Director of Public Prosecutions v Williams
[2023] VCC 685
•4 May 2023
| IN THE COUNTY COURT OF VICTORIA AT BALLARAT CRIMINAL DIVISION | Revised Not Restricted Suitable for Publication |
Case No. CR-22-01018
| DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC PROSECUTIONS |
| v |
| Jayden WILLIAMS |
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JUDGE: | Her Honour Judge Dawes | |
WHERE HELD: | Melbourne | |
DATE OF HEARING: | 4 April 2023 | |
DATE OF SENTENCE: | 4 May 2023 | |
CASE MAY BE CITED AS: | DPP v Williams | |
MEDIUM NEUTRAL CITATION: | [2023] VCC 685 | |
REASONS FOR SENTENCE
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Subject:CRIMINAL LAW
Catchwords: Supply of drugs to a child; sexual assault of a child under 16; sexual penetration of a child under 16
Legislation Cited: Sentencing Act 1991 (Vic)
Cases Cited:Muldrock v The Queen [2011] 244 CLR 120; R v Verdins [2007] VSCA 102; Bugmy v The Queen [2013] 249 CLR 571
Sentence: 5 years’ and 3 months’ imprisonment
NPP 3 years and 3 months
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APPEARANCES: | Counsel | Solicitors |
| For the DPP | Russ Hammill | Office of Public Prosecutions |
| For the Accused | Robert Thyssen | Adrian Paull Criminal Lawyers |
HER HONOUR:
Indictment no. N10289825 relates to 5 charges laid against you, Jayden Williams. You are currently in the course of gender transition and are now known as Krystal Williams.
In the County Court at Ballarat, you were found guilty by jury verdict on 7 February, 2023 of the following offences that were committed between 18 September - 3 October 2021:
Charges
Offence
Maximum Penalty
1, 3
Supply of drug of dependence to a child
15 years’ imprisonment
2, 4
Sexual assault of a child under the age of 16
10 years’ imprisonment
5
Sexual penetration of a child under the age of 16
15 years’ imprisonment
At the time of your offending, you were 24 years old. You identified as a male and resided with your girlfriend in Delacombe. That relationship has now ended.
I will summarise the facts of this case, in accordance with the jury verdict.
The victim was 14 years of age. He lived with his family in Ballarat. The victim said that you told him not to tell anyone about what happened to him, because of how young he was, because you had a girlfriend and that you didn’t want it to be awkward.
The first time you met the victim, his brother and his brother’s friend was at a bus interchange area at the start of the September school holidays in 2021. On one occasion, you invited them to your house, where you supplied cannabis to the victim (charge 1). The victim described that you “shouted us weed”, which he smoked in a bong.
The victim was drug-affected and fell asleep on the couch. While no-one else was in the room, you began to rub the victim’s arms, up and down. You then rubbed his inner thighs, moved your hand inside his shorts and touched his genitals on top of his underwear (charge 2).
The victim woke up, said “what are you doing?” and asked you to stop. You told him not to tell anyone. The victim then left with his brother and brother’s friend.
On another occasion, around 4 days after the first incident, you met the victim and went to an oval.
You moved into the public toilets where you again “shouted [him] some more weed”. The victim had a bong and then sat down on the toilet, as he felt lightheaded. (charge 3).
You sat on top of the victim, and said you were packing a bong. You moved the victim’s hands onto your thighs before you rubbed your own hands up and down the victim’s thighs (charge 4).
10.You asked the victim if he was comfortable. The victim froze, replied “not really” and asked to leave. You said to the victim, “please don’t tell anyone”. He replied that he would not.
11.The victim ran home and told his mother and his brother. His mother told him that he was not allowed to see you or talk to you again. However, in his evidence, the victim said that both he and his brother wanted cannabis at that time.
12.On the next occasion, the victim lied to his mother and told her he was going somewhere. He went back to your house to get more cannabis and to see your girlfriend.
13.You saw the victim on the street before he arrived and told him you needed to go to the shops, to get something to eat. The two of you walked towards the shops.
14.You then went to a nearby oval and the victim sat down. He felt tired and wanted to go to sleep. You rubbed your hand up and down the victim’s thigh, under his shorts. This uncharged act forms part of the narrative and places the following offence into context. You then pulled down the victim’s shorts and sucked his penis for about one minute (charge 5).
