CASA 101/95 Instructions (Cth)
INSTRUMENT NUMBER: CASA 101/95
Civil Aviation Act 1988
Civil Aviation Regulations
I, JOHN EDWIN INNES PIKE, Deputy Director (Operations), delegate of CASA:
(1) revoke instrument number DASR 5/1994; and
(2) under regulation 179A of the Civil Aviation Regulations, issue the instructions set out in the Schedule.
[Signed John Pike]
JOHN PIKE
Deputy Director (Operations)
15 November 1995
SCHEDULE
Part 1 – Route Specification
I.F.R flights to be navigated to comply with operating limitations
1.1 The pilot in command of an aircraft operating under the I.F.R must navigate the aircraft in accordance with operating limitations specified under Part 3 for the particular route to be flown.
Equipment to be carried on I.F.R. flights
1.2 The pilot in command of an aircraft must not conduct a flight under the I.F.R. unless the aircraft is equipped with serviceable radio equipment that is capable of receiving signals from the navigation aids relevant to the aircraft’s route.
Part 2 – Position fixing
Position fixing
2.1 (1) The pilot in command of an aircraft operating under the I.F.R. and navigating by means of radio navigation equipment must obtain a positive position fix:
(a) by using a non-directional beacon; or
(b) by using a VHF omni-directional radio range; or
(c) by using distance measuring equipment; or
(d) determined by the intersection of 2 or more position lines from radio navigation aids which intersect at an angle of 450 or more; or
(e) by using the United States Department of Defence satellite navigation system known as the Global Positioning System.
(2) A position line referred to in paragraph (1) (d) must be within the rated coverage of the radio navigation aid.
(3) If a position fix is determined only by position lines from non-directional beacons, subclause (2) does not apply and the intersection of the position lines must be not more than 30 miles from each of the beacons.
Part 3 – Navigation requirements
I.F.R. flights
3.1 (1) The pilot in command of an aircraft operating under the I.F.R. must ensure that the aircraft is navigated by:
(a) a full time licensed flight navigator; or
(b) a self-contained navigation system; or
(c) a long-range radio navigation system; or
(d) use of a radio navigation system; or
(e) during daylight – visual reference to the ground or water.
(2) An aircraft must not be navigated by use of a radio navigation system under paragraph (1) (d) except on routes on which the aircraft can be navigated as follows:
(a) after making a positive position fix, and allowing for possible tracking errors of ±/- 9.50 from that fix, the aircraft will come within the rated coverage of a radio aid which can be used to fix the position of the aircraft;
(b) the maximum time period between positive position fixes must not be more than 2 hours.
(3) An aircraft must not be navigated by visual reference to the ground or water under paragraph (1) (e):
(a) except on route segments where suitable en route navigation aids are not available; and
(b) unless the weather conditions are suitable for VMC flight; and
(c) unless visual position fixes are possible at intervals of not more than 30 minutes.
(4) If the airborne weather radar system fitted in an aircraft operating under the I.F.R. becomes unserviceable during a flight, the pilot in command:
(a) may continue the flight; and
(b) if the pilot continues the flight – must avoid penetration of any cloud formation likely to be associated with severe turbulence.
Part 4 – Track keeping
Radio navigation aids
4.1 (1) The pilot in command of an aircraft operating under the I.F.R. who uses radio navigation aids as the primary means of navigation must ensure:
(a) that the aircraft is navigated by reference to:
(i) an aid which the pilot is qualified to use; and
(ii) the aid which provides the most precise track guidance for the aircraft; and
(b) that only those aids which define the relevant track are used for track keeping.
(2) The pilot in command of an aircraft operating under the I.F.R:
(a) for which track guidance is being provided by radio navigation aids; and
(b) that is being navigated by a self-contained navigation system or by a long-range radio navigation system;
must maintain track as defined by the most precise radio navigation aid available.
(3) Subject to clause 4.4, if the pilot in command of an aircraft operating under the I.F.R. in controlled airspace notices that the aircraft has deviated from the correct track, the pilot must immediately take action to regain track.
(4) For the purposes of this clause, the order of precision of radio navigation aids, starting with the most precise, is localizer, VHF omni-directional radio range, non-directional beacon and locator.
Radio navigation systems
4.2 (1) An aircraft operating under the I.F.R must be equipped with serviceable and approved radio navigation systems in accordance with:
(a) whichever item in the following table applies to the operation in which the aircraft is engaged; and
(b) the conditions set out opposite that item.
