Director of Public Prosecutions v Mariam
[2023] VCC 391
•15 March 2023
| IN THE COUNTY COURT OF VICTORIA | Revised Not Restricted Suitable for Publication |
AT MELBOURNE
CRIMINAL JURISDICTION
CR 21-01969
| DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC PROSECUTIONS |
| v |
| OMER MARIAM |
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JUDGE: | HER HONOUR JUDGE GWYNN |
WHERE HELD: | Melbourne |
DATE OF HEARING: | 3 February 2023, 3 March 2023 |
DATE OF SENTENCE: | 15 March 2023 |
CASE MAY BE CITED AS: | DPP v Mariam |
MEDIUM NEUTRAL CITATION: | [2023] VCC 391 |
REASONS FOR SENTENCE
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Subject:Criminal Law
Catchwords: Cultivate narcotic plant in not less than a commercial quantity, traffic in a drug of dependence, theft, possess traffickable quantity of firearms, possess drug of dependence
Legislation Cited: Sentencing Act 1991; Bail Act 1977
Cases Cited:Le v The Queen 2021 VSCA 220
Sentence:Five years and six months imprisonment, non-parole period of three years and two months, fined $1500
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APPEARANCES: | Counsel | Solicitors |
| For the Director of Public Prosecutions | Ms D. Karamicov | Office of Public Prosecutions |
For the Accused | Mr D. Sala | Melasecca Kelly & Zayler |
HER HONOUR:
1Omer Mariam, you have pleaded guilty on indictment to: one charge of cultivate a narcotic plant in a commercial quantity; two charges of theft; four charges of trafficking in a drug of dependence; one charge of possess a traffickable quantity of firearms; and two charges of possess a drug of dependence.
2You have also pleaded guilty to related summary offences of: possess cartridge ammunition; committing an indictable offence whilst on bail; and contravening a conduct condition of bail.
3In sentencing you for these crimes I must have regard to the maximum penalties for the offences you have committed. Those maximum penalties are as follows:
· cultivation of a narcotic plant in not less than a commercial quantity -
25 years imprisonment;· trafficking in a drug of dependence - 15 years imprisonment;
· theft and possessing a traffickable quantity of firearms - 10 years imprisonment;
· possess drug of dependence - five years imprisonment or one year if you can satisfy the court on the balance of probabilities that your possession was for a purpose unrelated to trafficking;
· commit indictable offence whilst on bail and contravening a conduct condition of bail - three months imprisonment; and
· possess cartridge ammunition - 40 penalty units.
4The maximum penalties to which I have referred reflect the seriousness with which Parliament regards these offences.
5Pursuant to s5(2H) of the Sentencing Act 1991 a sentencing court must sentence an accused to a term of imprisonment for charge 1, cultivating a commercial quantity of cannabis. That term cannot be in combination with a community correction order on that charge unless a legislated exception applies.
6The circumstances of your offending are set out in a document titled ‘Summary of Prosecution Opening for Plea', dated 26 January 2023. This is an agreed document and represents your acceptance of the elements of the offences to which you have pleaded guilty, as well as the factual basis on which I am to sentence.
7I will not repeat the entire summary as it is a matter of record, but in brief terms, the offending that gives rise to these charges arose from a police investigation codenamed 'Operation Skynight-2019'. Inclusive of yourself, five persons were charged with various drug, firearm, and dishonesty offences.
The Offending
8You are said to be the principal offender and to have operated a drug trafficking and cultivating syndicate between 24 April 2020 and 13 July 2020. Your
co-offenders each had distinct roles:(a)Hadi Mariam is your younger and intellectually disabled brother who assisted in the distribution of methylamphetamine;
(b)Antione Barhko is a real estate agent who is alleged to have assisted you in obtaining rental properties in which cannabis was cultivated;
(c)Abubaker Mughal and Hussain Sayed-Noor allegedly assisted with the establishment of two houses used to grow cannabis.
9Only one, your brother, Hadi Mariam, has been sentenced to date.
10The police operation used covert operatives, with whom you had contact from 19 May 2020, as well as telephone intercepts on your mobile phone.
11Police intercepted the operation on 13 July 2020 and several search warrants were executed.