15.The victim pushed you off, got up and walked away. You followed the victim and said “I’m making sure you don’t do anything stupid”. You tried to convince the victim to stay the night at your house, but the victim said he had to go home.
16.Towards the end of the school holidays in January 2022, the victim’s mother spoke to him again about what had happened. The victim told his mother that you offered him weed, pulled his pants down and “started to suck his cock”.
17.On 1 February 2022, the victim reported what had happened to the police. He made a video-audio recorded statement the same day.
18.You were arrested on 11 February 2022. You were taken to the St Kilda police station where you participated in a recorded interview before you were remanded into custody. You admitted that you knew the victim, but maintained it was your girlfriend at the time who supplied him with cannabis. You stated that whenever you were with the victim, it was in the presence of your girlfriend. You said, “I haven’t done anything to them” and denied any sexual offending. Your ROI was played at the trial.
19.Three Victim Impact Statements have been provided and read to the court. The victim confirmed that you identified as a male at the time of your offending.
20.It is clear that the victim has been emotionally distraught as a result of your conduct. He destroyed or burnt all of his clothing and shoes, as “everything felt fucked from Jayden”
21.He writes that he feels “ dirty”, “shit and damaged”. He slept on the floor, in his mother’s room, for months after these incidents. Your conduct has had an ongoing impact on him and his anxiety has been exacerbated. He is also socially anxious, as no matter where he is, he feels unsafe. He spends a lot of time at home.
22.He writes that when his father and brother did not believe him, it negatively affected his relationship with them. The traumatic experience also impacted his capacity to attend school, as he was frequently bullied and lost his friends. He often feels lonely. The victim remains distressed by this experience. He is not responsible for what occurred.
23.The victim’s brother confirms that your offending has had a negative impact on his relationship with his brother, which also makes him feel angry and hurt. He writes that he tried to protect his brother from being bullied, which has affected his own friendships and attendance at school.
24.The victim’s mother feels that she has let her son down, as she was unable to protect him from your criminal conduct. The stress she has suffered has impacted a pre-existing condition that has resulted in lengthy periods of hospitalisation. This has reduced her capacity to care for her sons. It is clear that she, too, is traumatised by your offending.
25.Your conduct has had a significant effect on the victim and his family. I take the relevant parts of the victim impact statements into account.
26.Sexual offences are crimes of violence that cause harm to victims. There is a presumption of harm to a child who is subject to inappropriate sexual conduct. Your counsel has conceded that the offending here is serious. The prosecution submits that the objective gravity of your offending overall falls within a mid-range of seriousness.
27.You were charged on 11 February 2022 and committed to stand trial on 9 June 2022, where you entered pleas of not guilty. Between September and November 2022, a special hearing and the cross examination of several witnesses was conducted in the County Court. Your trial was held between 31 January and 7 February 2023. You were found guilty of all counts on the indictment.
28.You have denied your offending since the matters were first raised and continue to do so. You ran a trial and are not to be penalised for that. In those circumstances, however, there is no acceptance of responsibility for your misconduct, and I am unable to conclude that you have shown any remorse.
29.The charges of sexual assault of a child under 16 years and sexual penetration of a child under 16 years attract standard sentencing provisions.[1] The relevant standard sentences are 4 years and 6 years respectively.
[1] s5A Sentencing Act 1991
30.The standard sentence for one offence is where the Act specifies the appropriate sentence for an offence in the middle of the range of seriousness, taking into account only the objective factors affecting the relative seriousness of that offence.[2] Objective factors are to be determined by reference to the nature of your offending “to the extent that it illuminates your actions”.[3]
[2] s5A(1)(b) Sentencing Act 1991
[3] R v Willis [2019] VSC 398 Lasry J
31.The nature of your offending is defined without reference to your personal factors. There are a number of factors that are relevant when assessing the objective gravity here. These include:
·The offending relates to three separate incidents that occurred over a period of approximately two-weeks.
·You had plenty of time to consider the illegality of your conduct. This did not deter you from inviting the victim to spend time with you, on each occasion.
·There was a considerable age disparity between you and the victim.
·You knew what you were doing was wrong. You told the victim not to tell anyone what had happened.
·The offences of sexual assault were of short duration.
·Charge 2 took place at your home when the victim fell asleep. You rubbed the victim’s inner thighs and then touched his genitals on top of his underwear.
