Civil Law (Wrongs) Act 2002 (ACT)
Civil Law (Wrongs) Act 2002
A2002-40
Republication No 75
Effective: 13 November 2025
Republication date: 13 November 2025
Last amendment made by A2025‑32
About this republication
The republished law
This is a republication of the Civil Law (Wrongs) Act 2002 (including any amendment made under the Legislation Act 2001, part 11.3 (Editorial changes)) as in force on 13 November 2025. It also includes any commencement, amendment, repeal or expiry affecting this republished law to 13 November 2025.
The legislation history and amendment history of the republished law are set out in endnotes 3 and 4.
Kinds of republications
The Parliamentary Counsel’s Office prepares 2 kinds of republications of ACT laws (see the ACT legislation register at type="disc">
authorised republications to which the Legislation Act 2001 applies
unauthorised republications.
The status of this republication appears on the bottom of each page.
Editorial changes
The Legislation Act 2001, part 11.3 authorises the Parliamentary Counsel to make editorial amendments and other changes of a formal nature when preparing a law for republication. Editorial changes do not change the effect of the law, but have effect as if they had been made by an Act commencing on the republication date (see Legislation Act 2001, s 115 and s 117). The changes are made if the Parliamentary Counsel considers they are desirable to bring the law into line, or more closely into line, with current legislative drafting practice.
This republication includes amendments made under part 11.3 (see endnote 1).
Uncommenced provisions and amendments
If a provision of the republished law has not commenced, the symbol U appears immediately before the provision heading. Any uncommenced amendments that affect this republished law are accessible on the ACT legislation register ( For more information, see the home page for this law on the register.
Modifications
If a provision of the republished law is affected by a current modification, the symbol M appears immediately before the provision heading. The text of the modifying provision appears in the endnotes. For the legal status of modifications, see the Legislation Act 2001, section 95.
Penalties
At the republication date, the value of a penalty unit for an offence against this law is $160 for an individual and $810 for a corporation (see Legislation Act 2001, s 133).
Civil Law (Wrongs) Act 2002
Contents
Page
Chapter 1 Preliminary
1 Name of Act 2
2 Dictionary 2
3 Notes 2
4Offences against Act—application of Criminal Code etc 3
Chapter 2 Provisions applying to wrongs generally
Part 2.1 Good samaritans
5 Protection of good samaritans from liability 4
Part 2.2 Volunteers
6 Definitions—pt 2.2 7
7 Meaning of community work 7
8 Protection of volunteers from liability 8
9 Liability of community organisations for volunteers 9
10 Territory may assume liability of community organisations for volunteers 9
11 Directions to community organisations about insurance etc 10
Part 2.2A Food donors
11A Definitions—pt 2.2A 11
11B Protection of food donors from liability 11
Part 2.3 Apologies
12 Application—pt 2.3 13
13 Meaning of apology in pt 2.3 13
14 Effect of apology on liability etc 13
Part 2.4 Survival of actions on death
15 Effect of death on certain causes of action 15
16 Damages in surviving cause of action 15
17 If person liable dies before or at time of damage 17
18 Saving of rights additional to pt 2.4 17
Part 2.5 Proceedings against and contributions between wrongdoers
19 Definitions—pt 2.5 18
20 Each of several wrongdoers can be sued 18
21 Right of contribution 19
22 Effect of pt 2.5 19
Chapter 3 Liability for death or injury
Part 3.1 Wrongful act or omission causing death
Division 3.1.1 Preliminary—liability for death
23 Definitions—pt 3.1 20
Division 3.1.2 Liability and damages for death
24 Liability for a person’s death 21
25 Damages for a person’s death 21
26 Amounts not taken into account in assessing damages for death 22
27 Contributory negligence not defence in relation to death 23
Part 3.2 Mental harm
32 Definitions—pt 3.2 24
33 Personal injury arising from mental or nervous shock 24
34 Mental harm—duty of care 25
35 Mental harm—damages 26
36 Extensions of liability under pt 3.2 in certain cases 26
Part 3.3 Exclusion of liability for terrorism-associated risks
37 Meaning of act of terrorism for pt 3.3 28
38 Limitation of liability for acts of terrorism 29
Chapter 4 Negligence
Part 4.1 Preliminary—negligence
40 Definitions—ch 4 30
41 Application—ch 4 30
Part 4.2 Duty of care
42 Standard of care 31
43 Precautions against risk—general principles 31
44 Precautions against risk—other principles 32
Part 4.3 Causation
45 General principles 33
46 Burden of proof 34
Part 4.4 Other provisions—negligence
47 Contributory negligence can defeat claim 35
48 Remedy available if claim fraudulent 35
Chapter 5 Personal injuries claims—pre‑court procedures
Part 5.1 Preliminary—ch 5
49 Definitions—ch 5 37
50 Application—ch 5 38
Part 5.2 Claims procedures
51 Notice of claim 40
51A Motor accident claims—respondent to identify and notify others 44
52 Preliminary response to claimant 44
53 Acknowledgment that proper respondent not admission of liability 46
54 Respondent’s response to notice of claim 47
55 Claimant may add later respondents 49
56 Multiple respondents 49
57 Respondent may add someone else as contributor 50
58 Contributor’s response 51
59 Claimant’s failure to give complying notice of claim 52
60 Legal disabilities 53
61 Respondent must attempt to resolve claim 54
62 Consequences of noncompliance with pt 5.2 56
Part 5.3 Obligations of parties to give documents and information
63 Purpose—pt 5.3 57
64 Claimant to give documents etc to respondent 57
65 Respondent and claimant may jointly arrange for expert report 59
66 Cost of expert report obtained by agreement 59
67 Examination by expert if no agreement 60
68 Respondent to give documents etc to claimant 60
69 Respondent to give documents etc to contributor 62
70 Contributor to give documents to respondent 63
71 Alternative provision if more than 200 pages 63
Part 5.4 Other provisions—pre-court procedures
72 Nondisclosure of documents etc—client legal privilege 65
73 Nondisclosure of documents etc—suspected fraud 65
74 Offence—failure to give document, film or information 66
75 Consequences of failure to give document 66
76 Privilege generally for documents etc 66
77 No requirement to give documents etc if already in other party’s possession 66
78 Court’s power to enforce compliance with pt 5.2 and pt 5.3 67
79 Need for urgent proceeding 67
80 False or misleading statements 68
Chapter 7 Damages
Part 7.1 Damages for personal injuries—exclusions and limitations
92 Definitions—pt 7.1 69
93 Application—pt 7.1 69
94 Exclusion of liability if conduct an offence 69
95 Presumption of contributory negligence—injured person intoxicated 70
96 Presumption of contributory negligence—injured person relying on intoxicated person 71
97 Presumption of contributory negligence—injured person not wearing seatbelt etc 72
98 Damages for loss of earnings 73
99 Tariffs for damages for non-economic loss 74
Part 7.2 Loss of capacity to perform domestic services
100 Damages for loss of capacity to perform domestic services 75
Part 7.3 Contributory negligence
101 Definitions—pt 7.3 76
102 Apportionment of liability—contributory negligence 76
103 Joint wrongdoers 77
104 Claims by third parties—contributory negligence 77
105 Pleading of statutory limitation period—contributory negligence 78
Chapter 7AProportionate liability
107A Definitions—ch 7A 79
107B Application of ch 7A—apportionable claims 79
107C Meaning of consumer claim—ch 7A 80
107D Concurrent wrongdoers 81
107E Certain wrongdoers not to have benefit of apportionment 81
107F Proportionate liability for apportionable claims 82
107G Defendant to tell claimant about concurrent wrongdoers 83
107H Contribution not recoverable from defendant 83
107I Subsequent proceeding by claimant 84
107J Including non-party concurrent wrongdoer 84
107K Ch 7A does not affect certain other liability 84
Chapter 8 Liability of public and other authorities
108 Application—ch 8 86
109 Definitions—ch 8 86
110 Principles about resources, responsibilities etc of public or other authorities 87
111 Proceedings against public or other authorities based on breach of statutory duty 87
112 When public or other authority not liable for failure to exercise regulatory functions 88
113 Special nonfeasance protection in relation to roads etc 88
114 Exercise of function or decision to exercise does not create duty 89
Chapter 8AInstitutional child abuse
Part 8A.1 Definitions and application—ch 8A
114A Meaning of child abuse claim 90
114AA Meaning of child abuse—ch 8A 90
114B Meaning of related trust—ch 8A 90
114BA Time when child abuse etc happens 91
Part 8A.1A Liability of organisations
114BB Definitions—pt 8A.1A 92
114BC Meaning of employee—pt 8A.1A 92
114BD Organisations that are responsible for child 93
114BE Organisations vicariously liable for child abuse perpetrated by employees 93
Part 8A.2 Institutional child abuse—proceedings against unincorporated bodies
114C Unincorporated bodies 94
114D Unincorporated body may nominate defendant 94
114E Court may appoint related trust as defendant 95
114F Proceedings may be commenced before nomination or appointment 97
114G Liability of trustee if nominated or appointed as defendant 97
114H Defendant may rely on defences and immunities etc 99
Part 8A.3 Institutional child abuse—setting aside abuse settlement agreements
114I Object—pt 8A.3 100
114J Definitions—pt 8A.3 100
114K Court may set aside abuse settlement agreement 101
114L Court may also set aside other things 102
114M Effect of setting aside abuse settlement agreement 103
Chapter 9 Defamation
Part 9.1 Preliminary—defamation
115 Objects—ch 9 104
116 Definitions—ch 9 104
117Ch 9 binds Crown 109
Part 9.2 General principles
Division 9.2.1 Defamation and the general law
118 Tort of defamation 110
119 Distinction between slander and libel abolished 110
Division 9.2.2 Causes of action for defamation
120 Single cause of action for multiple defamatory imputations in same matter 110
121 Certain corporations do not have cause of action for defamation 111
122 No cause of action for defamation of, or against, deceased persons 112
122A Serious harm element of cause of action for defamation 112
Division 9.2.2A Exemptions from liability for digital intermediaries
122B Definitions—div 9.2.2A 114
122C Exemption for digital intermediaries providing caching, conduit or storage services 115
122D Exemption for search engine providers 116
122E Early determination of digital intermediary exemptions 117
Division 9.2.3 Choice of law
123 Choice of law for defamation proceedings 118
Part 9.3 Resolution of civil disputes without litigation
Division 9.3.1 Concerns notices and offers to make amends
124 Application—div 9.3.1 120
124A Concerns notices 120
124B Defamation proceedings cannot be commenced without concerns notice 122
125 Publisher may make offer to make amends 123
126 When offer to make amends may be made 123
127 Content of offer to make amends 124
128 Withdrawal of offer to make amends 126
129 Effect of acceptance of offer to make amends 127
130 Effect of failure to accept reasonable offer to make amends 128
131 Inadmissibility of evidence of certain statements and admissions 129
Division 9.3.2 Apologies
132 Effect of apology on liability for defamation 129
Part 9.4 Litigation of civil disputes
Division 9.4.1 General
133 Leave required for multiple proceedings in relation to publication of same defamatory matter 131
133A Orders for preliminary discovery about posters of digital matter 132
Division 9.4.2 Defences
134 Scope of defences under general law and other law not limited 133
135 Defence of justification 133
136 Defence of contextual truth 134
137 Defence of absolute privilege 134
138 Defence for publication of public documents 136
139 Defences of fair report of proceedings of public concern 138
139AA Defence of publication of matter concerning issue of public interest 142
139A Defence of qualified privilege for provision of certain information 144
139AB Defence of scientific or academic peer review 145
139B Defences of honest opinion 146
139BA Defence for publications involving digital intermediaries 148
139C Defence of innocent dissemination 151
Division 9.4.3 Remedies
139E Damages to bear rational relationship to harm 152
139F Damages for non-economic loss limited 153
139G State of mind of defendant generally not relevant to awarding damages 154
139H Exemplary or punitive damages cannot be awarded 154
139I Factors in mitigation of damages 154
139J Damages for multiple causes of action may be assessed as single sum 155
139JA Orders against non-party digital intermediaries concerning defamatory digital matter 155
Division 9.4.4 Costs
139K Costs in defamation proceedings 157
Part 9.5 Miscellaneous—ch 9
139L Proof of publication 158
139M Proof of convictions for offences 158
139N Incriminating answers, documents or things 159
139O Giving of notices and other documents 160
Chapter 10Trespass
141 Defence to action for trespass to land 161
142 Action for use and occupation of land—amount of damages 161
Chapter 11 Mitigation of strict liability
Part 11.1 Traveller accommodation providers liability
Division 11.1.1 Preliminary—pt 11.1
143 Purpose—pt 11.1 162
144 Definitions—pt 11.1 162
145 Meaning of traveller accommodation 163
146 Meaning of accommodation provider 163
147 Meaning of innkeeper’s liability 164
148 Meaning of guest 164
149 Meaning of property of guest 165
Division 11.1.2 Liability of accommodation providers
150 Application—div 11.1.2 165
151 Limitation on strict liability under innkeeper’s liability 165
152 Circumstances when limitation does not apply 166
153 Safe custody facilities 167
154 Notice about pt 11.1 168
Part 11.2 Common carriers
Division 11.2.1 Preliminary—common carriers
155 Purpose—pt 11.2 169
156 Definitions—pt 11.2 169
Division 11.2.2 When common law liability of carriers not affected
157 Certain things not protected by pt 11.2 169
158 Public notices by carrier not to affect liability 170
Division 11.2.3 Liability of common carriers for certain goods worth more than $20
159 Liability of carriers for certain goods worth more than $20 170
160 Notice of increased charge for transport of certain goods 171
161 Receipt of carrier for increased charge 171
162 Carrier only liable for proven amount for certain goods 172
Division 11.2.4 Liability of common carriers for certain animals
163 Definitions—div 11.2.4 172
164 Liability of carriers for certain animals 173
165 Notice of increased charge for transport of certain animals 174
166 Carrier only liable for proven amount for certain animals 174
Division 11.2.5 Notice, condition or declaration of carrier
167 Carrier liable for neglect or default despite notice etc 175
Chapter 12 Other liability provisions
Part 12.1 Occupiers liability
168 Liability of occupiers 176
Part 12.2 Liability for damage caused by animals
169 Evidence of breach of duty for animals 178
Part 12.3 Liability for fires accidentally begun
170 Actions do not lie for damage caused by accidental fires 179
171 Contract between landlord and tenant not affected 179
Chapter 13 Misrepresentation
172 Definitions—ch 13 180
173 Removal of certain bars to rescission for misrepresentation 180
174 Damages for misrepresentation 181
175 Damages instead of rescission for misrepresentation 182
176 Exclusion clauses—misrepresentation 182
177 Misrepresentation in trade or commerce an offence 183
178 Employer etc liable for misrepresentation 183
179 Prosecutions for misrepresentation 184
Chapter 14 Limitations on legal costs
Part 14.1 Maximum costs for certain personal injury damages claims
180 Definitions—pt 14.1 185
181 Maximum costs for claims of $50 000 or less 185
182 Costs incurred after offer of compromise not accepted 187
183 Exclusion of costs unnecessarily incurred etc 188
184 Court discretion to allow additional costs 189
185 Apportionment of costs between lawyers 189
Part 14.2 Costs in damages claims if no reasonable prospects of success
186 Definitions—pt 14.2 190
187 Application—pt 14.2 190
188 Certificate that claim or defence has reasonable prospects of success 191
189 Costs order against lawyer acting without reasonable prospects of success 191
190 Onus on lawyer to show facts provided reasonable prospects of success 192
Chapter 15 Miscellaneous
Part 15.1 Mediation and neutral evaluation
191 Purpose of pt 15.1 etc 194
192 Meaning of mediation, neutral evaluation etc 194
193 Who can be a mediator 195
194 Who can be an evaluator 195
195 Referral by tribunal for mediation or neutral evaluation 195
196 Duty of parties to take part in neutral evaluations 196
197 Costs of neutral evaluation 196
198 Agreements and arrangements arising from mediation sessions 196
199 Privilege for neutral evaluations 196
200 Secrecy by evaluators 198
201 Protection from liability for evaluators 198
Part 15.3 Attachment of insurance money
206 Amount of liability charge on insurance money payable against liability 199
207 Enforcement of charge on insurance money 200
208 Protection of insurer for pt 15.3 charge 200
209 Certain other provisions not affected by pt 15.3 201
Part 15.4 Abolition of certain common law actions, rules and remedies
210 Abolition of seduction, enticement and harbouring 202
211 Abolition of rule about unity of spouses 202
212 Abolition of action of cattle-trespass 202
213 Abolition of distress damage feasant 202
214 Abolition of rules relating exclusively to liability for damage by animals 203
215 Partial abolition of rule in Rylands v Fletcher 203
216 Abolition of rule of common employment 203
217 Abolition of husband’s liability for wife’s torts and premarital obligations 203
218 Abolition of action for loss of consortium 203
219 Abolition of rule in Cavalier v Pope 204
220 Partial abolition of Mocambique rule 204
221 Abolition of torts of maintenance and champerty 205
Part 15.5 Other provisions
222 Approved forms 206
222A Determination of fees 206
223 Regulation-making power 206
Chapter 19 Transitional—Civil Law (Wrongs) Amendment Act 2024—absolute privilege
254 Absolute privilege amendments 207
255 Expiry—ch 19 208
Chapter 20Transitional—Civil Law (Wrongs) Amendment Act 2024
256 Definitions—ch 20 209
257 Digital intermediary amendments 209
258 Offer amendments 210
259 Preliminary discovery or non-party digital intermediary order amendments 211
260 Document giving or service amendments 212
261 Expiry—ch 20 212
Chapter 21 Transitional—Civil Law (Wrongs) (Organisational Child Abuse Liability) Amendment Act 2025
262 Application of pt 8A.1A 213
263 Expiry—ch 21 213
Schedule 1A Additional publications to which absolute privilege applies 214
1A.1 Definitions—sch 1A 214
1A.2 Matter published to bar association etc 214
1A.3 Matter published to human rights commission etc 215
1A.4 Matter published to integrity commission etc 215
1A.5 Matter published to inspector of correctional services 216
1A.6 Matter published to law society etc 217
1A.7 Matter published to office of the work health and safety commissioner etc 217
1A.8 Matter published to official visitor etc 218
1A.9 Matter published to public trustee and guardian etc 219
1A.10 Matter published to sentence administration board etc 219
Schedule 1 Traveller accommodation providers notice 220
Notice about loss of guest’s property 220
Schedule 2 Common carriers—goods subject to special limited liability 221
Schedule 3 Equine activities 222
3.1 Definitions—sch 3 222
3.2 Application—sch 3 224
3.3 Limitation on liability for injury or death of participant 224
3.4 Warning notice 226
Schedule 4 Professional standards
Part 4.1 Preliminary—professional standards 227
4.1 Objects—sch 4 227
4.2 Definitions—sch 4 227
4.2A Amount payable under an insurance policy—sch 4 229
4.3 Application—sch 4 230
Part 4.2 Limitation of liability 231
Division 4.2.1 Making, amendment and revocation of schemes
4.4 Preparation and approval of schemes 231
4.5 Public notification of schemes 231
4.6 Making of comments and submissions about schemes 232
4.7 Consideration of comments, submissions etc 232
4.8 Public hearings 233
4.9 Submission of schemes to Minister 233
4.10 Schemes are subject to disallowance 233
4.11 Commencement of schemes 234
4.12 Challenges to schemes 234
4.13 Review of schemes 236
4.14 Amendment and revocation of schemes 236
4.14A Notification of revocation of schemes 237
4.14B Ending of operation of interstate schemes 237
Division 4.2.2 Content of schemes
4.15 People to whom scheme applies 238
4.16 Other people to whom scheme applies 239
4.17 Limitation of liability by insurance arrangements 239
4.18 Limitation of liability by reference to amount of business assets 240
4.19 Limitation of liability by multiple of charges 241
4.20 Statement of different limits of liability 242
4.21 Combination of provisions under s 4.17, s 4.18 and s 4.19 242
4.22 Amount below which liability may not be limited 243
4.22A Liability in damages not reduced to below relevant limit 244
4.23 Insurance to be of required standard 244
Division 4.2.3 Effect of schemes
4.24 Limit of occupational liability by schemes 244
4.25 Limitation of amount of damages 245
4.26 Effect of scheme on other parties to proceedings 245
4.27 Proceedings to which a scheme applies 246
4.28 Duration of scheme 246
4.29 Notification of limitation of liability 247
Part 4.3 Compulsory insurance 249
4.30 Occupational association may require members to insure 249
4.31 Monitoring claims by occupational associations 249
Part 4.4 Risk management 251
4.32 Risk management strategies by occupational associations 251
4.33 Reporting by occupational associations 251
4.34 Compliance audits 252
Part 4.5 Complaints and disciplinary matters 253
4.35 Complaints and Discipline Code 253
Part 4.6 Professional standards council 254
Division 4.6.1 Establishment and functions of council
4.36 The council 254
4.37 Functions of council 254
4.37A Cooperation with authorities in other jurisdictions 256
Division 4.6.2 Membership of council
4.38 Membership of council 256
4.39 Chairperson and deputy chairperson of council 257
4.40 Deputies of members 257
4.41 Term of appointment 258
4.42 Allowances of members 258
4.43 Vacancy in office of member 258
4.44 Filling of vacancy in office of member 259
4.45 Personal liability of members etc 259
Division 4.6.3 Procedure of council
4.46 General procedure for council 259
4.47 Quorum at council meetings 260
4.48 Presiding member at council meetings 260
4.49 Voting at council meetings 260
Division 4.6.4 Miscellaneous—council
4.50 Requirement to provide information 260
4.51 Referral of complaints 261
4.52 Council committees 261
4.53 Use of government staff or facilities 262
4.54 Engagement of consultants by council 262
4.55 Accountability of council to Minister 262
4.56 Annual report of council 262
Part 4.7 Miscellaneous—sch 4 263
4.57 Characterisation of sch 4 263
4.58 No contracting out of sch 4 263
4.59 No limitation on other insurance 263
4.59A Validation of schemes etc 263
Schedule 5 Occupational associations—model code 264
5.1 Name of code 264
5.2 Meaning of council 264
5.3 What actions may be the subject of a complaint? 264
5.4 Who may make a complaint? 264
5.5 How is a complaint made? 264
5.6 What happens after a complaint is made? 265
5.7 What action may be taken after a hearing into a complaint? 265
5.8 Notices of decisions 266
5.9 What rights of representation do parties to a complaint have? 266
5.10 How may occupational association’s functions under code be exercised? 267
5.11 Protection from liability 267
Dictionary268
Endnotes
1 About the endnotes 281
2 Abbreviation key 281
3 Legislation history 282
4 Amendment history 292
5 Earlier republications 345
6 Expired transitional or validating provisions 351
7 Renumbered provisions 351
Civil Law (Wrongs) Act 2002
An Act to consolidate and reform the statute law relating to wrongs, and for other purposes
Chapter 1Preliminary
Name of Act
This Act is the Civil Law (Wrongs) Act 2002.
