Director of Public Prosecutions v Green
[2010] NTSC 16
•04/05/2010
DPP v Green [2010] NTSC 16
IN THE MATTER OF THE CRIMINAL
PROPERTY FORFEITURE ACT
AND
IN THE MATTER OF LLOYD GREEN
BETWEEN:
PARTIES: DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC PROSECUTIONS v LLOYD GREEN TITLE OF COURT: FULL COURT OF THE SUPREME COURT OF THE NORTHERN TERRITORY JURISDICTION: FULL COURT OF THE SUPREME COURT OF THE NORTHERN TERRITORY EXERCISING TERRITORY JURISDICTION UPON REFERENCE PURSUANT TO S 21 OF THE SUPREME COURT ACT FILE NO: No 82 of 2008 (20817720) DELIVERED: 4 MAY 2010 HEARING DATES: 30 and 31 March 2010 JUDGMENT OF: MARTIN CJ, MILDREN & REEVES JJ CATCHWORDS: CRIMINAL LAW AND PROCEDURE – reference to Full Court of questions
of law – powers of court limited to facts stated in the reference – court
refused reference on academic questions but accepted reference to questions
whether a crimeused property substitution declaration could be made –
whether court may declare property of equivalent value owned or effectively
controlled by the respondent to be substituted for the crimeused property –
defendant held leasehold interest in crimeused property – whether crime
used property not available – question 1 in the reference answered in the
negative – Criminal Property Forfeiture Act s 81.
STATUTORY INTERPRETATION – Criminal Property Forfeiture Act s 81
– defendant occupied property under a lease – defendant convicted of
unlawfully cultivating cannabis, supplying cannabis and possessing cannabis
on the leased property – definition of “property” could refer to the physical
land or to an interest in the land – application for crimeused property
substitution declaration under s 81 – not available if property not amendable
to a restraining order or forfeiture for reason referred to in s 82 – not
available if defendant does not own the property – definition of “owner”
includes “a person having a legal or equitable interest in the property” –
whether “own” has a corresponding meaning – whether property not
available for forfeiture if defendant has leasehold interest – Criminal
Property Forfeiture Act, s 5, s 81, s 82; Interpretation Act, s 23 – text clear
that only interests in land and not the land itself can be forfeited.
Criminal Property Forfeiture Act, s 3, s 5, s 6, s 7, s 10(1), s 10(2), s 10(3),
s 10(4)(c), s 10(5), s 11, s 11(1)(b), s 11(1)(c), s 11(2)(a), s 81, s 81(2), s
81(4)(c), s 82, s 86(1), s 86(3), s 101, s 121(1)(c), s 121(1) (d);
Interpretation Act, s 23; Supreme Court Act, s 21(1), 21(2)
Bass v Permanent Trustee Co Ltd (1999) 198 CLR 334; Duke Group Ltd (in
Liq) v Arthur Young (Reg) (No 2) (1990) 54 SASR 511; Thomas v The King
(1937) 59 CLR 279; followed
Alcan (NT) Alumina Pty Ltd v Commissioner of Territory Revenue (2009)
239 CLR 27, referred to
REPRESENTATION:
Counsel:
Applicant: R Jobson Respondent: A Wyvill SC & S Lee Solicitors:
Applicant: Solicitor for the Northern Territory Respondent: Northern Territory Legal Aid Commission Judgment category classification: A
Number of pages: 17 IN THE FULL COURT OF THE SUPREME COURT OF THE NORTHERN TERRITORY OF AUSTRALIA AT DARWIN DPP v Green [2010] NTSC 16
No. 82 of 2008
IN THE MATTER OF
THE CRIMINAL PROPERTY
FORFEITURE ACT
AND
IN THE MATTER OF
LLOYD GREEN
BETWEEN:
DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC
PROSECUTIONS
Applicant
AND:
LLOYD GREEN
Respondent
CORAM: MARTIN CJ, MILDREN & REEVES JJ
REASONS FOR JUDGMENT
(Delivered 4 May 2010)
Martin CJ:
For the reasons given by Mildren J, I agree that only the first question
should be answered and the answer should be in the negative.
1
I also agree with his Honour’s observations as to the reach of the definition
of “forfeiture offence”.
Mildren J:
| [3] | This is a reference to the Full Court by Riley J, pursuant to s 21(1) of the |
| Supreme Court Act. After hearing the submissions of the parties, the Court | |
| decided to accept only the first question in the reference. In our view, the | |
| remaining questions are academic and should not be answered. 1 |
An attempt was made by the parties to put before the Court facts additional
to the facts which are set out in the reference.
| [5] | Section 21 of the Supreme Court Act provides as follows: |
21. Full Court
(1) The Judge hearing a proceeding, not being a proceeding in the
Court of Appeal in which the jurisdiction of the Court is
exercisable by one Judge, or, if the hearing of such a proceeding
has not commenced, any Judge, may refer that proceeding or
part of that proceeding to the Full Court.