12In brief compass again, having had regard to the entire summary, the charges are made out as follows:
(a)Charge 1 - cultivate a narcotic plant (cannabis) in not less than a commercial quantity, occurred between 24 April 2020 and 13 July 2020, and related to a total of 104 cannabis plants at two separate properties - one at 55 Lane Crescent, Reservoir and another at 56 Dianne Avenue, Craigieburn. There was a total of 77.88 kilograms of cannabis.
Seventy-two plants were growing in a hydroponic setup, weighing
58.36 kilograms, located in four rooms at the Craigieburn property and
32 cannabis plants, weighing 19.52 kilograms, were growing in four rooms of the premises in Reservoir. A commercial quantity is 100 plants or
25 kilograms;(b)Charge 4 - trafficking in tetrahydrocannabinol on 2 June 2020. You communicated with Covert Operative 300, using the Wickr application. You agreed to sell him a bag of 'Charlie' for $7000 and 10 vials of oil for $1500. This transaction took place. The oil provided to the covert operative was later analysed as 5.6 grams of oil positive for tetrahydrocannabinol. You told the covert operative that it should not be sold for less than $200 per vial;
(c)Charge 5 - trafficking in methylamphetamine, involves 325.5 grams of methylamphetamine being sold by you between 19 May 2020 and
29 June 2020. Whilst a commercial quantity of methylamphetamine is
250 grams, the Crown accept that the evidence does not establish that you intended to traffick in a commercial quantity of that drug from the outset of your offending, hence the charge of trafficking is traffick simpliciter;(d)Charge 6 - trafficking in cocaine, involves you trafficking in 119 grams of cocaine between 19 May 2020 and 19 June 2020. A traffickable quantity of that drug is 3 grams;
(e)Charge 7 - trafficking in cannabis. On 1 June 2020 you had two telephone conversations to arrange to sell, 'five and half bags', of 'Asian greens', (referring to cannabis) for $140 each;
(f)Charge 8 - possess traffickable quantity of firearms. On 13 July 2020 police executed a search warrant at 56 Dianne Avenue in Craigieburn, where one of the cannabis crops was located. In addition to the cannabis plants police located three firearms as follows:
(i)a Savage bolt action .233 centrefire rifle;
(ii)a Savage bolt action .22 rimfire rifle; and
(iii)a Remington pump action rimfire rifle;
(g)two of these guns were loaded;
(h)subject of summary charge 11, two magazines of ammunition and assorted rounds of ammunition were also located. You were not licensed to possess or use a firearm or have ammunition;
(i)Charge 9 - possess a drug dependence. In the kitchen of the premises was a plastic bag containing 2 grams of white crystal which tested positive for methylamphetamine; and
(j)Charge 10 - possess drug of dependence. A further bag containing
33 tablets and tablet fragments tested positive for MDMA at 38 per cent, weighing 9.9 grams.
13The drugs of dependence, I understand, were located in your home premises.
14On 19 May 2020 you were placed on bail for other offending. It was a condition of your bail that you reside at your home address in Roxburgh Park. Between 19 May 2020 and 13 July 2020 you committed the offences the subject of the indictment whilst on bail, the subject of summary charge 16. In addition, between 18 June 2020 and 21 July 2020 you breached a conduct condition of your bail by residing at an address in New South Wales, the subject of
summary charge 17.15You were arrested in Port Macquarie, New South Wales, on 21 July 2020. You were interviewed by police on 8 September 2020 at Port Phillip Prison after extradition from New South Wales. You answered, 'No comment', to all questions asked of you, as is your right.
16Ms Karamicov, sorry for the interruption but in terms of the possess drug of dependence charges I am now not sure whether they were located at the Craigieburn property or at the home property in Roxburgh Park.
17MS KARAMICOV: I will just have a look, Your Honour.
18HER HONOUR: All right. I will come back to you before I get to the final stages.
Offence Gravity
19I turn now to the gravity of the offending.
20In relation to the possess drug of dependence charges, that is charges 9 and 10, where I am not satisfied on the balance of probabilities that your possession of the drug was for any purpose relating to trafficking, the penalty, as already outlined, is one year imprisonment. The maximum penalty is otherwise five years imprisonment. Both parties contend that I should look to the five year maximum, given the overall circumstances. I note that the drugs located were in relatively small amounts and I will fix the maximum penalty at five years given the overall context.
21The summary charge of possess ammunition has a low maximum penalty. It is a fine only offence, but occurred in circumstances where, I am told, you also had possession of a traffickable quantity of firearms and the ammunition fitted two of those firearms, elevating the seriousness of this offence.