Dictionary
The dictionary at the end of this Act is part of this Act.
Note 1The dictionary at the end of this Act defines certain terms used in this Act, and includes references (signpost definitions) to other terms defined elsewhere in this Act.
For example, the signpost definition ‘accommodation provider—see section 146.’ means that the term ‘accommodation provider’ is defined in that section.
Note 2A definition in the dictionary (including a signpost definition) applies to the entire Act unless the definition, or another provision of the Act, provides otherwise or the contrary intention otherwise appears (see Legislation Act, s 155 and s 156 (1)).
Notes
A note included in this Act is explanatory and is not part of this Act.
NoteSee the Legislation Act, s 127 (1), (4) and (5) for the legal status of notes.
Offences against Act—application of Criminal Code etc
Other legislation applies in relation to offences against this Act.
Note 1Criminal Code
The Criminal Code, ch 2 applies to the following offences against this Act (see Code, pt 2.1):
·section 74 (Offence—failure to give document or information)
·section 80 (False or misleading statements)
·sch 4, s 4.29 (Notification of limitation of liability)
·sch 4, s 4.50 (Requirement to provide information).
The chapter sets out the general principles of criminal responsibility (including burdens of proof and general defences), and defines terms used for offences to which the Code applies (eg conduct, intention, recklessness and strict liability).
Note 2Penalty units
The Legislation Act, s 133 deals with the meaning of offence penalties that are expressed in penalty units.
Chapter 2Provisions applying to wrongs generally
Part 2.1Good samaritans
Protection of good samaritans from liability
(1)A good samaritan does not incur personal civil liability for an act done or omission made honestly and without recklessness in assisting, or giving advice about the assistance to be given to, a person who is apparently—
(a)injured or at risk of being injured; or
(b)in need of emergency medical assistance.
(2)However, the protection does not apply if—
(a)the liability falls within the ambit of a scheme of compulsory third-party motor vehicle insurance; or
(b)the good samaritan’s capacity to exercise appropriate care and skill was, at the relevant time, significantly impaired by a recreational drug.
Example—scheme of compulsory third-party motor vehicle insurance
the scheme under the Motor Accident Injuries Act 2019
(3)Despite subsection (2) (b), if a good samaritan administers the drug known as naloxone, honestly and without recklessness, to a person apparently suffering from an overdose of an opioid drug for the purpose of resuscitating the person, the protection under subsection (1) applies even if the good samaritan’s capacity to exercise appropriate care and skill was, at the time of administering the drug, impaired by a recreational drug.
Examples—opioid drugs
· heroin
· methadone
· morphine
(4)In this section:
good samaritan means—
(a)a person who, acting without expectation of payment or other consideration, comes to the aid of a person who is apparently—
(i)injured or at risk of being injured; or
(ii)in need of emergency medical assistance; or
(b)a medically qualified person who, acting without expectation of payment or other consideration, gives advice by telephone or another form of telecommunication about the treatment of a person who is apparently—
(i)injured or at risk of being injured; or
(ii)in need of emergency medical assistance.
medically qualified—a person is medically qualified if the person—
(a)is a doctor; or
(b)has professional qualifications in a field of health care that are recognised under an Act; or
(c)works, or has worked, as a member of the ambulance service or in another paramedical capacity.
Part 2.2Volunteers
Definitions—pt 2.2
In this part:
community organisation means a corporation that directs or coordinates the carrying out of community work by volunteers.
voluntary basis—a person works on a voluntary basis if the person—
(a)receives no remuneration for the work; or
(b)is remunerated for the work but within limits prescribed by regulation for this definition.
volunteer means a person who carries out community work on a voluntary basis.
Meaning of community work
(1)In this part:
community work means—
(a)work for 1 or more of the following purposes:
(i)a religious, educational, charitable or benevolent purpose;
(ii)promoting or encouraging literature, science or the arts;
(iii)looking after, or giving attention to, people who need care because of a physical or mental disability or condition;
(iv)sport, recreation or amusement;
(v)conserving resources or protecting the natural environment from harm;
(vi)preserving historical or cultural heritage;
(vii)a political purpose;
(viii)protecting or promoting the common interests of the community generally or a particular section of the community; or
(b)work declared by regulation to be community work.
(2)However, work is not community work if it—
(a)involves acts or threats of violence; or
(b)creates a serious risk to the health or safety of the public or a section of the public; or
(c)is declared by regulation not to be community work.
Protection of volunteers from liability
(1)A volunteer does not incur personal civil liability for an act done or omission made honestly and without recklessness while carrying out community work for a community organisation on a voluntary basis.
(2)However, the protection does not apply if—
(a)the liability falls within the ambit of a scheme of compulsory third-party motor vehicle insurance; or
(b)the liability is for defamation; or
(c)the volunteer’s capacity to carry out the work properly was, at the relevant time, significantly impaired by a recreational drug; or
(d)the volunteer was acting, and knew or ought to have known that he or she was acting—
(i)outside the scope of the activities authorised by the community organisation; or
(ii)contrary to instructions given by the community organisation.
Liability of community organisations for volunteers
(1)A liability that would, apart from this part, attach to a volunteer, attaches instead to the community organisation for which the volunteer was carrying out the relevant community work.
(2)A person (the injured person) who suffers death, injury, loss or damage because of the act or omission of a volunteer may sue the volunteer personally only if—
(a)it is clear from the circumstances of the case that the protection given under section 8 does not apply to the case; or
(b)the injured person brings an action against the community organisation and the community organisation disputes, in a defence filed to the action, that it is liable for the act or omission of the volunteer.
Territory may assume liability of community organisations for volunteers
(1)This section applies if a community organisation carries out a function that is a recognised government responsibility.
(2)The Minister may, by agreement with the community organisation, assume on behalf of the Territory liabilities of the organisation that arise under section 9 in carrying out the function.
(3)The agreement may be subject to the conditions and limitations the Minister considers appropriate.
(4)While the agreement is in force, a liability that would, apart from this section, attach to the community organisation in relation to the function, attaches instead (subject to the conditions and limitations of the agreement) to the Territory.
(5)In this section:
recognised government responsibility means a responsibility prescribed by regulation as a recognised government responsibility.
Directions to community organisations about insurance etc
(1)The Minister may give directions to community organisations about the taking out of insurance, or the adoption of risk management plans, in relation to liabilities to which this part applies.
(2)A direction is a disallowable instrument.
NoteA disallowable instrument must be notified, and presented to the Legislative Assembly, under the Legislation Act.
Part 2.2AFood donors
11ADefinitions—pt 2.2A
In this part:
donor—
(a)means a person who donates food—
(i)in good faith for a charitable or benevolent purpose; and
(ii)with the intention that the consumer of the food would not have to pay for it; but
(b)does not include a person who distributes food donated by another person for human consumption.
fit for human consumption, in relation to food, means food that is not unsafe or unsuitable.
food—see the Food Act 2001, section 8.
unsafe, in relation to food—see the Food Act 2001, section 12.
unsuitable, in relation to food—see the Food Act 2001, section 13.
11BProtection of food donors from liability
A donor does not incur civil liability for any personal injury that results from the consumption of food donated by the donor if—
(a)the food was fit for human consumption when it left the possession or control of the donor; and
(b)for food that is required to be handled in a particular way to ensure it remains fit for human consumption—the donor told the person to whom the donor gave the food about the handling requirements for the food; and
(c)for food that would remain fit for human consumption for only a limited amount of time after it leaves the possession or control of the donor—the donor told the person to whom the donor gave the food about the time limit on the consumption of the food.
Part 2.3Apologies
Application—pt 2.3
(1)This part applies to civil liability of any kind.
(2)However, this part does not apply to civil liability for an award of damages or compensation—
(a)for defamation; or
(b)under any of the following:
(i)the Discrimination Act 1991;
(ii)the Workers Compensation Act 1951.
Meaning of apology in pt 2.3
In this part:
apology means an oral or written expression of sympathy or regret, or of a general sense of benevolence or compassion, in relation to an incident, whether or not the expression admits or implies fault or liability in relation to the incident.
Effect of apology on liability etc
(1)An apology made by or on behalf of a person in relation to an incident claimed to have been caused by the person—
(a)is not (and must not be taken to be) an express or implied admission of fault or liability by the person in relation to the incident; and
(b)is not relevant to deciding fault or liability in relation to the incident.
(2)Evidence of an apology made by or on behalf of a person in relation to an incident claimed to have been caused by the person is not admissible in any civil proceeding as evidence of the fault or liability of the person in relation to the incident.
Part 2.4Survival of actions on death
Effect of death on certain causes of action
(1)When a person dies—
(a)all causes of action vested in the person survive for the benefit of the person’s estate; and
(b)all causes of action existing against the person survive against the person’s estate.
(2)This section does not apply to causes of action for defamation.
Damages in surviving cause of action
(1)This section applies to a cause of action that survives under this part for the benefit of a dead person’s estate.
(2)The damages recoverable do not include exemplary damages.
(3)If the act or omission that gave rise to the cause of action caused the person’s death, the damages recoverable—
(a)must be calculated without regard to any loss or gain to the estate resulting from the death; and
(b)do not include damages for—
(i)the person’s pain or suffering or for any bodily or mental harm suffered by the person or for the loss of the person’s expectation of life; or
(ii)the person’s loss of capacity to earn or loss of future probable earnings; and
(c)do not include damages of the kind mentioned in section 100 (Damages for loss of capacity to perform domestic services).
(4)However, damages mentioned in subsection (3) (b) (i) may be recovered if—
(a)the cause of action related to a personal injury resulting from an asbestos-related disease; and
(b)the person gave notice under section 51 (Notice of claim) before the person’s death; and
(c)the person died either—
(i)as a result of the asbestos-related disease; or
(ii)the asbestos-related disease was a contributing factor to the person’s death.
(5)The damages may include an amount to compensate for any reasonable funeral expenses paid or payable by the estate.
(6)An amount to compensate for any reasonable funeral expenses may be reduced to the extent (if any) that the court considers just and equitable having regard to the age and health of the dead person immediately before the act or omission that gave rise to the cause of action.
(7)In deciding whether an expense is reasonable for subsection (5), regard must be had to the religious and cultural circumstances of the dead person and the members of the dead person’s family.
(8)In this section:
asbestos-related disease means any of the following diseases:
(a)asbestosis;
(b)asbestos induced carcinoma;
(c)asbestos-related pleural diseases;
(d)mesothelioma;
(e)a disease prescribed by regulation.
member, of a dead person’s family—see section 23.
If person liable dies before or at time of damage
(1)This section applies if—
(a)damage was suffered because of an act or omission; and
(b)a person against whom there would have been a cause of action for the act or omission died before or at the same time as the damage was suffered.
(2)For this part, the cause of action is taken to have existed against the person before his or her death.
Saving of rights additional to pt 2.4
(1)The rights given by this part for the benefit of estates of dead people are additional to, and do not limit, rights given by part 3.1 (Wrongful act or omission causing death).
(2)This part as it relates to causes of action against estates of dead people applies in relation to causes of action under part 3.1 in the same way as it applies in relation to other causes of action that survive under this part.
(3)The rights given by this part for the benefit of estates of dead people, and the obligations under this part against estates of dead people, are additional to, and do not limit, rights or obligations under the Motor Accident Injuries Act 2019.
Part 2.5Proceedings against and contributions between wrongdoers
Definitions—pt 2.5
In this part:
court includes arbitrator.
damage means loss of any kind (including loss of life, personal injury, damage to property and economic loss).
wrong means an act or omission (whether or not an offence)—
(a)that gives rise to a liability in tort in relation to which a defence of contributory negligence is available at common law; or
(b)that amounts to a breach of a contractual duty of care that is concurrent and coextensive with a duty of care in tort.
Each of several wrongdoers can be sued
(1)A judgment or decision against a person for damage caused by a wrong does not bar an action against someone else who is also liable for the same damage.
(2)However, if separate actions are brought in relation to the same damage—
(a)the total amount recovered in the actions cannot exceed the amount of damages awarded in the judgment or decision given first or, if that amount is amended on appeal, the amount as amended; and
(b)the plaintiff is only entitled to costs in the action for which judgment or decision is given first (including costs on appeal from the judgment or decision), unless the court considers there were reasonable grounds for bringing the actions separately.
Right of contribution
(1)A person (the first person) who is liable for damage caused by a wrong can recover contribution from someone else (a contributory) who is also liable for the same damage.
(2)The contribution must be an amount that the court considers just and equitable having regard to the extent of the contributory’s responsibility for the damage.
(3)However, the first person is not entitled to contribution under this section if—
(a)the first person is liable to indemnify the contributory against the contributory’s liability for the damage; or
(b)the court exempts the contributory from liability to make contribution; or
(c)the court has directed that contribution to be recovered from a person for the damage is a complete indemnity for the damage.
Effect of pt 2.5
(1)This part does not—
(a)affect any criminal proceeding against a person in relation to an act or omission; or
(b)make enforceable an agreement for indemnity that would not have been enforceable if this part had not been enacted.
(2)This part has effect subject to the Building Act 2004, part 9 (Limitation of liability).
Chapter 3Liability for death or injury
Part 3.1Wrongful act or omission causing death
Division 3.1.1 Preliminary—liability for death
Definitions—pt 3.1
In this part:
child includes a grandchild and a stepchild.
member, of a dead person’s family—each of the following people is a member of a dead person’s family:
(a)a domestic partner; or
(b)a child of the person (including a child born alive after the death);
(c)a person to whom the dead person acted, immediately before his or her death, in place of a parent;
(d)a parent of the person;
(e)a person who acted, immediately before the dead person’s death, in place of a parent to the dead person;
(f)a brother, a sister, a half-brother and a half-sister of the person;
(g)a former spouse, civil union partner or civil partner of the person.
parent includes a stepfather, a stepmother, a grandfather and a grandmother.
Division 3.1.2 Liability and damages for death
Liability for a person’s death
If—
(a)a person’s death is caused by a wrongful act or omission (whether or not an offence); and
(b)the act or omission would, if death had not resulted, have entitled the person to recover damages in an action for personal injury;
the person who would have been liable if the death had not resulted is liable to an action for damages despite the death and whether or not the death was caused by circumstances that were an offence.
Damages for a person’s death
(1)In an action under this part, the court may award, to the people for whose benefit the action is brought (the beneficiaries), the damages that it considers to be proportional to the damage to them resulting from the death.
(2)Subsection (1) has effect subject to part 7.1 (Damages for personal injuries—exclusions and limitations).
(3)The amount of damages awarded must, after deducting the costs not recovered from the defendant, be divided between the beneficiaries in the shares the court decides.
(4)The damages may include an amount to compensate for any of the following expenses paid or payable by a beneficiary:
(a)reasonable funeral expenses;
(b)reasonable medical or hospital expenses related to the injury that resulted in the death.
