Criminal Code 2002 (ACT)

Criminal Code 2002   

A2002-51

Republication No 57

Effective:  16 November 2025

Republication date: 16 November 2025

Last amendment made by A2025‑29

About this republication

The republished law

This is a republication of the Criminal Code 2002 (including any amendment made under the Legislation Act 2001, part 11.3 (Editorial changes)) as in force on 16 November 2025.  It also includes any commencement, amendment, repeal or expiry affecting this republished law to 16 November 2025.

The legislation history and amendment history of the republished law are set out in endnotes 3 and 4.

Kinds of republications

The Parliamentary Counsel’s Office prepares 2 kinds of republications of ACT laws (see the ACT legislation register at type="disc">

authorised republications to which the Legislation Act 2001 applies

unauthorised republications.

The status of this republication appears on the bottom of each page.

Editorial changes

The Legislation Act 2001, part 11.3 authorises the Parliamentary Counsel to make editorial amendments and other changes of a formal nature when preparing a law for republication. Editorial changes do not change the effect of the law, but have effect as if they had been made by an Act commencing on the republication date (see Legislation Act 2001, s 115 and s 117). The changes are made if the Parliamentary Counsel considers they are desirable to bring the law into line, or more closely into line, with current legislative drafting practice.

This republication does not include amendments made under part 11.3 (see endnote 1).

Uncommenced provisions and amendments

If a provision of the republished law has not commenced, the symbol  U  appears immediately before the provision heading.  Any uncommenced amendments that affect this republished law are accessible on the ACT legislation register ( For more information, see the home page for this law on the register.

Modifications

If a provision of the republished law is affected by a current modification, the symbol  M  appears immediately before the provision heading.  The text of the modifying provision appears in the endnotes.  For the legal status of modifications, see the Legislation Act 2001, section 95.

Penalties

At the republication date, the value of a penalty unit for an offence against this law is $160 for an individual and $810 for a corporation (see Legislation Act 2001, s 133).

Criminal Code 2002

Contents

Page

Chapter 1  Preliminary

1            Name of Act  2

3            Dictionary  2

4            Notes  2

5            Codification  2

Chapter 2  General principles of criminal responsibility

Part 2.1    Purpose and application—ch 2

6            Purpose—ch 2  3

7           Application—ch 2  3

8            Delayed application of ch 2 to certain offences  3

10          Definitions—applied provisions and application date  4

Part 2.2    The elements of an offence

Division 2.2.1           General—pt 2.2

11          Elements  5

12          Establishing guilt of offences  5

Division 2.2.2           Physical elements

13          Definitions—conduct and engage in conduct  6

14          Physical elements  6

15          Voluntariness  6

16          Omissions  7

Division 2.2.3           Fault elements

17          Fault elements  7

18          Intention  7

19          Knowledge  8

20          Recklessness  8

21          Negligence  9

22          Offences that do not provide fault elements  9

Division 2.2.4           Cases where fault elements are not required

23          Strict liability  9

24          Absolute liability  10

Part 2.3    Circumstances where there is no criminal responsibility

Division 2.3.1           Lack of capacity—children

25          Children under 14—criminal responsibility  11

26          Children 12 and over but under 14—knowledge that conduct wrong       11

Division 2.3.2           Lack of capacity—mental impairment

27          Definition—mental impairment  12

28          Mental impairment and criminal responsibility  12

29          Mental impairment and other defences  13

Division 2.3.3           Intoxication

30          Intoxication—interpretation  13

31          Intoxication—offences involving basic intent  14

32          Intoxication—negligence as fault element  15

33          Intoxication—relevance to defences  15

34          Involuntary intoxication  16

Division 2.3.4           Mistake and ignorance

35          Mistake or ignorance of fact—fault elements other than negligence       16

36          Mistake of fact—strict liability  17

38          Claim of right  17

Division 2.3.5           External factors

39          Intervening conduct or event  18

40          Duress  18

41          Sudden or extraordinary emergency  19

42          Self-defence  19

43          Lawful authority  20

Division 2.3.6           Lawful purpose

43A         Lawful possession  20

Part 2.4    Extensions of criminal responsibility

44          Attempt  22

45          Complicity and common purpose  23

45A         Joint commission  24

46          Commission by proxy  26

47          Incitement  27

48          Conspiracy  28

Part 2.5    Corporate criminal responsibility

49          General principles  31

50          Physical elements  31

51          Corporation—fault elements other than negligence  31

52          Corporation—negligence  33

53          Corporation—mistake of fact—strict liability  33

54          Corporation—intervening conduct or event  34

55          Evidence of negligence or failure to exercise appropriate diligence       34

Part 2.6    Proof of criminal responsibility

56          Legal burden of proof—prosecution  35

57          Standard of proof—prosecution  35

58          Evidential burden of proof—defence  35

59          Legal burden of proof—defence  37

60          Standard of proof—defence  37

61          Use of averments  38

Part 2.7    Geographical application

62          Application and effect—pt 2.7  39

63          Interpretation—pt 2.7  39

64          Extension of offences if required geographical nexus exists                40

65          Geographical application—double criminality  40

66          Geographical application—procedure  40

67          Geographical application—suspicion etc that offence committed           42

Chapter 3  Theft, fraud, bribery and related offences

Part 3.1    Interpretation for ch 3

300         Definitions—ch 3  43

301         Person to whom property belongs for ch 3  46

302         Dishonesty a matter for trier of fact  46

Part 3.2    Theft and related offences

Division 3.2.1           Interpretation for pt 3.2

303         Dishonesty for pt 3.2  47

304         Appropriation of property for pt 3.2  47

305         Person to whom property belongs for pt 3.2  48

306         Intention of permanently depriving for pt 3.2  49

307         General deficiency  50

Division 3.2.2           Indictable offences for pt 3.2

308         Theft  50

309         Robbery  50

310         Aggravated robbery  51

311         Burglary  51

312         Aggravated burglary  52

313         Receiving  52

314         Receiving—meaning of stolen property  53

315         Going equipped for theft etc  54

316         Going equipped with offensive weapon for theft etc  54

318         Taking etc motor vehicle without consent  55

Division 3.2.3           Summary offences for pt 3.2

319         Dishonestly taking territory property  56

320         Dishonestly retaining territory property  57

321         Minor theft  58

322         Removal of articles on public exhibition  58

322A        Making off without payment  59

323         Making off without payment—minor offence  59

324         Unlawful possession of stolen property  60

Part 3.3    Fraudulent conduct

Division 3.3.1           Interpretation for pt 3.3

325         Definitions—pt 3.3  62

Division 3.3.2           Obtaining property by deception

326         Obtaining property by deception  62

327         Dishonesty for div 3.3.2  62

328         Meaning of obtains for div 3.3.2  63

329         Intention of permanently depriving—div 3.3.2  63

330         Money transfers  64

331         General deficiency for div 3.3.2  65

Division 3.3.3           Other indictable offences for pt 3.3

332         Obtaining financial advantage by deception  65

333         General dishonesty  65

334         Conspiracy to defraud  67

Division 3.3.4           Summary offences for pt 3.3

335         Obtaining financial advantage from the Territory  69

336         Passing valueless cheques  70

Part 3.4    False or misleading statements, information and documents

336A        Making false statements on oath or in statutory declarations               72

