East-West Airlines (Operations) Ltd v Wraith, Kenneth F

[1983] FCA 98

CATCAWORDS

J u d i c j a l Review - Adminis t ra t ive Pe 'c is jons (Jur3jcial Review)

Act 1977 - approva l of d i s c o u n t a i r fare reques ted - c o n t e n t s

of r e q u e s t - power of C o m m i t t e p t o impose c o n d i t i o n s -

Independent A i r F a r e s Comrnlttee A c t 1983.

Admin i s t r a t jve Decisions ( J u d i c i a l Rev iew! Act 1977 ~ 7 . 5 , 17.

Independent A i r P a r e s Committee Act Iq81 ss.3,12,16,17,26.

EAST-WEST A I R L T N E S (OFERATTONS) LTD. V . KENNCTH F. WRAITH,

i -

D R . D.W. Z I N I C and IIOKJ. K . M . C A I R N S i n t h e i r c a p a c i t y a s

- - ---

members of t h e INDEPFFDENT J T R FARES COYYTTTEF.

VG No. 54 of 1 9 R 3

Smi thers J.

23 May l9R3

Melbourne.

V I C T O R I A D T S T R i C T R E G I S T R Y VG No. 5 4 of 1093

I 1

G E N E R A L D T V I S J O N \

!

Between: E A S T WFST ?IFLIP.rES

? O P E R A T I O \ l S \ L T D .

(app? icant)

And : KFMVETH F. W P A I T H ,

- DR. D.W. ?TV!< and

HnN. K.X. C A T P V S in

thejr capacity a s

mmnhers of the

(Respondents1

J u d q e Makinq Order:	Smithers J.
Date of Orger:	23 March 1983
Where MaPe:	Me1 bourne

O R D E R

THE COURT ORDERS THP-T:

1.      The applicatjon be dismissed.

2. The applicant pay the respondents' costs of the

appljcation.

l

i

VG N o . 5 4 of lQQ7

Between: E A S T VJrST ATRL, IMES

.. f O P E R A T T O X S 7 1,Tn.

(Applicant)

And:	-	KENN'ZTH F. WRAITH,
DR. D.W. 7 T N K and
HON. K . Y . CAJRNS in
their capacity as members o f the

(ResponAentsl

Coram: Smithcrs J.

23 May 1'387

Melbourne

This 1 s an application to review a decision of the

respondents made F, March l"R3 pursuant to S . 1 7 f 4 1 of the

.

Tndependent Air Fares - CommiCtce Act. 1 Q R 1 (the Act), the --

decision heinq that approval be qranted by the respondents (the Committee) to the applicant to charge a discount air fare of '$120 on the round trjp originatjnq jn Sydney or Melbourne on the route Me1 b"urne/Albury/Sy?ney during the

period March 1 9 x 3 to 30 Anrll 3 9 x 3 .

2.

The applicant is agqrjeved by the imposition of the

time limitation. It seeks a declaration that the limitation

1 s void and of no effect, and that the appllcant is entitled

to continue to charqe the said discount air fare for the relevant service until the approval is revoked pursuant to

s.17(6! of the Act. It seeks this relief under ss.5 and 16

of the Administrative Decisions (LTudir!:ial Review) Act 1977.

! The applicant has for some time operated an air

service between Sydney and Alhury an? between Albury ancl

Melbourne. A passenger who wished to travel from Sydney to Melbourne would pay the fare determined by the respondents in respect of the services from Sydney to Al.bury and from Alhury to Melbourne, the total fare heinq substantially in excess of s 1 2 0 . 0 0 . In February 1 qR3, thc applicant, f l e s j rinq to

introduce a service from Sydney to Melbourne at a fare which would represent a discount on the fare othcrw~ se payahle hy

passenqcrs travellinq that journey, sent a telex to the

respondents dated 23 February 19R3 commencing with the words,

"Application in Accordance of Section l7 of the T A F C Act for Approval of a Di scount Air Fare". Tnter alia the trlex .

contained information to the effect that. thc route w a s

Melbourne/Sydney/Melhourne, hy FokPer P77 aircraft, that the

fare was S120 for a round trip, renresentinq A?.35? of currently approved cconomy fare. The telex advisecl that the proposed discount fare would he applied to services cond~~cted

b

l	3 .
L

V

hy the appljcant over the route Melhourne /4 lbury /Sydney. Tt asserted that the justification for approval of the Alscount air fare was that It would constitute incremental revenue to augment the low load factors currently beinq achieved on route. It asserted that the jncrsment-a1 revenue would ensure the maintpnance of the perceived minimal level of air service desired over the route hy improvinq viability and that the approval of the discount air fare could have no effect on the level of approved economy air fares charcred by Ansett and the Australian National Airlines Commission in respect of thelr non-stop turbo jet aircraft on the route. It jndicatecl that the discount airfare would be sold only in respect of round

trips originating from Sydney or Velhourne and that it

desired to introduce the approved discount fare as from March

1, 1983.

On 25 February 1 q R . 7 the .Committee advised the

applicant that it had given preliminary consideration to the request and that to fulfil its responsthiliti~s under the

IAFC Act it requjred certain addjtional informat-ion. Yhjrteen

items of information were requjred, i-ncludinq the load factor for the past six months on the Melhourne/Alhury, Sydney /Albury rout.es the numbrr of passengers and passenger type

who have travelled on a round trip oriqinatinq in Melhourne

or Sydney in the past six months, the applicant's estimate o f the numher of passenqers who would avail themselves of the proposer? discount, the applicant's anticipaCion of the

. . .

. .

4.

d i l u t i o n r a t e from passcnqers w h o c u r r e n t l y u t j l i z e t h e

r e t u r n r o u t e on i t s services, t h e a p p l . j c a n t ' s o n t i c i p a r i o n of

t h e d i l u t i o n r a t e from passengers who c u r r e n t l y u t i l i z e t h e

one-way journey e i ther Melbourne t o Sydney or Sydney t o

M e l b o u r n e b y f a r e t y p e o n t h e a p p l i c a n t ' s s e r v i c e s , w h e t h e r

I a d d i t i o n a l services would be provided because of the d i s c o u n t

ra te , whether any s e a t i n g r e s t r i c t i o n would app ly , wha t t he

a p p l i c a n t ' a n t i c l p n t e d h i s competitor's response would be i f

I the d i s c o u n t were approved , and the a p p l i c a n t ' s a n t i c i p a t i o n

of i t s cos t / r evenue r e s u l t from the d i s c o u n t to be ~f i t s

competitors were t o lnatch the f a r c . J t e m s 1.1 a n d 1 7 were i n

the fo l lowinq form: -

" ( 1 1 1 For what per iod of time d o you a n t i c i p a t e

t h e d i s c o u n t will be e f f e c t i v e ?