(2) The Full Court may –
(a) accept;
(b) decline to accept; or
(c) accept in part only,
1 See Bass v Permanent Trustee Co Ltd (1999) 198 CLR 334 at 355360; [44][59] per Gleeson CJ,
Gaudron, McHugh, Gummow, Hayne & Callinan JJ.
2
a reference made under subsection (1) and, in any event, may
make such orders and give such directions as it thinks proper in
relation to, and to the procedure to be followed in, the further
conduct of the proceedings or part, as the case may be,
including, in a case where evidence was received before the
reference, orders and directions in relation to the use, if any, to
be made of that evidence.
As was noted by Perry J in Duke Group Ltd (in Liq) v Arthur Young (Reg)
(No 2), 2 the reservation of a part of the proceeding in the case, or for that
matter the whole of the proceedings, to the Full Court, is a different
procedure from the stating of a question of law by the form of a stated case.
It is well understood that the powers of a court to which a case has been
stated are limited to answering the specific questions referred to it and that
the court is not able to refer to any material not set forth in the case itself.
Thus, the court is not entitled to go outside of the case stated and refer to
the transcript of evidence. 3 But, where there has been a reference under s 21, the Full Court is not necessarily so restricted because the Judge has the
power to refer the whole of the case to the Full Court. However, in this
case, the Judge has not referred the whole case to the Full Court but only
questions of law which have arisen. In those circumstances the Court has a
judicial discretion whether to accept the reference either in whole or in part
and, if it accepts the reference, whether in whole or in part, it should confine
itself to the facts as stated in the reference as found by the trial Judge. To
do otherwise would be to invite the Full Court to decide questions for which
there is no factual basis and which may yet have to be determined by the
(1990) 54 SASR 511 at 514.
3 See Thomas v The King (1937) 59 CLR 279.
3
trial Judge and, moreover, which were not part of the reference. Further,
such a process would invite the Court to make rulings upon legal issues
which may be academic particularly in cases where there have been no
findings of fact to support the question or questions.
The facts as found by the trial Judge
| [7] | On 10 July 2008, the respondent was dealt with in the Supreme Court in |
| relation to a number of offences under the Misuse of Drugs Act. He was | |
| convicted of unlawfully cultivating 18 cannabis plants, possessing 4.161 | |
| kilograms of cannabis plant material and of supplying cannabis plant | |
| material to an unknown person. In addition to being convicted on each | |
| count, he was sentenced to a total effective period of imprisonment of two | |
| years commencing on 10 July 2008. The sentence was suspended upon him | |
| entering into a Home Detention Order for a period of nine months. |
The offences occurred in a shed on a rural block situated at Block 375 Stuart
Highway (Block 375). At all relevant times the respondent was the owner of
a leasehold interest in Block 375 and it was pursuant to this interest that he
was in occupation of the shed that was used in committing the subject
offences.
| [9] | The owner of the freehold interest in Block 375 was not involved in the |
| offending and the applicant accepted that the offending occurred without the | |
| knowledge of the owner. By operation of s 82 of the Criminal Property | |
| Forfeiture Act, crimeused property is not available for forfeiture if the |
4
respondent does not own or have effective control of the property. The
applicant concluded that no grounds existed upon which it could seek the
restraint and ultimate forfeiture of the owner’s interest in Block 375 on the
ground that the land is crimeused property. The applicant, therefore,
sought a crimeused property substitution declaration against the respondent
pursuant to the provisions of s 81(2) of the Criminal Property Forfeiture
Act. The property sought to be substituted consists of two residential
properties associated with the respondent being Unit 3, 75 Driver Avenue,
Palmerston (the Palmerston unit) which is owned by the respondent and
212 McGorrie Road, Marrakai (the Marrakai land) which is owned by the
respondent jointly with his de facto wife.
| [10] | On 30 June 2008, I granted a restraining order pursuant to s 81(2) of the Act |
| over the Palmerston unit and the Marrakai land. |
According to the unchallenged expert evidence led on behalf of the
applicant, at the relevant time the freehold value of Block 375 was $1.5
million; the Palmerston unit had a value of $205,000; and the Marrakai land
had a value of $105,000. Those valuations have been accepted by the trial
Judge.