337         Making false or misleading statements  72

338         Giving false or misleading information  74

339         Producing false or misleading documents  76

Part 3.5    Blackmail

340         Meaning of menace for pt 3.5  77

341         Meaning of unwarranted demand with a menace for pt 3.5                 77

342         Blackmail  78

Part 3.6    Forgery and related offences

Division 3.6.1           Interpretation for pt 3.6

343         Definitions—pt 3.6  79

344         Meaning of false document etc for pt 3.6  79

345         Inducing acceptance that document genuine  80

Division 3.6.2           Offences for pt 3.6

346         Forgery  81

347         Using false document  81

348         Possessing false document  82

349         Making or possessing device etc for making false document               82

350         False accounting  83

351         False statement by officer of body  85

Part 3.7    Bribery and related offences

Division 3.7.1           Interpretation for pt 3.7

352         Definitions—pt 3.7  86

353         Meaning of agent and principal for pt 3.7  86

354         Dishonesty for pt 3.7  87

355         Meaning of obtain for pt 3.7  87

Division 3.7.2           Offences for pt 3.7

356         Bribery  87

357         Other corrupting benefits  89

358         Payola  90

359         Abuse of public office  90

Part 3.8    Impersonation or obstruction of territory public officials

360         Impersonating territory public official  93

361         Obstructing territory public official  94

362         Impersonating police officer  95

363         Obstructing territory public official—minor offence  96

Part 3.8A   Cheating at gambling

Division 3.8A.1         Interpretation—pt 3.8A

363A        Definitions—pt 3.8A  97

363B        Meaning of cause—pt 3.8A  98

363C        Meaning of corrupts a betting outcome—pt 3.8A  98

363D        Meaning of obtain—pt 3.8A  98

363E        Proof of certain matters not required for offences against part 3.8A       98

Division 3.8A.2         Offences—pt 3.8A

363F         Conduct that corrupts betting outcome  99

363G        Bet with information about corrupt betting outcome  100

363H        Bet with inside information  101

Part 3.9    Procedural matters for ch 3

Division 3.9.1           General—pt 3.9

364         Stolen property held by dealers etc—owners rights  103

365         Stolen property held by police—disposal  104

366         Procedure and evidence—theft, receiving etc  104

367         Certain proceedings not to be heard together  107

368         Indictment for offence relating to deeds, money etc  107

369         Theft of motor vehicle—cancellation of licence  108

Division 3.9.2           Alternative verdicts—ch 3

369A        Alternative verdicts—aggravated robbery and robbery  108

369B        Alternative verdicts—aggravated burglary and burglary  109

370         Alternative verdicts—theft and taking motor vehicle without consent     109

371         Alternative verdicts—theft or obtaining property by deception and receiving 109

372         Alternative verdicts—theft and obtaining property by deception           110

373         Verdict of ‘theft or receiving’ etc  111

374         Alternative verdicts—making false or misleading statements              111

Division 3.9.3           Forfeiture—ch 3

375         Going equipped offences—forfeiture  112

376         Unlawful possession offence—forfeiture  112

377         Unlawful possession offence—disposal of forfeited property by public trustee and guardian    113

378         Unlawful possession offence—return of or compensation for forfeited property 114

379         Forgery offences—forfeiture  114

Chapter 4  Property damage and computer offences

Part 4.1    Property damage offences

Division 4.1.1           Interpretation for pt 4.1

400         Definitions—pt 4.1  115

401         Person to whom property belongs  116

402         Meaning of threat for pt 4.1  116

Division 4.1.2           Offences—pt 4.1

403         Damaging property  116

404         Arson  117

405         Causing bushfires  118

406         Threat to cause property damage—fear of death or serious harm       118

407         Threat to cause property damage  119

408         Possession of thing with intent to damage property  119

Division 4.1.3           Defences—pt 4.1

409         Consent—pt 4.1 offences  120

410         Claim of right—pt 4.1 offences  120

411         Self-defence  121

Part 4.2    Computer offences

412         Definitions—pt 4.2  122

413         Limited meaning of access to data etc  123

414         Meaning of unauthorised access, modification or impairment             124

415         Unauthorised access, modification or impairment with intent to commit serious offence 124

416         Unauthorised modification of data to cause impairment  125

417         Unauthorised impairment of electronic communication  126

418         Possession of data with intent to commit serious computer offence      127

419         Producing, supplying or obtaining data with intent to commit serious computer offence 128

420         Unauthorised access to or modification of restricted data held in computer 128

421         Unauthorised impairment of data held in computer disc, credit card etc  129

Part 4.3    Sabotage

422         Definitions—pt 4.3  130

423         Sabotage  131

424         Threaten sabotage  132

Chapter 6  Serious drug offences

Part 6.1    Interpretation for ch 6

600         Definitions—ch 6  133

601         Meaning of trafficable quantity, commercial quantity and large commercial quantity    135

Part 6.2    Trafficking in controlled drugs

602         Meaning of trafficking  137

603         Trafficking in controlled drug  137

604         Trafficking offence—presumption if trafficable quantity possessed etc    138

605         Complicity, incitement and conspiracy offences do not apply to buyers of drugs        139

Part 6.3    Manufacturing controlled drugs and precursors

606         Meaning of manufacture  140

607         Manufacturing controlled drug for selling  140

608         Manufacturing offence—presumption if trafficable quantity manufactured 141

609         Manufacturing controlled drug  141

610         Selling controlled precursor for manufacture of controlled drug           142

611         Manufacturing controlled precursor for manufacture of controlled drug   142

612         Possessing controlled precursor  145

612A        Possessing offence—presumption if controlled precursor possessed to manufacture controlled drug  146

613         Supplying substance, equipment or instructions for manufacturing controlled drug     146

614         Possessing substance, equipment or instructions for manufacturing controlled drug     147

614A        Possessing tablet press  148

Part 6.4    Cultivating controlled plants

615         Meaning of cultivate  149

616         Cultivating controlled plant for selling  149

617         Cultivating offence—presumption if trafficable quantity cultivated        151

618         Cultivating controlled plant  151

619         Selling controlled plant  152

620         Supplying plant material, equipment or instructions for cultivating controlled plant      153

621         Possessing plant material, equipment or instructions for cultivating controlled plant    154

Part 6.4A   Display of drug pipes

621A        Display of drug pipes  155

Part 6.5    Drug offences involving children

622         Supplying controlled drug to child for selling  156

623         Supplying offence—presumption if trafficable quantity supplied etc      157

624         Procuring child to traffic in controlled drug  158

625         Supplying controlled drug to child  159

626         Children not criminally responsible for offences against pt 6.5            160

Part 6.6    General provisions for drug offences

627         Application—pt 6.6  161

628         Carrying on business of trafficking  161

629         Single offence for trafficking etc on different occasions  163

630         Single offence for different parcels trafficked etc on the same occasion  163

631         Single offence—working out quantities if different kinds of controlled drug etc involved 165

632         Knowledge or recklessness about identity of controlled drugs, plants and precursors    167

633         Alternative verdicts—mistaken belief about identity of controlled drug, precursor or plant       167

634         Alternative verdicts—mistaken belief about quantity of controlled drug, precursor or plant       168

635         Alternative verdicts—different quantities  169

636         Alternative verdicts—trafficking and obtaining property by deception    169

636A        Alternative verdicts—trafficking in or possessing controlled drug         170