(12' What d o y o u a n t i c i p a t e will he t h e n e t

revenue gained from the p roposed d i scoun t?

P l e a s e p r o b - i d e f u l l details."

On 2 5 February 19Q3 t h e a p p l j c a n t r e p l i e d t o t h e s e

e n q u i r i e s . I n answer t o item 1 1 t h e a p p l i c a n t s t a t e d :

" ( 1 1 ) T r i a l per iod t o 3 0 April. I Q 9 - 4 w i t h o F t i o n

t o e x t e n d o n s a v e o r v a r i a b l e b a s i s

sub jec t t o n e o o t i a t i o n o f TAFC"

i n respect of item I:! t he a p p l i c a n t s t a t e d :

" ( 1 2 ) 600 RT f a r e s monthly nrosses D L W 144,000

Mar/Apr 1 ess commissions and advert is jnq

l e a v e s DLRS qP,000 n e t a a i n , less i n + l i q h t

costs and PSGR overheads	1-eaves	n e t	DLRS
93,000 qa in ."

The app l i can t a l so s t a t e d t h a t it be1 icverl competitors would

n o t be ahl e t o ma tch t he fare u n l e s s they adop ted t he same

COndlti.onS a s L?os t /N~st inclu?i.na a chanqe of a i r c r a f t or

', I

4 .   S.

. crew and a p p l i c a n t f l i g h t number a t Albury. It a d v i s e d t h a t t h e

was aiminq t o r e a c h p r i c e s e n . ; i t i v e t r a v e l l e r s who

c i t h e r uso'l o t h e r means of t r a n s p o r t o r who cou ld no t a f fo rd

t h e j e t Committee f a r e s on t h e d l r e c t r o u t e . On 1 March 1093 t h e

requeqted further informat-Ion, namely,

(1) what specif ic f1inht .s formed t h e hasls of t h e

appl icant. ' S estimat-e: and

(21 if a c l d l t i o n a l f l i a h t s w e r e necessa ry .

On 1 March 1 9 8 3 t h e a p p l i c a n t a d v i s e d t h a t i t s

I

r s t i n a t e s were based on March 5 lC)F13 scbedu lcs and t ha t i t

a n t i c i p a t e d c a p a c i t y b e i n g aAd?d t o an aqqr twate of t h r e e

! round t r i p s e r v i c e s d a i l y w i t h u p t o f o u r r o u n d t r i p s d a i l y

a 5 t r a f f i c d e v e l o p e d . O n 3 March 1923 t'7e a p p l i c a n t , i n

answer t o a t e l e p h o n e i n a u i r y from t h e Committee suppl i e d

in format ion a s t o t h e p r o p o s e d f r e q u e n c i e s .

: On 8 March 19'33 t h e Committee informed t h e a p p l i c a n t ,

as fo l lows : -

"I r e f e r s u p p o r t i n s t o y o u r t e l e x e s of 37, 2 5 February, 1

and 2 March 1 9 O 7 r e q u e s t i n o a p p r o v a l wi t h

d e t - a i l s of o r i g i n a t i - n q Droposed d i scoun t f a r e of

S 1 2 0 o n t h e r o u n d t r j p i n S y d n e y or

Mel .bourne over thP Route Melbourne-Alhury -

Sydney on P37 a i r c r a f t .

I wish t o a d v i s e t h a t f o l l o w i n q c o n s i d e r a t i o n of

t h e i n f o r m a t i o n p r o v j r l e d , t h 2 C o m m i t t e e h a s

approved, under s . 1 7 f 4 ' of t h e TAFC A c t , t h r

above d i scoun t f a r e 011 t h e f o l l o w i n g c o n d j t i o n s : "

The cond i t ions i nc lu r l ed t he fo l 1 owinq:

(1' a d i s c o u n t f a r e of $120.00 f o r r e t u r n

t r a v e l ~ e l h o u r n e / ~ y d n e y f o r v i c e v e r s a )

ava l lab- . !p wi tb ln tFe p ~ r l o d R March to 3 0

6.

A p r i l 1087 j n c l u s i v c .

9 d d i t i o n a l c o n d i t i o n s w e r e t h a t t h e service would be prnvided

on F27 t h a t t h e f a r e a i r c r a f t . o n l y on t h e r o u t e MelhournefAlburylSydney,

would be a v a i l a b l e on 30 A n r i l a r e t u r n basis on ly , each

r e t u r n xourney to be comple ted by 1 Q23, t h a t it was

a v a i l a b l e on 25 r e t u r n f l i q h t s a week SydneyfAlbury and

1	e l e v e n	r e t u r n	f l i q h t s	p e r	week	Melbourne/42burp,	that	no
i

o t h e r d i s c o u n t s w e r e a p p l i c a b l e , t h a t EWA e n s u r e d t h a t t h e

c o n d i t i o n s were c l e a r l y o u t l i n e d i n a d v e r t l s i n q and a t t h e

time o f r e s e r v a t i o n o r s a l e o f t i c k e t s . I t was also a s t a t e d

c o n d ~ t i o n t h a t t h e a p p l i c a n t p r o v i d e f o r t n i g h t l y r l e t a l l s of

i t s r e s u l t s o f t h e d i s c o u n t f a r e s i n c l u d i n a e s t j m a t e s of t h e

source of d j s coun t pas senge r s ca rT ied . The Committee a 1 so

a d v i s e d t h a t i n r e a c h i n g i t s d e c i s j o n it n o t e d i t s

I

r e s p o n s i b i l i t y u n d e r t h e A c t t o b e s a t i s f i e d t h a t t h e

i n t r o a u c t j o n o f a proposed d i scount fa re was u n l j k e l y t o

r e s u l t i n economy a i r f a r e s i n r ' e s p e c t of a i r s e r v j ces

pr0viclP.d	by	any	t runk	rou	te	ope ra to r	ove	r	t runk	rou te s	1 w i n q
i n c r e a s e d .