The learned trial Judge ruled as follows:
(a) The property situated at Block 375 Stuart Highway was crime
used property within the meaning of s 11 of the Act;
5
(b) The crime used property was, for the purposes of the Act, the
land itself not some legal interest in the land;
(c) The respondent did not own or have effective control of the
property situated at Block 375 and that property was not
available for forfeiture by operation of s 82 of the Act; and
(d) The Court may therefore declare property of equivalent value
owned or effectively controlled by the respondent be substituted
for the crime used property pursuant to s 81 of the Act.
The learned trial Judge referred a number of questions to the Court. The
only one which the Court has decided to answer is whether, in the
circumstances, he was correct in the rulings that he made.
The answer to that question depends upon the construction to be given to
various provisions of the Act.
The relevant provisions of the Act
Section 10(1) of the Act provides that the Act applies to property that is
crimeused. Section 10(2) provides:
(2) The property (real or personal) of a person who is involved or
taken to be involved in criminal activities is forfeit to the
Territory to the extent provided in this Act to compensate the
Territory community for the costs of deterring, detecting and
dealing with the criminal activities.
Section 10(3) provides:
(3) Crimeused or crimederived property (real or personal) is
forfeit to the Territory to deter criminal activity and prevent the
unjust enrichment of persons involved in criminal activities.
6
| [17] | Section 10(4)(c) provides, that for the purposes of the Act, a person is taken |
| to be involved in criminal activities if the person is found guilty of a | |
| forfeiture offence. Section 10(5) provides that property is liable to | |
| forfeiture under the Act if it is, inter alia, crimeused property, whether the | |
| relevant forfeiture offence was committed in the Territory or elsewhere, | |
| whether or not any person has been charged with or found guilty of the | |
| relevant forfeiture offence, and whether the property is in the Territory or | |
| outside of the Territory. |
Crimeused property is defined by s 11 in the following manner:
(1) For the purposes of this Act, property is crimeused if – (a) the property is or was used, or intended for use, directly or indirectly, in or in connection with the commission of a
forfeiture offence or in or in connection with facilitating
the commission of a forfeiture offence;
(b) the property is or was used for storing property that was acquired unlawfully in the course of the commission of a forfeiture offence; or (c) an act or omission was done, omitted to be done or
facilitated in or on the property in connection with the
commission of a forfeiture offence.
Section 6 of the Act defines what is meant by a “forfeiture offence”. It
provides:
For the purposes of this Act, a forfeiture offence is –
(a) an offence against a law in force anywhere in Australia that is punishable by imprisonment for 2 years or more; or
7
(b) any other offence that is prescribed for the purposes of this
section.
There is no question that the offences which the respondent committed were
“forfeiture offences”.
| [21] | The sheer breadth of the definition of “forfeiture offence” is breathtaking. |
| A list of the Northern Territory offences punishable by a term of | |
| imprisonment for two years or more was provided by counsel for the | |
| respondent. The list ran to 27 pages covering as it did a very wide range of | |
| offending against numerous Acts, a good many of which were triable only | |
| summarily. The list contained only Northern Territory Acts and was not in | |
| fact complete as it did not deal with, for example, the Corporations Act; nor | |
| did it deal with Commonwealth offences or offences made under the laws of | |
| other states or territories. The extremely wide definition of a forfeiture | |
| offence gives rise to the real possibility that even relatively trivial offences | |
| may give rise to forfeiture of very valuable property. The wide definition of | |
| crimeused property, particularly in s 11(1)(c), gives rise to the possibility | |
| that what may be forfeited, for a relatively trivial offence, may be the | |
| offender’s own home if an act or omission was done in connection with the | |
| commission of a forfeiture offence on the offender’s own property. If the | |
| offence was committed on someone else’s property in which the offender | |
| had no interest, the offender may be liable for a crimeused substitution | |
| declaration under s 81 of the Act. The consequences of such a declaration | |
| are that the Court must value the crimeused property at its full market |
8
unencumbered value, and order the offender to pay that sum to the Territory
under s 81(4)(c). The amount ordered to be paid may be satisfied by
forfeiture under Part 7 of the substituted property: see ss 86(1) and (3);
s 101. In this case, the results could well be a judgment for $1.5 million and
possibly forfeiture of the respondent’s land worth about $310,000.00.
Allowing for any mortgagees to be paid out, the resultant debt would be well
in excess of $1 million.
The Act has been described by both counsel as draconian in its reach.
I doubt whether even Dracos himself would have conceived of a law so wide
reaching. The questions of construction which we are asked to consider are
therefore matters of extreme importance.
Reference should also be made to s 3 of the Act which provides as follows:
3. Objective
The objective of this Act is to target the proceeds of crime in general
and drugrelated crime in particular in order to prevent the unjust
enrichment of persons involved in criminal activities.