Part 6.7    Offences relating to property derived from drug offences

637         Meaning of drug offence  171

638         Property directly or indirectly derived from drug offence  171

639         Concealing etc property derived from drug offence  172

640         Receiving property directly derived from drug offence  173

Chapter 6AParticipation in criminal groups

650         Meaning of criminal activity—ch 6A  174

651         Meaning of criminal group—ch 6A  174

652         Participating in a criminal group  175

653         Participating in a criminal group—causing harm  175

654         Participating in a criminal group—property damage  176

655         Recruiting people to engage in criminal activity  177

Chapter 7  Administration of justice offences

Part 7.1    Interpretation for ch 7

700        Definitions—ch 7  179

701         Meaning of legal proceeding for ch 7  180

Part 7.2    Indictable offences for ch 7

Division 7.2.1           Perjury

702         Aggravated perjury  182

703         Perjury  183

704         Additional provisions about perjury or aggravated perjury                 184

Division 7.2.2           Falsifying, destroying or concealing evidence

705         Making or using false evidence  186

706         Destroying or concealing evidence  187

Division 7.2.3           Protection of people involved in legal proceedings

707        Corruption in relation to legal proceedings  188

708         Deceiving witness, interpreter, intermediary or juror  190

709         Threatening etc witness, interpreter, intermediary or juror                 190

709A        Threatening etc participant in criminal investigation  191

710         Preventing attendance etc of witness, interpreter, intermediary or juror   191

711         Preventing production of thing in evidence  192

712         Reprisal against person involved in proceeding  192

712A        Publishing identifying information about childrens proceedings           193

Division 7.2.4           Perverting the course of justice and related offences

713         Perverting the course of justice  196

714         Publication that could cause miscarriage of justice  196

715         False accusation of offence  197

716         Compounding of offence  198

717         Accessory after the fact  199

Part 7.3    Summary offences for ch 7

718         Pleading guilty in another’s name  202

719         Failing to attend  202

720         Failing to produce document or other thing  202

721         Failing to take oath  203

722         Failing to answer question or give information  203

723         Making etc false or misleading statements in legal proceeding           204

724         Obstructing etc legal proceeding  206

725         Obstructing or hindering investigation  206

Part 7.4    Procedural matters for ch 7

726         Consent required for certain prosecutions  207

727         Alternative verdicts—aggravated perjury and perjury  207

728         Alternative verdicts—perverting the course of justice and publication that could cause miscarriage of justice  208

Chapter 7AOther offences

Part 7A.1  Serious vilification

750         Serious vilification  209

Part 7A.2  Public display of Nazi symbols

751         Meaning of Nazi symbol—pt 7A.2  211

752         Public display of Nazi symbols  211

753         Direction to remove Nazi symbol from public display  213

Part 7A.3  Other offences

754         Unauthorised entry of motor vehicle  215

Chapter 8  Miscellaneous

800         Regulation-making power  216

801         Review of amendments made by Justice (Age of Criminal Responsibility) Legislation Amendment Act 2023  216

Schedule 1Crimes Act 1900—Offences for which children 12 years old and older but under 14 years old are criminally responsible 217

Dictionary218

Endnotes

1            About the endnotes  229

2            Abbreviation key  229

3            Legislation history  230

4            Amendment history  238

5            Earlier republications  263

Criminal Code 2002

An Act relating to the criminal law, and for other purposes

Chapter 1Preliminary

1. Name of Act

   This Act is the Criminal Code 2002.

2. Dictionary

   The dictionary at the end of this Act is part of this Act.

   Note 1The dictionary at the end of this Act defines certain terms used in this Act, and includes references (signpost definitions) to other terms defined elsewhere in this Act.

   For example, the signpost definition ‘conduct—see section 13.’ means that the expression ‘conduct’ is defined in that section.

   Note 2A definition in the dictionary (including a signpost definition) applies to the entire Act unless the definition, or another provision of the Act, provides otherwise or the contrary intention otherwise appears (see Legislation Act, s 155 and s 156 (1)).

3. Notes

   A note included in this Act is explanatory and is not part of this Act.

   NoteSee the Legislation Act, s 127 (1), (4) and (5) for the legal status of notes.

4. Codification

   (1)The only offences against territory laws are the offences created under this Act or any other Act.

   NoteA reference to an Act includes a reference to the statutory instruments made or in force under the Act, including any regulation (see Legislation Act, s 104).

   (2)This section does not apply until the application date.

   (3)Subsection (2) and this subsection expire on the application date.

Chapter 2General principles of criminal responsibility

Part 2.1Purpose and application—ch 2

1. Purpose—ch 2

   (1)The purpose of this chapter is to codify general principles of criminal responsibility under territory laws.

   (2)It contains all the general principles of criminal responsibility that apply to any offence, irrespective of how the offence is created.

2. Application—ch 2

   This chapter applies to all offences against this Act and all other offences against territory laws.

3. Delayed application of ch 2 to certain offences

   (1)Despite section 7, the provisions of this chapter (other than the applied provisions) do not apply to a pre-2003 offence unless—

   (a)the offence is omitted and remade (with or without changes); or

   (b)an Act or subordinate law expressly provides for the provisions to apply to the offence.

   (2)To remove any doubt, a power to make subordinate laws for an Act includes power to make subordinate laws applying this chapter to, or displacing the application of subsection (1) to, offences against subordinate laws under that Act.

   (3)In interpreting the applied provisions in relation to an offence, the other provisions of this Act may be considered.

   (4)In this section:

   omitted and remade—an offence is not omitted and remade if it is amended without being omitted and remade.

   pre-2003 offence means an offence in force before 1 January 2003.

   (5)This section expires on the application date.

4. Definitions—applied provisions and application date

   (1)In this Act:

   application date means a date declared by the Minister.

   applied provisions means the following provisions of this chapter:

   ·     section 15 (5) (which deals with evidence of self-induced intoxication)

   ·     division 2.3.1 (Lack of capacity—children)

   ·     division 2.3.2 (Lack of capacity—mental impairment)

   ·     division 2.3.3 (Intoxication)

   ·     part 2.4 (Extensions of criminal responsibility)

   ·     part 2.5 (Corporate criminal responsibility)

   ·     part 2.6 (Proof of criminal responsibility)

   ·     part 2.7 (Geographical application).

   NoteDiv 2.3.2 and s 66 (2) (d) became applied provisions on the commencement of the Criminal Code (Mental Impairment) Amendment Act 2006. Pt 2.5 became an applied provision on 9 April 2004. The other applied provisions have been applied provisions since the commencement of the Code on 1 January 2003.

   (2)A declaration under subsection (1) is a notifiable instrument.

   (3)This section expires on the application date.

Part 2.2The elements of an offence

Division 2.2.1           General—pt 2.2

1. Elements

   (1)An offence consists of physical elements and fault elements.

   (2)However, the law that creates the offence may provide that there is no fault element for some or all of the physical elements.

   (3)The law that creates the offence may provide different fault elements for different physical elements.

2. Establishing guilt of offences

   (1)A person must not be found guilty of committing an offence unless the following is proved:

   (a)the existence of the physical elements that are, under the law creating the offence, relevant to establishing guilt;

   (b)for each of the physical elements for which a fault element is required—the fault element or 1 of the fault elements for the physical element.

   Note 1See pt 2.6 on proof of criminal responsibility.

   Note 2See pt 2.7 on geographical jurisdiction.