It was submi t ted by Mr. L i d d e l l f o r t h e a p p l j c a n t

t h a t t h e e f f e c t of t h e communica t ions s e t o u t a b o v e was t h a t

t h e Committee had approved t he i n r roduc t ion by t he app l i can t

of t h e d i s c o u n t a i r f a r e a t t h e amount proposed , accor r l inq ly

the app l l can t might. l a w f u l l y c h a r q e t h a t r a t e u n t ~ l t h e

approva l was r evoked pu r suan t t o S . l7(6) of the Ac t . H e

po in t ed o u t t h a t t h e Commjttec ha3 purported t o mak- i t s

!	L
i *.
. *

a p p r o v a l c o n d i t i o n a l i n t h e sense t h a t l t was t o e x p i r e on ?D

i

A p r i l . I l e c o n t e n d e d t h a t t h e a t t e m p t t o i m p o s e t h a t

c o n d i t i o n wrls i n v a l j d and revoked . i n e f f e c t i v e , and t h a t t h e a p p r o v a l

should remain in force un t i l . I t w a s a q n p s t i o n , h e

said, a s t o w h e t h e r t h e c o n d i t i o n was " seve rab le" f rom the

I

approva l . He con tended t ha t r evoca t ion of an hpproval was t o

be ach ieved th rouqh processes descr ihc4 i n s . 1 7 f 5 ) and f f i ) o f

t h e A c t . N o such r evoca t ion has a s y e t o c c u r r e d .

All t h i s d e p e n d s upon t h e p r o p e r c o n s t r u c t i o n of s.17

of t h e A c t . That s e c t i o n m u s t o f course h e c o n s t r u e d j n t h e

I c o n t e x t i n w h i c h it s t a n d s , n a m e l y t h e o t h e r p r o v i s j o p s of

the Act . The A c t i s c a l l e d , "An Act t o e s t a b l i s h a Commlttee

t o r e v i e w t h e h - s i s on which c e r t a i n d o m e s t i c p a s s e n q e r f a r e s

a r e det-ermined and t o de te rmjne t hose domes t i c pas senae r air

f a r e s " . I n P a r t I1 of t h e Act the Comnl t tee i s e s t a b l i s h e d .

I n P a r t t h a t t h e f u n c t i o n s 111 i ts f u n c t i o n s are s t .a tea . Sec t jon 1 2 ( 1 ) p rov ides

of t h e Committee a r e ,

( a ) t o c o n d u c t , i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h i s A c t c o s t

a l l o c a t i o n r e v i e w s ...

( b ) t o conduct , ... m a j o r a i r f a r e r e v i e w s a n d m i n o r

a i r f a r e r e v l e w s :

( c ) a f t e r comple t jon o f each ma2or a i r f a r e s r e v i e w or

m i n o r a i r f a r e s r e v i e w t o d e t e r m l n e t h e amount o r

t h e economy a i r f a r e s t h a t a r e t h e s u b j e c t of t h e

review . . .

( c l ) t.0 a p p r o v e . i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h i s A c t , proposed

d i s c o u n t a i r f a r e s . . . "

It i s t h e e f f e c t of s . 1 5 1 1 ) t h a t upon r e q u e s t hy a passenqer

o p e r a t o r a major a i r f a r e r e v i e w is under t aken hy t he

1

Committee and t h e economy f a r e s t h a t may he charqed or

1

rmoposed t o be cFarqeP i n r e s p e c t of spec i f l e r l a i r s e r v i c e s

.

+ R .

.

are de te rmined by t h e Committee. Section 1 6 p r o v i d e s t h a t a

minor a i r fares revlew i s conducted unon a r e q u e s t hy a

passenge r ope ra to r who s e e k s a review i n r e s p e c t of a

proposed increase o f no t more than 5 per centum i n an economy

a i r f a r e . I n t h e a b s e n c e of such a r e q u e s t t h e Committee mav

not conduct a m i n o r a i r f a r e s r e v i e w .

Pursuant t o s.17(1) of t h e A c t ' a p a s s e n q e r o p e r a t o r

may r e q u e s t t h e Committee t o approve a d i s c o u n t a i r f a r e t h a t

the ope ra to r p roposes t o c h a r q e i n r e s p e c t o f t r a v e l o v e r a n y

: r o u t e . S e c t i o n 1 7 i s i n t h e € o l l o w i n q terms:-

"Approval of d i s c o u n t f a r e s

1 7 . f l ) A p a s s e n a e r o n e r a t o r m a y , i n

a c c o r d a n c e w i t h s u b - s e c t j o n f 2 ) , r e q u e s t t h e

C o m m i t t P e t o approve n d i s c o u n t a i r f a r e t h a t t h e

p a s s e n q e r o n e r a t o r p r o p o s e s t o c h a r q e i n r e s p c c t

of t r ave l ove r any route. s u b - s e c t i o n

( 2 ) A r e q u e s t u n d e r f 1) i n

r e l a t i o n t o a p r o p o s e d d i s c o u n t a i r f a r e i n

r e s p e c t of t r a v e l o v e r a r o u t e s h a l l h e made by

n o t j c e	i n	w r j t i n q	q i v e n	t o	t h e	Chairman	s e t t l n s
o u t -

(a) w h i c h e v e r o f t F e f o l l o w i n g a m o u n t s i s

a p p l i c a b l e :

i n a c a s e t o which su?-~p.~raqraph ( i i ) does

n o t a p p l y - t h e amount (expresser1 as a

p e r c e n t a g e of t h e e c o n o n y a i r f a r e s

charqed by t he pas sen r Je r ope ra to r ove r

t h a t r o u t e 1 of t h e p r o p o s e d d i s c o u n t a l r

f a r e : or

j n t h e c a s c o f a r e q u e s t by a pac,s?nqer

operator, o t h c r t h a n 9 n s e t t o r t h e

Commissjon, i n r e s p e c t of t r a v e l o v e r a

t runk rou te ove r wh ich bo th Pnse t t and t h e

C o m m l s s i o n p r o v i d c a l r s e r v i c e s - the

amount frxpresserj a s a percen taqe of t h c

1

,.

9.

i	purposes of sub-section 26f1). approved economy air fares that are, for the
air fares i.n relation to Pmsett and the Commission in relation to that route) of the proposer! discount air fare: and

(b) the proposed 6iscount air fare conditions (if any) under which the

is to he

availabl e.