·Charge 4 took place when you were on your own with the victim inside a public toilet. You rubbed your hands up and down the victim’s thighs but did not touch his genital area.
·The act of sexual penetration was of short duration.
·No overt violence was used and no physical harm eventuated during any of the incidents.
·The first and second incident occurred when the victim was drug-affected. You were found guilty of supplying cannabis to the victim. Although this is an aggravating feature of your offending, I do not intend to doubly punish you.
32.I take the standard sentences into account and accept that they are a guidepost to be considered alongside the maximum penalties, when determining the appropriate sentence in this case overall.
33.In addition, I am required to fix a non‑parole period which is at least 60 per cent of the total effective sentence, unless it is in the interests of justice not to do so.[4]
[4] s11A Sentencing Act 1991
34.You were 24 years old when you committed these offences. Your age is a relevant consideration, even though it falls at the upper end of the range for a youthful offender. In light of the seriousness of this case, the mitigating effect of age and your relative youth is reduced. It is not extinguished, however. These factors are still relevant when considering your prospects of rehabilitation. Denunciation and deterrence must have a greater emphasis as the seriousness of your offending increases.
35.I turn now to your personal circumstances. You were born in Melbourne in May 1997 and have just turned twenty-six. You are not currently in a relationship and do not have any children.
36.You no longer identify with the gender that matched your anatomical sex at birth. While your gender transition has been ongoing for some time, you identified as a male at the time of these offences.
37.You are of Aboriginal background. You initially resided with your biological parents and are the fourth eldest of seven children. You have a medical condition being an aortic stenosis (a narrowed artery) and had surgery to place two stents in your heart when you were nine months of age. These were replaced when you were 15 years old.
38.When you were two years old, you were placed into the foster care of a family friend, due to your parents’ trauma and neglect. You were further exposed to trauma and were moved at the age of 8 years, while under the care of Child Safety Services. You exhibited challenging behaviour with anxiety and aggression and were placed in a child safety residential unit.
39.You resided in multiple residential units and had periods of homelessness throughout your adolescence. You were subjected to physical and sexual abuse while in foster care and I am told that you struggle to recall any positive memories from your childhood. You had numerous instances where you attempted suicide and self-harm.
40.At the age of 14, you engaged in prostitution while residing on the streets in St Kilda. When you were 15, you suffered a prolonged sexual and violent assault. At the age of 16 years, you were placed in your own independent living house, although you struggled to settle in and feel safe.
41.You have had intermittent contact with your parents since that time. It is unclear what level of support they provide to you. They are no longer in a relationship. You have had no contact with your siblings for some time. You have recently learnt that one of your sisters has died from cancer.
42.Given your background, you underwent a disruptive educational experience, dropping out of school during Year 9. You have a limited history of employment and most recently have been in receipt of a disability support pension.
43.You have a history of gender fluidity from a young age; you describe yourself as transgender from the age of three, when you would dress in female clothing. You now identify as “cKrystal”, although you have not legally changed your name.
44.You converted to Muslim faith when you were 18 years of age. This was not practised at the time of this offending, when you engaged in substance abuse.
45.You were diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder when you were 10 years of age. You have also been diagnosed with Bipolar Affective Disorder and Borderline Personality Disorder. In 2013, you were diagnosed with a mild intellectual disability. This assessment was confirmed in 2018 where your profile indicated that you were of “borderline intelligence” and that you meet the diagnostic criteria for an intellectual disability. You have been a participant in the National Disability Insurance Scheme (“NDIS”) since you were 17 years of age. You are currently prescribed Aspirin, a mood stabiliser, anti-epileptic medication and an anti-psychotic medication
46.You commenced your illicit substance use when you were 13 years old. You were first introduced to methylamphetamine while in your residential unit. You previously reported use of alcohol from the age of six years. Prior to your arrest, you were using 2 grams of cannabis daily and half a gram of methylamphetamine over the course of one month. This appeared to be what you were also using at the time of your offending. You are now in enforced remission from the use of illicit substances, due to being incarcerated.
47.You have admitted an extensive and relevant criminal history, having appeared in the Children’s Court on a number of occasions before commencing your appearance in the adult jurisdiction in 2018. Your criminal history relates to offences of violence, substance use, supply drugs of dependence to a child, dishonesty, sexual offences and breach of court orders. You have spent a significant period of time over the years in youth justice and in adult custody.