(5)An amount to compensate for any reasonable funeral expenses may be reduced to the extent (if any) that the court considers just and equitable having regard to the age or health of the dead person immediately before the wrongful act or omission that caused the death.
(6)In deciding whether an expense is reasonable for subsection (4) (a), regard must be had to the religious and cultural circumstances of the dead person and the members of the dead person’s family.
Amounts not taken into account in assessing damages for death
In assessing damages in relation to liability under this part, the following must not be taken into account to reduce the damages:
(a)an amount paid or payable on the death of, or personal injury to, the dead person under a contract of insurance;
(b)an amount paid or payable out of a superannuation, provident or similar fund, or as a benefit from a friendly society, benefit society, lodge or trade union;
(c)an amount paid or payable because of the death or injury of the dead person that is—
(i)a payment instead of leave; or
(ii)a payment of a pension or another social security or veterans benefit;
(d)an amount paid or payable as a gratuity on the death of the dead person;
(e)an amount in relation to the acquisition by a member of the dead person’s family, after the death, of—
(i)a house, or an interest in a house, used at any time as the member’s home; or
(ii)the household contents, or an interest in the household contents, of the house;
(f)a premium that would have become payable under a contract of insurance on the life of the dead person if the person had lived beyond the time when he or she died.
Contributory negligence not defence in relation to death
(1)If a person has died partly because of the person’s failure to take reasonable care (contributory negligence) and partly because of someone else’s wrong, the damages recoverable in an action under this part for the wrong must not be reduced because of the contributory negligence.
(2)Subsection (1) has effect subject to part 7.1 (Damages for personal injuries—exclusions and limitations).
(3)In this section:
wrong means an act or omission (whether or not an offence)—
(a)that gives rise to a liability in tort; or
(b)that amounts to a breach of a contractual duty of care that is concurrent and coextensive with a duty of care in tort.
Part 3.2Mental harm
Definitions—pt 3.2
In this part:
child, of a person, means the son, daughter, grandson, granddaughter, stepson or stepdaughter of the person, or someone to whom the person is acting in place of a parent.
consequential mental harm, to a person, means mental harm to the person that is a consequence of bodily injury to the person.
family member, of a person, means—
(a)a domestic partner;
(b)a parent or child of the person; or
(c)a brother, sister, half-brother or half-sister of the person.
mental harm, to a person, means impairment of the person’s mental condition.
negligence means failure to exercise reasonable care and skill.
parent, of a person, means the father, mother, grandfather, grandmother, stepfather or stepmother of the person, or someone acting in place of a parent to the person.
pure mental harm, to a person, means mental harm to the person other than consequential mental harm.
Personal injury arising from mental or nervous shock
In an action for personal injury, the plaintiff is not prevented from recovering damages only because the injury arose completely or partly from mental or nervous shock.
Mental harm—duty of care
(1)A person (the defendant) does not owe a duty to another person (the plaintiff) to take care not to cause the plaintiff mental harm unless a reasonable person in the defendant’s position would have foreseen that a person of normal fortitude in the plaintiff’s position might, in the circumstances of the case, suffer a recognised psychiatric illness if reasonable care were not taken.
(2)For the application of this section in relation to pure mental harm to a person, the circumstances of the case to which the court must have regard include—
(a)whether or not the mental harm was suffered as the result of a sudden shock; and
(b)whether the plaintiff witnessed, at the scene, a person being killed, injured or put in danger; and
(c)the nature of the relationship between the plaintiff and anyone killed, injured or put in danger; and
(d)whether or not there was a pre-existing relationship between the plaintiff and the defendant.
(3)For the application of this section in relation to consequential mental harm to a person, the circumstances of the case to which the court must have regard include the nature of the bodily injury out of which the mental harm arose.
(4)This section does not affect the duty of care a person (the defendant) has to another person (the plaintiff) if the defendant knows, or ought reasonably to know, that the plaintiff is a person of less than normal fortitude.
Mental harm—damages
(1)Damages must not be awarded for pure mental harm to a person resulting from negligence unless the harm consists of a recognised psychiatric illness.
(2)Damages must not be awarded for economic loss for consequential mental harm to a person resulting from negligence unless the harm consists of a recognised psychiatric illness.
Extensions of liability under pt 3.2 in certain cases
(1)A person’s liability in relation to an injury caused by a wrongful act or omission by which someone else (A) is killed, injured or put in danger includes liability for injury arising completely or partly from mental or nervous shock received by—
(a)a parent of A; or
(b)a domestic partner of A; or
(c)another family member of A, if A was killed, injured or put in danger within the sight or hearing of the other family member.
(2)If 2 or more family members bring, or may bring, actions in relation to liability arising under subsection (1) out of the same act or omission, the court may proceed in the way the court considers appropriate and may make the orders the court considers appropriate about—
(a)which family members are parties to the action; and
(b)who is to have the conduct of the action.
(3)The action is for the benefit of all family members who are parties to the action.
(4)The court may award the damages that it considers to be proportional to the damage to the plaintiffs resulting from the wrongful act or omission.
(5)Subsection (4) has effect subject to part 7.1 (Damages for personal injuries—exclusions and limitations).
(6)The amount of damages awarded must, after deducting the costs not recovered from the defendant, be divided between the plaintiffs in the shares the court decides.
Part 3.3Exclusion of liability for terrorism-associated risks
Meaning of act of terrorism for pt 3.3
(1)In this part:
act of terrorism means the use or threat of action if—
(a)the action falls within subsection (2); and
(b)the use or threat is designed to influence a government or to intimidate the public or a section of the public; and
(c)the use or threat is made for the purpose of advancing a political, religious or ideological cause.
(2)Action falls within this subsection if it—
(a)involves serious violence against a person; or
(b)involves serious damage to property; or
(c)endangers a person’s life, other than that of the person committing the action; or
(d)creates a serious risk to the health or safety of the public or a section of the public; or
(e)is designed seriously to interfere with or seriously to disrupt an electronic system.
(3)The use or threat of action falling within subsection (2) that involves the use of firearms or explosives is terrorism whether or not subsection (1) (b) is satisfied.
(4)In this section:
action includes action outside the ACT or Australia.
government includes the government of another Australian jurisdiction or a foreign country.
person means a person anywhere, whether in or outside the ACT or Australia.
property means property located anywhere, whether in or outside the ACT or Australia.
public includes the public of a place outside the ACT or Australia.
Limitation of liability for acts of terrorism
(1)There is no right of action for death or injury (or both) arising out of the use of a motor vehicle if the death or injury (or both) are caused by an act of terrorism.
(2)Subsection (1) does not remove the liability—
(a)of someone who commits or promotes the act of terrorism; or
(b)of an employer to pay compensation under the Workers Compensation Act 1951 (or any corresponding law of the Commonwealth, a State or another Territory) to a worker.
(3)This section applies despite the Motor Accident Injuries Act 2019, section 295 (MAI insurer to indemnify MAI insured people)
Chapter 4Negligence
Part 4.1Preliminary—negligence
Definitions—ch 4
In this chapter:
harm means harm of any kind, and includes—
(a)personal injury; and
(b)damage to property; and
(c)economic loss.
negligence means failure to exercise reasonable care and skill.
Application—ch 4
(1)This chapter applies to all claims for damages for harm resulting from negligence, whether the claim is brought in tort, in contract, under statute or otherwise.
(2)However, this chapter does not apply to a claim under the Workers Compensation Act 1951.
Part 4.2Duty of care
Standard of care
For deciding whether a person (the defendant) was negligent, the standard of care required of the defendant is that of a reasonable person in the defendant’s position who was in possession of all the information that the defendant either had, or ought reasonably to have had, at the time of the incident out of which the harm arose.
Precautions against risk—general principles
(1)A person is not negligent in failing to take precautions against a risk of harm unless—
(a)the risk was foreseeable (that is, it is a risk of which the person knew or ought to have known); and
(b)the risk was not insignificant; and
(c)in the circumstances, a reasonable person in the person’s position would have taken those precautions.
(2)In deciding whether a reasonable person would have taken precautions against a risk of harm, the court must consider the following (among other relevant things):
(a)the probability that the harm would happen if precautions were not taken;
(b)the likely seriousness of the harm;
(c)the burden of taking precautions to avoid the risk of harm;
(d)the social utility of the activity creating the risk of harm.
Precautions against risk—other principles
In a proceeding in relation to liability for negligence—
(a)the burden of taking precautions to avoid a risk of harm includes the burden of taking precautions to avoid similar risks of harm for which the person may be responsible; and
(b)the fact that a risk of harm could have been avoided by doing something in a different way does not of itself give rise to or affect liability for the way in which it was done; and
(c)the subsequent taking of action that would (had the action been taken earlier) have avoided a risk of harm does not of itself give rise to or affect liability in relation to the risk and is not of itself an admission of liability in relation to the risk.
Part 4.3Causation
General principles
(1)A decision that negligence caused particular harm comprises the following elements:
(a)that the negligence was a necessary condition of the happening of the harm (‘factual causation’);
(b)that it is appropriate for the scope of the negligent person’s liability to extend to the harm so caused (the scope of liability).
(2)However, if a person (the plaintiff) has been negligently exposed to a similar risk of harm by a number of different people (the defendants) and it is not possible to assign responsibility for causing the harm to 1 or more of them—
(a)the court may continue to apply the established common law principle under which responsibility may be assigned to the defendants for causing the harm; but
(b)the court must consider the position of each defendant individually and state the reasons for bringing the defendant within the scope of liability.
(3)In deciding the scope of liability, the court must consider (among other relevant things) whether or not, and why, responsibility for the harm should be imposed on the negligent party.
Burden of proof
In deciding liability for negligence, the plaintiff always bears the burden of proving, on the balance of probabilities, any fact relevant to the issue of causation.
NoteThe Motor Accident Injuries Act 2019, s 256 provides that, for making a motor accident claim for a no-fault motor accident—
(a)in the case of a single vehicle accident, the driver of the motor vehicle is taken to be the driver at fault and to have breached their duty of care to an injured person; and
(b)in the case of a multiple vehicle accident, the driver of the motor vehicle whose act or omission caused the accident is taken to be the driver at fault and to have breached their duty of care to an injured person.
Part 4.4Other provisions—negligence
Contributory negligence can defeat claim
In deciding the extent of a reduction of damages because of contributory negligence, a court may decide on a reduction of 100% if the court considers it is just and equitable to do so, with the result that the claim for damages is defeated.
Remedy available if claim fraudulent
(1)This section applies to a person if—
(a)the person did, or omitted to do, something in relation to a claim; and
(b)the person did, or omitted to do, the thing—
(i)for the purpose of obtaining a financial benefit; or
(ii)knowing that the thing (or something else resulting from doing or omitting to do the thing) is false or misleading.
Example of something done in relation to claim
the making of a statement
Example of something resulting from the doing of the thing
the statement
(2)If this section applies to a claimant in relation to a claim—
(a)a person who has a liability in relation to a payment, settlement, compromise or judgment relating to the claim is relieved from the liability to the extent of the financial benefit obtained by the claimant; and
(b)a person who has paid an amount to the claimant in relation to the claim (whether under a settlement, compromise, judgment or otherwise) is entitled to recover from the claimant the amount of the financial benefit obtained by the claimant and any costs incurred in relation to the claim.
(3)If this section applies to a person other than a claimant in relation to a claim, the claimant is entitled to recover from the person as a debt the amount of the financial benefit obtained by the person and any costs incurred by the claimant in relation to the claim.
Chapter 5Personal injuries claims—pre‑court procedures
Part 5.1Preliminary—ch 5
Definitions—ch 5
In this chapter:
claim means a claim (however described) for damages based on a liability for personal injury, whether the liability is based in tort or contract or on another form of action (including breach of statutory duty), and, for a fatal injury, includes a claim for the dead person’s dependants or estate.
claimant means a person by whom, or on whose behalf, a claim is made.
complying notice of claim means a notice of claim under section 51 (Notice of claim) or section 55 (Claimant may add later respondents) that is given as required under this chapter.
contribution notice—see section 57 (Respondent may add someone else as contributor).
contributor means a person added as a contributor under section 57 (Respondent may add someone else as contributor).
court, in relation to a claim, means—
(a)if a proceeding based on a claim has been begun—the court hearing the proceeding; or
(b)if no proceeding based on the claim has been begun—a court with jurisdiction to hear the claim.
insurer, of a person in relation to a claim, means the insurer or other entity providing, or purportedly providing, the person cover or an indemnity against the claim.
party means claimant, respondent or contributor.
respondent means a person who—
(a)is a respondent under section 51 (Notice of claim); or
(b)is a later respondent under section 55 (Claimant may add later respondents).
Application—ch 5
(1)This chapter applies to all claims for damages for personal injury, including claims to which the Motor Accident Injuries Act 2019, chapter 5 (Motor accident injuries—common law damages) applies.
(2)However, this chapter does not apply to—
(a)a claim for compensation under the Workers Compensation Act 1951; or
(b)a claim for which—
(i)notice has been given by or for the claimant under the Limitation Act 1985, section 30A (2) (Special provision for injuries to children); and
(ii)notice has been given by a respondent under that Act, section 30A (6).
(3)Also, this chapter does not apply to a claim for damages for personal injury if a claim for compensation has been made under the Workers Compensation Act 1951 in relation to the injury.
(4)Despite subsection (3), part 5.2 (Claims procedures) applies to a claim for damages for personal injury, even though a claim for compensation may have been made under the Workers Compensation Act 1951 in relation to the injury, if—
(a)the Motor Accident Injuries Act 2019, chapter 5 applies to the claim; or
(b)the claim is made against a person who is not an employer or insurer in relation to the injury under the Workers Compensation Act 1951, chapter 6 (Claims) even though it is also made against such a person.
Part 5.2Claims procedures
Notice of claim
(1)Before a claimant brings a proceeding against someone else (a respondent) based on a claim in relation to a personal injury, the claimant must give the respondent written notice of the claim.
Note 1A proceeding must be brought before the end of the relevant limitation period (if any) under the Limitation Act 1985.
Note 2The Limitation Act 1985 does not apply a limitation period to child abuse claims (see that Act, s 21C).
Note 3If a form is approved under s 222 for a notice of claim, the form must be used.
(2)The notice must—
(a)contain a statement of the information required by regulation; and
(b)authorise each of the following to have access to the records and sources of information relevant to the claim that are required by regulation:
(i)the respondent;
(ii)if the respondent is insured against the claim—the respondent’s insurer for the claim; and
(c)be accompanied by the documents required by regulation.
(3)For a proceeding not based on a motor accident claim or child abuse claim, the notice must be given within the period that ends on the earlier of the following days:
(a)the day that is 9 months after—
(i)the day the accident giving rise to the personal injury happened; or
(ii)if symptoms of the injury are not immediately apparent—the day symptoms of the injury first appear;
(b)the day that is 4 months after the later of the following days:
(i)the day the claimant first instructs a lawyer to provide advice about seeking damages for the personal injury;
(ii)the day the respondent is identified.
(4)For a proceeding based on a motor accident claim, the notice must be given within 3 months after the latest of the following days:
(a)if the claimant is taken, under the Motor Accident Injuries Act 2019, section 133 (WPI taken to be 10% in certain circumstances), to have a WPI of 10% as a result of the motor accident—the day the claimant receives information under the Motor Accident Injuries Act 2019 stating that the claimant is taken to have a WPI of 10%;
(b)if the claimant receives a notice under the Motor Accident Injuries Act 2019, section 141 (5) (WPI assessment 4 years 6 months after motor accident)—the date that is 26 weeks after the date of the notice;
(c)if the claimant receives a notice under the Motor Accident Injuries Act 2019, section 157 (2) (WPI 10% or more—injured person entitled to make motor accident claim)—the due date stated in the notice;
(d)if the claimant receives a notice under the Motor Accident Injuries Act 2019, section 164 (2) (Final offer WPI 10% or more—injured person entitled to make motor accident claim)—the due date stated in the notice;
(e)if the claimant applies to the ACAT for review of a final offer WPI decision under the Motor Accident Injuries Act 2019, section 162 (1) (Final offer WPI 5% to 9%), section 163 (1) (Final offer WPI 10% or more—injured person not entitled to make motor accident claim) or section 164 (1) and the ACAT makes an order under that Act, section 197 (External review—decision) to the effect that the claimant has a WPI of at least 10% and is entitled to make a motor accident claim—
(i)if no appeal from the order is made—the date the appeal period for the order ends; or
(ii)if an appeal from the order is made—the date the appeal is finally decided;
(f)if the claimant receives a notice under the Motor Accident Injuries Act 2019, section 213 (4) (SOI report—injury has significant occupational impact) stating that the claimant is taken to have a WPI of 10% for this Act—the date of the notice;
(g)if the claimant applies to the ACAT for review of an SOI report under the Motor Accident Injuries Act 2019, section 214 (SOI report—no significant occupational impact) and the ACAT makes an order under that Act, section 218 (1) (b) (ACAT review—decision)—
(i)if no appeal from the order is made—the date the appeal period for the order ends; or
(ii)if an appeal from the order is made—the date the appeal is finally decided.
NoteThis chapter does not apply to a claim for which a notice has been given by or for the claimant under the Limitation Act 1985, s 30A (2) (see s 50).
(5)For a proceeding based on a child abuse claim, the notice must be given within a reasonable time before the claimant brings the proceeding against the respondent.
NoteIf the notice is not given as required under s (5), the obligation to give the notice continues until it is given (see Legislation Act, s 152).
(6)If the claimant is a child, the claimant’s parent or legal guardian may give the notice for the claimant.
NoteFor another procedure for a claim in relation to a personal injury suffered by a child, see the Limitation Act 1985, s 30A (Special provision for injuries to children).
(7)If the notice is not given within the period required under subsection (3), a reasonable excuse for the delay must be given in the notice or by separate written notice to the respondent.
NoteIf the notice is not given as required under s (3), the obligation to give the notice continues until it is given (see Legislation Act, s 152).
(8)Without limiting subsection (7), an excuse is reasonable if it is prescribed by regulation for this section.
(9)If the respondent knows of anyone else (a relevant person) against whom a proceeding based on the claim may be begun by the claimant, the respondent must, within the period prescribed by regulation (or, if no period is prescribed, within 1 month after the day the respondent receives the notice)—
(a)give a copy of the notice to each relevant person; and
(b)tell the claimant in writing about each relevant person and give the claimant a short written statement explaining why each of them may be a relevant person.
(10)If the respondent is a child, the respondent’s parent or legal guardian may comply with subsection (9) for the respondent.
51AMotor accident claims—respondent to identify and notify others
(1)If a respondent to a motor accident claim knows of anyone else (a relevant person) against whom the claimant may be able to begin a proceeding based on the claim, the respondent must, not later than 7 days after the day the respondent receives the notice of claim—
(a)give a copy of the notice of claim to the relevant person; and
(b)tell the claimant, in writing, about the relevant person, including a short written explanation of why the respondent believes that the person may be a relevant person.
(2)If the respondent is a child, the respondent’s parent or legal guardian may comply with subsection (1) for the respondent.