( 3 ) Where a passenqer onerator requests the

!	Committee to approve a discount alr f a r e , thc Committee shall, before the expiration of 7 days after the Committee obtains such information as it considers necessary to be ohtaine? from the passenger operator who made the request or from
any other passenger operator in order to qivc its
l	decision on the request.

( 4 ) If the Committee js satjqfied that -

(a’ the

profitabi1it.y of the operat~ons of that

passenoer operatof in relation to the

provision of air services:

introduction of that proposed discount

air fare is likely to improve the

(b)	the lntroduction of that proposed discount alr fare is unlikely to result in economy
air fares in respect of air services
provided by any trunk route operator over trunk routes bclnq increased: and
(C)	the conditions (if any) under which that
proposed discount a 1 r fare js to he
available are reasonable and will he

applied without discrimination between

persons or classe5 of pesons who can

comply with the conditions,

the Committee shall approve the proposed discount

air fare hut, if the Commit.tee .is not s o satisfied, the Committee shall. not approve the proposed discount air fare.

(5) Where -

(a)	the Committee has approved, 1n relation to a passcnqer operator, a eiscount air fare
in accordance with this section: and

(b) any passenger operator qjves notice in

wrlting to the Cha3rman requestinq the

Committee to conduct R review of the

n -

10.

a v a i l a b i l ~ t y of t h a t d i s c o u n t a i r f a r e o r

t.he Committee i s s a t i s f i e d t h a t it i s

d e s i r a b l e t o c o n d u c t a r e v i e w o f t h e

a v a i l a b i l i t y of t.hat discount. a i r f a r e ,

t h e Committee s h a l l d i s c o u n t c o n d u c t a revjew of t h e

a v a i l a b i l i t y o f t h a t a i r f a r e ancl s h a l l

c o m p l e t e t h e r e v j e w b e f o r e t h e e x p i r a t i o n of l A

d a y s a f t e r t h e Committee obtains such inFormntion

as it cons ide r s necessa ry t.o be oh ta ined i n o r d e r

t o comple te the rev iew.

I ( 6 ) bfiere -

( a ) t h e Committee conducts a review OF t h e

a v a i l a h i l j t y of a d i s c o u n t a i r c a r e t h a t

was, i n r e l a t j o n t o a p a s s e n q e r o p e r a t o r ,

approved by the Committee i n accordance

w i t h t h l s s e c t i o n : a n d

(b) the Committee -

(i.) i s satisfied t h a t , i € t h e C o m m i t t e e

revoked the approval of t h a t d i s c o u n t a i r

I

f a r e , t h e p r o f i t a b i l i t y of t h e o p e r a t i o n s

of t h a t p n s s e n s e r o p e r a t o r i n r e l a t i o n t o

t h e p r o v i s i o n of a i r s e r v i c e s would n o t he

a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t e d :

( ii) i s a v a i l a h i l i t y o f t h a t d i s c o u n t a i r f a r e n o t s a t i s f i e d t h a t t h e c o n t i n u e ?

i S

u n l i k e l y t o r e s u l t i n a n y economy a i r

f a r e s i n r e s p e c t of a i r s e r v i c e s p r o v i d e d

by a t r u n k r o u t e o p e r a t o r o v e r t r u n k

I rou te s bp inq i nc reaspd : or

f i i i l i s a n y ) u n d e r w h i c h t h a t . n o t s a t i s f l e d t - h a t d i s c o u n t a i r t h e c o n d i t i o n s ( i f

f a r e i s

a v a i l a b l e a r e r e a s o n a b l e or a r e h c i n g

a p p l i e d w i t h o u t r? i scr imina t ion ,

t h e Committee s h a l l , by n o t i c e i n w r i t i n q q i v e n

b y t h e C h a i r m a n t o t h a t p a s s p n q e r o p e r a t o r ,

r e v o k e t h e a p p r o v a l o f t h a t d i s c o u n t a i r f a r c

and, where s h a l l he SUC? a n o t i c e i s q i v e n , t h e Commit-t.ee

decmecl n o t t o h a v e a p p r o v e d t h a t

d i s c o u n t a i r f a r e .

(7) In conduc t ina a review of a d i s c o u n t a i r

f a r e i n a c c o r d a n c e with t h i S s e c t i o n , t.he

Committee s h a l l h a v e r e q a r r ! t o t h e f a c t t h a t a

d i s c o u n t a i r f a r e app roved by t he Commi t t ee I n

r e l a t i o n t o a Fassenqe r ope ra t -o r i n r e snec t of

t r a v e l ovpr a r o u t - may he cha rqe? , i n acco rdance

w i t h t h i s A c t , b y a n y o t h e r p a s s e n q c r o p e r a t o r j n

r e s p e c t o f t r a v e l o v e r t h a t r o u t e . I'

S e c t i o n 2 6 p r o v i d e s a M i n i s t c r i a l s a n c t i o n i n t h e

n a t u r e o f an excl.usion from t h e u s e o f c e r t a j n a i r f i ~ l d s

where an opera tor charqes , demands , co l lec ts o r rece ives

economy a i r f a r e s t h a t a r e n o t approved a i r f a r e s o r who

a d v e r t j s e s t h a t h e w i l l c h a r g e s u c h f a r e s o r c h a r q e s ,

demands, c o l l e c t s o r r e c e i v e s a d i s c o u n t a i r f a r e i n r e s p e c t

of a r o u t e t h a t i s n o t an approved d i scoun t a i r fare f o r t h a t

rou te or t h a t is n o t approved. a d v e r t i s e s t h a t h e w i l l c h a r g e a d i s c o u n t a i r f a r e

It i s i m p o r t a n t t o n o t e t h a t u n l e s s the Comrni t t e p 3 S

s a t i s f i e d of t h e m a t t e r s s p e c i f i e d i n s . 1 7 f 4 ' t h e Committee

s h a l l n o t a p p r o v e " t h e p r o p o s e d d i s c o u n t a i r f a r e " . C)n t h e

o t h e r h a n d , i f it is so s a t i s f i e d t h e r e i s a d u t y on t h e

Committee to app rove " the p roposed . d i scoun t a i r f a r e " . To

a s c e r t a i n t h e p r o p o s e d d i s c o u n t a i r f a r e o n e t u r n s t o s . 3 and

s.1 7(1\ where it appears tha t . it i s a d i s c o u n t a i r f a r e t h a t

t he pas senge r ope ra to r p roposes t o charqe i n r e s p e c t of

t r a v e l o v e r a n y route. An o p e r a t o r may wish t o i n t r o d u c e a

.

d i s c o u n t a j r f a r e f o r a n i n d e f i n i t e p e r i o d or f o r a s p e c i f j e d

p e r i o d or p e r i o d s commencjnq a t o n c e o r on a f u t u r e d a t e o r

d a t e s . The period chosen i s , I t h i n k , i n e v i t a h l y an element

of " t h e d i s c o u n t a i r f a r e t h a t t h e p a s s e n q e r o p c r a t - o r

proposes t o charqe i n r e s p e c t of t r a v e l o v e r " t h e r e l e v a n t

r o u t e . An a p p l i c a t i o n for approva l wh ich d id no t d i sc losc

\

12.