   (2)However, unless the law creating the offence otherwise expressly provides, a person can be found guilty of committing the offence even though, when carrying out the conduct required for the offence, the person is mistaken about, or ignorant of, the existence or content of a law that creates the offence.

   NoteCreate, in relation to an offence, is defined in the dictionary.

Division 2.2.2           Physical elements

1. Definitions—conduct and engage in conduct

   In this Act:

   conduct means an act, an omission to do an act or a state of affairs.

   NoteSection 363A (Definitions—pt 3.8A) affects the meaning of conduct.

   engage in conduct means—

   (a)do an act; or

   (b)omit to do an act.

2. Physical elements

   A physical element of an offence may be—

   (a)conduct; or

   (b)a result of conduct; or

   (c)a circumstance in which conduct, or a result of conduct, happens.

3. Voluntariness

   (1)Conduct can only be a physical element if it is voluntary.

   (2)Conduct is voluntary only if it is a product of the will of the person whose conduct it is.

   Examples of conduct that is not voluntary

   1     a spasm, convulsion or other unwilled bodily movement

   2     an act done during sleep or unconsciousness

   3     an act done during impaired consciousness depriving the person of the will to act

   (3)An omission to do an act is voluntary only if the act omitted is an act that the person can do.

   (4)If the conduct required for an offence consists only of a state of affairs, the state of affairs is voluntary only if it is a state of affairs over which the person is capable of exercising control.

   (5)Evidence of self-induced intoxication cannot be considered in deciding whether conduct is voluntary.

   NoteFor when intoxication is self-induced, see s 30.

4. Omissions

   An omission to do an act can only be a physical element if—

   (a)the law creating the offence makes it a physical element; or

   (b)the law creating the offence impliedly provides that the offence is committed by an omission to do an act that there is a duty to do under a territory law or a law of a State or the Commonwealth.

   NoteLaw, of the Territory, includes the common law (see Legislation Act, dict, pt 1).

Division 2.2.3           Fault elements

1. Fault elements

   (1)A fault element for a particular physical element may be intention, knowledge, recklessness or negligence.

   (2)Subsection (1) does not prevent a law that creates an offence from providing other fault elements for a physical element of the offence.

2. Intention

   (1)A person has intention in relation to conduct if the person means to engage in the conduct.

   (2)A person has intention in relation to a result if the person means to bring it about or is aware that it will happen in the ordinary course of events.

   (3)A person has intention in relation to a circumstance if the person believes that it exists or will exist.

3. Knowledge

   A person has knowledge of a result or circumstance if the person is aware that it exists or will exist in the ordinary course of events.

4. Recklessness

   (1)A person is reckless in relation to a result if—

   (a)the person is aware of a substantial risk that the result will happen; and

   (b)having regard to the circumstances known to the person, it is unjustifiable to take the risk.

   (2)A person is reckless in relation to a circumstance if—

   (a)the person is aware of a substantial risk that the circumstance exists or will exist; and

   (b)having regard to the circumstances known to the person, it is unjustifiable to take the risk.

   (3)The question whether taking a risk is unjustifiable is a question of fact.

   (4)If recklessness is a fault element for a physical element of an offence, proof of intention, knowledge or recklessness satisfies the fault element.

5. Negligence

   A person is negligent in relation to a physical element of an offence if the person’s conduct merits criminal punishment for the offence because it involves—

   (a)such a great falling short of the standard of care that a reasonable person would exercise in the circumstances; and

   (b)such a high risk that the physical element exists or will exist.

6. Offences that do not provide fault elements

   (1)If the law creating an offence does not provide a fault element for a physical element that consists only of conduct, intention is the fault element for the physical element.

   (2)If the law creating an offence does not provide a fault element for a physical element that consists of a circumstance or a result, recklessness is the fault element for the physical element.

Division 2.2.4           Cases where fault elements are not required

1. Strict liability

   (1)If a law that creates an offence provides that the offence is a strict liability offence—

   (a)there are no fault elements for any of the physical elements of the offence; and

   (b)the defence of mistake of fact under section 36 (Mistake of fact—strict liability) is available.

   (2)If a law that creates an offence provides that strict liability applies to a particular physical element of the offence—

   (a)there are no fault elements for the physical element; and

   (b)the defence of mistake of fact under section 36 is available in relation to the physical element.

   (3)The existence of strict liability does not make any other defence unavailable.

2. Absolute liability

   (1)If a law that creates an offence provides that the offence is an absolute liability offence—

   (a)there are no fault elements for any of the physical elements of the offence; and

   (b)the defence of mistake of fact under section 36 (Mistake of fact—strict liability) is not available.

   (2)If a law that creates an offence provides that absolute liability applies to a particular physical element of the offence—

   (a)there are no fault elements for the physical element; and

   (b)the defence of mistake of fact under section 36 is not available in relation to the physical element.

   (3)The existence of absolute liability does not make any other defence unavailable.

Part 2.3Circumstances where there is no criminal responsibility

Division 2.3.1           Lack of capacity—children

1. Children under 14—criminal responsibility

   (1)A child under 14 years old is not criminally responsible for an offence.

   (2)However, a child who is 12 years old or older, but under 14 years old, can be criminally responsible for an offence mentioned in schedule 1 (a schedule offence) but only if the child knows that their conduct is wrong.

   (3)A reference to a schedule offence does not include a reference to—

   (a)an offence against part 2.4 (Extensions of criminal responsibility) that relates to the schedule offence other than section 46 (Commission by proxy); or

   (b)an offence against section 717 (Accessory after the fact) that relates to the schedule offence.

2. Children 12 and over but under 14—knowledge that conduct wrong         

   (1)The question of whether a child who is 12 years old or older, but under 14 years old, knows that their conduct is wrong is a question of fact.

   (2)The burden of proving that a child knows that their conduct is wrong is on the prosecution.

Division 2.3.2           Lack of capacity—mental impairment

1. Definition—mental impairment

   (1)In this Act:

   mental impairment includes senility, intellectual disability, mental illness, brain damage and severe personality disorder.

   (2)In this section:

   mental illness is an underlying pathological infirmity of the mind, whether of long or short duration and whether permanent or temporary, but does not include a condition (a reactive condition) resulting from the reaction of a healthy mind to extraordinary external stimuli.

   (3)However, a reactive condition may be evidence of a mental illness if it involves some abnormality and is prone to recur.

2. Mental impairment and criminal responsibility

   (1)A person is not criminally responsible for an offence if, when carrying out the conduct required for the offence, the person was suffering from a mental impairment that had the effect that—

   (a)the person did not know the nature and quality of the conduct; or

   (b)the person did not know that the conduct was wrong; or

   (c)the person could not control the conduct.

   (2)For subsection (1) (b), a person does not know that conduct is wrong if the person cannot reason with a moderate degree of sense and composure about whether the conduct, as seen by a reasonable person, is wrong.

   (3)The question whether a person was suffering from a mental impairment is a question of fact.

   (4)A person is presumed not to have been suffering from a mental impairment that had an effect mentioned in subsection (1).

   (5)The presumption is displaced only if it is proved on the balance of probabilities (by the prosecution or defence) that the person was suffering from a mental impairment that had an effect mentioned in subsection (1).

   (6)The prosecution may rely on this section only if the court gives leave.