Preliminary response to claimant
(1)A respondent must, in writing and within the required period—
(a)give notice to the claimant under section 54 (Respondent’s response to notice of claim); or
(b)if the respondent cannot decide on the information in the notice whether or not the respondent is properly a respondent to the claim—tell the claimant, in writing, about the further information the respondent reasonably needs to decide whether the respondent is properly a respondent to the claim; or
(c)if the respondent considers that the respondent is not properly a respondent to the claim, tell the claimant, in writing, that the respondent considers the respondent is not properly a respondent to the claim and give the claimant, in writing—
(i)reasons why the respondent considers the respondent is not properly a respondent to the claim; and
(ii)any information the respondent has that may help the claimant identify someone who should be a respondent to the claim.
(2)If the claimant is told that further information is needed under subsection (1) (b), the claimant must, within the required period—
(a)give the respondent the further information; or
(b)tell the respondent, in writing, that the claimant considers the respondent to be properly a respondent to the claim and requires the respondent to give notice to the claimant under section 54.
(3)Within the required period after being given information under subsection (2) (a), the respondent must, having regard to that information—
(a)give notice to the claimant under section 54; or
(b)if the respondent considers that the respondent is not properly a respondent to the claim, tell the claimant, in writing, that the respondent considers the respondent is not properly a respondent to the claim and give the claimant, in writing—
(i)reasons why the respondent considers the respondent is not properly a respondent to the claim; and
(ii)any information the respondent has that may help the claimant identify someone who should be a respondent to the claim.
(4)If the claimant is told under subsection (1) (c) or subsection (3) (b) that the respondent is not properly a respondent to the claim, the claimant must, within the required period, tell the respondent, in writing, that—
(a)the claimant accepts that the respondent is not properly a respondent to the claim; or
(b)the claimant considers the respondent to be properly a respondent to the claim and requires the respondent to give notice to the claimant under section 54.
(5)Advice given to the respondent under subsection (4) (a) does not prevent the claimant from giving the respondent another notice of claim under section 51 at a later time.
(6)In this section:
required period means—
(a)the period prescribed by regulation; or
(b)if no period is prescribed, the following:
(i)for subsection (1)—1 month after the day the respondent receives a notice of claim under section 51;
(ii)for subsection (2)—1 month after the day the claimant is told under subsection (1) (b) that further information is needed;
(iii)for subsection (3)—1 month after the day the respondent is given the information;
(iv)for subsection (4)—1 month after the day the claimant is told under subsection (1) (c) or (3) (b) that the respondent is not properly a respondent to claim.
Acknowledgment that proper respondent not admission of liability
Advice by a respondent that the respondent considers that the respondent is properly a respondent to a claim is not an admission of liability by the respondent in relation to the claim.
Respondent’s response to notice of claim
(1)This section applies if a respondent—
(a)considers the respondent to be properly a respondent to a claim; or
(b)is told under section 52 (2) (b) or (4) (b) (Preliminary response to claimant) that the claimant considers the respondent to be properly a respondent to a claim.
(2)The respondent must, within the required period, give the claimant written notice (a response)—
(a)stating whether the respondent is satisfied that the notice is a complying notice of claim; and
(b)if the respondent is not satisfied—identifying the noncompliance and stating whether the respondent waives compliance with the requirements; and
(c)if the respondent does not waive compliance with the requirements—allowing the claimant a reasonable period, of at least 1 month, stated in the response to—
(i)satisfy the respondent that the claimant has complied with the requirements; or
(ii)take reasonable action stated in the response to remedy the noncompliance.
(3)If the respondent does not give a response within the required period, the respondent is conclusively presumed to be satisfied that the notice is a complying notice of claim.
(4)If subsection (2) (c) applies, the respondent must, within 1 month after the day the period stated in the response ends, give the claimant a written notice—
(a)stating that the respondent is satisfied the claimant has complied with the relevant requirements, is satisfied with the action taken by the claimant to remedy the noncompliance, or waives the noncompliance; or
(b)stating that the respondent is not satisfied that the claimant has taken reasonable action to remedy the noncompliance, and giving full particulars of the noncompliance and the claimant’s failure to remedy it.
(5)In this section:
required period means—
(a)if the respondent responds directly to the claimant under this section as mentioned in section 52 (1) (a)—the period applying under section 52 (1); and
(b)in any other case—
(i)the period prescribed by regulation; or
(ii)if no period is prescribed, the later of the following:
(A)if the respondent gives notice to the claimant under section 52 (3) (a)—1 month after the day the respondent is given the further information under section 52 (2) (a);
(B)if the claimant tells the respondent under section 52 (2) (b) or (4) (b) that the claimant considers the respondent to be properly a respondent to the claim—1 month after the day the claimant tells the respondent under that paragraph.
Claimant may add later respondents
(1)After a claimant has given notice of a claim to a respondent under section 51, the claimant may add someone else as a respondent (a later respondent) to the claim by giving the later respondent—
(a)a notice of a claim complying with section 51 (2); and
(b)copies of other documents given to or received from any other respondent under this chapter.
(2)However, the claimant may add a later respondent only—
(a)within the period (if any) prescribed by regulation; or
(b)if the later respondent and all parties to the claim agree; or
(c)if the court gives leave.
(3)If the claimant adds a later respondent under this section—
(a)the later respondent must respond to the notice as if it were a notice of a claim given under section 51; and
(b)the claimant must, in writing, tell each other respondent of the addition within the period prescribed by regulation.
Multiple respondents
(1)If there are 2 or more respondents to a claim, other than a motor accident claim, 1 of the respondents (the respondents’ claim manager) may act for 1 or more of the other respondents under this chapter with the agreement of the other respondents.
(2)If there are 2 or more respondents to a motor accident claim, 1 of the respondents (the respondents’ claim manager) must act for all of the respondents under this chapter.
(3)For subsection (2)—
(a) the respondents’ claim manager must be decided—
(i)by agreement between the respondents; or
(ii)if the respondents cannot agree within 2 months after the day the claimant first gave, or is taken to have given, a respondent for the motor accident claim a complying notice of claim—under the insurance industry deed; and
(b)until the respondents’ claim manager is decided under paragraph (a), the respondent to which the notice of claim is first given under section 51 is the respondents’ claim manager.
(4)The respondents’ claim manager—
(a)may exercise the functions given under this chapter in relation to the claim and the claimant for all respondents for whom the respondents’ claim manager acts; and
(b)must act as far as practicable with the agreement of the other respondents for whom the manager acts.
(5)Action taken, or an agreement made, by the respondents’ claim manager in relation to the claim is binding on each respondent for whom the respondents’ claim manager acts so far as it affects the claimant.
(6)However, if the respondents’ claim manager acts beyond the scope of the manager’s authority under the agreement under subsection (1) or (3) (a) (i), the manager is liable to each other respondent who is a party to the agreement for any loss suffered by the other respondent.
Respondent may add someone else as contributor
(1)A respondent who receives a complying notice of claim may add someone else as a contributor for this chapter by giving the person a written notice (a contribution notice)—
(a)claiming an indemnity from, or contribution towards, the respondent’s liability; and
(b)stating the grounds on which the respondent holds the person liable; and
(c)stating any other information prescribed by regulation; and
(d)accompanied by copies of documents about the claim given to or received from any other party under this chapter.
(2)However, the respondent may add someone else as a contributor only—
(a)within the period (if any) prescribed by regulation; or
(b)if the contributor and all parties to the claim agree; or
(c)if the court gives leave.
(3)Also, if the claim is a motor accident claim and the respondent proposes to add the nominal defendant as a contributor because the motor accident involved an unidentified motor vehicle, the respondent may add the nominal defendant only if the respondent has made reasonable inquiry and search for the identity of the motor vehicle.
(4)The inquiry or search may be proved orally or by affidavit of the person who made the inquiry or search.
(5)If the respondent adds someone else as a contributor under this section, the respondent must give a copy of the contribution notice to each other party within the period prescribed by regulation.
Amendment history
Dictionary
s 2orig s 2 om LA s 89 (4)
(prev s 3) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Notes
s 3orig s 3 renum as s 2
(prev s 4) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
(2), (3) exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
Offences against Act—application of Criminal Code etc
s 4orig s 4 renum as s 3
(prev s 4A) ins A2003‑35 s 4
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
am A2006‑40 amdt 1.1; A2016‑37 amdt 1.12; A2017‑4 amdt 3.15; A2019‑12 amdt 3.5
Offences against Act—application of Criminal Code etc
s 4Arenum as s 4
Protection of good samaritans from liability
s 5am A2004‑28 amdt 3.9; A2008‑1 amdt 1.1; A2016‑11 s 4; ss renum R55 LA; A2019‑12 amdt 3.6
Meaning of community work
s 7am A2017‑4 amdt 3.25
Directions to community organisations about insurance etc
s 11am A2017‑4 amdt 3.16
Food donors
pt 2.2A hdgorig pt 2.2A hdg renum as pt 2.3 hdg
ins A2008‑29 amdt 1.10
Definitions—pt 2.2A
s 11Aorig s 11A renum as s 12
ins A2008‑29 amdt 1.10
def donor ins A2008‑29 amdt 1.10
def fit for human consumption ins A2008‑29 amdt 1.10
def food ins A2008‑29 amdt 1.10
def unsafe ins A2008‑29 amdt 1.10
def unsuitable ins A2008‑29 amdt 1.10
Protection of food donors from liability
s 11Borig s 11B renum as s 13
ins A2008‑29 amdt 1.10
Effect of apology on liability etc
s 11Crenum as s 14
Apologies
pt 2.3 hdgorig pt 2.3 hdg renum as pt 2.4 hdg
(prev pt 2.2A hdg) ins A2003‑35 s 5
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Application—pt 2.3
s 12orig s 12 renum as s 15
(prev s 11A) ins A2003‑35 s 5
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
am A2016-12 amdt 3.1; pars renum R60 LA
Meaning of apology in pt 2.3
s 13orig s 13 renum as s 16
(prev s 11B) ins A2003‑35 s 5
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Effect of apology on liability etc
s 14orig s 14 renum as s 17
(prev s 11C) ins A2003‑35 s 5
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Survival of actions on death
pt 2.4 hdgorig pt 2.4 hdg renum as pt 2.5 hdg
(prev pt 2.3 hdg) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Effect of death on certain causes of action
s 15 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 15orig s 15 renum as s 18
(prev s 12) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Damages in surviving cause of action
s 16 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 16orig s 16 renum as s 19
(prev s 13) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
am A2007‑22 amdt 1.3, amdt 1.4; ss renum R33 LA
If person liable dies before or at time of damage
s 17 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 17orig s 17 renum as s 20
(prev s 14) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Saving of rights additional to pt 2.4
s 18 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 18orig s 18 renum as s 21
(prev s 15) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
am A2008‑1 amdt 1.2; A2019‑12 amdt 3.7
Proceedings against and contributions between wrongdoers
pt 2.5 hdg(prev pt 2.4 hdg) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Definitions—pt 2.5
s 19 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 19orig s 19 renum as s 22
(prev s 16) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Each of several wrongdoers can be sued
s 20 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 20orig s 20 renum as s 23
(prev s 17) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Right of contribution
s 21 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 21orig s 21 renum as s 24
(prev s 18) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Effect of pt 2.5
s 22 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 22orig s 22 renum as s 25
(prev s 19) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
am A2004‑13 amdt 2.15
Definitions—pt 3.1
s 23 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 23orig s 23 renum as s 26
(prev s 20) def member am A2003‑14 amdt 1.12; pars renum R6 LA (see A2003‑14 amdt 1.13)
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
def member am A2006‑22 amdt 1.24 (A2006‑22 rep before commenced by disallowance (see Cwlth Gaz 2006 No S93)); A2008‑14 amdt 1.15; A2012‑40 amdt 3.23
Liability for a person’s death
s 24 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 24orig s 24 renum as s 27
(prev s 21) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Damages for a person’s death
s 25 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 25orig s 25 renum as s 28
(prev s 22) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Amounts not taken into account in assessing damages for death
s 26 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 26orig s 26 renum as s 29
(prev s 23) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Contributory negligence not defence in relation to death
s 27 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 27orig s 27 renum as s 30
(prev s 24) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Procedural matters—action for death
div 3.1.3 hdg om A2006‑40 amdt 2.61
One action for benefit of members of dead person’s family
s 28 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 28orig s 28 renum as s 31
(prev s 25) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
om A2006‑40 amdt 2.61
Payment into court
s 29 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 29orig s 29 renum as s 32
(prev s 26) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
om A2006‑40 amdt 2.61
Special endorsement on originating process
s 30 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 30orig s 30 renum as s 33
(prev s 27) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
om A2006‑40 amdt 2.61
Mental harm—duty of care
s 30Arenum as s 34
Mental harm—damages
s 30Brenum as s 35
Powers of court to make orders in relation to actions
s 31 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 31orig s 31 renum as s 36
(prev s 28) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
om A2006‑40 amdt 2.61
Meaning of act of terrorism for pt 3.3
s 31Arenum as s 37
Limitation of liability for acts of terrorism
s 31Brenum as s 38
Expiry of pt 3.3
s 31Crenum as s 39
Negligence
ch 3A hdgrenum as ch 4 hdg
Preliminary
pt 3A.1 hdgrenum as pt 4.1 hdg
Definitions—ch 3A
s 31Drenum as s 40
Application—ch 3A
s 31DArenum as s 41
Duty of care
pt 3A.2 hdgrenum as pt 4.2 hdg
Standard of care
s 31Erenum as s 42
Precautions against risk—general principles
s 31Frenum as s 43
Precautions against risk—other principles
s 31Grenum as s 44
Causation
pt 3A.3 hdgrenum as pt 4.3 hdg
General principles
s 31Hrenum as s 45
Burden of proof
s 31Irenum as s 46
Other provisions—negligence
pt 3A.4 hdgrenum as pt 4.4 hdg
Contributory negligence can defeat claim
s 31Jrenum as s 47
Remedy available if claim fraudulent
s 31Krenum as s 48
Personal injuries claims—pre-court procedures
ch 3B hdgrenum as ch 5 hdg
Preliminary
pt 3B.1 hdgrenum as pt 5.1 hdg
Definitions—ch 3B
s 31Nrenum as s 49
Application—ch 3B
s 31NArenum as s 50
Claims procedures
pt 3B.2 hdgrenum as pt 5.2 hdg
Notice of claim
s 31Orenum as s 51
Preliminary response to claimant
s 31Prenum as s 52
Acknowledgment that proper respondent not admission of liability
s 31Qrenum as s 53
Respondent’s response to notice of claim
s 31Rrenum as s 54
Claimant may add later respondents
s 31Srenum as s 55
Multiple respondents
s 31Trenum as s 56
Respondent may add someone else as contributor
s 31Urenum as s 57
Contributor’s response
s 31Vrenum as s 58
Claimant’s failure to give complying notice of claim
s 31Wrenum as s 59
Legal disabilities
s 31Xrenum as s 60
Respondent must attempt to resolve claim
s 31Yrenum as s 61
Consequences of non-compliance with pt 3B.2
s 31Zrenum as s 62
Obligations of parties to give documents and information
pt 3B.3 hdgrenum as pt 5.3 hdg
Purpose—pt 3B.3
s 31ZArenum as s 63
Claimant to give documents etc to respondent
s 31ZBrenum as s 64
Respondent and claimant may jointly arrange for expert report
s 31ZCrenum as s 65
Cost of expert report obtained by agreement
s 31ZDrenum as s 66
Examination by expert if no agreement
s 31ZErenum as s 67
Respondent to give documents etc to claimant
s 31ZFrenum as s 68
Respondent to give documents etc to contributor
s 31ZGrenum as s 69
Contributor to give documents to respondent
s 31ZHrenum as s 70
Alternative provision if more than 200 pages
s 31ZIrenum as s 71
Other provisions—pre-court procedures
pt 3B.4 hdgrenum as pt 5.4 hdg
Nondisclosure of documents etc—client legal privilege
s 31ZJrenum as s 72
Nondisclosure of documents etc—suspected fraud
s 31ZKrenum as s 73
Offence not to disclose particular material
s 31ZLrenum as s 74
Consequences of failure to give document
s 31ZMrenum as s 75
Privilege generally for documents etc
s 31ZNrenum as s 76
No requirement to give documents etc if already in other party’s possession
s 31ZOrenum as s 77
Court’s power to enforce compliance with pt 3B.2 and pt 3B.3
s 31ZPrenum as s 78
Need for urgent proceeding
s 31ZQrenum as s 79
False or misleading statements
s 31ZRrenum as s 80
Expert medical evidence
ch 3C hdgrenum as ch 6 hdg
Purpose of ch 3C
s 31ZTrenum as s 81
Definitions for ch 3C
s 31ZUrenum as s 82
Application of ch 3C
s 31ZVrenum as s 83
Limitation on expert medical evidence
s 31ZWrenum as s 84
Agreed expert
s 31ZXrenum as s 85
Appointed expert
s 31ZYrenum as s 86
Role of expert
s 31ZYArenum as s 87
Documents etc to be given to expert
s 31ZZrenum as s 88
If agreed or appointed expert unavailable
s 31ZZArenum as s 89
Costs of experts
s 31ZZBrenum as s 90
Rules etc to make further provision
s 31ZZCrenum as s 91
Mental harm
pt 3.2 hdgsub A2003‑35 s 8
Definitions—pt 3.2
s 32 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 32orig s 32 renum as s 92
(prev s 29) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
def consequential mental harm ins A2003‑35 s 9
def family member am A2003‑14 amdt 1.14; pars renum R6 LA (see A2003‑14 amdt 1.15)
def mental harm ins A2003‑35 s 9
def negligence ins A2003‑35 s 9
def pure mental harm ins A2003‑35 s 9
Personal injury arising from mental or nervous shock
s 33 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 33orig s 33 renum as s 93
(prev s 30) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Mental harm—duty of care
s 34 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 34orig s 34 renum as s 94
(prev s 30A) ins A2003‑35 s 10
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Mental harm—damages
s 35 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 35orig s 35 renum as s 95
