentences on counts 7 and 12 on each other and on the sentence on count 3. The total effective sentence would be eight years’ imprisonment. I would fix a non-parole period of five years and four months’ imprisonment. I would confirm the other orders made below, and I would declare that 912 days, not including this day, have been already served pursuant to sentence.
For the purposes of s 6AAA of the Sentencing Act, I would state that had the appellant been convicted after trial I would have imposed a total effective sentence of 9 years and 3 months’ imprisonment, and I would have fixed a non-parole period of 6 years and 6 months’ imprisonment. I would record that the individual sentences and orders for cumulation would have been as set out in [35] above, except that the sentences on counts 3, 7 and 12 would have been, respectively, 6 years and 2 months, 21 months and 21 months’ imprisonment; and that I would have cumulated 11 months’ of each of the sentences on counts 7 and 12.
BONGIORNO JA:
I agree with Ashley JA that the appeal should be allowed for the reasons his Honour gives. I also agree with his Honour’s proposed disposition.
Ms Matthews, the forensic psychologist who assessed the appellant in May 2009, described his offending as the product of his poor impulse control, anger towards young women as a response to his own traumatic experiences of being bullied as a child and the development of his sexual preferences. She recommended that he be offered treatment and, in particular, that he be involved in the Male Adolescent Program for Positive Sexuality (MAPPS) provided to young
offenders by the Adolescent Forensic Health Service. Unfortunately, as Mr Money informed the Court in his evidence on this appeal, such a program is not available to offenders in the adult correctional system, regardless of their age. Its application is confined to those undergoing detention in a Juvenile Justice Centre; but such a disposition is available only where the term of incarceration is three years or less – a sentence which would be inadequate in the appellant’s case. As a result, he has been deprived of the opportunity of addressing the condition which led to his offending at the earliest possible opportunity and with professional help from a program designed for people of his age.
Offenders of the same age as the appellant, whose offending is less serious, could receive such help in the juvenile justice system. I should add that Dr Danny Sullivan, a respected and experienced forensic psychiatrist who examined the appellant in 2008, also considered that he needed treatment. Such treatment as this appellant will be offered will be postponed until he has almost completed his sentence. Although he has been in custody since September 2008 nothing has been done by his custodian to date towards achieving his rehabilitation, at least with respect to his sexual proclivities.
Out of this unsatisfactory situation the community is the ultimate loser. As Mr Money’s evidence made clear, despite his regularly expressed willingness to submit to treatment, the appellant will receive none at all in the adult correctional system until the final months of his sentence. At that time he will be offered a sexual offenders program at Marngoneet Correctional Centre – a program restricted to 50 prisoners at a time out of a sex offender population of about 400 at Ararat.
It is inevitable that sex offenders will eventually be released into the community when they have completed their sentences. It would be very much in the community’s interests that whilst they are incarcerated they be offered the best possible treatment to maximise their chances of not falling into recidivism. This is particularly so in respect of young offenders like the appellant who have, at least in
Ms Matthews’ opinion, a treatable condition but have no access to her recommended treatment; and will have no treatment at all until about 2014.
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