   (7)If the trier of fact is satisfied that a person is not criminally responsible for an offence only because of mental impairment, it must—

   (a)for an offence dealt with before the Supreme Court—return or enter a special verdict that the person is not guilty of the offence because of mental impairment; or

   (b)for any other offence—find the person not guilty of the offence because of mental impairment.

3. Mental impairment and other defences

   (1)A person cannot rely on a mental impairment to deny voluntariness or the existence of a fault element, but may rely on mental impairment to deny criminal responsibility.

   (2)If the trier of fact is satisfied that a person carried out conduct because of a delusion caused by a mental impairment, the delusion itself cannot be relied on as a defence, but the person may rely on the mental impairment to deny criminal responsibility.

Division 2.3.3           Intoxication

1. Intoxication—interpretation

   (1)In this Act:

   fault element of basic intent means a fault element of intention for a physical element that consists only of conduct.

   intoxication means intoxication because of the influence of alcohol, a drug or any other substance.

   (2)For this Act, intoxication is self-induced unless it came about—

   (a)involuntarily; or

   (b)because of fraud, sudden or extraordinary emergency, accident, reasonable mistake, duress or force; or

   (c)from the use of a drug for which a prescription is required and that was used in accordance with the directions of the doctor or dentist who prescribed it; or

   (d)from the use of a drug for which no prescription is required and that was used for a purpose, and in accordance with the dosage level, recommended by the manufacturer.

   (3)However, subsection (2) (c) and (d) does not apply if the person using the drug knew, or had reason to believe, when the person took the drug that the drug would significantly impair the person’s judgment or control.

2. Intoxication—offences involving basic intent

   (1)Evidence of self-induced intoxication cannot be considered in deciding whether a fault element of basic intent exists.

   NoteA fault element of intention in relation to a result or circumstance is not a fault element of basic intent (see s 30 (1), def fault element of basic intent).

   (2)This section does not prevent evidence of self-induced intoxication being considered in deciding whether conduct was accidental.

   (3)This section does not prevent evidence of self-induced intoxication being considered in deciding whether a person had a mistaken belief about facts if, when carrying out the conduct making up the physical element of the offence, the person considered whether or not the facts existed.

   (4)A person may be taken to have considered whether or not facts existed when carrying out conduct if—

   (a)the person had considered, on a previous occasion, whether the facts existed in the circumstances surrounding that occasion; and

   (b)the person honestly and reasonably believed that the circumstances surrounding the present occasion were the same, or substantially the same, as the circumstances surrounding the previous occasion.

3. Intoxication—negligence as fault element

   (1)If negligence is a fault element for a particular physical element of an offence, in deciding whether the fault element exists for a person who is intoxicated, regard must be had to the standard of a reasonable person who is not intoxicated.

   (2)However, if intoxication is not self-induced, regard must be had to the standard of a reasonable person intoxicated to the same extent as the person concerned.

4. Intoxication—relevance to defences

   (1)If any part of a defence is based on actual knowledge or belief, evidence of intoxication may be considered in deciding whether the knowledge or belief exists.

   (2)However, if—

   (a)each physical element of an offence has a fault element of basic intent; and

   (b)any part of a defence is based on actual knowledge or belief;

   evidence of self-induced intoxication cannot be considered in deciding whether the knowledge or belief exists.

   (3)If any part of a defence is based on reasonable belief, in deciding whether the reasonable belief exists, regard must be had to the standard of a reasonable person who is not intoxicated.

   (4)If a person’s intoxication is not self-induced, in deciding whether any part of a defence based on reasonable belief exists, regard must be had to the standard of a reasonable person intoxicated to the same extent as the person concerned.

5. Involuntary intoxication

   A person is not criminally responsible for an offence if the person’s conduct making up the offence was as a result of intoxication that was not self-induced.

Division 2.3.4           Mistake and ignorance

1. Mistake or ignorance of fact—fault elements other than negligence

   (1)A person is not criminally responsible for an offence that has a physical element for which there is a fault element other than negligence if—

   (a)when carrying out the conduct making up the physical element, the person is under a mistaken belief about, or is ignorant of, facts; and

   (b)the existence of the mistaken belief or ignorance negates a fault element applying to the physical element.

   (2)In deciding whether a person was under a mistaken belief about facts, or was ignorant of facts, the trier of fact may consider whether the mistaken belief or ignorance was reasonable in the circumstances.

1. Mistake of fact—strict liability

   (1)A person is not criminally responsible for an offence that has a physical element for which there is no fault element if—

   (a)when carrying out the conduct making up the physical element, the person considered whether or not facts existed, and was under a mistaken but reasonable belief about the facts; and

   (b)had the facts existed, the conduct would not have been an offence.

   (2)A person may be taken to have considered whether or not facts existed when carrying out conduct if—

   (a)the person had considered, on a previous occasion, whether the facts existed in the circumstances surrounding that occasion; and

   (b)the person honestly and reasonably believed that the circumstances surrounding the present occasion were the same, or substantially the same, as the circumstances surrounding the previous occasion.

   NoteSection 24 (Absolute liability) prevents this section applying to offences of absolute liability.

2. Claim of right

   (1)A person is not criminally responsible for an offence that has a physical element relating to property if—

   (a)when carrying out the conduct required for the offence, the person is under a mistaken belief about a proprietary or possessory right; and

   (b)the existence of the right would negate a fault element for any physical element of the offence.

   (2)A person is not criminally responsible for any other offence arising necessarily out of the exercise of a proprietary or possessory right that the person mistakenly believes to exist.

   (3)This section does not negate criminal responsibility for an offence relating to the use of force against a person.

Division 2.3.5           External factors

1. Intervening conduct or event

   A person is not criminally responsible for an offence that has a physical element to which absolute or strict liability applies if—

   (a)the physical element is brought about by someone else over whom the person has no control or by a non-human act or event over which the person has no control; and

   (b)the person could not reasonably have been expected to guard against the bringing about of the physical element.

2. Duress

   (1)A person is not criminally responsible for an offence if the person carries out the conduct required for the offence under duress.

   (2)A person carries out conduct under duress only if the person reasonably believes that—

   (a)a threat has been made that will be carried out unless an offence is committed; and

   (b)there is no reasonable way to make the threat ineffective; and

   (c)the conduct is a reasonable response to the threat.

   (3)However, the person does not carry out conduct under duress if the threat is made by or on behalf of a person with whom the person is voluntarily associating to carry out conduct of the kind required for the offence.

3. Sudden or extraordinary emergency

   (1)A person is not criminally responsible for an offence if the person carries out the conduct required for the offence in response to circumstances of sudden or extraordinary emergency.

   (2)This section applies only if the person reasonably believes that—

   (a)circumstances of sudden or extraordinary emergency exist; and

   (b)committing the offence is the only reasonable way to deal with the emergency; and

   (c)the conduct is a reasonable response to the emergency.

4. Self-defence

   (1)A person is not criminally responsible for an offence if the person carries out the conduct required for the offence in self-defence.

   (2)A person carries out conduct in self-defence only if—

   (a)the person believes the conduct is necessary—

   (i)to defend himself or herself or someone else; or

   (ii)to prevent or end the unlawful imprisonment of himself or herself or someone else; or

   (iii)to protect property from unlawful appropriation, destruction, damage or interference; or

   (iv)to prevent criminal trespass to land or premises; or

   (v)to remove from land or premises a person committing criminal trespass; and

   (b)the conduct is a reasonable response in the circumstances as the person perceives them.