48.I am told that your history of violent conduct was motivated by your disruptive and deprived background. For example, in December 2014, you pleaded guilty to attempted armed robbery, when you used an imitation firearm in an attempt to obtain money so that you could relocate and cease engaging in prostitution.
49.In October 2015, you committed the offences of indecent act with a child under 16 and supply a drug of dependence to a child. You were 18 years of age at the relevant time. You brought cannabis to a park and gave it to a 13-year-old boy, who was known to you. He smoked it in a bong. You both returned to the home you shared with your girlfriend at the time. You lay down next to the victim on a mattress on the floor and started “feeling him up”. You rubbed your hands under the victim’s clothing and on his penis.
50.On 17 April 2018, you were sentenced for your plea of guilty to these offences in the Melbourne County Court. I have read the sentencing remarks of Judge Pullen. The factual similarity with the current offending and these earlier offences is abundantly clear.
51.You spent 437 days on remand for the offending, which was taken into account. You were convicted and sentenced to a Community Correction Order (CCO) for a period of 2 years and 6 months and required to participate in a Justice Plan. The contravention of the CCO was proven, one year later. You were also placed on a Sex Offenders Registration Act order for a period of 15 years. You have been found guilty of numerous offences of failing to comply with your reporting obligations.
52.On 5 December 2018, you pleaded guilty in the Ballarat Magistrates’ Court to one count of sexual assault. This offence occurred in 2018, approximately one month after you were released from custody. The victim was 18 years of age at the time. You were 21 years of age. The victim was sleeping on a mattress on the floor at your home. He woke up as you undid his pants, pulled his penis up and down and touched his testicles. You had kissed the victim on the lips. You were convicted and sentenced to an adjourned undertaking for a period of 2 years, with a condition that you comply with the Justice Plan that was already in place.
53.Despite your age, you have appeared at court on multiple occasions, for serious offences. You have frequently failed to comply with court orders. Had you complied with the conditions of the SORA order made in 2018, these offences would not have occurred. You were also isolated at the Metropolitan Assessment Prison, when on remand for the earlier offences that were dealt with by Judge Pullen. Regrettably, the custodial confinement did not deter you from reoffending. It is of concern that the current offences occurred in the context of your lengthy criminal history, which has relevant and highly similar offending.
54.At the request of your solicitor, you participated in a psychological assessment undertaken by Ms Laura Fleming, forensic psychologist. At the time of your interview, you presented as a 25-year-old transgender female. In a report prepared for court dated 28 March 2023, Ms Fleming provided a detailed account of your personal, medical and mental health history. She also had access to two previous neuropsychological reports, a Department of Human Services statement of disability and your criminal history as well as information relating to the current offences. Ms Fleming confirmed that you have the following clinical disorders:
·Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (“PTSD”)
·Stimulant use disorder and cannabis use disorder, both in early remission in a controlled environment
·Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (“ADHD”)
·Borderline personality disorder (“BPD”)
·Mild intellectual impairment
·Heart issues
55.Ms Fleming’s psychological opinion is that:
·Your psychiatric profile is a complex one.
·You have a history of severe psychological impairment with aggressive behaviour, suicide attempts and self-harming behaviour since your childhood.
·Each of these psychosocial adversity experiences and mental health diagnoses individually would be difficult to manage, but cumulatively provide significant impairment and need for treatment.
·Your lack of positive modelling and appropriate boundaries, and early disengagement from education would have further limited your access to prosocial structures, negatively impacted your life trajectory and undermined your emotional, cognitive and behavioural development.
·Your emotional development was further compromised by the traumatic experience of repeated sexual abuse, which is likely to have resulted in PTSD. Your symptoms of PTSD overlap with your BPD.
·ADHD can pre-dispose individuals to unintentional involvement in criminal offending and substance use.
·Individuals with cognitive impairment (particularly those that may be formally diagnosed with an intellectual disability) comprise a vulnerable group, who often face challenges in society and have difficulties navigating daily tasks, obligations, social interactions and maintaining stable functioning. Reduced intellectual functioning is associated with a myriad of cognitive, emotional and social deficits.