1	t he	pe r lod	du r inq	wh ich	i t was	Droposed	hy	t h e	o p e r a t o r	t o
I

cha rge	t he	d i scoun t .	f a r e	woulil	n o t ,	1
t h i n k , p r o p o s e s s a t i s f y t h e

requi rements o f s . 1 7 ( 1 ) . T f t h e o p e r a t o r t o cha rqe

t h e d i s c o u n t h o l i d a y s f a r e o n l y w i t h r e s p e c t t o t r a v e l i.n school

o r some p e r i o d r e l a t i n g t o some even t t empora r i ly

a f f e c t i n g demand for t - r a v e l , and f a i l s t o d i s c l o s - t h e p e r i o d

or o c c a s i o n w i t h r e s p e c t t o which it i s i n t e n d e d t o c h a r q e

t h e d i s c o u n t i n d e f i n i t e f a r e t h e n , a n a p p l i c a t i o n would r e l a t e t o a n

I p e r i o d a n d would n o t t r u l y r e f l e c t t h e a c t u a l

proposal and would mislead the Corrmit tee .

I t i s s u g q e s t e d t h a t a l i m i t a t i o n o f t h e p e r i o d f o r

which it is proposed t o c h a r g e t h e d i s c o u n t a i r f a r e i s a

m a t t e r t o be s e t out i n t h e r e q u e s t a s a m a t t e r f a l l i n q

w i t h i n t h e s c o p e of t h e e x p r e s s i o n " c o n d i t i o n s (1f any\ under

VJhiCh t h e d i s c o u n t a i r f a r e j s t o h e a v a i l a h l e " . S e e

i

s.l7(2)(b) of t he Ac t . I t i s p o i n t e d o u t t h a t nolrhhere i n t h e

s t a t u t o r y p r o v i s i o n s i s t h e r e a n y e x p r e s s referent-e t o such

p e r i o d s or occas ions .

However i t i s my v i e w , t h a t t h e c o n d i t i o n s r e f e r r e d

.

t o i n d i s c o u n t . s.l7(2)fb\ a r e t h e c o n d i t i o n s upon which the p roposed

a i r f a r e , ~f approved, a n d wh i l e i n f o r c e , i s t o he

ava i lab1 e to passengers . Condi t ions such a s t h e t y p e of

a j r c r a f t t o which t h e d i s c o u n t f a r e was a p p l j c a b l e , or t h e

I ayes of persons t o whcm t h e d i s c o u n t f a r e would h e a v a i l a b l e

would bc c o n d i t i o n s w i t h i n t h e s c o p e o f s . l 7 ( 2 ) ( b ) . I t i s

\

1

! v 1 3 .

n o t t o be douh tcd t ha t app rova l of a is wi th in cliscount a j r f a r e t o he

charqed dur ing a l imit-ed per iod t he compr tencc of

t h e C o m m i t i e e . The d e f i n i t i o n o f t h e r e l e v a n t p e r i o d i s n o t

a c o n d i t i o n of t h e c o n t i n u a n c e of t h e a p p r o v a l a s a n

o p e r a t i v e a p p r o v a l . I t i s n o t i n t h c n a t u r e , f o r i n s t a n c e ,

o f a c o n d i t i o n s u b s e q u e n t w h i c h b r i n q s l e g a l r e l a t i o n s t o a n

end on the happeninq of some e v e n t . The so ca l led concl i t lon

i s b u t a c o n s t i t u e n t element of what i s approved. A t t h e end

of t h e p e r i o d the approva l comes t o an end not bccause of t h e

happening of some e v e n t b u t because o f i t s n a t u r e . The

c r i t i c a l e l e m e n t i n t h e c u r r e n t p r o b l e m i s t h e l r l e n t i f i c a t i o n

o f t h e p r o p o s e d d i s c o u n t f a r e .

I n r e l a t i o n t o t h e s u b j e c t m a t t e r t - h e r e a r e , i n a

s e n s e , two k i n d s of what may h e c a l l e d c o n d i t i o n s w h j c h c a l l

f o r c o n s i d e r a t i o n . F i r s t t h e r e a r e t h o s e c o n d i t i o n s u n d e r

which, when approva l is g iven , and whi le it p e r s i s t s , a a i r

€ a r e will be a v a i l a b l e t o passenqe r s . The o t h c r i s t h e so

c a l l e d c o n d i t i o n upon which the Committee miqht be U n d e r prepared

t o approve a p r o p o s e d d i s c o u n t a i r f a r e . t h e l a t t e r

t h e r e would obv ious ly be a q u e s t i o n o f t h e p e r i o d for which

the approva l w a s t o be g r a n t e d . T h i s l a t t e r k i n d of

" c o n d i t i o n " i s no t , l l r n l t a t i o n one t o be a p p l i e d hy t h e Commjttee by way

of q u a l i f i c a t i o n o r of what i s r eques t ed hy t he

o p e r a t o r . I t i s what i s requested which m u s t , under S . 17(Al

be approved or not approvcd and it i s n o t f o r t h e Commil.teP

i t s e l f t o a l t e r it. I f a r e q u e s t i s made f o r a f a r e t o be

.

1   14.