22The remaining two summary charges are each offences against the Bail Act 1977 and represent an inability to abide by court orders. You have three prior matters for offences against the Bail Act.
23I have dealt with these four offences first as they pale into some insignificance given the gravity of your other offending the subject of the indictment. I turn now to that offending.
24Over a period of some three months you were stealing electricity, cultivating a commercial quantity of cannabis, trafficking in tetrahydrocannabinol, methylamphetamine, cocaine and cannabis. You also possessed a traffickable quantity of firearms which, in combination with the other offending, represents a planned and not unsophisticated criminal enterprise with profit being the primary motivation. You are said to be the principal offender.
25The cannabis cultivation was spread over two properties, each with a sophisticated hydroponic setup in four separate rooms of each house. The rental documents for each property were in a false name and you either helped to set up or commissioned others to prepare each property for cannabis cultivation. In total, the weight of the cannabis across the two properties was three times a commercial quantity of that drug. It was clearly to support your drug trafficking business overall, given your comments to the covert operative referred to in paragraph 29 of the Crown opening that the plants made you feel good as you were able to wake up every day, knowing that money was coming in. I assess this charge as towards the mid-level in terms of its objective gravity.
26The Crown has referred me to four cases to assist with current sentencing practices for charge 1, and I have had regard to each of those cases.
27Charges 2 and 3, theft of electricity, occurred at each of the two properties used to grow cannabis over differing periods of some months. The theft was designed to further the growth of the cannabis plants and minimise detection. On sentencing, given the connection between these two charges and
charge 1, and the principle of totality which applies overall, there is a basis for substantial, if not complete, concurrency with the charges of theft and the charge of cultivation of cannabis in not less than a commercial quantity.28Dealing with charges 4 and 7, a traffickable quantity of tetrahydrocannabinol is 25 grams. You sold 5.6 grams. The exact quantity of cannabis sold could not be determined. Seen in isolation, they are relatively low level amounts but they were part and parcel of your overall business in drug trafficking over the charged period.
29You had essentially set yourself up as a “one stop shop” for a range of illicit drugs. I assess charges 5 and 6 as being objectively the most serious of the four charges of drug trafficking.
30In a quantitative based sentencing regime, you trafficked in 39 times a traffickable quantity of cocaine and 108 times a traffickable quantity of methylamphetamine. You were able to source not insignificant quantities of each of these drugs within a relatively short timeframe. Whilst the Crown has made a concession in relation to your intention for charge 5, and you will be sentenced accordingly, the 325.5 grams which you are identified as trafficking would have to be seen at the high end for a charge of traffick simpliciter.
31On 24 June 2020 you moved to a residential unit in Bankstown,
New South Wales, but your drug syndicate in Victoria remained operational. You continued to arrange the sale of drugs and organised the sales to be effected by your brother, Hadi. In general terms, you put your brother, Hadi, at the coalface in terms of drug delivery and the collection of monies and exposed him to the greatest risk when you would have been aware of his vulnerabilities.32Whilst I accept that you were a drug user, your principal motive in your offending was clearly for your own reward. Drug offences of this nature, cultivating and trafficking, are an obvious social evil in the detriment caused to the community in terms of addiction, offending behaviour and health consequences. As was said by the Court of Appeal in Le v The Queen 2021 VSCA 220, which dealt with cultivation of cannabis in not less than a commercial quantity, but in terms equally apt to at least charges 1 through to 8 on the indictment: 'Sentences must be sufficiently stern as to provide an antidote to the lure of the benefits'.
33The three firearms, the subject of charge 8, were located at the Craigieburn property where the cultivation of cannabis was taking place and hence are linked to other serious criminal behaviour, elevating the seriousness of each offence. Two of the firearms were loaded and you obviously had ammunition for each of those weapons. The firearms had each been reported stolen from three different locations. Whilst you are not said to be responsible for the theft of the firearms nor for any actual sale of firearms, the trade in such items generates a reason for the theft of them and, as time has shown, has great potential for playing a role in serious criminal activity.
34Your moral culpability for your offending would have to be assessed as high.
35Principles of specific deterrence, general deterrence, denunciation and protection of the community loom large in the sentencing exercise.
Plea of Guilty
36The Sentencing Act 1991 obliges me to take into account the stage at which you entered your guilty pleas.
