Civil Aviation Order 40.4.2 Gyroplane syllabus Private pilot (gyroplane) licence (02/12/2004) (Cth)
Civil Aviation Amendment Order
(No. R40) 2004
I, WILLIAM BRUCE BYRON, Director of Aviation Safety, on behalf of CASA, issue the following Civil Aviation Order under regulation 5.59 of the Civil Aviation Regulations 1988.
[signed by Bruce Byron]
Bruce Byron
Director of Aviation Safety and
Chief Executive Officer
2 December 2004
__________________
1Name of Order
This Order is the Civil Aviation Amendment Order (No. R40) 2004.
2Commencement
This Order commences on gazettal.
3Replacement of section 40.4.2 of the Civil Aviation Orders
Section 40.4.2 of the Civil Aviation Orders is omitted and a new section substituted as set out in Schedule 1.
Schedule 1 Substitution of section 40.4.2 of the Civil Aviation Orders
SECTION 40.4.2
GYROPLANE SYLLABUS — PRIVATE PILOT (GYROPLANE) LICENCE
1SYLLABUS
1.1For the purposes of regulation 5.59 of the Civil Aviation Regulations 1988, the syllabus for the private pilot (gyroplane) licence is set out in Appendixes I, II and III to this section and in Appendixes I and II to section 40.4.3.
APPENDIX I
GYROPLANE SYLLABUS (AERONAUTICAL KNOWLEDGE) —
PRIVATE PILOT (GYROPLANE) LICENCEThe following syllabuses specify the MINIMUM standard of knowledge required. Qualifying letters are used to indicate the degree of knowledge considered necessary for each individual item within a particular subject. The significance of the qualifying letters used is as shown below and it is intended that the progressions from ‘A’ through ‘B’ and ‘C’ to ‘D’ indicates a logical increase in the depth of knowledge required.
‘A’A BASIC understanding of the subject matter, sufficient for the solution of simple practical problems either by calculation or the exercise of judgement.
‘B’A SOUND understanding of the subject matter, sufficient for the solution of more advanced practical problems either by calculation or by the exercise of judgement.
‘C’A COMPREHENSIVE understanding of the subject matter, sufficient for the solution of associated practical problems either by calculation or by the exercise of judgement.
‘D’A COMPLETE understanding of the subject matter, sufficient to apply the knowledge to the mathematical solution of specific problems with full confidence and within a reasonable time limit.
‘PROC’A PRACTICAL application of relevant procedures as promulgated for the regulation of gyroplane operations.
1PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT GYROPLANES
Qualifying
Letter
1.1An understanding of the following terms as applied to gyroplane:
Aerofoil — chord, span and camber A
Rotor system — articulated, semi-rigid, rigid A
Rotor disc, pitch angle, coning, angle of attack A
1.2An understanding of the following factors in relation to a gyroplane:
The relationship of air density, velocity, surface area, shape and angle of attack in the production of lift and drag by an aerofoil A
How a rotor system produces lift and drag — translational lift A
Cause and compensation for dissymmetry of lift A
Forces which act on a rotor to produce autorotation A
Effects of power, airspeed, weight, density altitude and flare on rotor RPM A
Retreating blade stall and compressibility effects and recovery action A
Importance of maintaining rotor RPM during take-off and optimum airspeed during take-off, climb, descent and landing B
Ground effect and the factors which influence ground effect A
Ground resonance A
1.3Operation of Controls
Cyclic pitch
Rotor spin-up control
Rudders B
How the gyroplane responds to operation of each control by the pilot B
Phase lag and how it is compensated in the control system A
1.4How a gyroplane is manoeuvred:
(a)Straight and level flight.
How a gyroplane is flown at various airspeeds and attitudes B
(b)Climbing.
How a gyroplane is climbed at various airspeeds and power settings to produce varying rates and angles of climb B
(c)Descending.
How a gyroplane is descended at various airspeeds and power settings to achieve varying rates and angles of descent B
(d)Turning.
How a gyroplane is turned, and the relationship between angle of bank, airspeed and rate of turn B
(e)Take-off.
How the rotor is pre-rotated before take-off A
The effect of rotor and propeller rotation, and crosswind on directional control during take-off B
The effect of varying rotor RPM and wind on the length of take-off run required B
Take-off technique to achieve optimum and maximum performance B
(f)Approach and landing.