   (3)However, the person does not carry out conduct in self-defence if—

   (a)the person uses force that involves the intentional infliction of death or serious harm—

   (i)to protect property; or

   (ii)to prevent criminal trespass; or

   (iii)to remove a person committing criminal trespass; or

   (b)the person is responding to lawful conduct that the person knows is lawful.

   (4)Conduct is not lawful for subsection (3) (b) only because the person carrying it out is not criminally responsible for it.

5. Lawful authority

   A person is not criminally responsible for an offence if the conduct required for the offence is justified or excused under a law.

Division 2.3.6           Lawful purpose

43ALawful possession

(1)A person is not criminally responsible for an offence of possessing a particular material or thing if—

(a)the person is—

(i)employed by, or appointed as a member of, a law enforcement or justice agency; or

(ii)required to provide technical, professional or expert services to a law enforcement or justice agency; or

(iii)a legal practitioner, or a person employed by or required to provide technical, professional or expert services to a legal practitioner; and

(b)the possession is—

(i)for a law enforcement purpose; and

(ii)reasonable in the circumstances for that purpose.

(2)Possession of a particular material or thing is for a law enforcement purpose if the possession is necessary for, or of assistance in, any of the following:

(a)enforcing a law of the Commonwealth, a State or Territory;

(b)monitoring compliance with, or investigating a contravention of, a law of the Commonwealth, a State or Territory;

(c)the administration of justice.

Examples—law enforcement purpose

1     police investigation

2     giving legal advice or providing legal representation

3     carrying out analyses or tests for forensic reasons

4     judicial service

(3)In determining a person’s criminal responsibility, the question of whether a person’s possession of a particular material or thing is for a law enforcement purpose is a question of fact.

Part 2.4Extensions of criminal responsibility

1. Attempt

   (1)If a person attempts to commit an offence, the person commits the offence of attempting to commit that offence.

   (2)However, a person commits the offence of attempting to commit an offence only if the person carries out conduct that is more than merely preparatory to the commission of the offence attempted.

   (3)The question whether conduct is more than merely preparatory is a question of fact.

   (4)A person may be found guilty of attempting to commit an offence even though—

   (a)it was impossible to commit the offence attempted; or

   (b)the person committed the offence attempted.

   (5)For the offence of attempting to commit an offence, intention and knowledge are fault elements for each physical element of the offence attempted.

   NoteOnly 1 of the fault elements of intention or knowledge needs to be established for each physical element of the offence attempted (see s 12 (Establishing guilt of offences)).

   (6)However, any special liability provisions that apply to an offence apply also to the offence of attempting to commit the offence.

   (7)Any defence, procedure, limitation or qualifying provision applying to an offence applies to the offence of attempting to commit the offence.

   (8)If a person is found guilty of attempting to commit an offence, the person cannot later be charged with committing the offence.

   (9)The offence of attempting to commit an offence is punishable as if the offence attempted had been committed.

   (10)This section does not apply to an offence against section 45 or section 48 (Conspiracy).

2. Complicity and common purpose

   (1)A person is taken to have committed an offence if the person aids, abets, counsels, procures, or is knowingly concerned in or a party to, the commission of the offence by someone else.

   (2)However, the person commits the offence because of this section only if—

   (a)either—

   (i)the person’s conduct in fact aids, abets, counsels, or procures the commission of the offence by the other person; or

   (ii)as a result of the person’s conduct, the person in fact is knowingly concerned in or a party to the commission of the offence by the other person; and

   (b)when carrying out the conduct, the person either—

   (i)intends the conduct to aid, abet, counsel, procure, or result in the person being knowingly concerned in or a party to, the commission of any offence (including its fault elements) of the type committed by the other person; or

   (ii)intends the conduct to aid, abet, counsel, procure, or result in the person being knowingly concerned in or a party to, the commission of an offence by the other person and is reckless about the commission of the offence (including its fault elements) in fact committed by the other person.

   (3)To remove any doubt, the person is taken to have committed the offence only if the other person commits the offence.

   (4)Despite subsection (2), any special liability provisions that apply to an offence apply also to the offence of aiding, abetting, counselling, procuring, or being knowingly concerned in or a party to, the commission of the offence.

   (5)A person must not be found guilty of aiding, abetting, counselling, procuring, or being knowingly concerned in or a party to, the commission of an offence if, before the offence was committed, the person—

   (a)ended the person’s involvement; and

   (b)took all reasonable steps to prevent the commission of the offence.

   (6)A person may be found guilty of aiding, abetting, counselling, procuring, or being knowingly concerned in or a party to, the commission of an offence even if the person who committed the offence is not prosecuted or found guilty.

   (7)To remove any doubt, if a person is taken to have committed an offence because of this section, the offence is punishable as if, apart from the operation of this section, the person had committed the offence.

   (8)If the trier of fact is satisfied beyond reasonable doubt that a defendant committed an offence because of this section or otherwise than because of this section but cannot decide which, the trier of fact may nevertheless find the defendant guilty of the offence.

45AJoint commission

(1)A person is taken to have committed an offence if—

(a)the person and at least 1 other person enter into an agreement to commit an offence; and

(b)either—

(i)an offence is committed in accordance with the agreement; or

(ii)an offence is committed in the course of carrying out the agreement.

(2)For subsection (1) (b) (i), an offence is committed in accordance with an agreement if—

(a)the conduct of 1 or more parties in accordance with the agreement makes up the physical elements consisting of conduct of an offence (the joint offence) of the same type as the offence agreed to; and

(b)to the extent that a physical element of the joint offence consists of a result of conduct—the result arises from the conduct engaged in; and

(c)to the extent that a physical element of the joint offence consists of a circumstance—the conduct engaged in, or a result of the conduct engaged in, happens in the circumstance.

(3)For subsection (1) (b) (ii), an offence is committed in the course of carrying out an agreement if a person is reckless about the commission of an offence (the joint offence) that another person in fact commits in the course of carrying out the agreement.

(4)A person commits an offence because of this section only if the person and at least 1 other party to the agreement intend that an offence will be committed under the agreement.

(5)An agreement—

(a)may consist of a non-verbal understanding; and

(b)may be entered into before, or at the same time as, the conduct making up any of the physical elements of the joint offence was engaged in.

(6)A person must not be found guilty of an offence because of this section if, before the conduct making up any of the physical elements of the joint offence concerned was engaged in, the person—

(a)ended the person’s involvement; and

(b)took all reasonable steps to prevent the conduct from being engaged in.

(7)A person may be found guilty of an offence because of this section even if—

(a)another party to the agreement is not prosecuted or found guilty; or

(b)the person was not present when any of the conduct making up the physical elements of the joint offence was engaged in.

(8)Any special liability provisions that apply to the joint offence apply also for the purposes of deciding whether a person commits the offence because of the operation of this section.

(9)To remove any doubt, if a person is taken to have committed an offence because of this section, the offence is punishable as if, apart from the operation of this section, the person had committed the offence.

1. Commission by proxy

   (1)A person is taken to have committed an offence if—

   (a)the person procures someone else to engage in conduct that (whether or not together with conduct engaged in by the person) makes up the physical elements of the offence consisting of conduct; and

   (b)any physical element of the offence consisting of a circumstance exists; and

   (c)any physical element of the offence consisting of a result of the conduct happens; and

   (d)when the person procured the other person to engage in the conduct, the person had a fault element applying to each physical element of the offence.