,	'0
. approved , . for example , for an un l imi ted per iod , and the

Committee i s u n w i l l i n g t o g r a n t a p p r o v a l f o r t h a t p e r i o d . hu t

i s w i l l i n g t o g r a n t it i n r e s p e c t o f a l i m i t e d p e r i o d , t b e

Commlttee may i n v i t e t h e o p e r a t o r t o s u b m i t an amended

proposal . . I f it does so, t h e amended proposal m a y he

approved . I f n o t , and t h e Committee remains of t h e same

mind , t h? r eques t w i l he l r e fused . The problem of l i m i t i n n

or n o t l i m i t i n g t h e p e r i o d of ope ra t ion -o f an approva l i s n o t

r e a l l y o n e what. is proposed. of a p p l y m g c o n d i t i o n s . I t j s o n e of d e s i q n a t i n g

I

The words " i f a n y " i n s.l7f?)(b) would b e

incongruous i f t h e p e r l o r l s or d i scoun t o c c a s i o n s d u r i n g or o n which it

was proposed t o cha rge t he f a r e were r eqa rc l ed a5

cond i t ions unde r s . l 7 ( 2 \ ( h ) , because every proposal . t o cha rqe

a d i s c o u n t a i r fare m u s t , of i t s v e r y n a t u r e , r e l a t e t o a

p e r i o d or p e r i o d s o r o c c a s l o n o r o c c a s i o n s . The p e r i o d may

b e o f i n d e f i n i t e or d e f i n i t e d u r a t i o n b u t it m u s t e x i s t .

!*en t h e a p p l i c a n t d e f i n e s t h e p e r i o d i t proposes t o cha rqe

an approved d l scount fa re it i s n o t , i n o rd ina ry l anquaqe

s t a t i n g a c o n d i t i o n subject CO which an approved discount

f a r e	i s	a v a i l a b l e .
The q u e s t i o n i s what i t was t h a t ' c o n s t i t - u t e d t h e

p roposa l of which t h e a p p l i c a n t c o u l d s a y and r l jd s a y , "I

p r o p o s e t o c h a r q e t h i s alr f a r e i n r e s p e c t of a i r t r a v e l o v e r

my route". Tha t f a r e m u s t be i den t - i f i ed by r e f e r e n c e t o t h e

:

communica t ions be tween the par t les . The c r i t i c a l d o c u m e n t s

a r e t h e a p p l i c a n t ' s t e l e x of 2 3 F e b r u a r y 19F13, t h e

,

Y 1 5 .

.

Comml t t ee ' s t e l ex of 2 5 February 1 0 R 3 and the Commlt tee ' s

t e l e x o f R March laR3. The c r l t i c a l q u e s t i o n i s whe the r , t he

app l l can t was seekinq approval o f a p r o p o s a l t o c h a r a e t h e

s p e c i f i e d d i s c o u n t f a r e d u r i n q t h e p e r i o d e n r l i n q 30 Apri l

1983 or a p roposa l t o c h a r q e t h ? d i s c o u n t f a r e i n d e f i n i t e l y .

The t e l e x o f 2 3 February 1943 containecl, a r e q u e s t

f o r t h e a p p r o v a l o f a d i s c o u n t a i r f a r e w h i c h , u n l e s s

nodif iecl or e x p l a i n e d , c a l l e d for a d e c i s i o n of approval or

non-approval.. The Committee souqbt fu r the r i n fo rma t lon wh ich

it cons idered necessary i n o r d e r t o g i v e i ts d e c i s i o n . On 75

February 1983, it asked, " 1 1 . For what period of time d o you

a n t i c i p a t e t h e d i s c o u n t will be e f f ec t ive?" The re j s an

ambigu i ty l u rk ing i n these words . They may mean "for h p w

l o n g d o y o u a n t i c i p a t e t h a t t h e d i s c o u n t w i l l a t t - r a c t

pas senge r s wllo woulrl n o t o t h e r w i s e t r a v e l ? " . I t may mpan

" f o r how long d o you propose t o cha rge t he p roposed d j scoun t

f a r e s ? ' I . Whichever It m e a n t , t h e a p p l i c a n t r e p l i e d " I I .

Tr ia l per ior l t o 30 A p r i l , 1983 w i t h opt ion t o extend on same

or v a r i a b l e basls s u b j e c t t o n e q o t i a t i o n w l t h I A F C . " I t i s

n o t s u q g e s t e d t h a t i n c o n s t r u i n q e i t h e r t h e q u e s t i o n or t h e

answer , he lp i s to he found i n a n y o t h e r p a r t i c u l a r q u e s t i o n s

or answers. Lookina a t t h e words however it i s my conc lus ion

t h a t on 2 5 Februa ry t he applicant was i n t i m a t j n q t o t h e

I

l

Committee t h a t it proposed t o c h a r y e t h e d i s c o u n t f a r e f o r a

t r i a l period . endlnq 3 9 Apri; and i f s a t i s f i e d w i t h t.he

resu l t s , t h e r e a f t e r i n d e f i n i t r l y , and i f n o t satisfied, t o

I

'V 16 .

. nego t i a t e w l th t he Commi t t ee fo r app rova l o f rl d i s c o u n t a i r

f a r e on some new and a s y e t u n s t a t - e d b a s i s . T h i s a n s w e r

m u s t , J t h i n k , b e r e g a r d e d a s i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t h e r e q u e s t .

Accord inq ly t he r eques t has t o be cons t rued as a rccluest , i n

accorr?ance with S . ] 7, f o r t h e a p p r o v a l of a d i s c o u n t a i r f a r e

t h a t t h e a p p l i c a n t p r o p o s e d t o c h a r a e d u r i n q t h e p e r i o d

ending 30 A p r i l 1953 h u t i n r e s p e c t of which it d j d n o t , at

t h e d a t e Whether o f t h e r e q u e s t , o t h e r w i s e p r o p o s e t o c h a r q e .

it e v e r w o u l d p r o p o s e t o c h a r g e t h e f a r e i n

c o n t e m p l a t i o n a f t e r 3 0 A p r i l 1 0 8 3 was q u i t e u n c e r t a i n . So f a r

!

a s t h e r e i s r e f e r e n c e t o a f u t u r e a p p l j c a t i o n for a v o r j a t i o n

on t h e r e l a t e s t o p r o p o s a l s u c h r e f e r e n c e may, I t h i n k , h e i q n n r e d . I t

mere f u t u r e p o s s i b i l i t i e s .

I t i s t o b e n o t e d t h a t l f a p roposed i i l s coun t r a t e is

a p p r o v e d e i t h e r f o r a s p e c i f i e d p e r i o d or i n d e f i n i t e l y t h e

I o p e r a t o r i s not obllged by law t o c o n t i n u e t o c h a r q e t h a t

f a r e . T h a t would seem t o follow froT t h e p r o v i s i o n s of

s . 2 6 f 6 ) which ].ay the founr l a t jon fo r t he impos i t i on o f a

s a n c t i o n upon an ope ra to r who charqes an un-approved djscount

fa re . There 1s no sanct ion provir ler l for d i s c o u n t charging an approved

economy f a r e i n s t e a d of a n a p p r o v e d f a r e .