(prev s 30B) ins A2003‑35 s 10
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Extensions of liability under pt 3.2 in certain cases
s 36 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 36orig s 36 renum as s 96
(prev s 31) am A2003‑14 amdt 1.16; A2003‑35 s 11
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Exclusion of liability for terrorism-associated risks
pt 3.3 hdgins A2003‑6 s 4
sub A2018‑42 amdt 3.30
Meaning of act of terrorism for pt 3.3
s 37 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 37orig s 37 renum as s 97
(prev s 31A) ins A2003‑6 s 4
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Limitation of liability for acts of terrorism
s 38 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 38orig s 38 renum as s 98
(prev s 31B) ins A2003‑6 s 4
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
am A2004‑32 s 62; A2008‑1 amdt 1.3; A2019‑12 amdt 3.8
Tariffs for damages for non-economic loss
s 38Arenum as s 99
Expiry of pt 3.3
s 39 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 39orig s 39 renum as s 100
(prev s 31C) ins A2003‑6 s 4
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
om A2004‑32 s 63
Negligence
ch 4 hdgorig ch 4 hdg renum as ch 7 hdg
(prev ch 3A hdg) ins A2003‑35 s 12
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Preliminary—negligence
pt 4.1 hdgorig pt 4.1 hdg renum as pt 7.1 hdg
(prev pt 3A.1 hdg) ins A2003‑35 s 12
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Definitions—ch 4
s 40orig s 40 renum as s 101
(prev s 31D) ins A2003‑35 s 12
def harm ins A2003‑35 s 12
def negligence ins A2003‑35 s 12
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Application—ch 4
s 41orig s 41 renum as s 102
(prev s 31DA) ins A2003‑35 s 12
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Duty of care
pt 4.2 hdgorig pt 4.2 hdg renum as pt 7.2 hdg
(prev pt 3A.2 hdg) ins A2003‑35 s 12
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Standard of care
s 42orig s 42 renum as s 103
(prev s 31E) ins A2003‑35 s 12
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Precautions against risk—general principles
s 43orig s 43 renum as s 104
(prev s 31F) ins A2003‑35 s 12
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Precautions against risk—other principles
s 44orig s 44 renum as s 105
(prev s 31G) ins A2003‑35 s 12
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Causation
pt 4.3 hdgorig pt 4.3 hdg renum as pt 7.3 hdg
(prev pt 3A.3 hdg) ins A2003‑35 s 12
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
General principles
s 45orig s 45 renum as s 106
(prev s 31H) ins A2003‑35 s 12
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
am A2017‑4 amdt 3.25
Burden of proof
s 46orig s 46 renum as s 107
(prev s 31I) ins A2003‑35 s 12
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55); A2019‑12 amdt 3.9
Liability of public and other authorities
ch 4A hdgrenum as ch 8 hdg
Application—ch 4A
s 46Arenum as s 108
Definitions—ch 4A
s 46Brenum as s 109
Principles about resources, responsibilities etc of public or other authorities
s 46Crenum as s 110
Proceedings against public or other authorities based on breach of statutory duty
s 46Drenum as s 111
When public or other authority not liable for failure to exercise regulatory functions
s 46Erenum as s 112
Special nonfeasance protection in relation to roads etc
s 46Frenum as s 113
Exercise of function or decision to exercise does not create duty
s 46Grenum as s 114
Other provisions—negligence
pt 4.4 hdgorig pt 4.4 hdg renum as pt 7.4 hdg
(prev pt 3A.4 hdg ins A2003‑35 s 12
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Contributory negligence can defeat claim
s 47orig s 47 renum as s 115
(prev s 31J) ins A2003‑35 s 12
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Remedy available if claim fraudulent
s 48orig s 48 renum as s 116
(prev s 31K) ins A2003‑35 s 12
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Personal injuries claims—pre-court procedures
ch 5 hdgorig ch 5 hdg renum as ch 9 hdg
(prev ch 3B hdg) ins A2003‑35 s 13
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Preliminary—ch 5
pt 5.1 hdgorig pt 5.1 hdg renum as pt 9.1 hdg
(prev pt 3B.1 hdg) ins A2003‑35 s 13
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Definitions—ch 5
s 49orig s 49 renum as s 117
(prev s 31N) ins A2003‑35 s 13
def claim ins A2003‑35 s 13
def claimant ins A2003‑35 s 13
def complying notice of claim ins A2003‑35 s 13
def contribution notice ins A2003‑35 s 13
def contributor ins A2003‑35 s 13
def court ins A2003‑35 s 13
def insurer ins A2003‑35 s 13
def party ins A2003‑35 s 13
def respondent ins A2003‑35 s 13
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Application—ch 5
s 50orig s 50 renum as s 118
(prev s 31NA) ins A2003‑35 s 13
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
am A2005‑43 amdt 1.2, amdt 1.3; A2005‑60 amdt 1.11; A2008‑1 amdt 1.4, amdt 1.5, A2019‑12 amdt 3.10, amdt 3.11
Claims procedures
pt 5.2 hdgorig pt 5.2 hdg renum as ch 9.2 hdg
(prev pt 3B.2 hdg ins A2003‑35 s 13
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Notice of claim
s 51orig s 51 renum as s 119
(prev s 31O) ins A2003‑35 s 13
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
am A2005‑5 s 10; A2005‑43 amdts 1.4-1.8; A2016‑53 ss 4-7; ss renum R61 LA; A2017‑14 ss 5-8; A2019‑12 amdt 3.12, amdt 3.13; ss renum R68 LA; A2022‑21 s 5
Motor accident claims—respondent to identify and notify others
s 51Ains A2019‑12 amdt 3.14
Preliminary response to claimant
s 52orig s 52 renum as s 120
(prev s 31P) ins A2003‑35 s 13
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Acknowledgment that proper respondent not admission of liability
s 53orig s 53 renum as s 121
(prev s 31Q) ins A2003‑35 s 13
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Respondent’s response to notice of claim
s 54orig s 54 renum as s 122
(prev s 31R) ins A2003‑35 s 13
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Claimant may add later respondents
s 55orig s 55 renum as s 123
(prev s 31S) ins A2003‑35 s 13
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
am A2024-49 s 4, s 5
Multiple respondents
s 56orig s 56 renum as s 124
(prev s 31T) ins A2003‑35 s 13
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
am A2019‑12 amdt 3.15, amdt 3.16; ss renum R68 LA
Respondent may add someone else as contributor
s 57orig s 57 renum as s 125
(prev s 31U) ins A2003‑35 s 13
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
am A2019‑12 amdt 3.17; ss renum R68 LA; A2024-49 ss 6-9
Contributor’s response
s 58orig s 58 renum as s 126
(prev s 31V) ins A2003‑35 s 13
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
am A2013‑44 amdt 3.27; A2016‑18 amdt 3.43
Claimant’s failure to give complying notice of claim
s 59orig s 59 renum as s 127
(prev s 31W) ins A2003‑35 s 13
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Legal disabilities
s 60orig s 60 renum as s 128
(prev s 31X) ins A2003‑35 s 13
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Respondent must attempt to resolve claim
s 61orig s 61 renum as s 129
(prev s 31Y) ins A2003‑35 s 13
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Consequences of non-compliance with pt 3B.2
s 62orig s 62 renum as s 130
(prev s 31Z) ins A2003‑35 s 13
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Obligations of parties to give documents and information
pt 5.3 hdgorig pt 5.3 hdg renum as pt 9.3 hdg
(prev pt 3B.3 hdg) ins A2003‑35 s 13
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Purpose—pt 5.3
s 63orig s 63 renum as s 131
(prev s 31ZA) ins A2003‑35 s 13
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Claimant to give documents etc to respondent
s 64orig s 64 renum as s 132
(prev s 31ZB) ins A2003‑35 s 13
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
am A2013‑44 amdt 3.27; A2016‑18 amdt 3.44; A2019‑12 amdts 3.18-3.20
Respondent and claimant may jointly arrange for expert report
s 65orig s 65 renum as s 133
(prev s 31ZC) ins A2003‑35 s 13
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Cost of expert report obtained by agreement
s 66orig s 66 renum as s 134
(prev s 31ZD) ins A2003‑35 s 13
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Examination by expert if no agreement
s 67orig s 67 renum as s 135
(prev s 31ZE) ins A2003‑35 s 13
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Respondent to give documents etc to claimant
s 68orig s 68 renum as s 136
(prev s 31ZF) ins A2003‑35 s 13
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
am A2004‑32 s 64; A2013‑44 amdt 3.27; A2016‑18 amdt 3.45; A2019‑12 amdt 3.21, amdt 3.22
Respondent to give documents etc to contributor
s 69orig s 69 renum as s 137
(prev s 31ZG) ins A2003‑35 s 13
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
am A2019‑12 amdts 3.23-3.26
Contributor to give documents to respondent
s 70orig s 70 renum as s 138
(prev s 31ZH) ins A2003‑35 s 13
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
am A2019‑12 amdt 3.27, amdt 3.28
Alternative provision if more than 200 pages
s 71orig s 71 renum as s 139
(prev s 31ZI) ins A2003‑35 s 13
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Other provisions—pre-court procedures
pt 5.4 hdgorig pt 5.4 hdg renum as pt 9.4 hdg
(prev pt 3B.4 hdg) ins A2003‑35 s 13
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Nondisclosure of documents etc—client legal privilege
s 72orig s 72 renum as s 140
(prev s 31ZJ) ins A2003‑35 s 13
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Nondisclosure of documents etc—suspected fraud
s 73orig s 73 renum as s 141
(prev s 31ZK) ins A2003‑35 s 13
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Offence—failure to give document, film or information
s 74orig s 74 renum as s 142
(prev s 31ZL) ins A2003‑35 s 13
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
sub A2019‑12 amdt 3.29
Consequences of failure to give document
s 75orig s 75 renum as s 143
(prev s 31ZM) ins A2003‑35 s 13
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Privilege generally for documents etc
s 76orig s 76 renum as s 144
(prev s 31ZN) ins A2003‑35 s 13
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
No requirement to give documents etc if already in other party’s possession
s 77orig s 77 renum as s 145
(prev s 31ZO) ins A2003‑35 s 13
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Court’s power to enforce compliance with pt 5.2 and pt 5.3
s 78orig s 78 renum as s 146
(prev s 31ZP) ins A2003‑35 s 13
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Need for urgent proceeding
s 79orig s 79 renum as s 147
(prev s 31ZQ) ins A2003‑35 s 13
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
False or misleading statements
s 80orig s 80 renum as s 148
(prev s 31ZR) ins A2003‑35 s 13
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Expert medical evidence
ch 6 hdgorig ch 6 hdg renum as ch 10 hdg
(prev ch 3C hdg) ins A2003‑35 s 14
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
om A2011‑48 amdt 1.10
Purpose—ch 6
s 81orig s 81 renum as s 149
(prev s 31ZT) ins A2003‑35 s 14
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
om A2011‑48 amdt 1.10
Definitions—ch 6
s 82orig s 82 renum as s 150
(prev s 31ZU) ins A2003‑35 s 14
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
om A2011‑48 amdt 1.10
def agreed expert ins A2003‑35 s 14
om A2011‑48 amdt 1.10
def appointed expert ins A2003‑35 s 14
om A2011‑48 amdt 1.10
def claim ins A2003‑35 s 14
om A2011‑48 amdt 1.10
def evidence ins A2003‑35 s 14
om A2011‑48 amdt 1.10
def expert ins A2003‑35 s 14
om A2011‑48 amdt 1.10
def expert medical evidence ins A2003‑35 s 14
om A2011‑48 amdt 1.10
def medical issue ins A2003‑35 s 14
om A2011‑48 amdt 1.10
Application—ch 6
s 83orig s 83 renum as s 151
(prev s 31ZV) ins A2003‑35 s 14
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
am A2008‑1 amdt 1.6
om A2011‑48 amdt 1.10
Limitation on expert medical evidence
s 84orig s 84 renum as s 152
(prev s 31ZW) ins A2003‑35 s 14
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
am A2007‑22 amdt 1.5; A2010‑10 amdt 2.14
om A2011‑48 amdt 1.10
Agreed expert
s 85orig s 85 renum as s 153
(prev s 31ZX) ins A2003‑35 s 14
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
om A2011‑48 amdt 1.10
Appointed expert
s 86orig s 86 renum as s 154
(prev s 31ZY) ins A2003‑35 s 14
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
om A2011‑48 amdt 1.10
Role of expert
s 87orig s 87 om LA s 89 (3)
(prev s 31ZYA) ins A2003‑35 s 14
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
om A2011‑48 amdt 1.10
Documents etc to be given to expert
s 88orig s 88 renum as s 155
(prev s 31ZZ) ins A2003‑35 s 14
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
om A2011‑48 amdt 1.10
If agreed or appointed expert unavailable
s 89orig s 89 renum as s 156
(prev s 31ZZA) ins A2003‑35 s 14
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
om A2011‑48 amdt 1.10
Costs of experts
s 90orig s 90 renum as s 157
(prev s 31ZZB) ins A2003‑35 s 14
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
om A2011‑48 amdt 1.10
Rules etc to make further provision
s 91orig s 91 renum as s 158
(prev s 31ZZC) ins A2003‑35 s 14
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
om A2004‑60 amdt 1.32
Damages
ch 7 hdgorig ch 7 hdg renum as ch 11 hdg
(prev ch 4 hdg) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Damages for personal injuries—exclusions and limitations
pt 7.1 hdgorig pt 7.1 hdg renum as pt 11.1 hdg
(prev pt 4.1 hdg) sub A2003‑35 s 15
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Definitions—pt 7.1
s 92orig s 92 renum as s 159
(prev s 32) def accident om A2003‑35 s 16
def motor accident om A2003‑35 s 16
def motor vehicle om A2003‑35 s 16
def personal injury om A2003‑35 s 16
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Application—pt 7.1
s 93orig s 93 renum as s 160
(prev s 33) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
am A2008‑1 amdt 1.7; A2019‑12 amdt 3.30
Exclusion of liability if conduct an offence
s 94orig s 94 renum as s 161
(prev s 34) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Presumption of contributory negligence—injured person intoxicated
s 95orig s 95 renum as s 162
(prev s 35) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
am A2019‑12 amdt 3.31
Presumption of contributory negligence—injured person relying on intoxicated person
s 96orig s 96 renum as s 163
(prev s 36) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Presumption of contributory negligence—injured person not wearing seatbelt etc
s 97orig s 97 renum as s 164
(prev s 37) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
am A2007‑22 amdt 1.6
Damages for loss of earnings
s 98orig s 98 renum as s 165
(prev s 38) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
am A2003‑41 amdt 3.19, amdt 3.20; A2013‑44 amdt 3.28; A2014‑17 amdt 1.20
Tariffs for damages for non-economic loss
s 99orig s 99 renum as s 166
(prev s 38A) ins A2003‑35 s 17
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
am A2012-48 amdt 1.1; A2019‑12 amdt 3.32
Loss of capacity to perform domestic services
pt 7.2 hdgorig pt 7.2 hdg renum as pt 11.2 hdg
(prev pt 4.2 hdg) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Damages for loss of capacity to perform domestic services
s 100 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 100orig s 100 renum as s 167
(prev s 39) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Contributory negligence
pt 7.3 hdgorig pt 7.3 hdg renum as pt 11.3 hdg
(prev pt 4.3 hdg) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Definitions—pt 7.3
s 101 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 101orig s 101 renum as s 168
(prev s 40) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Apportionment of liability—contributory negligence
s 102 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 102orig s 102 renum as s 169
(prev s 41) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Joint wrongdoers
s 103 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 103orig s 103 renum as s 170
(prev s 42) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Claims by third parties—contributory negligence
s 104 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 104orig s 104 renum as s 171
(prev s 43) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Pleading of statutory limitation period—contributory negligence
s 105 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 105orig s 105 renum as s 172
(prev s 44) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Other provisions—damages
pt 7.4 hdgorig pt 7.4 hdg renum as pt 11.4 hdg
(prev pt 4.4 hdg) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
om A2006‑40 amdt 2.62
Court may make consent order for structured settlement
s 106orig s 106 renum as s 173
(prev s 45) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
om A2006‑40 amdt 2.62
Independent finding of liability and award of damages
s 107orig s 107 renum as s 174
(prev s 46) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
om A2006‑40 amdt 2.62
Proportionate liability
ch 7A hdgins A2004‑68 s 4
Definitions—ch 7A
s 107Ains A2004‑68 s 4
def apportionable ins A2004‑68 s 4
def concurrent wrongdoer ins A2004‑68 s 4
def defendant ins A2004‑68 s 4
Application of ch 7A—apportionable claims
s 107Bins A2004‑68 s 4
am A2008‑1 amdt 1.8; A2010‑54 amdt 3.8; A2019‑12 amdt 3.33
Meaning of consumer claim—ch 7A
s 107Csub A2017‑4 amdt 3.17
s 107Cins A2004‑68 s 4
am A2010‑54 amdt 3.9
Concurrent wrongdoers
s 107Dins A2004‑68 s 4
Certain wrongdoers not to have benefit of apportionment
s 107Eins A2004‑68 s 4
Proportionate liability for apportionable claims
s 107Fins A2004‑68 s 4
Defendant to tell claimant about concurrent wrongdoers
s 107Gins A2004‑68 s 4
am A2013‑44 amdt 3.29
Contribution not recoverable from defendant
s 107Hins A2004‑68 s 4
Subsequent proceeding by claimant
s 107Iins A2004‑68 s 4
Including non-party concurrent wrongdoer
s 107Jins A2004‑68 s 4
sub A2006‑40 amdt 2.63
Ch 7A does not affect certain other liability
s 107Kins A2004‑68 s 4
Liability of public and other authorities
ch 8 hdgorig ch 8 hdg renum as ch 12 hdg
(prev ch 4A hdg) ins A2003‑35 s 19
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Application—ch 8
s 108orig s 108 renum as s 175
(prev s 46A) ins A2003‑35 s 19
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
am A2008‑1 amdt 1.9; A2019‑12 amdt 3.33
Definitions—ch 8
s 109orig s 109 renum as s 176
(prev s 46B) ins A2003‑35 s 19
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
def duty of care ins A2003‑35 s 19
def public or other authority ins A2003‑35 s 19
Principles about resources, responsibilities etc of public or other authorities
s 110orig s 110 renum as s 177
(prev s 46C) ins A2003‑35 s 19
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Proceedings against public or other authorities based on breach of statutory duty
s 111orig s 111 renum as s 178
(prev s 46D) ins A2003‑35 s 19
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
When public or other authority not liable for failure to exercise regulatory functions
s 112orig s 112 renum as s 179
(prev s 46E) ins A2003‑35 s 19
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Special nonfeasance protection in relation to roads etc
s 113orig s 113 renum as s 180
(prev s 46F) ins A2003‑35 s 19
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Exercise of function or decision to exercise does not create duty
s 114orig s 114 renum as s 181
(prev s 46G) ins A2003‑35 s 19
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Institutional child abuse
ch 8A hdgins A2018‑38 s 4
Definitions and application—ch 8A
pt 8A.1 hdgins A2022‑21 s 6
Meaning of child abuse claim
s 114Ains A2018‑38 s 4
sub A2022‑21 s 6
Meaning of child abuse—ch 8A
s 114AAins A2022‑21 s 6
Meaning of related trust—ch 8A
s 114Bins A2018‑38 s 4
Time when child abuse etc happens
s 114BAins A2022‑21 s 7
Liability of organisations
pt 8A.1A hdg ins A2025‑32 s 4
Definitions—pt 8A.1A
s 114BBins A2025‑32 s 4
def employee ins A2025‑32 s 4
def organisation ins A2025‑32 s 4
def responsible ins A2025‑32 s 4
Meaning of employee—pt 8A.1A
s 114BCins A2025‑32 s 4
Organisations that are responsible for child
s 114BDins A2025‑32 s 4
Organisations vicariously liable for child abuse perpetrated by employees
s 114BEins A2025‑32 s 4
Institutional child abuse—proceedings against unincorporated bodies
pt 8A.2 hdgins A2022‑21 s 7
Unincorporated bodies
s 114Cins A2018‑38 s 4
am A2022‑21 s 8
Unincorporated body may nominate defendant
s 114Dins A2018‑38 s 4
Court may appoint related trust as defendant
s 114Eins A2018‑38 s 4
Proceedings may be commenced before nomination or appointment