37You ran a committal hearing but I accept that was, in part, with a view to resolving appropriate charges and when this point was reached you determined to plead guilty. You made an offer to plead guilty, consistent with the current indictment, on 8 April 2022, but the factual basis was not resolved until December of 2022.
38Your plea of guilty has still occurred in a relatively early stage in that context.
39There is clear value in saving witnesses of the need to give evidence, and utilitarian value in saving the community the time and expense of contested proceedings.
40Your decision to plead guilty in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic has additional utilitarian value as it provides certainty and finality to all parties in circumstances where the court's operations were significantly disrupted by the pandemic and many trial dates remain affected.
41These factors will be taken into account in your favour.
42Remorse, however, is a little harder to discern.
Personal Circumstances
43In terms of your personal circumstances, you are currently 28 years of age and were 25 at the time of your offending. Whilst relatively young at that time, you are not properly described as a youthful offender.
44Your mother was born in Lebanon and immigrated to Australia with her parents at the age of one. Your father immigrated to Australia in his early twenties.
45You are the second eldest of four children. You have an older brother, Haisam, and younger twin siblings, your brother, Hadi, and sister, Hibah.
46Upon arrival in Australia your father sold cars before maintaining a long term position as a National Supervisor for a supermarket trolley contractor and would work long hours. Your father was strict, verbally abusive, and did use corporal punishment in your upbringing. You have memories of being tied to a chair and having your feet struck with sticks.
47Your father now assists your brother, Haisam, in running the trolley business.
48Your mother was a full-time mother and was always home. Your relationship with your mother is closer than that with your father, although you describe both as supportive.
49You largely grew up in the Roxburgh Park and Broadmeadows area.
50You completed your schooling to a Year 9 level. You struggled to concentrate at school and started Year 10 twice before deciding to leave. After leaving school you worked as a tyre fitter with an uncle but left disgruntled after being underpaid for six months. You then worked for your father but after a dispute over money you also left that employment.
51You started using drugs in your early teenage years, primarily cannabis. You came to use what are described as 'party drugs' on weekends, which were principally amphetamine based, but you also used Xanax. By 21 to 22 years of age you were using a variety of drugs which included Valium, Xanax, cannabis and ice. At the time of your arrest , cocaine was your primary drug of choice.
Prior History
52Your personal circumstances do include your prior criminal history. You have a prior criminal history of some five court appearances.
53On 16 August 2013 you appeared at the Broadmeadows Magistrates Court in relation to a range of offending, which included dangerous driving whilst being pursued by police, fail to stop a vehicle on police request, non-prohibited person possess unregistered Category A longarm, drug possession, and various other driving related offences. You were convicted and sentenced to 26 days imprisonment with 26 days reckoned as having already been served. You were also placed on a community correction order for a period of 12 months with treatment conditions.
54On 20 June 2014 you appeared at the Broadmeadows Magistrates Court, having contravened the community correction order imposed upon you on
16 August 2013. You were also charged with theft, intentionally damage property, fail to answer bail and obtain financial advantage by deception. On that occasion you were convicted and placed on a community correction order for a period of 15 months with treatment conditions.55On 7 July 2015 you appeared at the Broadmeadows Magistrates Court, having contravened the community correction order imposed upon you on
20 June 2014. You were also charged with a range of dishonesty offending. On that occasion you were convicted and sentenced to a total effective sentence of three months imprisonment, wholly suspended for a period of
two years.56You contravened that suspended sentence order. You were dealt with for that contravention and other drug possession charges and driving related offending at the Broadmeadows Magistrates Court on 6 October 2016. You were required to serve three months imprisonment and were placed on a community correction order for a period of 12 months with treatment conditions.
57On 21 July 2018 you appeared at the Bail and Remand Court for charges of driving whilst authorisation is suspended, unlawful assault, fail to answer bail, commit indictable offence whilst on bail and possess drug of dependence. You were convicted and fined the amount of $3000.
58You are not to be punished for your criminal history a second time but it is relevant to the assessment to be given in the sentencing exercise to principles of specific deterrence, denunciation and protection of the community. This history reveals your longstanding association with drugs and would indicate that short periods of imprisonment have not deterred you, nor have supervisory orders assisted you.