N o t w i t h s t a n d l n q t h i s I t h i n k t h a t l n c o n s t r u i n a t h e

commuT1ications b e t w e e n t h e p a r t i e s t h i s f e a t u r e i s n o t o f

importance. I t i s not t o h e t h o u g h t t h a t t h e a p p l i c a n t and

t h e Committee were speaklnq of an approval t o he qiven

o the rwlse t han as an approval t o h e i m p l e m e n t e d . W i t h e r

h

!

I

1	17.
' V	I

party would express its attitude on any othor hasis. It

I

would he most inconvenient that an approval should continue in €orce when it was iqnored. A l s o the criteria specifjril in

s.17(4) could not satisfactorily be considerad on any such

basis. Almost i nevitably neqotiations €or anproval must

proceed on the basis that an approval sought is souqht to be

implemented.

The applicant's proposal. contains two el.ements. The

applicant states, in an absolute sensc, that, it proposes to chars.? the discount fare durinq the period ending 30 April

I	lq83. It a1.so states that it proposes to charqe the discount
fare thereaft-er if the trial period turns out satisfactorily to it. It is my view that S .l7 is not concerned with proposals which are only conditional. The Comvlttee 5s not required CO give a decision under s . 1 7 ( 4 ) in rei-ation to a discount fare which the appllcant proposes to charqe only If some condition is fulfil1 ed. Save in so far as the proposal related to the period expirinq on 30 April 1 0 8 3 it was a proposal to charge the discount fare if the applicant was
satisfled wlth the results obtained in the trial perlod.
:

.

There was not before the	Committee a proposal to charge that
disc0ur.t fare.

When the applicant referred to an "option to extend

on the same or variable hasis subject to neqotiation wlth

I A f C " it expressed an lntent.3on that the period in wliich the

1R.

d i s c o u n t f a r e was t o be charged was t o come t o an end u n l e s s

t h e a p p l l c a n t c h o s e t o e x t e n d t h e per lod . I t i s t h e word

“opt ion“ which 1 s so c r i t i c a l . Of c o u r s e it was necessa ry

t h a t t h e p r o m p t l y a f t e r t h e d e c i s i o n t o approve or n o t approve should he made

Committee had t h e i n f o r m a t i o n i t r e q u i r e d .

l

A t t h a t s t a g e it r e q u l r e d a des iqna t - ion o f . t h e t r a v e l i n

r e s p e c t of wh ich t he r eques t was made. I t c o u l d n o t d e a l

w i th a r e q u e s t w h i c h d e a l t w i t h it was a f a r e a d i s c o u n t a i r f a r e of which

it cou ld no t be s a i d t h a t t h a t the a p p i i c a n t

a c t u a l l y p r o p o s e d t o cha rge . Under t h e ~ r o v i s i o n s o f s.17(4)

t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n of an a i r f a r e h a s t o he consir lercd with

r e s p e c t t o t h e p r o f i t a b i l l t y o f r e s u l t i n q t h e a p p l l c a n t a n d t h e

l i k e l i h o o d of s u c h i n t r o d u c t i o n j n a n i n c r e a s e of

e x i s t i n g economy a i r f a r e s o f a n y t r u n k r o u t e o p e r a t o r o v e r

i I

t r u n k routes . I t i s a p p a r e n t a d i s c o u n t a i r f a r e w h i c h m i g h t

1

I

or might no t be a d o p t e d b y a n a p p l i c a n t f o r a n y p a r t i c u l a r

i

I

!	p e r i o d	would	p r e s e n t	d l f f 1 c u l t i e s	i n	a s s e s s i n q	t h e	e f f e c t s
I
l

t h e r e o f f o r t h e p u r p o s e s of S. 1 7 ( 4 ) . T t i s h a r d l y s u c h a s

I

c a n be t h o u g h t t o h e wi t h i n t h e c o n t e m p l a t i o n o f t F e

l e g i s l a t u r c . Such a d i s c o u n t . f a r e c o u l d b a r r l l y f i t t h e

c o n c e p t of “ t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f “ t h e d i s c o u n t f a r e i n

accordance wi th S. 17 ( 4 ) ( a ) and f b ) .

!

The p r o v i s i o n s i n s.l7(51(h) a p i l s . 1 7 f f i ) c o n f e r r i n g

on t h e C o m m i t t e e t h e power t o r e v l e w t h e a v a j l a b i l i t y o f a n

a p p r o v e d d i s c o u n t a i r f a r e r e q u i r e c o n s i A e r a t . j o n . R u t I do

n o t t h i n k t h e y a f f e c t t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of s.17(1)(?)(3\ and

J

'F	l Q .
c

( 4 ) . The p r o v i s i o n s f o r r e v i e v arc? r e l e v a n t t o t h e s i t u a t i o n

which a r i s e s where a d i s c o u n t a i r f a r e h a s h e e n a p p r o v e d i n

r e s p e c t o f a p e r i o d e l t h e r f l x e d or i n ? e f i n i t e i n d u r a t i o n ,

and t h e r e c a l l s f o r r e c o n s i d e r a t i o n i s a chanae i n t he r e l evan t c i r cums tances wh ich

of t h e s i t u a t i o n .

I t was a rgued t ha t t he form and subs t ance of t h e

approval was t h a t t h e Committee approved t h e a p p l i c a n t ' s

p r o p o s a l f o r a n i n d e f i n i t e p e r i o d , s u b j e c t t o a c o n d j t i o n ,

t h a t t h e a p p r o v a l was n o t t o c o n t i n u e heyonr? 30 A p r i l l q R 3 .

I t was s a i d t h a t t h e r e was no s t a t u t o r y a u t h o r i t y t o impose

such a c o n d i t j o n a n d t h a t bc inq so, t h e c o n d i t i o n was void

and the approva l for an i n d e f i n i t e p e r i o d p e r s i s t e d .