·Your use of multiple substances during the offending period magnified your risk of engaging in impulsive and reckless behaviour, further impairing insight, decision-making and judgement, as well as worsening underlying cognitive impairment.
·Your deficit in executive functions is relevant to your circumstances.
·There are numerous factors which are linked to your behaviour and impaired functioning at the time of the offending. Your behaviour appears impulsive and unsophisticated.
·Significant long-term support needs to be in place to improve your functioning and provide externalised mechanisms to monitor and provide stability.
56.Your counsel has submitted that your deprived background is a significant factor to be taken into account A confluence of your exposure to trauma and neglect had a considerable impact on you and is ongoing.
57.I accept that your traumatic and disadvantaged childhood had a significant impact on your personal development and that it reduces your moral culpability, which is a mitigating factor. These circumstances appear to have continued to play a part in your lifestyle choices. The relevance of the trauma does not diminish over time, notwithstanding your criminal history.
58.I accept that the principles of Bugmy v The Queen[5] are enlivened in your case and that this is a mitigating factor on your plea. The prosecution does not dispute this submission. Your moral culpability should be reduced accordingly. The principles of deterrence, denunciation and just punishment should also be moderated although they are still relevant and should not be eliminated entirely. This is counterbalanced, however, by the need for community protection which remains a relevant sentencing consideration. In light of your age at the time of your offending, rehabilitation also remains relevant.
[5] [2013] 249 CLR 571.
59.Your counsel also submits that your intellectual disability and mental health issues reduce the overall moral culpability of your offending conduct. Further, that the principles of Muldrock v The Queen[6] are applicable. The prosecution does not dispute this submission either. There is no dispute that you function intellectually at a lower level than most of the community. In my view the principles of Muldrock have some application in this case.
[6] [2011] 244 CLR 120.
60.There is, however, a significant overlap between the sentencing principles of Bugmy and Muldrock, which both act to moderate relevant sentencing considerations. While I am required to take these mitigating factors into account, I am still required to impose a sentence that is proportionate to the gravity of your offending.
61.You currently engage in counselling in relation to your gender transition. Two of your support workers were present at your plea hearing.
62.You have been incarcerated in the Dame Phyllis Frost Centre (“DPFC”) while on remand and your personal position of confinement has been ongoing as a result of being transgender. I have received a bundle of letters confirming the support services you now access, including transitional gender support, family violence and mental health response programs.
63.In a letter prepared for court, dated 30 March 2023, your outreach support social worker, Max Castle, outlines your current circumstances in custody, including:
· You have been incarcerated at DPFC since March 2022.
· Since that time, you have been held in solitary confinement in a cell which is the size of a car parking space, for 23 hours per day.
· You have not had any social interaction, exercise, nor access to mental stimulation or activities and have suffered from psychological and physical consequences of the prolonged solitary confinement.
· There are effectively no other placements available to you in DPFC. You are not permitted to integrate with other women in mainstream placement as a result of your gender identity.
· You have access to disability support, behaviour support, occupational therapy, cultural support (both Aboriginal and LGBTIQ+ specific), support for your gender transition, alcohol and drug support, sexual assault counselling as well as legal and social work support while in custody.
· You will have access to supported accommodation through the NDIS upon your release.
· You have engaged well and been highly receptive to ongoing support. You intend to continue to engage with all your supports upon your release.
64.There is no dispute that your time in custody is far more onerous than for mainstream prisoners. You spend up to 23 hours per day in a small cell. You are resented by the majority of female inmates; to mix with other prisoners is impossible and you do not have social interaction. The time you are permitted to spend out of your cell is very limited, your outdoor activities are restricted, and you are unable to access employment.
65.I accept that you do not have the opportunities that non-transgender prisoners undergo. Essentially your time in custody has been served in solitary confinement which has been very depressing for you. You expect to remain at DPFC while incarcerated. Your gender identity issues will make your time spent in custody more difficult and are highly relevant when considering the appropriate sentence.
66.I also take into account that measures taken by Corrections to deal with the COVID‑19 pandemic have also added to your hardship in custody. While additional restrictions are currently reduced, the evolving nature of the pandemic may result in future changes. The hardship which has occurred as a result of the pandemic justifies a sentencing benefit.