s 114Fins A2018‑38 s 4
Liability of trustee if nominated or appointed as defendant
s 114Gins A2018‑38 s 4
am A2022‑21 s 8
Defendant may rely on defences and immunities etc
s 114Hins A2018‑38 s 4
Institutional child abuse—setting aside abuse settlement agreements
pt 8A.3 hdgins A2022‑21 s 9
Object—pt 8A.3
s 114Iins A2022‑21 s 9
Definitions—pt 8A.3
s 114Jins A2022‑21 s 9
def abuse settlement agreement ins A2022‑21 s 9
am A2025‑32 s 5
def applicant ins A2022‑21 s 9
Court may set aside abuse settlement agreement
s 114Kins A2022‑21 s 9
Court may also set aside other things
s 114Lins A2022‑21 s 9
Effect of setting aside abuse settlement agreement
s 114Mins A2022‑21 s 9
Defamation
ch 9 hdgorig ch 9 hdg renum as ch 13 hdg
(prev ch 5 hdg) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
sub A2006‑1 s 4
Preliminary—defamation
pt 9.1 hdg(prev pt 5.1 hdg) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
sub A2006‑1 s 4
Objects—ch 9
s 115orig s 115 renum as s 182
(prev s 47) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
sub A2006‑1 s 4
def action om A2006‑1 s 4
def aggrieved person om A2006‑1 s 4
def amends agreement om A2006‑1 s 4
def country om A2006‑1 s 4
def court om A2006‑1 s 4
def defamation om A2006‑1 s 4
def matter in question om A2006‑1 s 4
def offer to make amends om A2006‑1 s 4
def parliamentary body om A2006‑1 s 4
def published matter om A2006‑1 s 4
def publisher om A2006‑1 s 4
def qualified offer om A2006‑1 s 4
def tribunal om A2006‑1 s 4
Definitions—ch 9
s 116orig s 116 renum as s 183
(prev s 48) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
sub A2006‑1 s 4
def access prevention step ins A2024‑19 s 4
def aggrieved person ins A2006‑1 s 4
sub A2021‑15 s 4
def applicable period ins A2021‑15 s 5
def associated entity ins A2021‑15 s 5
def Australian court ins A2006‑1 s 4
def Australian jurisdiction ins A2006‑1 s 4
sub A2006‑40 amdt 1.2
def Australian tribunal ins A2006‑1 s 4
def caching service ins A2024‑19 s 4
def concerns notice ins A2021‑15 s 5
def conduit service ins A2024‑19 s 4
def country ins A2006‑1 s 4
def digital intermediary ins A2024‑19 s 4
def digital matter ins A2024‑19 s 4
def document ins A2006‑1 s 4
def electronic communication ins A2006‑1 s 4
def excluded corporation ins A2021‑15 s 5
def further particulars notice ins A2021‑15 s 5
def general law ins A2006‑1 s 4
def matter ins A2006‑1 s 4
def matter in question ins A2006‑1 s 4
sub A2021‑15 s 6
def offer to make amends ins A2006‑1 s 4
def online service ins A2024‑19 s 4
def parliamentary body ins A2006‑1 s 4
def poster ins A2024‑19 s 4
def publisher ins A2006‑1 s 4
sub A2021‑15 s 6
def search engine ins A2024‑19 s 4
def search engine provider ins A2024‑19 s 4
def search result ins A2024‑19 s 4
def storage service ins A2024‑19 s 4
def substantially true ins A2006‑1 s 4
def this jurisdiction ins A2006‑1 s 4
Ch 9 binds Crown
s 117 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 117orig s 117 renum as s 184
(prev s 49) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
sub A2006‑1 s 4
General principles
pt 9.2 hdg(prev pt 5.2 hdg) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
sub A2006‑1 s 4
Defamation and the general law
div 9.2.1 hdg ins A2006‑1 s 4
Tort of defamation
s 118 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 118orig s 118 renum as s 185
(prev s 50) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
sub A2006‑1 s 4
Definitions—pt 10.2
s 118Arenum as s 186
Application—pt 10.2
s 118Brenum as s 187
Certificate that claim or defence has reasonable prospects of success
s 118Crenum as s 188
Costs order against lawyer acting without reasonable prospects of success
s 118Drenum as s 189
Onus on lawyer to show facts provided reasonable prospects of success
s 118Erenum as s 190
Distinction between slander and libel abolished
s 119 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 119orig s 119 renum as s 191
(prev s 51) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
sub A2006‑1 s 4
Causes of action for defamation
div 9.2.2 hdg ins A2006‑1 s 4
Single cause of action for multiple defamatory imputations in same matter
s 120 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 120orig s 120 renum as s 192
(prev s 52) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
sub A2006‑1 s 4
Who can be a mediator
s 120Arenum as s 193
Certain corporations do not have cause of action for defamation
s 121 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 121orig s 121 renum as s 194
(prev s 53) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
sub A2006‑1 s 4
am A2021‑15 ss 7-9
No cause of action for defamation of, or against, deceased persons
s 122 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 122orig s 122 renum as s 195
(prev s 54) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
sub A2006‑1 s 4
am A2021‑15 s 10
Serious harm element of cause of action for defamation
s 122Ains A2021‑15 s 11
Exemptions from liability for digital intermediaries
div 9.2.2A hdg ins A2024‑19 s 5
Definitions—div 9.2.2A
s 122Bins A2024‑19 s 5
def caching service ins A2024‑19 s 5
def conduit service ins A2024‑19 s 5
def search engine ins A2024‑19 s 5
def search engine provider ins A2024‑19 s 5
def search result ins A2024‑19 s 5
def storage service ins A2024‑19 s 5
Exemption for digital intermediaries providing caching, conduit or storage services
s 122Cins A2024‑19 s 5
Exemption for search engine providers
s 122Dins A2024‑19 s 5
Early determination of digital intermediary exemptions
s 122Eins A2024‑19 s 5
Choice of law
div 9.2.3 hdg ins A2006‑1 s 4
Choice of law for defamation proceedings
s 123 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 123orig s 123 renum as s 196
(prev s 55) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
sub A2006‑1 s 4
am A2006‑40 amdt 1.3
Resolution of civil disputes without litigation
pt 9.3 hdg(prev pt 5.3 hdg) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
sub A2006‑1 s 4
Concerns notices and offers to make amends
div 9.3.1 hdg ins A2006‑1 s 4
sub A2021‑15 s 12
Application—div 9.3.1
s 124 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 124orig s 124 renum as s 197
(prev s 56) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
sub A2006‑1 s 4
Concerns notices
s 124Aorig s 124A renum as s 198
pres s 124A ins A2021‑15 s 13
Defamation proceedings cannot be commenced without concerns notice
s 124Bins A2021‑15 s 13
Publisher may make offer to make amends
s 125 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 125orig s 125 renum as s 199
(prev s 57) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
sub A2006‑1 s 4
When offer to make amends may be made
s 126 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 126orig s 126 renum as s 200
(prev s 58) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
sub A2006‑1 s 4; A2021‑15 s 14
Content of offer to make amends
s 127 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 127orig s 127 renum as s 201
(prev s 59) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
sub A2006‑1 s 4
am A2017‑4 amdt 3.25; A2021‑15 ss 15-19; A2024‑19 s 6, s 7
Withdrawal of offer to make amends
s 128 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 128orig s 128 renum as s 202
(prev s 60) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
sub A2006‑1 s 4
Effect of acceptance of offer to make amends
s 129 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 129orig s 129 renum as s 203
(prev s 61) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
sub A2006‑1 s 4
Effect of failure to accept reasonable offer to make amends
s 130 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 130orig s 130 renum as s 204
(prev s 62) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
sub A2006‑1 s 4
am A2021‑15 s 20, s 21
Inadmissibility of evidence of certain statements and admissions
s 131 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 131orig s 131 renum as s 205
(prev s 63) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
sub A2006‑1 s 4
Apologies
div 9.3.2 hdg ins A2006‑1 s 4
Effect of apology on liability for defamation
s 132 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 132orig s 132 renum as s 206
(prev s 64) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
sub A2006‑1 s 4
Litigation of civil disputes
pt 9.4 hdg(prev pt 5.4 hdg) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
sub A2006‑1 s 4
General
div 9.4.1 hdg ins A2006‑1 s 4
Leave required for multiple proceedings in relation to publication of same defamatory matter
s 133 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 133orig s 133 renum as s 207
(prev s 65) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
sub A2006‑1 s 4; A2021‑15 s 22
Orders for preliminary discovery about posters of digital matter
s 133Ains A2024‑19 s 8
Defences
div 9.4.2 hdg ins A2006‑1 s 4
Scope of defences under general law and other law not limited
s 134 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 134orig s 134 renum as s 208
(prev s 66) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
sub A2006‑1 s 4
Defence of justification
s 135 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 135orig s 135 renum as s 209
(prev s 67) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
sub A2006‑1 s 4
Defence of contextual truth
s 136 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 136orig s 136 renum as s 210
(prev s 68) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
sub A2006‑1 s 4; A2021‑15 s 23
Defence of absolute privilege
s 137 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 137orig s 137 renum as s 211
(prev s 69) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
sub A2006‑1 s 4
am A2024‑19 ss 9-11
Defence for publication of public documents
s 138 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 138orig s 138 renum as s 212
(prev s 70) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
sub A2006‑1 s 4
Defences of fair report of proceedings of public concern
s 139 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 139orig s 139 renum as s 213
(prev s 71) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
sub A2006‑1 s 4
Defence of publication of matter concerning issue of public interest
s 139AAins A2021‑15 s 24
Defence of qualified privilege for provision of certain information
s 139Ains A2006‑1 s 4
am A2021‑15 s 25
Defence of scientific or academic peer review
s 139ABins A2021‑15 s 26
Defences of honest opinion
s 139Bins A2006‑1 s 4
am A2021‑15 s 27
Defence for publications involving digital intermediaries
s 139BAins A2024‑19 s 12
Defence of innocent dissemination
s 139Cins A2006‑1 s 4
Defence of triviality
s 139Dins A2006‑1 s 4
om A2021‑15 s 28
Remedies
div 9.4.3 hdg ins A2006‑1 s 4
Damages to bear rational relationship to harm
s 139Eins A2006‑1 s 4
Damages for non-economic loss limited
s 139Fins A2006‑1 s 4
am A2013‑44 amdt 3.30; A2021‑15 s 29, s 30
State of mind of defendant generally not relevant to awarding damages
s 139Gins A2006‑1 s 4
Exemplary or punitive damages cannot be awarded
s 139Hins A2006‑1 s 4
Factors in mitigation of damages
s 139Iins A2006‑1 s 4
Damages for multiple causes of action may be assessed as single sum
s 139Jins A2006‑1 s 4
Orders against non-party digital intermediaries concerning defamatory digital matter
s 139JAins A2024‑19 s 13
Costs
div 9.4.4 hdg ins A2006‑1 s 4
Costs in defamation proceedings
s 139Kins A2006‑1 s 4
Miscellaneous—ch 9
pt 9.5 hdgins A2006‑1 s 4
Proof of publication
s 139Lins A2006‑1 s 4
Proof of convictions for offences
s 139Mins A2006‑1 s 4
Incriminating answers, documents or things
s 139Nins A2006‑1 s 4
am A2013‑44 amdt 3.31, amdt 3.32
Giving of notices and other documents
s 139Oins A2024‑19 s 14
Review of certain provisions of ch 9
s 140 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 140orig s 140 renum as s 214
(prev s 72) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
exp 1 January 2005 (s 140 (3))
Trespass
ch 10 hdgorig ch 10 hdg renum as ch 14 hdg
(prev ch 6 hdg) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Defence to action for trespass to land
s 141orig s 141 renum as s 215
(prev s 73) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Action for use and occupation of land—amount of damages
s 142 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 142orig s 142 renum as s 216
(prev s 74) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Mitigation of strict liability
ch 11 hdgorig ch 11 hdg renum as ch 15 hdg
(prev ch 7 hdg) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Traveller accommodation providers liability
pt 11.1 hdgorig pt 11.1 renum as pt 15.1 hdg
(prev pt 7.1 hdg) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Preliminary—pt 11.1
div 11.1.1 hdg (prev div 7.1.1 hdg) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Purpose—pt 11.1
s 143orig s 143 renum as s 217
(prev s 75) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Definitions—pt 11.1
s 144orig s 144 renum as s 218
(prev s 76) def motor vehicle om A2003‑35 s 20
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
def innkeeper’s liability ins A2017‑4 amdt 3.18
Meaning of traveller accommodation
s 145orig s 145 renum as s 219
(prev s 77) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Meaning of accommodation provider
s 146orig s 146 renum as s 220
(prev s 78) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Abolition of torts of maintenance and champerty
s 146Arenum as s 221
Meaning of innkeeper’s liability
s 147orig s 147 renum as s 222
(prev s 79) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Meaning of guest
s 148orig s 148 renum as s 223
(prev s 80) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Meaning of property of guest
s 149orig s 149 om LA s 89 (3)
(prev s 81) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Liability of accommodation providers
div 11.1.2 hdg (prev div 7.1.2 hdg) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Application—div 11.1.2
s 150orig s 150 renum as s 224
(prev s 82) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Limitation on strict liability under innkeeper’s liability
s 151 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 151orig s 151 renum as s 226
(prev s 83) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Circumstances when limitation does not apply
s 152 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 152orig s 152 exp 1 January 2003 (s 152 (3) (LA s 88 declaration applies))
(prev s 84) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Safe custody facilities
s 153 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 153orig s 153 renum as s 216
(prev s 85) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Notice about pt 11.1
s 154 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 154orig s 154 renum as s 216
(prev s 86) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Common carriers
pt 11.2 hdgorig pt 11.2 hdg renum as pt 15.2 hdg
(prev pt 7.2 hdg) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Preliminary—common carriers
div 11.2.1 hdg (prev div 7.2.1 hdg) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Abolition of torts of maintenance and champerty—saving of existing rights and liabilities
s 154Arenum as s 229
Purpose—pt 11.2
s 155orig s 155 renum as s 231
(prev s 88) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Definitions—pt 11.2
s 156 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 156orig s 156 renum as s 231
(prev s 89) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
def schedule 2 packaged goods am A2017‑4 amdt 3.19
When common law liability of carriers not affected
div 11.2.2 hdg (prev div 7.2.2 hdg) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Certain things not protected by pt 11.2
s 157 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 157(prev s 90) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Public notices by carrier not to affect liability
s 158 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 158(prev s 91) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Liability of common carriers for certain goods worth more than $20
div 11.2.3 hdg (prev div 7.2.3 hdg) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Liability of carriers for certain goods worth more than $20
s 159 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 159(prev s 92) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Notice of increased charge for transport of certain goods
s 160 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 160(prev s 93) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Receipt of carrier for increased charge
s 161 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 161(prev s 94) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Carrier only liable for proven amount for certain goods
s 162 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 162(prev s 95) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Liability of common carriers for certain animals
div 11.2.4 hdg (prev div 7.2.4 hdg) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Definitions—div 11.2.4
s 163(prev s 96) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Liability of carriers for certain animals
s 164 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 164(prev s 97) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
table renum R12 LA
Notice of increased charge for transport of certain animals
s 165 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 165(prev s 98) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Carrier only liable for proven amount for certain animals
s 166 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 166(prev s 99) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Notice, condition or declaration of carrier
div 11.2.5 hdg (prev div 7.2.5 hdg) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Carrier liable for neglect or default despite notice etc
s 167 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 167(prev s 100) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Other liability provisions
ch 12 hdgorig ch 12 hdg renum as ch 16 hdg
(prev ch 8 hdg) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Occupiers liability
pt 12.1 hdg(prev pt 8.1 hdg) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Liability of occupiers
s 168(prev s 101) am A2003‑35 s 21
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Liability for damage caused by animals
pt 12.2 hdg(prev pt 8.2 hdg) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Evidence of breach of duty for animals
s 169 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 169(prev s 102) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Liability for fires accidentally begun
pt 12.3 hdg(prev pt 8.3 hdg) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Actions do not lie for damage caused by accidental fires
s 170 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 170(prev s 103) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Contract between landlord and tenant not affected
s 171 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 171(prev s 104) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Misrepresentation
ch 13 hdg(prev ch 9 hdg) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Definitions—ch 13
s 172 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 172(prev s 105) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Removal of certain bars to rescission for misrepresentation
s 173 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 173(prev s 106) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Damages for misrepresentation
s 174 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 174(prev s 107) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Damages instead of rescission for misrepresentation
s 175 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 175(prev s 108) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Exclusion clauses—misrepresentation
s 176 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 176(prev s 109) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Misrepresentation in trade or commerce an offence
s 177 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 177(prev s 110) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Employer etc liable for misrepresentation
s 178 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 178(prev s 111) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Prosecutions for misrepresentation
s 179 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 179(prev s 112) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Limitations on legal costs