It is clear from s 10(2) and s 10(3) that the objective of the Act goes well
beyond that stated in s 3.
| [25] | Section 5 of the Act defines “property” in the following term: |
property means –
(a) real or personal property of any description, wherever situated
and whether tangible or intangible; or
9
(b) a legal or equitable interest in any property referred to in
paragraph (a).
Section 5 also defines “owner” to mean, in relation to property “a person
who has a legal or equitable interest in the property”.
| [27] | Section 7 defines “effective control of property” in the following terms: |
(1) For the purposes of this Act, a person has effective control of
property if, although the person does not have the legal estate in
the property, the property is directly or indirectly subject to the
control of the person or is held for the ultimate benefit of the
person.
(2) Without limiting subsection (1), when determining whether a
person has effective control of any property, the following
matters may be taken into account:
(a) any shareholdings in, debentures over or directorships of
any corporation that has a direct or indirect interest in the
property;
(b) any trust that has a relationship to the property;
(c) family, domestic and business relationships between
persons having an interest –
(i) in the property;
(ii) in a corporation that has a direct or indirect interest in
the property; or
(iii) in a trust that has a relationship to the property;
(d) any other relevant matters.
The expression “legal estate” in s 7(1) is not defined.
10
The Act also includes a definition of “premises” which is defined to include
“a vessel, aircraft, vehicle, structure, building and any land or place whether
built on or not”.
Section 5 defines “land” to include an interest in land.
The argument for the applicant was that the expression “crimeused
property” refers equally to the physical land or personal property as well as
the legal or equitable interest in any property whether real or personal. It
was submitted that the definition of crimeused property in s 11(1)(b)
supported this contention because of the reference to the “use” of property
for storage and upon which the commission of acts or omissions “in or on
the property” occurs: see s 11(1)(c). It was submitted that an interest cannot
be used in this sense. It was submitted that the interest is the means by
which a person or persons become entitled to utilise property for a relevant
purpose, but it was only the physical entity which was used pursuant to the
rights conferred by the interest. It was further submitted that s 11(2)(a)
suggested that the physical property was intended by reference to the
property being capable of also being used for another purpose.
| [32] | The structure of the definition of “property” suggests that the first part of |
| the definition under subparagraph (a) is intended to refer to the physical | |
| property that is to say the physical land or the physical personal property | |
| being used such as a motor vehicle, an aeroplane or a boat, whereas the | |
| second part of the definition refers to legal or equitable interests in any such |
11
property. It is curious that the definition uses the word “or” rather than
“and”. Pearce and Geddes suggest in their text Statutory Interpretation in Australia 4 “in ordinary speech the word ‘and’ is used conjunctively and the
word ‘or’ is used disjunctively”. However, as the learned authors point out,
“or” has sometimes been interpreted to mean “and” if the Court concludes
that there are compelling reasons for finding that there is a printing or
drafting error, or, if by reference to the context in which the word appears,
that the cumulative effect of the provision should not be dictated to by the
presence of the word in question. There is nothing in the context of the
definition itself to suggest any drafting error, nor is there anything in the
context of the definition to suggest “or” means “and”. The argument of the
applicant depended upon the underlying purpose and the objects of the Act,
but in my opinion that is not a helpful exercise in this case. I think that the
true answer to this question depends upon the context in which the word
“property” is to be found in a provision of the Act. In some cases, it may
appear to be clear that the word was intended to refer to the physical
property; in other cases, it may be clear that it was intended to refer only to
a legal or equitable interest in the property; and in yet other cases, it may
appear to refer to both.
Crimeused property substitution declaration
The relevant provisions of the Act which deal with crime used property
substitution declarations begin with s 81 which provides as follows:
4 6 th ed, para 2.25.
12
81. Application for CrimeUsed Property Substitution
Declaration
(1) The DPP may apply to the Supreme Court for a crimeused
property substitution declaration against a person.
(2) On hearing an application under subsection (1), the court may declare that property of equivalent value owned or effectively controlled by the respondent is to be substituted for crimeused property if – (a) it is more likely than not that the respondent has made
criminal use of property so that the property is crimeused
property within the meaning of s 11; and
(b) the crimeused property is not amenable to a restraining
order or forfeiture under this Act for a reason or reasons
referred to in s 82.
(3) An application under subsection 1 may be made in conjunction with an application under Part 4, Division 2 for a restraining order, in proceedings under Part 5 for the hearing of an objection to the restraining of property, or at any other time. (4) If the court makes a declaration under this section, the court must – (a) assess the value of the crimeused property in accordance with s 85;
(b) specify the assessed value of the crimeused property in the declaration; and (c) order the respondent to pay to the Territory the amount
specified in the declaration as the value of the crimeused
property.