Prospects for Rehabilitation
59In terms of your prospects for rehabilitation, to which your prior history also has relevance, you have now spent two periods of remand in relation to these matters. You were remanded on 21 July 2020 when arrested in
New South Wales and released on bail on 13 September 2021. You were returned to custody on 22 December 2021 and again released on bail on
23 December 2021.60In combination, these periods represent the longest period you have spent in custody to date. In addition, the earlier period in custody was during the Corrections response to the COVID-19 pandemic, where I accept, in general terms, that there was less access to freedom of movement within the prison system, less access to educational and rehabilitative programs, and less access to contact visits from friends or family. New inmates were required to quarantine for 14 days on each occasion of prisoner movement. In a general sense, this made any remanded or sentenced prisoner experience more burdensome than it would otherwise be. I take this into account.
61You have 421 days available to you in terms of pre-sentence detention.
62There were numerous adjournments to get to the stage where your plea hearing was in a position to proceed on 3 February 2023, during which I appreciate you would have been stressed about the proceedings, another factor I take into account. The period between your arrest on 21 July 2020 and your sentencing - some two years and seven months later on 15 March 2023 - is also a testing period in terms of your prospects for rehabilitation.
63You have made valid attempts to alleviate your drug addiction.
64You were an inpatient at The Cottage facility in Shepparton in September 2021. You were exited from that program after drug usage and then admitted to Refocus Rehab Melbourne in December of 2021. You transferred to
Harmony House in March of 2022, participating in their transitional program from 5 March 2022 until June of 2022.65A letter from Harmony House authored by Carlo La Marchesina and dated
29 March 2022 details that you were admitted to their program on
5 March 2022. You had completed a three month program with Refocus Treatment Centre. You successfully completed a 30 day residency with Harmony House.66In a further letter dated 2 February 2023, Mr La Marchesina confirms that you continued with Harmony House in an outpatient program over a period of some seven months. You provided supervised urine screens twice weekly, underwent weekly individual alcohol and drug counselling, attended group therapy, attended both Alcoholics and Narcotics Anonymous and completed individual homework and personal assignment tasks. You are described as having engaged in your treatment thoroughly and to be highly motivated and genuinely interested in your rehabilitation.
67You have maintained a link with Harmony House. You aim to become completely drug free. You regularly attend Narcotics Anonymous meetings.
68In more recent times, you have become the Director of a building company with the support and involvement of your older brother and your father. Your company has met with some success.
69A psychological report authored by Mr Luke Armstrong, consultant psychologist, dated 31 January 2022, has been tendered on your behalf. At the time of your arrest by police in May of 2020, Mr Armstrong opines that you had a polysubstance use disorder. He was concerned that you presented with features of borderline personality disorder and generalised anxiety disorder. He recommended long term treatment.
70An updated psychological report authored by Mr Luke Armstrong, consultant psychologist, dated 13 December 2022, has also been tendered on your behalf.
71In his opinion your cessation of drug use has revealed untreated mental health problems. As just outlined, Mr Armstrong had previously assessed you and diagnosed you with significant personality disturbance with features of an anxiety disorder and significant polysubstance abuse disorders.
72Your counsel does not call into your aid the principles of R vVerdins & Ors (2007) 16 VR 269.
73At the time of his report dated 13 December 2022, Mr Armstrong observed you to demonstrate insight into the chemical changes associated with mental health problems. Your mood had improved and Mr Armstrong states that you had 'Genuinely stepped into recovery' but recommends continued treatment.
74You have an extended period of rehabilitative treatment, have moved away from negative peers and returned to practice your Islamic faith. Mr Armstrong sees these factors as positives in your road to recovery. The value in his report really goes to your prospects of rehabilitation. Those prospects are contingent in you remaining drug free and utilising the positive supports that you have found.
Parity
75The parity principle demands that any sentence imposed reflects differences in the culpability and personal circumstances of co-offenders and avoids unjustifiable differences in co-offender sentences.
76As referred to earlier, only your brother, Hadi Mariam, has been dealt with, receiving a community correction order of 30 months duration. He was in a vastly different position to you in terms of the lesser gravity of his offending, no prior criminal history and a now established intellectual disability. Your counsel conceded that your brother’s role was peripheral.
77The parity principle in the circumstances therefore has limited application.
78I will just check the factual basis with you now, Ms Karamicov, in relation to the drug possession, and I am sorry that I got partly confused.