ch 14 hdg(prev ch 10 hdg) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Maximum costs for certain personal injury damages claims
pt 14.1 hdg(prev pt 10.1 hdg) ins A2003‑35 s 22
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Definitions—pt 14.1
s 180 hdgsub A2013‑44 amdt 3.33
s 180(prev s 113) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Maximum costs for claims of $50 000 or less
s 181(prev s 114) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Costs incurred after offer of compromise not accepted
s 182(prev s 115) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Exclusion of costs unnecessarily incurred etc
s 183(prev s 116) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Court discretion to allow additional costs
s 184(prev s 117) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Apportionment of costs between lawyers
s 185(prev s 118) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Costs in damages claims if no reasonable prospects of success
pt 14.2 hdg(prev pt 10.2 hdg) ins A2003‑35 s 23
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Definitions—pt 14.2
s 186(prev s 118A) ins A2003‑35 s 23
def court ins A2003‑35 s 23
def provable ins A2003‑35 s 23
def reasonable prospects of success ins A2003‑35 s 23
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Application—pt 14.2
s 187(prev s 118B) ins A2003‑35 s 23
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Certificate that claim or defence has reasonable prospects of success
s 188(prev s 118C) ins A2003‑35 s 23
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
am A2005‑5 s 11; A2006‑25 amdt 2.1
Costs order against lawyer acting without reasonable prospects of success
s 189(prev s 118D) ins A2003‑35 s 23
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Onus on lawyer to show facts provided reasonable prospects of success
s 190(prev s 118E) ins A2003‑35 s 23
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Miscellaneous
ch 15 hdg(prev ch 11 hdg) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Mediation and neutral evaluation
pt 15.1 hdg(prev pt 11.1 hdg) sub A2003‑35 s 24
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Purpose of pt 15.1 etc
s 191(prev s 119) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
am A2006‑40 amdt 2.64, amdt 2.65
Meaning of mediation, neutral evaluation etc
s 192 hdg(prev s 120 hdg) sub A2003‑35 s 26
s 192(prev s 120) am A2003‑35 s 27; ss renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 28)
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Who can be a mediator
s 193(prev s 120A) ins A2003‑35 s 29
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
am A2006‑40 amdt 2.66
sub A2015‑10 s 12
Who can be an evaluator
s 194(prev s 121) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
am A2006‑40 amdt 2.66
Referral by tribunal for mediation or neutral evaluation
s 195 hdg(prev s 122 hdg) sub A2003‑35 s 30
sub A2006‑40 amdt 2.67
s 195(prev s 122) am A2003‑35 s 31, s 32
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
am A2006‑40 amdt 2.68, amdt 2.69; A2015‑52 s 8
Duty of parties to take part in neutral evaluations
s 196(prev s 123) am A2003‑35 s 33
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Costs of neutral evaluation
s 197(prev s 124) am A2003‑35 s 34
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
am A2006‑40 amdt 2.70
Agreements and arrangements arising from mediation sessions
s 198(prev s 124A) ins A2003‑35 s 35
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
am A2006‑40 amdt 2.70; A2015‑10 s 13
Privilege for neutral evaluations
s 199(prev s 125) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
am A2006‑40 amdt 2.70
Secrecy by evaluators
s 200(prev s 126) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Protection from liability for evaluators
s 201(prev s 127) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
General reporting requirements of insurers
pt 15.2 hdg(prev pt 11.2 hdg) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
om A2016‑37 amdt 1.13
Who is an insurer for pt 15.2
s 202(prev s 128) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
om A2016‑37 amdt 1.13
Insurers reporting requirements
s 203(prev s 129) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
am A2006‑40 amdt 1.4
om A2016‑37 amdt 1.13
Directions to insurers about reporting requirements
s 203Ains A2006‑40 amdt 1.5
om A2016‑37 amdt 1.13
Further reports by insurers
s 203Bins A2006‑40 amdt 1.5
om A2016‑37 amdt 1.13
Confidentiality of general reports of insurers
s 204(prev s 130) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
om A2016‑37 amdt 1.13
Report to Legislative Assembly
s 205(prev s 131) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
am A2005‑60 amdt 1.12
om A2016‑37 amdt 1.13
Attachment of insurance money
pt 15.3 hdg(prev pt 11.3 hdg) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Amount of liability charge on insurance money payable against liability
s 206 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 206(prev s 132) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Enforcement of charge on insurance money
s 207 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 207(prev s 133) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Protection of insurer for pt 15.3 charge
s 208 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 208(prev s 134) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Certain other provisions not affected by pt 15.3
s 209 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 209(prev s 135) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
am A2008‑1 amdt 1.10; A2019‑12 amdt 3.34
Abolition of certain common law actions, rules and remedies
pt 15.4 hdg(prev pt 11.4 hdg) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Abolition of seduction, enticement and harbouring
s 210(prev s 136) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Abolition of rule about unity of spouses
s 211 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 211(prev s 137) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Abolition of action of cattle-trespass
s 212 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 212(prev s 138) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Abolition of distress damage feasant
s 213 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 213(prev s 139) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Abolition of rules relating exclusively to liability for damage by animals
s 214 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 214(prev s 140) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Partial abolition of rule in Rylands v Fletcher
s 215 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 215(prev s 141) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Abolition of rule of common employment
s 216 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 216(prev s 142) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Abolition of husband’s liability for wife’s torts and premarital obligations
s 217 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 217(prev s 143) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Abolition of action for loss of consortium
s 218 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 218(prev s 144) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Abolition of rule in Cavalier v Pope
s 219 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 219(prev s 145) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Partial abolition of Mocambique rule
s 220 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 220(prev s 146) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Abolition of torts of maintenance and champerty
s 221(prev s 146A) ins A2002‑49 amdt 3.2
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
am A2006‑38 amdt 1.2
Other provisions
pt 15.5 hdg(prev pt 11.5 hdg) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
Approved forms
s 222(prev s 147) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
am A2013‑44 amdt 3.34
Determination of fees
s 222Ains A2004‑68 s 5
am A2013‑44 amdt 3.34
Regulation-making power
s 223(prev s 148) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
am A2004‑68 s 6, s 7
Transitional provisions
ch 16 hdg(prev ch 12 hdg) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
om R40 LA
Application provisions—for certain new measures
s 224(prev s 150) mod SL2002‑41 reg 3 (mod exp 9 September 2003 see A2003‑35 s 56)
am A2003‑35 ss 36-38
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
exp 1 November 2005 (s 224 (5))
Application provisions—for Civil Law (Wrongs) Amendment Act 2003
s 225(prev s 150A) ins A2003‑35 s 39
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
mod SL2003‑20 reg 7 (as am SL2004‑8 reg 8, om A2004‑32 s 68)
am A2004‑32 s 65; ss renum R15 LA (see A2004‑32 s 66)
exp 9 September 2006 (s 225 (4) (LA s 88 declaration applies))
Application provisions—notices under s 51
s 226(prev s 151) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
exp 1 November 2003 (s 226 (11))
ins A2005‑43 amdt 1.9
exp 1 October 2006 (s 226 (3) (LA s 88 declaration applies))
Application of provisions of Civil Liability (Animals) Act 1984 (repealed)
s 227 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 227(prev s 153) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
exp 1 November 2003 (s 227 (4) (LA s 88 declaration applies))
Application of s 33 and s 36
s 228 hdgbracketed note exp 1 November 2003 (s 3 (3))
s 228(prev s 154) renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
exp 1 November 2003 (s 228 (3) (LA s 88 declaration applies))
Abolition of torts of maintenance and champerty—saving of existing rights and liabilities
s 229(prev s 154A) ins A2002‑49 amdt 3.3
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
exp 1 November 2005 (s 229 (2) and see s 224 (5))
Application of Civil Law (Wrongs) Amendment Act 2005
s 230(prev s 155) am A2003‑35 s 40
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
exp 1 November 2004 (s 230 (4))
ins A2006‑1 s 5
exp 23 February 2009 (s 230 (6) (LA s 88 declaration applies))
Modification of ch 12’s operation
s 231(prev s 156) am A2003‑35 s 41
renum R9 LA (see A2003‑35 s 55)
exp 1 November 2004 (s 231 (2))
Transitional—Justice and Community Safety Legislation Amendment Act 2016
ch 17 hdgins A2016‑37 amdt 1.14
exp 29 June 2016 (s 251)
Ongoing confidentiality of general reports of insurers
s 250ins A2016‑37 amdt 1.14
exp 29 June 2016 (s 251)
Expiry—ch 17
s 251ins A2016‑37 amdt 1.14
exp 29 June 2016 (s 251)
Transitional—Civil Law (Wrongs) Amendment Act 2021
ch 18 hdgins A2021‑15 s 31
exp 1 July 2024 (s 253)
Application of Civil Law (Wrongs) Amendment Act 2021
s 252ins A2021‑15 s 31
exp 1 July 2024 (s 253)
Expiry—ch 18
s 253ins A2021‑15 s 31
exp 1 July 2024 (s 253)
Transitional—Civil Law (Wrongs) Amendment Act 2024—absolute privilege
ch 19 hdgins A2024‑19 s 15
exp 1 July 2027 (s 255)
Absolute privilege amendments
s 254ins A2024‑19 s 15
exp 1 July 2027 (s 255)
Expiry—ch 19
s 255ins A2024‑19 s 15
exp 1 July 2027 (s 255)
Transitional—Civil Law (Wrongs) Amendment Act 2024
ch 20 hdgins A2024‑19 s 16
exp 1 July 2027 (s 261)
Definitions—ch 20
s 256ins A2024‑19 s 16
exp 1 July 2027 (s 261)
Digital intermediary amendments
s 257ins A2024‑19 s 16
exp 1 July 2027 (s 261)
Offer amendments
s 258ins A2024‑19 s 16
exp 1 July 2027 (s 261)
Preliminary discovery or non-party digital intermediary order amendments
s 259ins A2024‑19 s 16
exp 1 July 2027 (s 261)
Document giving or service amendments
s 260ins A2024‑19 s 16
exp 1 July 2027 (s 261)
Expiry—ch 20
s 261ins A2024‑19 s 16
exp 1 July 2027 (s 261)
Transitional—Civil Law (Wrongs) (Organisational Child Abuse Liability) Amendment Act 2025
ch 21 hdgins A2025‑32 s 6
exp 13 November 2028 (s 263)
Application of pt 8A.1A
s 262ins A2025‑32 s 6
exp 13 November 2028 (s 263)
Expiry—ch 21
s 263ins A2025‑32 s 6
exp 13 November 2028 (s 263)
Additional publications to which absolute privilege applies
sch 1A hdgins A2024‑19 s 17
Definitions—sch 1A
s 1A.1ins A2024‑19 s 17
def matter ins A2024‑19 s 17
def official ins A2024‑19 s 17
Matter published to bar association etc
s 1A.2ins A2024‑19 s 17
Matter published to human rights commission etc
s 1A.3ins A2024‑19 s 17
Matter published to integrity commission etc
s 1A.4ins A2024‑19 s 17
Matter published to inspector of correctional services
s 1A.5ins A2024‑19 s 17
Matter published to law society etc
s 1A.6ins A2024‑19 s 17
Matter published to office of the work health and safety commissioner etc
s 1A.7ins A2024‑19 s 17
Matter published to official visitor etc
s 1A.8ins A2024‑19 s 17
Matter published to public trustee and guardian etc
s 1A.9ins A2024‑19 s 17
Matter published to sentence administration board etc
s 1A.10ins A2024‑19 s 17
Equine activities
sch 3om LA s 89 (3)
ins A2003‑35 s 42
ss renum R18 LA
am A2010‑54 amdt 3.10
Professional standards
sch 4 hdgins A2004‑68 s 8
Preliminary—professional standards
pt 4.1 hdgins A2004‑68 s 8
Objects—sch 4
s 4.1(prev s 1) ins A2004‑68 s 8
renum R18 LA
Definitions—sch 4
s 4.2(prev s 2) ins A2004‑68 s 8
renum R18 LA
def amount payable ins A2007‑22 amdt 1.7
def another jurisdiction ins A2008‑7 amdt 1.24
def appropriate council ins A2008‑7 amdt 1.24
def business assets ins A2004‑68 s 8
def corresponding law ins A2008‑7 amdt 1.24
def costs ins A2007‑22 amdt 1.7
def council ins A2004‑68 s 8
def court ins A2004‑68 s 8
def damages ins A2004‑68 s 8
sub A2007‑22 amdt 1.8
def interstate scheme ins A2008‑7 amdt 1.24
def judgment ins A2004‑68 s 8
def occupational association ins A2004‑68 s 8
def occupational group ins A2004‑68 s 8
def occupational liability ins A2004‑68 s 8
def costs ins A2007‑22 amdt 1.7
def scheme ins A2004‑68 s 8
am A2008‑7 amdt 1.25
def this jurisdiction ins A2008‑7 amdt 1.26
Amount payable under an insurance policy—sch 4
s 4.2Ains A2007‑22 amdt 1.9
Application—sch 4
s 4.3(prev s 3) ins A2004‑68 s 8
renum R18 LA
Limitation of liability
pt 4.2 hdgins A2004‑68 s 8
Making, amendment and revocation of schemes
div 4.2.1 hdg ins A2004‑68 s 8
Preparation and approval of schemes
s 4.4 hdgsub A2012‑30 amdt 1.1
s 4.4(prev s 4) ins A2004‑68 s 8
renum R18 LA
am A2008‑7 amdt 1.27; A2012‑30 amdt 1.2
Public notification of schemes
s 4.5(prev s 5) ins A2004‑68 s 8
renum R18 LA
am A2008‑7 amdt 1.28; A2009‑20 amdt 3.31; A2012‑30 amdt 1.3; A2015‑33 amdt 1.27
Making of comments and submissions about schemes
s 4.6(prev s 6) ins A2004‑68 s 8
renum R18 LA
Consideration of comments, submissions etc
s 4.7(prev s 7) ins A2004‑68 s 8
renum R18 LA
am A2008‑7 amdt 1.29; A2012‑30 amdt 1.4
Public hearings
s 4.8(prev s 8) ins A2004‑68 s 8
renum R18 LA
Submission of schemes to Minister
s 4.9(prev s 9) ins A2004‑68 s 8
renum R18 LA
am A2008‑7 amdt 1.30; A2012‑30 amdt 1.5, amdt 1.6
Schemes are subject to disallowance
s 4.10 hdgsub A2012‑30 amdt 1.7
s 4.10(prev s 10) ins A2004‑68 s 8
renum R18 LA
am A2008‑7 amdt 1.31, amdt 1.32; A2012‑30 amdt 1.8
Commencement of schemes
s 4.11(prev s 11) ins A2004‑68 s 8
renum R18 LA
am A2008‑7 amdt 1.33; A2012‑30 amdt 1.9
Challenges to schemes
s 4.12(prev s 12) ins A2004‑68 s 8
renum R18 LA
sub A2008‑7 amdt 1.34
am A2012‑30 amdt 1.10
Review of schemes
s 4.13(prev s 13) ins A2004‑68 s 8
renum R18 LA
am A2008‑7 amdt 1.35
Amendment and revocation of schemes
s 4.14(prev s 14) ins A2004‑68 s 8
renum R18 LA
am A2008‑7 amdt 1.36, amdt 1.37; A2012‑30 amdt 1.11
Notification of revocation of schemes
s 4.14Ains A2008‑7 amdt 1.38
am A2012‑30 amdt 1.12
Ending of operation of interstate schemes
s 4.14Bins A2008‑7 amdt 1.38
am A2012‑30 amdt 1.13
Content of schemes
div 4.2.2 hdg ins A2004‑68 s 8
People to whom scheme applies
s 4.15(prev s 15) ins A2004‑68 s 8
renum R18 LA
Other people to whom scheme applies
s 4.16(prev s 16) ins A2004‑68 s 8
renum R18 LA
Limitation of liability by insurance arrangements
s 4.17(prev s 17) ins A2004‑68 s 8
renum R18 LA
sub A2007‑22 amdt 1.10
Limitation of liability by reference to amount of business assets
s 4.18(prev s 18) ins A2004‑68 s 8
renum R18 LA
am A2007‑22 amdt 1.11, amdt 1.12
Limitation of liability by multiple of charges
s 4.19(prev s 19) ins A2004‑68 s 8
renum R18 LA
am A2007‑22 amdt 1.13, amdt 1.14
Statement of different limits of liability
s 4.20(prev s 20) ins A2004‑68 s 8
renum R18 LA
Combination of provisions under s 4.17, s 4.18 and s 4.19
s 4.21(prev s 21) ins A2004‑68 s 8
renum R18 LA
Amount below which liability may not be limited
s 4.22(prev s 22) ins A2004‑68 s 8
renum R18 LA
Liability in damages not reduced to below relevant limit
s 4.22Ains A2007‑22 amdt 1.15
Insurance to be of required standard
s 4.23(prev s 23) ins A2004‑68 s 8
renum R18 LA
Effect of schemes
div 4.2.3 hdg ins A2004‑68 s 8
Limit of occupational liability by schemes
s 4.24(prev s 24) ins A2004‑68 s 8
renum R18 LA
am A2007‑22 amdt 1.16
Limitation of amount of damages
s 4.25(prev s 25) ins A2004‑68 s 8
renum R18 LA
Effect of scheme on other parties to proceedings
s 4.26(prev s 26) ins A2004‑68 s 8
renum R18 LA
Proceedings to which a scheme applies
s 4.27(prev s 27) ins A2004‑68 s 8
renum R18 LA
Duration of scheme
s 4.28(prev s 28) ins A2004‑68 s 8
renum R18 LA
am A2008‑7 amdt 1.39; ss renum R34 LA; A2013‑44 amdt 3.34; A2018‑12 s 4
Notification of limitation of liability
s 4.29(prev s 29) ins A2004‑68 s 8
renum R18 LA
Compulsory insurance
pt 4.3 hdgins A2004‑68 s 8
Occupational association may require members to insure
s 4.30(prev s 30) ins A2004‑68 s 8
renum R18 LA
Monitoring claims by occupational associations
s 4.31(prev s 31) ins A2004‑68 s 8
renum R18 LA
Risk management
pt 4.4ins A2004‑68 s 8
Risk management strategies by occupational associations
s 4.32(prev s 32) ins A2004‑68 s 8
renum R18 LA
am A2012‑30 amdt 1.14
Reporting by occupational associations
s 4.33(prev s 33) ins A2004‑68 s 8
renum R18 LA
Compliance audits
s 4.34(prev s 34) ins A2004‑68 s 8
renum R18 LA
Complaints and disciplinary matters
s 4.35(prev s 35) ins A2004‑68 s 8
renum R18 LA
am A2016‑18 amdt 3.46
Professional standards council
pt 4.6 hdgins A2004‑68 s 8
Establishment and functions of council
div 4.6.1ins A2004‑68 s 8
The council
s 4.36(prev s 36) ins A2004‑68 s 8
renum R18 LA
Functions of council
s 4.37(prev s 37) ins A2004‑68 s 8
renum R18 LA
am A2008‑7 amdt 1.40; A2012‑30 amdt 1.15
Cooperation with authorities in other jurisdictions
s 4.37Ains A2008‑7 amdt 1.41
Membership of council
div 4.6.2ins A2004‑68 s 8
Membership of council
s 4.38(prev s 38) ins A2004‑68 s 8
renum R18 LA
am A2021-3 s 9
Chairperson and deputy chairperson of council
s 4.39(prev s 39) ins A2004‑68 s 8
renum R18 LA
am A2021-3 s 10
Deputies of members
s 4.40(prev s 40) ins A2004‑68 s 8
renum R18 LA
am A2021-3 s 11
Term of appointment
s 4.41(prev s 41) ins A2004‑68 s 8
renum R18 LA
Allowances of members
s 4.42(prev s 42) ins A2004‑68 s 8
renum R18 LA
Vacancy in office of member
s 4.43(prev s 43) ins A2004‑68 s 8
renum R18 LA
am A2008‑28 amdt 3.42; A2009‑49 amdt 3.20
Filling of vacancy in office of member
s 4.44(prev s 44) ins A2004‑68 s 8
renum R18 LA
Personal liability of members etc
s 4.45(prev s 45) ins A2004‑68 s 8
renum R18 LA
Procedure of council
div 4.6.3 hdg ins A2004‑68 s 8
General procedure for council
s 4.46(prev s 46) ins A2004‑68 s 8
renum R18 LA
(2), (3) exp 8 September 2005 (s 4.46 (3))
Quorum at council meetings
s 4.47(prev s 47) ins A2004‑68 s 8
renum R18 LA
Presiding member at council meetings
s 4.48(prev s 48) ins A2004‑68 s 8
renum R18 LA
Voting at council meetings
s 4.49(prev s 49) ins A2004‑68 s 8
renum R18 LA
Miscellaneous
div 4.6.4 hdg ins A2004‑68 s 8
Requirement to provide information
s 4.50(prev s 50) ins A2004‑68 s 8
renum R18 LA
am A2012‑30 amdt 1.16
Referral of complaints
s 4.51(prev s 51) ins A2004‑68 s 8
renum R18 LA
Council committees
s 4.52(prev s 52) ins A2004‑68 s 8
renum R18 LA
Use of government staff or facilities
s 4.53(prev s 53) ins A2004‑68 s 8
renum R18 LA
Engagement of consultants by council
s 4.54(prev s 54) ins A2004‑68 s 8
renum R18 LA
Accountability of council to Minister
s 4.55(prev s 55) ins A2004‑68 s 8
renum R18 LA
Annual report of council
s 4.56(prev s 56) ins A2004‑68 s 8
renum R18 LA
Miscellaneous—sch 4
pt 4.7 hdgins A2004‑68 s 8
Characterisation of sch 4
s 4.57(prev s 57) ins A2004‑68 s 8
renum R18 LA
No contracting out of sch 4
s 4.58(prev s 58) ins A2004‑68 s 8
renum R18 LA
No limitation on other insurance
s 4.59(prev s 59) ins A2004‑68 s 8
renum R18 LA
Validation of schemes etc
s 4.59Ains A2007‑22 amdt 1.17
Review of sch 4
s 4.60(prev s 60) ins A2004‑68 s 8
renum R18 LA
exp 8 March 2012 (s 4.60 (4))
Occupational associations—model code
sch 5ins A2004‑68 s 9
ss renum R18 LA
What happens after a complaint is made?