How the gyroplane is manoeuvred during approach and landing B
The effect of wind and wind gradient on the approach path B
Landing technique to achieve optimum and maximum performance B
(g)Taxiing.
How a gyroplane is controlled on the ground whilst taxiing with the rotor spinning or stationary B
2GYROPLANE PERFORMANCE AND OPERATION
2.1Gyroplane performance
(a)Performance limitations.
Reasons for imposing limitations on:
Maximum permissible speed
Maximum permissible rotor RPM
Maximum take-off weight
Station loading A
(b)Take-off and landing performance.
Effects of pressure height and temperature, wind component, take-off and landing distance available, weight of gyroplane A
Take-off and landing area dimensions PROC
(c)The practical use of performance charts and tables with various gyroplane configurations and under various ambient meteorological conditions, to determine:
Take-off and landing distance to clear a 50ft. obstacle
Maximum rate of climb
Minimum airspeed at various heights for safe autorotation in event of engine failure C/PROC
2.2Gyroplane Operation
(a)Administration.
The use and purpose of the following:
Maintenance release — log books for gyroplane components — Certificate of Airworthiness — Certificate of Registration — Aircraft Flight Manual PROC
Gyroplane classification — normal, utility, aerobatic categories A/PROC
The responsibilities of a pilot before accepting a gyroplane for flight A/PROC
The necessary action to be taken in the event of unserviceability A/PROC
(b)Ground operation.
Daily and preflight inspection of airframe, engine and rotor system B
Quality control and safety precautions during refuelling B/PROC
Precautions to be taken during start, warm up, run up, spin up and shut down B
Tie down procedures B
(c)In flight operation.
Use of throttle, propeller, mixture and carburettor heat controls B
Airframe and engine limitations B
(d)Weight and balance.
The use of loading systems to determine that a gyroplane is loaded safely and in accordance with specified limitations B/PROC
3ENGINES AND GYROPLANE SYSTEMS
3.1Engines and associated systems
(a)An understanding of how a 4 stroke piston engine functions A
(b)Ignition system.
The main components — reasons for dual ignition system — purpose of impulse magneto and booster coil — effect of ignition system faults on engine operation — purpose of ignition harness shielding A
(c)Carburation and fuel injection systems.
An understanding of the functions of carburettors and fuel injection systems A
The reason for providing mixture control A
Atmospheric conditions conducive to formation of carburettor icing. Recognition of the effects of carburettor icing on engine performance and the methods of prevention B
(d)Fuel and fuel systems.
Fuel selection applicable to engine performance A
Causes and effects of detonation A
Octane numbering and fuel grading A
Difference between gravity and pump-fed systems A
Venting and fuel tank pressurisation B
Fuel system handling — fuel tank selection, fuel balance A
Usable and unusable fuel A
(e)Electrical systems.
Battery care and protection A
Purpose of and difference between generator and alternator A
Indications of generator and alternator failure and effects on the electrical system A
Circuit protection — purpose of the following:
Voltage regulator, fuse, circuit breaker, generator/alternator field switch, battery master switch A
(f)Transmission and rotor systems.
Rotor spin-up system A
Rotor head design characteristics
Blade construction, tracking, balancing A
Accessory drives A
3.2Gyroplane instrumentation
(a)Engine instruments.
An understanding of the purpose of the following instruments and the units of measurement used:
Manifold air pressure (boost) gauge;
Tachometer (RPM indicator — engine and rotor);
Oil temperature and pressure gauges;
Cylinder head temperature gauge;
Fuel pressure and quantity gauges A
Interpretation and use of the above instruments B
(b)Gyroscopic flight instruments.
An understanding of the purpose of the following instruments, the units of measurement used and the limitations and possible errors of each instrument:
Artificial horizon (attitude indicator);
Direction indicator (directional gyro);
Rate of turn and balance indicator A
Interpretation and use of the above instruments B
(c)Navigational instruments.
An understanding of the principles of operation of the following instruments and the units of measurement used:
Pressure altimeter;
Vertical speed indicator (rate of climb and descent indicator);
Airspeed indicator;
Outside air temperature gauge;
Magnetic compass A
Interpretation and use of the above instruments B
Danger of placing magnetic materials in vicinity of a magnetic compass. Turning and acceleration errors A
4AIR NAVIGATION AND FLIGHT PLANNING
4.1Basic principles.