(5) Crimeused property substitution declarations can be made against 2 or more respondents in respect of the same crimeused
13
property, whether or not the applications for the respective
declarations are heard in the same proceedings.
(6) If a court makes a declaration under this section, the court may make any necessary or convenient ancillary orders, including awarding costs as the court sees fit.
Section 82 provides:
CrimeUsed Property Not Available
For the purposes of s 81, crimeused property is not available for
forfeiture if –
(a) the respondent does not own or have effective control of the
property;
(b) the property was or is owned or effectively controlled by the respondent, and was or is restrained, but the restraining order has been or is to be set aside under s 63(1)(a) in favour of a spouse, de facto partner or dependant of the respondent; or (c) the property has been sold or otherwise disposed of, or cannot
for any other reason be found for the purposes of this Act.
| [35] | The argument of Mr Wyvill SC for the respondent was that on the facts as |
| found by Riley J, the finding that crimeused property was not available in | |
| terms of s 82 was not correct because the respondent did own the property. | |
| It was not contended that s 82(b) or (c) applied to the circumstances of this | |
| case. |
Mr Wyvill’s argument focused on s 82(a). It was submitted that the
respondent could not own the physical land; all he or anyone else could own
was an interest in the land. On the facts of this case, Mr Wyvill’s
14
submission is supported by the definition of “owner” to which I have
previously referred. Although the word “own” is not defined, s 23 of the
Interpretation Act provides:
In an act, where a word or phrase is given a particular meaning, other
parts of speech and grammatical forms of that word or phrase have
corresponding meanings.
There is nothing in the context of s 82 to suggest that the word “own” ought
not to be given the meaning contended for by Mr Wyvill. In my opinion, it
is clear from the text that crimeused property is not available for forfeiture
if the respondent does not have an interest in the land whether it be legal or
equitable. As Mr Wyvill pointed out, forfeiture of property can only mean
in that context forfeiture of whatever interest in the property the respondent
may have.
Further support for Mr Wyvill’s argument is to be found in s 81(4) which
requires the Court when making a declaration under s 81 to “assess the value
of the crimeused property in accordance with s 85”. Once again, the
physical land cannot be valued; all that can be valued is an interest in the
land.
| [39] | In determining these questions, close attention must be paid to the text of |
| the Act. As was said in Alcan (NT) Alumina Pty Ltd v Commissioner of | |
| Territory Revenue: 5 |
(2009) 239 CLR 27 at 4748 para [47].
15
This Court has stated on many occasions that the task of statutory
construction must begin with a consideration of the text itself.
Historical considerations and extrinsic materials cannot be relied on
to displace the clear meaning of the text. The language which has
actually been deployed in the text of legislation is the surest guide to
legislative intention. The meaning of the text may require
consideration of the context, which includes the general purpose and
policy of a provision, in particular the mischief it is seeking to
remedy.
Counsel for the applicant pointed out in his submission that notwithstanding
the textural difficulties to which I have referred, this Court should find that
it was the physical land which was crimeused rather than the interest and
that the word “owned” in s 82(a) should be given a narrow meaning limited
only to the person who holds a freehold interest in the property. It was
submitted that the respondent’s interpretation would leave open a significant
gap in the scheme because people who deal in drugs, whether by cultivating
them, manufacturing them or selling them could avoid a crimeused property
substitution declaration by the simple expedient of letting some premises.
However there are answers to this contention. First, the text is not
ambiguous, but bears a plain meaning. Secondly, the owner of the legal
estate may find that the property is liable to forfeiture if the legal owner is
not an innocent party or if the legal owner was not aware or could not
reasonably be expected to become aware until after the property was
forfeited that the property was liable to forfeiture under Part 7 Division 3 of
the Act (see s 121(1)(c) and (d)). Thirdly, it cannot be said that an order
forfeiting an interest such as a lease does not always have consequences to
the lessee. A lease may in fact be valuable, but even if it is not, forfeiture
16
of a lease is likely to disrupt the lessee’s activities whether they be limited
to criminal activities or not.
| [41] | Riley J found that the Court may declare property of equivalent value owned |
| or effectively controlled by the respondent to be substituted for the crime | |
| used property in this case. In my opinion, His Honour came to the wrong | |
| conclusion. I would answer question 1 in the reference in the negative and | |
| order that the applicant pay the respondent’s costs of the reference. | |
| Reeves J: | |
| [42] | I also agree with Mildren J that only the first question should be answered |
| and that the answer should be in the negative, for the reasons his Honour has | |
| given. |
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