The form of the approval may l e n d s u p p o r t t o t h i s

!

view. B u t J t h l n k t h a t on reading the document a5 a whole,

and i n t h e c o n t e x t o f t h e f o r e q o i n g t e l e x m e s s a g e s , it

approves the c h a r a i n q o f t h e d i s c o u n t f a r e o n l y f o r t h e

s t a t e d p e r i o d . I do n o t r e a d it a s an approval for an

i n d e f i n i t e p e r i o d w i t h a n i n c o n s i s t e n t and unlawful condi t ion

a t t a c h e d thereto. Of c o u r s e j f t h e r e q u e s t r e l a t e d t o a

.

p roposa l t o c h a r g e t h e d i s c o u n t f a r e f o r a n i n d e f i n i t e

perlod, and t h e a p p r o v a l was q r a n t e d i n r e s p e c t of a pe r iod

ending on 3n Apri l 1983, t h e s i t u a t i o n would he t h a t t h e

Commit tee had fa j lcd t o a p p r o v e " t h e p r o p o s e d d i s c o u n t a i r

f a r e " . B u t it is my v i e w t h a t t h e C o m m i t t e e c o r r e c t l y

in t ended t o dea l on ly w i th t he uncond i t iona l p roposa l be fo re

.- -

I

*

; ‘F m.

.y

il, namely, the proposal t o ch r l rqe t he d i scoun t f a r e d u r i n q

the per iod ending 30 Apr i l 1083.

It remains t o observe tha t whichever way the p roblem

i s approached it is fundamenta l tha t a11 tha t was approved o n

l F! March 1983 was “the above d j s c o u n t f a r e ? . The above

d iscount fa re was , accorc i inq to the terms of t h e t e l e x of

t h a t d a t e , t h a t for which approval was requested, “with

suppor t lng detai ls of p roposed d i scoun t f a r e o f S130.00 of

round t r i p o r i g i n a t i n g j n Syrlney or Melbourne over the rou te

Melbourne/Alhury/SyAney on F27 a i r c r a f t . ” . Aqain one m u s t

r e t u r n t o I d e n t i f y t h e p r o p o s e r ? 4 i s c o u n t f a r e . And t h a t f a r e

appears t o he t h a t w h i c h t h e it proposed t o a p p l i c a n t h a d s t a t e d , an?

t r u t h f u l l y s t a t e d , t h a t c h a r q e i n r e s p e c t of

a i r t r a v e l , narne1.y i n r e s p e c t of t r a v e l d u r i n g t h e p e r l o r l

ending 30 A p r i l 1oP3. Accordinqly, 1 do n o t t h i n k i t open t o

I c o n s t r u e t h e a p p r o v a l e x p r e s s d i n the Commit tee‘s t e lex o f 8

March 1963 as an approval opera t ing for an i n d e f i n i t e p e r i o d

w i t h r e s p e c t t o rl d i scoun t . r a t e with a n i n c o n s i s t e n t

c o n d i t i o n a t t a c h e d .

I f , a s I t h i n k , t h e p r o p o s e d d i s c o u n t fare was a f a r e

i n r e s p e c t of which the o n l y e x i s t i n q p r o p o s a l was t o charge

It u n t i l 30 April 1°A3, t h a t i s a l l , on any vlew, t h a t was,

or could be, approved. Thp f a c t t h a t t h e l i m i t a t i o n of t h e

p e r l o d i n t h e p r o p o s a l was s t a t e d a s a c o n d i t i o n o r

r e s t - r i c t i o n should be reaarded 3 s e x e q i t i c a l or by way o f

Q 3 1 .

' 'F ' v .

emphasis, b u t it would n o t e n l a r q e t h e l e g a l e f f e c t o f t h e

a c t u a l words of approval . On i t s proper c o n s t r u c t i o n it does

n o t o p e r a t e s t a t e s t h e quantum b y way of de feasance of something qranted. I t

of what was qran ted . As a r e s u l t t h e

s i t u a t i o n i s n o t o n e r a i s i n q c o n s i d e r a t i o n s o f t h e

s e v e r a b i l i t y o r o t h e r w i s e o f t h e t i m e 1 i m i t a t j o n .

I f , c o n t r a r y t o the v i ew expre-ssed above, it were

t h a t t h e p e r i o d d u r i n q w h i c h t h e o p e r a t o r d e s i r e d t h e

approval OF t h e d i s c o u n t f a r e t o a v a i l a b i l i t y remain i n w i t h i n o p e r a t i o n , o u q h t

t o be regarded as a c o n d l t i o n o f t h e

!

meaning of s.17f2)(b) of t h e Act, t h e n jt. would fo l low, a s

l i n d i c a t e d a b o v e , t h a t i t i t s e l f w i t h a l l o t h e r s u c h

c o n d i t l o n s . c o n s t i t u t e d t h e d i s c o u n t a i r f a r e p r o p o s e d t o be

! c h a r g e d i n r e s p e c t oE t r a v e l o n t h e r e l e v a n t r o u t e . T t would

f o l l o w t h a t i f t h e r e a u e s t w e r e g r a n t e d t h e o r a n t w o u l d

o p e r a t e i n r e s p e c t of a f a r e proposed to be charsef i d u r i n g

t h e s t a t e d p e r i o d . I n t h a t c a s e t h e l a n q u a q e of t h e t e l e x of

8 March 19R3 s t a t i n g t 5 e time limit as a c o n d i t i o n wou1.d

a c c o r d l i t e r a l l y w i t h t h e t e r m s o f t h e p r o p o s a l a s I have

i n t e r p r e t e d it w i t h i t s i n - b u i l t t 3 m e 1 i m i t . So t o e x p r e s s

t h a t " c o n d l t i o n " would be w i t h i n t h e l e o a l c&mpetc.nce of t h e

Commj t t e e . I t w o u l d n o t o p e r a t e as a q u a l - i f i c n t i o n o r

modif lcat- ion of	t h e	t e r m s	o f	t h e	r e q u e s t	or	t h e	a p n l i c a n t ' s
proposal..

1L

2 2 .

which T a r r i v p i s t h a t on Q March 1'787 t h c Cornmittre apnro-rr3

a d i s c o u n t a i r f a r e o n s n e c i f i e d c o n d i t i o n s w h i c h t h e

app l i can t p roposed t o c h a r q e i n r e s p e r t of t h e s p e c i f i e d

r o u t e	r l u r ina	t he	pe r iod	e n d i n q	on	7 0	Apri l	1983	and	n o
1 oncler.

The a p p l i c a t i o n m u s t t h e r e f o r e b e d i s m i s s e d w i t h

costs.

i

I

l '

.