The form of the earth — geographical and magnetic poles A
Parallels and meridians — latitude and longitude A
Great circles and rhumb lines A
Expression of:
Distance in nautical miles and speed in knots;
Direction relative to true North and magnetic north;
Variation;
Time as 6 figure date/time group A
Relationship between longitude and time A
Local mean time (LMT), Greenwich mean time (GMT), Australian standard time (EST, CST, WST) A
Conversion of times A
4.2Aeronautical Charts.
The practical use of WAC ICAO 1:1,000,000 series and those charts provided in the Visual Flight Guide, including:
The significance of conventional symbols used;
Measurement of latitude, longitude, distance and direction;
All information provided on each chart B
4.3Magnetic compasses.
The Earth’s magnetic field, variation, isogonals A
Aircraft magnetism, deviation A
Interpretation of deviation correcting cards C
Application of variation and deviation to convert true directions to magnetic and compass directions C
4.4Pressure altimeter.
The basic principles of pressure altimeter A
The ICAO standard Atmosphere — means sea level pressure, temperature, standard temperature lapse rate
Pressure altitude and density height A
The meaning of the terms:
Height, altitude, elevation, flight level, QNE B
The significance of altimeter readings for each of the subscale settings:
QNH, QFE, 1013.2 mb C
The meaning and determination of pressure and density height C
Current standard altimeter procedures PROC
4.5Air Navigation technique.
Note: A knowledge and understanding of the significance of the following terms, abbreviations and signs is necessary.
Heading — HDG: ;
Indicated airspeed — IAS;
Calibrated airspeed — CAS;
True airspeed — TAS;
Wind velocity — W/V ;
Track — TR ;
Ground speed — G/S;
Drift;
Wind component — W/C (plus or minus);
Estimated time of departure — ETD;
Actual time of departure — ATD;
Estimated time of arrival — ETA;
Actual time of arrival — ATA;
Estimated time interval — ETI;
Actual time interval — ATI;
Air position — ?;
DR position — §;
Fix — ;
True, magnetic and relative bearings;
Position lines;
Crosswind component;
The triangle of velocities A
Air plot, track plot and wind finding methods A
Pilot navigation — map reading, mental DR, application of the ‘1 in 60’ rule B
Track guidance using automatic direction finding equipment (ADF or Radio compass) and VOR A
The use of a navigation computer for the solution of the following problems:
Triangles of velocity; B
TR and G/S W/V; B
Conversion of CAS to TAS; B
Time/distance/speed problems; B
Head, tail and crosswind components; A
Fuel consumption problems including conversion from Imperial to US gallons to litres, and from gallons or litres to weight given the specific gravity of the fuel; B
‘1 in 60’ rule problems B
4.6Flight planning.
The selection of route, flight level or altitude and departure time considering:
Weather, terrain, gyroplane performance, Air Traffic Control requirements, search and rescue requirements, alternate requirements, Beginning and End of Daylight as obtained from the graphs in the Visual Flight Guide B/PROC
An appreciation of the effect of local conditions on the times of Beginning and End of Daylight as extracted from the graphs B
Preparation of Flight Plan using current standard DOT forms B/PROC
Preflight preparation of charts B
5METEOROLOGY
5.1The fundamentals of meteorology.
The atmosphere and its vertical divisions A
Air temperature, lapse rates, stability and instability, water vapour, humidity, processes of cloud formation, classification of cloud types. A
Atmospheric pressure, horizontal and vertical changes in pressure, weather maps, isobars, pressure systems, wind, relationship between surface and upper winds. A
Air masses, stream weather, frontal weather. A
Local winds, fog, turbulence, thunderstorms, icing, tropical weather. A
5.2The application of meteorology to flying operations.
Assessment by visual observation of:
Cloud type, height and amount, and the associated flying conditions B
Visibility B
Surface wind velocity B
Recognition of and action necessary to avoid dangerous flying conditions B
5.3The Aviation Meteorological Organisation.