s 5.6am A2017‑4 amdt 3.25
What action may be taken after a hearing into a complaint?
s 5.7am A2017‑4 amdt 3.25
Notices of decisions
s 5.8am A2017‑4 amdt 3.20
Dictionary
dictam A2003‑14 amdt 1.17; A2008‑14 amdt 1.16; A2009‑20 amdt 3.32; A2009‑49 amdt 3.21; A2010‑54 amdt 3.11; A2012‑40 amdt 3.24; A2013‑39 amdt 2.10 (A2013‑39 never effective (see Commonwealth v Australian Capital Territory [2013] HCA 55)); A2013‑44 amdt 3.35; A2015‑10 s 14; A2015‑33 amdt 1.28; A2016‑13 amdt 1.34; A2017‑4 amdt 3.21; A2018‑38 s 5; A2024‑19 s 18
def abuse settlement agreement ins A2022‑21 s 10
def access prevention step ins A2024‑19 s 19
def accident sub A2003‑35 s 43
def accommodation unit sub A2013‑44 amdt 3.37
def action om A2006‑1 s 6
def act of terrorism ins A2013‑44 amdt 3.36
sub A2018‑42 amdt 3.31
def agent sub A2013‑44 amdt 3.37
def aggrieved person sub A2006‑1 s 7; A2021‑15 s 32
def agreed expert ins A2003‑35 s 44
om A2011‑48 amdt 1.11
def amends agreement om A2006‑1 s 8
def amount payable ins A2007‑22 amdt 1.18
def another jurisdiction ins A2008‑7 amdt 1.42
def apology ins A2003‑35 s 44
def applicable period ins A2021‑15 s 33
def applicant A2022‑21 s 10
def appointed expert ins A2003‑35 s 44
om A2011‑48 amdt 1.11
def apportionable claim ins A2004‑68 s 10
def appropriate council ins A2008‑7 amdt 1.42
def associated entity ins A2021‑15 s 33
def Australian court ins A2006‑1 s 9
def Australian jurisdiction ins A2006‑1 s 9
def Australian tribunal ins A2006‑1 s 9
def business assets ins A2004‑68 s 10
def caching service ins A2024‑19 s 19
def child abuse ins A2018‑38 s 6
sub A2022‑21 s 11
def child abuse claim ins A2018‑38 s 6
sub A2022‑21 s 11
def claim sub A2003‑35 s 45
am A2011‑48 amdt 1.12; pars renum R48 LA
def claimant ins A2003‑35 s 46
sub A2004‑68 s 11
def common carrier sub A2013‑44 amdt 3.37
def community organisation sub A2013‑44 amdt 3.37
def community work sub A2013‑44 amdt 3.37
def complying notice of claim ins A2003‑35 s 46
def concerns notice ins A2021‑15 s 33
def concurrent wrongdoer ins A2004‑68 s 12
def conduit service ins A2024‑19 s 19
def consequential mental harm ins A2003‑35 s 46
def consumer claim ins A2004‑68 s 12
def contribution notice ins A2003‑35 s 46
am A2017‑4 amdt 3.22
def contributor ins A2003‑35 s 46
def corresponding law ins A2008‑7 amdt 1.42
def costs sub A2007‑22 amdt 1.19
am A2013‑44 amdt 3.38
def council ins A2004‑68 s 12
def country sub A2006‑1 s 10
def court sub A2003‑35 s 47
am A2004‑68 s 13; A2006‑1 s 11; pars renum A2006‑1 s 12
def damages ins A2004‑68 s 14
def defamation om A2006‑1 s 13
def defendant ins A2004‑68 s 14
def digital intermediary ins A2024‑19 s 19
def digital matter ins A2024‑19 s 19
def document ins A2006‑1 s 14
def donor ins A2013‑44 amdt 3.39
def duty of care ins A2003‑35 s 48
def electronic communication ins A2006‑1 s 14
def employee ins A2025‑32 s 7
def equine ins A2003‑35 s 48
def equine activity ins A2003‑35 s 48
def equine activity sponsor ins A2003‑35 s 48
def equine facility ins A2003‑35 s 48
def equine professional ins A2003‑35 s 48
def evidence ins A2003‑35 s 48
om A2011‑48 amdt 1.13
def excluded corporation ins A2021‑15 s 33
def expert ins A2003‑35 s 48
om A2011‑48 amdt 1.13
def expert medical evidence ins A2003‑35 s 48
om A2011‑48 amdt 1.13
def fit for human consumption ins A2013‑44 amdt 3.39
def food ins A2013‑44 amdt 3.39
def further particulars notice ins A2021‑15 s 33
def general law ins A2006‑1 s 14
def harm ins A2003‑35 s 48
def inherent risks of equine activities ins A2003‑35 s 48
def innkeeper’s liability sub A2013‑44 amdt 3.40
def insurer sub A2003‑35 s 49; A2016‑37 amdt 1.15
def interstate scheme ins A2008‑7 amdt 1.42
def intoxicated sub A2013‑44 amdt 3.40
def judgment ins A2004‑68 s 14
def matter ins A2006‑1 s 14
def matter in question sub A2006‑1 s 15; A2021‑15 s 34
def mediation ins A2003‑35 s 50
sub A2013‑44 amdt 3.40
def mediation session ins A2003‑35 s 50
sub A2013‑44 amdt 3.40
def medical issue ins A2003‑35 s 50
om A2011‑48 amdt 1.13
def mental harm ins A2003‑35 s 50
def motor accident sub A2003‑35 s 51
def motor accident claim ins A2019‑12 amdt 3.35
def motor vehicle sub A2003‑35 s 51; A2017‑4 amdt 3.23
am A2017‑21 amdt 1.5, amdt 1.6
def negligence ins A2003‑35 s 52
def neutral evaluation sub A2013‑44 amdt 3.40
def neutral evaluation session sub A2013‑44 amdt 3.40
def occupational association ins A2004‑68 s 14
def occupational group ins A2004‑68 s 14
def occupational liability ins A2004‑68 s 14
def offer to make amends sub A2006‑1 s 16
def online service ins A2024‑19 s 19
def organisation ins A2025‑32 s 7
def parliamentary body sub A2006‑1 s 17
def participant ins A2003‑35 s 52
def participate ins A2003‑35 s 52
def party ins A2003‑35 s 52
def personal injury sub A2003‑35 s 53
def personal injury damages am A2013‑44 amdt 3.41
def personal representative am A2016‑13 amdt 1.35
def poster ins A2024‑19 s 19
def provable ins A2003‑35 s 54
def provide sub A2013‑44 amdt 3.42
def public or other authority ins A2003‑35 s 54
def published matter om A2006‑1 s 18
def publisher sub A2006‑1 s 19; A2021‑15 s 34
def pure mental harm ins A2003‑35 s 54
def qualified offer om A2006‑1 s 20
def reasonable prospects of success ins A2003‑35 s 54
def related trust ins A2018‑38 s 6
def respondent ins A2003‑35 s 54
def responsible ins A2025‑32 s 7
def schedule 2 packaged goods am A2017‑4 amdt 3.24
def scheme ins A2004‑68 s 14
def search engine ins A2024‑19 s 19
def search engine provider ins A2024‑19 s 19
def search result ins A2024‑19 s 19
def storage service ins A2024‑19 s 19
def substantially true ins A2006‑1 s 21
def this jurisdiction ins A2006‑1 s 21
sub A2008‑7 amdt 1.43
def tribunal om A2006‑1 s 22
def unsafe ins A2013‑44 amdt 3.43
def unsuitable ins A2013‑44 amdt 3.43
def voluntary basis sub A2013‑44 amdt 3.44
def volunteer sub A2013‑44 amdt 3.44
Earlier republications
Some earlier republications were not numbered. The number in column 1 refers to the publication order.
Since 12 September 2001 every authorised republication has been published in electronic pdf format on the ACT legislation register. A selection of authorised republications have also been published in printed format. These republications are marked with an asterisk (*) in column 1. Electronic and printed versions of an authorised republication are identical.
Republication No and date Effective Last amendment made by Republication for R1
1 Nov 20021 Nov 2002–
20 Dec 2002not amended new Act R2
21 Dec 200221 Dec 2002–
31 Dec 2002A2002‑49 modification by SL2002‑41 R3
1 Jan 20031 Jan 2003–
1 Jan 2003A2002‑49 commenced provisions R4
2 Jan 20032 Jan 2003–
16 Jan 2003A2002‑49 expired provision R5
17 Jan 200317 Jan 2003–
27 Mar 2003A2002‑49 amendments by A2002‑49 R6
28 Mar 200328 Mar 2003–
9 Apr 2003A2003‑14 amendments by A2003‑6 and A2003‑14 R7
10 Apr 200310 Apr 2003–
30 June 2003A2003‑14 commenced provisions R8
1 July 2003noon
1 July 2003–
8 Sept 2003A2003‑14 commenced provisions about traveller accommodation providers liability R9
9 Sept 20039 Sept 2003–
8 Oct 2003A2003‑35 amendments by A2003‑35 and general renumbering R10
9 Oct 20039 Oct 2003–
1 Nov 2003A2003‑41 amendments by A2003‑41 R11*
2 Nov 20032 Nov 2003–
2 Mar 2004A2003‑41 commenced expiries R12
3 Mar 20043 Mar 2004–
7 Mar 2004A2003‑41 modification by SL2004‑8 R13
8 Mar 20048 Mar 2004‑
30 June 2004A2003‑41 amendments by A2003‑35 R14
1 July 20041 July 2004‑
12 July 2004A2004‑28 amendments by A2004‑28 R15
13 July 200413 July 2004‑
31 August 2004A2004‑32 amendments by A2004‑32 R16
1 Sept 20041 Sept 2004–
1 Nov 2004A2004‑32 amendments by A2004‑13 R17
2 Nov 20042 Nov 2004–
1 Jan 2005A2004‑68 commenced expiry R18
2 Jan 20042 Jan 2004–
9 Jan 2005A2004‑68 commenced expiry R19
10 Jan 200510 Jan 2005–
23 Feb 2005A2004‑68 amendments by A2004‑60 R20
24 Feb 200524 Feb 2005–
7 Mar 2005A2005‑5 amendments by A2005‑5 R21*
8 Mar 20058 Mar 2005–
8 Sept 2005A2005‑5 amendments by A2004‑68 R22
9 Sept 20059 Sept 2005–
30 Sept 2005A2005‑43 commenced expiry R23
1 Oct 20051 Oct 2005–
1 Nov 2005A2005‑43 amendments by A2005‑43 R24
2 Nov 20052 Nov 2005‑
21 Dec 2005A2005‑43 commenced expiry R25
22 Dec 200522 Dec 2005‑
22 Feb 2006A2005‑60 amendments by A2005‑60 R26
23 Feb 200623 Feb 2006–
30 June 2006A2006‑1 amendments by A2016-12 R27
1 July 20061 July 2006–
9 Sept 2006A2006‑25 amendments by A2006‑25 R28
10 Sept 200610 Sept 2006–
28 Sept 2006A2006‑25 commenced expiry R29
29 Sept 200629 Sept 2006–
1 Oct 2006A2006‑40 amendments by A2006‑40 R30
2 Oct 20062 Oct 2006–
18 Oct 2006A2006‑40 commenced expiry R31
19 Oct 200619 Oct 2006–
27 Mar 2007A2006‑40 amendments by A2006‑40 R32*
28 Mar 200728 Mar 2007–
5 Sept 2007A2006‑40 amendments by A2006‑38 R33
6 Sept 20076 Sept 2007–
6 May 2008A2007‑22 amendments by A2007‑22 R34
7 May 20087 May 2008–
18 May 2008A2008‑7 amendments by A2008‑7 R35
19 May 200819 May 2008–
22 Aug 2008A2008‑14 amendments by A2008‑14 R36
23 Aug 200823 Aug 2008–
25 Aug 2008A2008‑39 updated endnotes as amended by A2008‑39 R37
26 Aug 200826 Aug 2008–
26 Aug 2008A2008‑39 amendments by A2008‑28 R38
27 Aug 200827 Aug 2008–
30 Sept 2008A2008‑39 amendments by A2008‑29 R39*
1 Oct 20081 Oct 2008–
23 Feb 2009A2008‑39 amendments by A2008‑1 as amended by A2008‑39 R40
24 Feb 200924 Feb 2009–
21 Sept 2009A2008‑39 commenced expiry R41
22 Sept 200922 Sept 2009–
16 Dec 2009A2009‑20 amendments by A2009‑20 R42
17 Dec 200917 Dec 2009–
30 June 2010A2009‑49 amendments by A2009‑49 R43
1 July 20101 July 2010–
31 Dec 2010A2010‑10 amendments by A2010‑10 R44
1 Jan 20111 Jan 2011–
8 Mar 2012A2010‑54 amendments by A2010‑54 R45
9 Mar 20129 Mar 2012–
13 June 2012A2010‑54 expiry of provision (sch 4 s 4.60) R46
14 June 201214 June 2012–
10 Sept 2012A2012‑30 amendments by A2012‑30 R47
11 Sept 201211 Sept 2012–
21 Nov 2012A2012‑40 amendments by A2012‑40 R48
22 Nov 201222 Nov 2012–
31 Dec 2012A2012‑40 amendments by A2011-48 R49*
1 Jan 20131 Jan 2013–
6 Nov 2013A2012‑48 amendments by A2012‑48 R50
7 Nov 2013never effective A2013-39 (never effective) amendments by A2013-39 R50 (RI)
24 Feb 20147 Nov 2013–
24 Nov 2013A2013-39 (never effective) reissue because of High Court decision in relation to A2013-39 R51
25 Nov 2013never effective A2013‑44 amendments by A2013‑44 R51 (RI No 2)
13 May 201425 Nov 2013–
20 Apr 2015A2013‑44 reissue because of High Court decision in relation to A2013-39
further reissue for retrospective amendment made by
A2014-17R52
21 Apr 201521 Apr 2015–
13 Oct 2015A2015-10 amendments by A2015-10 R53
14 Oct 201514 Oct 2015–
9 Dec 2015A2015-33 amendments by A2015-33 R54
10 Dec 201510 Dec 2015–
1 Mar 2016A2015‑52 amendments by A2015‑52 R55
2 Mar 20162 Mar 2016–
31 Mar 2016A2016-11 amendments by A2016-11 R56
1 Apr 20161 Apr 2016–
26 Apr 2016A2016‑13 amendments by A2016‑13 R57
27 Apr 201627 Apr 2016–
28 June 2016A2016-18 amendments by A2016-18 R58
29 June 201629 June 2016–
29 June 2016A2016-37 amendments by A2016-37 R59
30 June 201630 June 2016–
30 June 2016A2016-37 expiry of transitional provisions (ch 17) R60
1 July 20161 July 2016–
25 Aug 2016A2016‑37 amendments by A2016-12 R61
26 Aug 201626 Aug 2016–
8 Mar 2017A2016-53 amendments by A2016-53 R62
9 Mar 20179 Mar 2017–
23 May 2017A2017‑4 amendments by A2017‑4 R63
24 May 201724 May 2017–
14 Aug 2017A2017-14 amendments by A2017-14 R64
15 Aug 201715 Aug 2017–
24 Apr 2018A2017‑21 amendments by A2017‑21 R65
25 Apr 201825 Apr 2018–
27 Sept 2018A2018‑12 amendments by A2018‑12 R66
28 Sept 201828 Sept 2018–
21 Nov 2018A2018-38 amendments by A2018-38 R67
22 Nov 201822 Nov 2018–
31 Jan 2020A2018‑42 amendments by A2018‑42 R68
1 Feb 20201 Feb 2020–
25 Feb 2021A2019-12 amendments by A2019-12 R69
26 Feb 202126 Feb 2021–
30 June 2021A2021‑3 amendments by A2021‑3 R70
1 July 20211 July 2021–
9 Dec 2022A2021‑15 amendments by A2021‑15 R71
10 Dec 202210 Dec 2022–
30 June 2024A2022‑21 amendments by A2022‑21 R72
1 July 20241 July 2024–
1 July 2024A2024‑19 amendments by A2024‑19 R73
2 July 20242 July 2024–
17 Sept 2024A2024‑19 expiry of transitional provisions (ch 18) R74
18 Sept 202418 Sept 2024–
12 Nov 2025A2024‑49 amendments by A2024‑49
Expired transitional or validating provisions
This Act may be affected by transitional or validating provisions that have expired. The expiry does not affect any continuing operation of the provisions (see Legislation Act 2001, s 88 (1)).
Expired provisions are removed from the republished law when the expiry takes effect and are listed in the amendment history using the abbreviation ‘exp’ followed by the date of the expiry.
To find the expired provisions see the version of this Act before the expiry took effect. The ACT legislation register has point-in-time versions of this Act.
Renumbered provisions
This Act was renumbered under the Legislation Act 2001, in R9 (see Civil Law (Wrongs) Amendment Act 2003 (No 2) A2003-35 s 55). Details of renumbered provisions are shown in endnote 4 (Amendment history). For a table showing the renumbered provisions, see R20.
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