   (2)To remove any doubt, if a person is taken to have committed an offence because of this section, the offence is punishable as if, apart from the operation of this section, the person had committed the offence.

2. Incitement

   (1)If a person urges the commission of an offence (the offence incited), the person commits the offence of incitement.

   Maximum penalty:

   (a)if the offence incited is punishable by life imprisonment—imprisonment for 10 years, 1 000 penalty units or both; or

   (b)if the offence incited is punishable by imprisonment for 14 years or more (but not life imprisonment)—imprisonment for 7 years, 700 penalty units or both; or

   (c)if the offence incited is punishable by imprisonment for 10 years or more (but less than 14 years)—imprisonment for 5 years, 500 penalty units or both; or

   (d)if the offence incited is punishable by imprisonment for less than 10 years, either or both of the following:

   (i)the lesser of the maximum term of imprisonment for the offence incited and imprisonment for 3 years;

   (ii)300 penalty units; or

   (e)if the offence incited is not punishable by imprisonment—the number of penalty units equal to the maximum number of penalty units applying to the offence incited.

   (2)A person also commits the offence of incitement if the person urges another person to aid, abet, counsel, procure, be knowingly concerned in or a party to, the commission of an offence (the offence incited) by someone else.

   (3)However, the person commits the offence of incitement only if the person intends that the offence incited be committed.

   (4)Despite subsection (3), any special liability provisions that apply to an offence apply also to the offence of incitement to commit the offence.

   (5)A person may be found guilty of the offence of incitement—

   (a)even if it was impossible to commit the offence incited; and

   (b)whether or not the offence incited was committed; and

   (c)even if the person incited was under the age of criminal responsibility for the offence incited.

   (6)Any defence, procedure, limitation or qualifying provision applying to an offence applies to the offence of incitement in relation to the offence.

   (7)This section does not apply to an offence against section 44 (Attempt), section 48 (Conspiracy) or this section.

   (8)In this section:

   under the age of criminal responsibility—a person is under the age of criminal responsibility for an offence if the person is not criminally responsible under section 25 for the offence.

3. Conspiracy

   (1)If a person conspires with someone else to commit an offence (the offence conspired) punishable by imprisonment for longer than 1 year or by a fine of 200 penalty units or more (or both), the person commits the offence of conspiracy.

   (2)However, the person commits the offence of conspiracy only if—

   (a)the person entered into an agreement with at least 1 other person; and

   (b)the person and at least 1 other party to the agreement intend that an offence be committed under the agreement; and

   (c)the person or at least 1 other party to the agreement commits an overt act under the agreement.

   (3)Despite subsection (2), any special liability provisions that apply to an offence apply also to the offence of conspiracy to commit the offence.

   (4)The offence of conspiring to commit an offence is punishable as if the offence conspired had been committed.

   (5)A person may be found guilty of the offence of conspiracy even though—

   (a)it was impossible to commit the offence conspired; or

   (b)the person and each other party to the agreement is a corporation; or

   (c)each other party to the agreement is—

   (i)a person who is not criminally responsible; or

   (ii)a person for whose benefit or protection the offence exists; or

   (d)all other parties to the agreement are acquitted of the conspiracy (unless to find the person guilty would be inconsistent with their acquittal).

   (6)A person must not be found guilty of the offence of conspiracy to commit an offence if, before the commission of an overt act under the agreement, the person—

   (a)withdrew from the agreement; and

   (b)took all reasonable steps to prevent the commission of the offence conspired.

   (7)A person for whose benefit or protection an offence exists cannot be found guilty of conspiracy to commit the offence.

   (8)Any defence, procedure, limitation or qualifying provision applying to an offence applies to the offence of conspiracy to commit the offence.

   (9)A court may dismiss a charge of conspiracy if it considers that the interests of justice require it to dismiss the charge.

   (10)A proceeding for an offence of conspiracy must not be begun without the consent of the Attorney-General or the director of public prosecutions.

   (11)However, a person may be arrested for, charged with, or remanded in custody or on bail in relation to, an offence of conspiracy before the consent has been given.

Part 2.5Corporate criminal responsibility

1. General principles

   (1)This Act applies to corporations as well as individuals.

   NoteA law that creates an offence applies to a corporation as well as to an individual (see Legislation Act, s 161).

   (2)The Act applies to corporations in the same way as it applies to individuals, but subject to the changes made by this part and any other changes necessary because criminal responsibility is being imposed on a corporation rather than an individual.

2. Physical elements

   A physical element of an offence consisting of conduct is taken to be committed by a corporation if it is committed by an employee, agent or officer of the corporation acting within the actual or apparent scope of his or her employment or within his or her actual or apparent authority.

1. Earlier republications

   Some earlier republications were not numbered. The number in column 1 refers to the publication order. 

   Since 12 September 2001 every authorised republication has been published in electronic pdf format on the ACT legislation register.  A selection of authorised republications have also been published in printed format. These republications are marked with an asterisk (*) in column 1.  Electronic and printed versions of an authorised republication are identical.