Types and availability of aviation forecasts PROC
Interpretation of information contained in aviation forecasts PROC
The in-flight meteorological service PROC
APPENDIX II
GYROPLANE SYLLABUS (AERONAUTICAL SKILL) —
PRIVATE PILOT (GYROPLANE) LICENCEAn applicant for a private pilot (gyroplane) licence is required to have received instruction in the following sequences as applicable to the gyroplane being used. At the completion of the course he shall have a minimum of 20 hours dual instruction and a minimum of 10 hours solo flight time.
1Gyroplane familiarisation
(a)Internal;
(b)External.
2Preparation for flight
(a)Gyroplane documents;
(b)Pre-flight checks:
(i)external;
(ii)internal;
(iii)pre-starting;
(c)Starting and warming up;
(d)Run up.
3Taxiing
(a)Use of power;
(b)Control of direction;
(c)Use of brakes, nosewheel, steering and flight controls;
(d)Taxiing with rotor spinning and stationary;
(e)Instrument checks.
4Effects of controls
(a)Effects of flight controls moved separately;
(b)Effect of airspeed and power;
(c)Further effects of controls;
(d)Ancillary controls;
(i)trim;
(ii)engine controls.
(e)Instrument Indications.
5Straight and level flight
(a)For and aft level;
(b)Lateral level and direction;
(c)Straight and level flight at various airspeeds;
(d)Instrument indications;
(e)Flight at minimum airspeed in level flight;
(f)Recovery from high rates of descent at speeds below minimum level flight airspeed.
6Climbing
(a)At recommended power and airspeed;
(b)At maximum rate;
(c)At maximum angle;
(d)Engine handling;
(e)Instrument indications.
7Descending
(a)Without power;
(b)With power;
(c)Vertical descent;
(d)Recovery from high descent rates;
(e)Engine handling;
(f)Instrument indications.
8Turning
(a)Level flight:
(i)medium (30° bank);
(ii)steep (45° bank);
(iii)at minimum speed in level flight.
(b)Descending turns with and without power:
(i)medium (30° bank);
(ii)steep (45° bank).
(c)climbing turns;
(d)Instrument indications.
9Take-off
(a)Into wind;
(b)Crosswind;
(c)Maximum performance;
(d)Soft field take-off;
(e)High density height take-off.
10Approach and landing
(a)Approach with power;
(b)Landing:
(i)normal;
(ii)crosswind;
(iii)maximum performance;
(iv)soft field landing;
(c)Missed approach procedure.
11Emergency and special procedures
(a)Engine failure:
(i)partial;
(ii)complete;
(iii)landing without power;
(b)Precautionary search and landing;
(c)Action in event of fire:
(i)engine fire;
(ii)other causes;
(d)Ditching.
12Instrument flying
(a)Straight and level flight;
(b)Climbing;
(c)Descending;
(d)Level turns not exceeding rate 1.
APPENDIX III
GYROPLANE SYLLABUS (NAVIGATION SKILLS) —
PRIVATE PILOT (GYROPLANE) LICENCENavigation training for a private pilot (gyroplane) licence must include at least 12 hours flight time of which at least 5 hours shall be dual flight time, and shall include at least 2 solo navigational exercises totalling 4 hours.
The following syllabus has been prepared as a guide to flying schools in the conduct of the course of navigation flying training. Flying schools should endeavour to adhere as closely as possible to the syllabus as laid down, but some variations in the application of the syllabus may be necessary.
NAV. 1 1 hour 30 minutes dual Instruction in preparation of flight plan, weather en-route, heading, steering and map reading.
NAV. 2 1 hour 30 minutes dual Instruction in preparation of flight plan with regard to weather en-route, use of light aircraft lanes of entry, selection of cruising level, correction of track error, map reading, revision of ETA, position reporting.
NAV. 3 2 hour dual Revision of NAV. 2 with introduction of en-route emergencies, low level navigation (500 ft. AGL minimum).
NAV. 4 1 hour 30 minutes solo Over route similar to NAV. 1 involving application of previous instruction in cross country flight.
NAV. 5 3 hours in command
under supervision The pilot under training shall receive no assistance in the preparation for and execution of the flight unless the instructor deems it necessary in the interests of safety. This exercise should include flight in controlled airspace, a landing at a controlled aerodrome and should exceed a distance of 75 nautical miles from the point of departure.
NAV. 6 2 hours 30 minutes solo This exercise to be similar to NAV. 5 but over a different route.
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