79MS KARAMICOV: No, no, not at all, Your Honour. Paragraph 48 of the opening refers to the drugs, subject of charges 9 and 10 being found in the kitchen of the Craigieburn property.
80HER HONOUR: All right, so I was right at first instance.
81MS KARAMICOV: Yes.
82HER HONOUR: All right, thank you.
Submissions
83In terms of sentencing submissions your counsel submits sentencing you to a term of imprisonment on charge 1 to your available pre-sentence detention, in combination with a community correction order on the remaining charges, would adequately reflect all relevant sentencing considerations.
84As referred to earlier, you have 421 days available by way of pre-sentence detention.
85The Crown submit that only a head sentence with a non-parole period would reflect the relevant sentencing factors to be taken into account.
86I accept that submission.
87I make the ancillary orders as sought for the disposal of scheduled items, noting the application to do so was by consent.
Sentencing
88The basic purposes for which a court may impose a sentence include punishment, general and specific deterrence, rehabilitation, denunciation and protection of the community. In sentencing you I must have regard to a range of matters such as the seriousness of the offending, your culpability for it, your personal circumstances and those of any victim.
89I must also balance the interest of the community in denouncing criminal conduct with the interest the community clearly has in seeking to ensure, where possible, that offenders are rehabilitated and are reintegrated into society.
90I have taken into account the sentencing principles referred to in s5 of the Sentencing Act 1991 where relevant to your case. I have taken into account current sentencing practices for the offences to which you have pleaded guilty and the important principles of totality and proportionality.
91For summary charge 11, possess cartridge ammunition, you are convicted and fined the amount of $500.
92For summary charge 16, commit indictable offence whilst on bail, s16(3C) requires that:
'Every term of imprisonment imposed on a person for an offence committed whilst released on bail in relation to any other offence or offences must, unless otherwise directed by the Court, be served cumulatively on any uncompleted sentence or sentences of imprisonment imposed on that offender, whether before or at the same time as that term'.
93For that charge you do have a relevant prior matter. You are convicted and fined the amount of $1000 as an aggregate with summary charge 17, breach conduct condition of bail.
94I turn now to the indictment:
95Charge 1 - cultivate cannabis in not less than a commercial quantity, you are convicted and sentenced to four years and three months imprisonment. This is the base sentence.
96Charge 2 – theft , you are convicted and sentenced to six months imprisonment.
97Charge 3 - theft, you are convicted and sentenced to six months imprisonment.
98Charge 4 - traffick in tetrahydrocannabinol, you are convicted and sentenced to three months imprisonment.
99Charge 5 - traffick methylamphetamine, you are convicted and sentenced to two years and six months imprisonment.
100Charge 6 - traffick cocaine, you are convicted and sentenced to two years imprisonment.
101Charge 7 - traffick cannabis, you are convicted and sentenced to three months imprisonment .
102Charge 8, - possess a traffickable quantity of firearms, you are convicted and sentenced to two years imprisonment.
103Six months of the term of imprisonment imposed on charge 5, three months of the term of imprisonment imposed on charge 6, and six months of the term of imprisonment on charge 8 are cumulative on each other and the base sentence.
104The total effective sentence is therefore one of five years and six months imprisonment. Your efforts to rehabilitate do provide some basis for an extended period of transition into the community. I therefore set a period of three years and two months before you are eligible for parole.
Four hundred and twenty-one days are reckoned as having already been served.105Section 6AAA of the Sentencing Act requires me to state the sentence I would have imposed had you not pleaded guilty to the charges. If not for your pleas of guilty, I would have sentenced you to a total effective sentence of seven years and nine months with a minimum of six years before being eligible for parole.
106Anything I missed?
107MR SALA: No. Thank you, Your Honour.
108HER HONOUR: Ms Karamicov?
109MS KARAMICOV: What was the sentence on charges 9 and 10, Your Honour?
110HER HONOUR: One and - - -
111MS KARAMICOV: Charges 9 and 10 on the possess charges.
112HER HONOUR: Thank you very much.
113MS KARAMICOV: And can I just confirm, the order for cumulation on
Charge 5, was that six months?114HER HONOUR: It was - no. So six months on charge 5, three months on charge 6 and six months on charge 8.
115MS KARAMICOV: Six, three and six, yes.
116HER HONOUR: Charges 9 and 10 are as an aggregate of one month.
117MS KARAMICOV: One month, thank you, Your Honour.
118HER HONOUR: Thank you.
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