Republication No and date	Effective	Last amendment made by	Republication for
R1 1 Jan 2003	1 Jan 2003– 1 July 2003	not amended	new Act
R2 31 July 2003	2 July 2003– 31 Oct 2003	not amended	commenced provision
R3 (RI) 29 July 2025	1 Nov 2003– 18 Dec 2003	A2003‑47	amendments by A2003‑47 reissued for textual correction in s 30 (3)
R4 (RI) 29 July 2025	19 Dec 2003– 8 Apr 2004	A2003‑56	amendments by A2003‑56 reissued for textual correction in s 30 (3)
R5 (RI) 29 July 2025	9 Apr 2004 5 Mar 2005	A2004‑15	amendments by A2004‑15 reissued for textual correction in s 30 (3)
R6 (RI) 29 July 2025	6 Mar 2005– 22 Nov 2005	A2004‑56	amendments by A2004‑56 reissue of printed version for textual correction in s 30 (3)
R7 (RI) 29 July 2025	23 Nov 2005– 6 Apr 2006	A2005‑53	amendments by A2005‑53 reissued for textual correction in s 30 (3)
R8 (RI) 29 July 2025	7 Apr 2006– 23 Nov 2006	A2006‑14	amendments by A2006‑14 reissued for textual correction in s 30 (3)
R9 (RI) 29 July 2025	24 Nov 2006– 5 Sept 2007	A2006‑14	commenced expiry reissued for textual correction in s 30 (3)
R10 (RI) 29 July 2025	6 Sept 2007– 13 Feb 2009	A2007‑22	amendments by A2007‑22 reissued for textual correction in s 30 (3)
R11 (RI) 29 July 2025	14 Feb 2009– 26 Feb 2009	A2008‑44	amendments by A2008‑26 reissued for textual correction in s 30 (3)
R12 (RI) 29 July 2025	27 Feb 2009– 29 May 2009	A2008‑44	amendments by A2008‑19 reissued for textual correction in s 30 (3)
R13 (RI) 29 July 2025	30 May 2009– 1 June 2009	A2008‑44	amendments by A2008‑44 reissued for textual correction in s 30 (3)
R14 (RI) 29 July 2025	2 June 2009– 3 Sept 2009	A2008‑44	default application date under s 10 prescribed by SL2009‑25 reissue of printed version for textual correction in s 30 (3)
R15 (RI) 29 July 2025	4 Sept 2009– 6 Mar 2010	A2009‑24	amendments by A2009‑24 reissued for textual correction in s 30 (3)
R16 (RI) 29 July 2025	7 Mar 2010– 8 July 2010	A2009‑24	commenced expiry reissued for textual correction in s 30 (3)
R17 (RI) 29 July 2025	9 July 2010– 24 Nov 2010	A2010‑25	amendments by A2010‑25 reissued for textual correction in s 30 (3)
R18 (RI) 29 July 2025	25 Nov 2010– 16 Mar 2011	A2010‑44	amendments by A2010‑44 reissued for textual correction in s 30 (3)
R19 (RI) 29 July 2025	17 Mar 2011– 30 June 2011	A2011‑7	amendments by A2011‑7 reissued for textual correction in s 30 (3)
R20 (RI) 29 July 2025	1 July 2011– 29 Jan 2012	A2011‑22	amendments by A2011‑22 reissued for textual correction in s 30 (3)
R21 (RI) 29 July 2025	30 Jan 2012– 29 Feb 2012	A2011‑22	amendments by A2010‑15 reissued for textual correction in s 30 (3)
R22 (RI) 29 July 2025	1 Mar 2012– 4 June 2012	A2011‑48	amendments by A2011‑48 reissued for textual correction in s 30 (3)
R23 (RI) 29 July 2025	5 June 2012– 23 Apr 2013	A2012‑21	amendments by A2012‑21 reissued for textual correction in s 30 (3)
R24 (RI) 29 July 2025	24 Apr 2013– 9 May 2013	A2013‑12	amendments by A2013‑12 reissued for textual correction in s 30 (3)
R25 (RI) 29 July 2025	10 May 2013– 13 June 2013	A2013‑12	default application date under s 10 prescribed by SL2013‑10 reissued for textual correction in s 30 (3)
R26 (RI) 29 July 2025	14 June 2013– 20 Aug 2013	A2013‑19	amendments by A2013‑19 reissued for textual correction in s 30 (3)
R27 (RI) 29 July 2025	21 Aug 2013– 9 Dec 2013	A2013‑26	amendments by A2013‑26 reissue of printed version for textual correction in s 30 (3)
R28 (RI) 29 July 2025	10 Dec 2013– 2 Mar 2015	A2013-50	amendments by A2013-50 reissued for textual correction in s 30 (3)
R29 (RI) 29 July 2025	3 Mar 2015– 20 Apr 2015	A2015-3	amendments by A2015-3 reissued for textual correction in s 30 (3)
R30 (RI) 29 July 2025	21 Apr 2015– 1 June 2015	A2015‑10	amendments by A2015‑10 reissued for textual correction in s 30 (3)
R31 (RI) 29 July 2025	2 June 2015– 7 Oct 2015	A2015‑10	amendments by A2015‑3 reissued for textual correction in s 30 (3)
R32 (RI) 29 July 2025	8 Oct 2015– 8 Dec 2015	A2015‑10	republication for updated endnotes as amended by A2015-38 reissued for textual correction in s 30 (3)
R33 (RI) 29 July 2025	9 Dec 2015– 29 Feb 2015	A2015‑50	amendments by A2015‑50 reissued for textual correction in s 30 (3)
R34 (RI) 29 July 2025	1 Mar 2016– 31 Mar 2016	A2015‑50	republication for amendments by A2014‑51 and A2015‑38 reissued for textual correction in s 30 (3)
R35 (RI) 29 July 2025	1 April 2016– 23 Aug 2016	A2016‑13	amendments by A2016‑13 reissued for textual correction in s 30 (3)
R36 (RI) 29 July 2025	24 Aug 2016‑ 2 Apr 2017	A2016‑49	amendments by A2016‑49 reissued for textual correction in s 30 (3)
R37 (RI) 29 July 2025	3 Apr 2017‑ 5 Apr 2017	A2016‑49	amendments by A2016‑49 reissued for textual correction in s 30 (3)
R38 (RI) 29 July 2025	6 Apr 2017‑ 30 Apr 2017	A2017-9	amendments by A2017-9 reissued for textual correction in s 30 (3)
R39 (RI) 29 July 2025	1 May 2017‑ 23 May 2017	A2017‑10	amendments by A2016‑42 as amended by A2017‑10 reissued for textual correction in s 30 (3)
R40 (RI) 29 July 2025	24 May 2017‑ 14 Aug 2017	A2017‑14	amendments by A2017‑14 reissued for textual correction in s 30 (3)
R41 (RI) 29 July 2025	15 Aug 2017– 1 Mar 2018	A2017-21	amendments by A2017-21 reissued for textual correction in s 30 (3)
R42 (RI) 29 July 2025	2 Mar 2018– 21 Nov 2018	A2018-6	amendments by A2018-6 reissued for textual correction in s 30 (3)
R43 (RI) 29 July 2025	22 Nov 2018– 14 Aug 2019	A2018‑42	amendments by A2018‑42 reissued for textual correction in s 30 (3)
R44 (RI) 29 July 2025	15 Aug 2019– 30 Nov 2019	A2019‑23	amendments by A2019‑23 reissued for textual correction in s 30 (3)
R45 (RI) 29 July 2025	1 Dec 2019– 30 Jan 2020	A2019‑23	amendments by A2018-52 as amended by A2019-18 reissued for textual correction in s 30 (3)
R46 (RI) 29 July 2025	31 Jan 2020– 8 Mar 2020	A2019‑41	amendments by A2019-34 and A2019‑41 reissued for textual correction in s 30 (3)
R47 (RI) 29 July 2025	9 Mar 2020– 27 Aug 2020	A2019‑41	amendments by A2019‑41 reissued for textual correction in s 30 (3)
R48 (RI) 29 July 2025	28 Aug 2020– 8 Apr 2021	A2020-42	amendments by A2020-42 reissued for textual correction in s 30 (3)
R49 (RI) 29 July 2025	9 Apr 2021– 10 Dec 2021	A2021‑6	amendments by A2021‑6 reissued for textual correction in s 30 (3)
R50 (RI) 29 July 2025	11 Dec 2021– 12 Sept 2023	A2021‑33	amendments by A2021‑33 reissued for textual correction in s 30 (3)
R51 (RI) 29 July 2025	13 Sept 2023– 29 Sept 2023	A2023‑33	amendments by A2023‑33 reissued for textual correction in s 30 (3)
R52 (RI) 29 July 2025	30 Sept 2023– 21 Nov 2023	A2023‑37	amendments by A2023‑37 reissued for textual correction in s 30 (3)
R53 (RI) 29 July 2025	22 Nov 2023– 26 Mar 2024	A2023‑45	amendments by A2023‑45 reissued for textual correction in s 30 (3)
R54 (RI) 29 July 2025	27 Mar 2024– 30 June 2024	A2023‑45	amendments by A2023‑45 reissued for textual correction in s 30 (3)
R55 (RI) 29 July 2025	1 July 2024– 30 June 2025	A2024‑3	amendments by A2023‑49 as amended by A2024‑3 reissued for textual correction in s 30 (3)
R56 1 July 2025	1 July 2025– 15 Nov 2025	A2024‑3	amendments by A2023-45 and textual correction in s 30 (3)

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