67.It is submitted that limb 5 and potentially limb 6 of Verdins[7] are applicable. This is not disputed by the prosecution, who accept that you function intellectually at a lower level than many people in the community and have other mental health issues. In her report, Ms Fleming notes that imprisonment would likely weigh more heavily on you than a person without your conditions. It is also highly relevant that you currently serve your time in custody in isolation. While you are able to receive some treatment in relation to your mental health, you are unlikely to receive specific treatment at the frequency or intensity required to enable positive changes for your PTSD, BPD, ADHD or substance use.
[7] R v Verdins [2007] VSCA 102.
68.Given that your access to educational and vocational courses and treatment in prison is affected by your isolation, it is unlikely your mental health will be adequately treated. I accept that in light of your mental health conditions you are more vulnerable to the effects of imprisonment than a person without those issues, enlivening the fifth limb of Verdins. I accept that the burden of imprisonment and the level of hardship you will undergo will be more onerous for you in light of your circumstances.
69.There is a serious risk that your imprisonment, as I have described it, will have a significantly adverse effect on your already fragile mental health. To this extent it enlivens the sixth limb of Verdins. I take these factors into account.
70.Ms Fleming’s opinion is that you are a high risk of future sexual reoffending. Her conclusion has been determined after access to all the relevant information provided by your solicitor, including the fact that you are currently in the process of gender transition. She writes that your “risks are elevated on static factors related to past offences and the basis of lack of connected life (no employment, social connection) , mental health and substance use, which can be reduced by psychological intervention or the provision of support.”
71.It has been submitted on your behalf that once your gender transition is completed, your personal circumstances will improve, and your prospects of rehabilitation may change. I note that there is no specific support in Ms Fleming’s report for this submission. I do not accept that achieving gender transition will solve many of your problems.
72.In my view, your prospects present a complex picture. I consider that your lifelong issues will be the same, regardless of your transition. Clearly your capacity to comply with appropriate mental health treatment, as well as remaining drug free, are critical factors in your success. In light of your age at the relevant time, rehabilitation remains a relevant consideration in the sentencing mix.
73.You have not successfully engaged with court supports in the past, although your support compliance has improved significantly while recently in custody. It is in your own interests to continue to access the available support upon your release, which will be of great assistance to you. If you do not, your future prospects are likely to be very guarded.
74.The seriousness of your offending has been conceded. You accept that the gravity of your misconduct as determined by the jury, warrants the imposition of a term of imprisonment on each charge. Both the prosecution and defence counsel agree that your mitigatory material is persuasive.
75.I accept that a term of imprisonment for your offending is the only appropriate disposition. In that case you are to be sentenced on Charge 5 as a serious sexual offender. While the principle of community protection is a highly relevant consideration for all charges, it becomes the principal purpose for which the sentence on this charge is imposed. The prosecution does not, however, seek a disproportionate sentence in your case. I accept that the current environment for your imprisonment will be more stressful for you than for those in mainstream. Overall, these hardships justify a sentencing benefit.
76.The prosecution has made an application for you to be placed on the Sex Offender Register for life. There is no dispute that this registration is mandatory and that the period sought is applicable.
77.I take into account the maximum penalty for these offences. I also take the standard sentence into account as one of the factors that is relevant to the instinctive synthesis of imposing sentence. The principle of totality needs to be considered and I have taken care not to doubly punish you for the first and second incidents. I have endeavoured to tailor your sentence to ensure that it is proportionate to your overall criminal conduct, in the context of your significantly relevant plea material. I have decided that there must be a level of cumulation of sentence, given the separate criminality of offending here.
78.Balancing all these factors as best I can, I sentence you as follows:
| Charge | Offence | Sentence | Cumulation |
| 1 | Supply of drug of dependence to a child | 1 year imprisonment | Nil |
| 2 | Sexual assault of a child under 16 | 1 year and 6 months’ imprisonment | 9 months |
| 3 | Supply of drug of dependence to a child | 1 year imprisonment | Nil |
| 4 | Sexual assault of a child under 16 | 1 year imprisonment | 3 months |
| 5 | Sexual penetration with a child under 16 | 4 years’ and 3 months’ imprisonment | Base |
Total Effective Sentence: | 5 years’ and 3 months’ imprisonment | ||
Non-Parole Period: | 3 years and 3 months | ||
Pre-Sentence Detention: | 447 days | ||
79.Sex offender registration being a mandatory period for life is required. I make that order.
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