TABLE
| ITEM NO. | TYPE OF OPERATION | NO. | SYSTEMS TYPE | CONDITIONS |
| 1. | Regular public transport | 2 | ADF or VOR | At least 1 VOR must be installed when the aircraft is operating on |
| 1 | DME or GPS | routes served by VORs | ||
| 2. | Charter or aerial | 2 | ADF or VOR | At least 1 VOR must be installed when the aircraft is operating on routes served by VORs |
| 3. | Charter or aerial | 1 | ADF or VOR | Applicable to operations in non-controlled airspace. |
| 4 | Charter or aerial | 2 | ADF | Applicable to operations in controlled airspace – any combination which includes at least 1 ADF or VOR |
| 5 | ILS and localizer | 1 | 75 Mhz marker beacon receiver | Not required for CAT 1 operations when serviceable DME is fitted and glideslope guidance and accuracy can be checked by reference to DME information provided on the appropriate instrument approach chart |
(2) If DME is installed in an aircraft to meet a requirement in the Table to subclause 4.2 (1), the aircraft may operate while that DME is unserviceable:
(a) outside controlled airspace; or
(b) in controlled airspace, if:
(i) Air Traffic Service uses radar as the primary means of separating aircraft; and
(ii) the aircraft is equipped with a serviceable Secondary Surveillance Radar Transponder.
Advice to Air Traffic Service if aircraft is off-track
4.3 (1) The pilot in command of an aircraft operating under the I.F.R. in controlled airspace must not, except in an emergency, deviate from track without clearance from Air Traffic Service.
(2) The pilot in command of an aircraft operating under the I.F.R. who is using radio
navigation aids as the primary means of navigation of an aircraft must immediately notify Air Traffic Service if the aircraft is found to be off-track by any one of the following deviations:
(a) if track guidance is provided by a localizer or a VHF omni-directional radio range – half-scale deflection or more of the course deviation indicator;
(b) if the track guidance is provided by a non-directional beacon or locator – +/-5° or more from the specified bearing;
(c) if the track guidance is provided by distance measuring equipment – +/- 2 miles or more from the required arc;
(d) if navigating by visual reference to the ground or water – more than 1 mile from the cleared track.
(3) The pilot in command of an aircraft operating under the I.F.R. in controlled airspace who:
(a) considers it necessary to divert from the track given by Air Traffic Service; and
(b) is out of radio contact with Air Traffic Service;
must issue, on the appropriate frequencies, a PAN radio call specifying the details of the diversion.
Long flights over water
4.4 The pilot in command of an aircraft operating under the I.F.R which:
(a) is on a long flight over water; and
(b) is operating in an oceanic control area; and
(c) has deviated from the route specified in its air traffic control clearance;
must take action to regain the specified route not less than 200 miles from the position at which the deviation was observed.
Avoiding controlled airspace.
4.5 (1) The pilot in command of an aircraft operating under the I.F.R outside controlled airspace or a restricted area must apply the applicable tolerances as set out in this clause to the aircraft’s flight path to ensure that the controlled airspace or the restricted area, as the case may be, is not infringed.
(2) A pilot referred to in subclause (1) who is navigating the aircraft by use of radio navigation aids must apply in relation to each navigation aid specified in column 1 of the following table the tolerances set out in column 2 opposite the aid.
TABLE
| Column 1 | Column 2 |
| Navigation aid | Tolerance |
| Non-directional radio beacon | ±/- 6.9° |
| VHF omni-directional radio range | ±/- 5.2° |
| Tactical air navigation aid | ±/- 5.2° |
| Dead reckoning | ±/- 12° |
(3) Subject to subclause (5), a pilot referred to in subclause (1):
(a) who is operating an aircraft referred to in column 1 of the following table; and
(b) who is operating the aircraft at a height above mean sea level that is within a range specified in column 2 opposite the aircraft; and
(c) who is navigating the aircraft by visual reference;
must apply the tolerances set out in column 3 of the table opposite the height range within which the aircraft is operating.
TABLE
| Column 1 | Column 2 | Column 3 |
| Aircraft type | Operating height of the aircraft above mean sea level | Tolerance |
| All aircraft | 10,001 feet to FL200 | ±/- 8 miles |
| FL 205 to FL 300 | ±/- 12 miles | |
| FL 305 to FL 400 | ±/- 16 miles | |
| Gliders | 0 feet to 10,000 feet | ±/- 5 miles |
(4) Subject to subclause (5), a pilot referred to in subclause (1):
(a) who is operating an aircraft referred to in column 1 of the following table; and
(b) who is operating the aircraft at a height above ground level that is within a range specified in column 2 opposite the aircraft; and
(c) who is navigating the aircraft by visual reference;
must apply the tolerances set out in column 3 of the table opposite the height range within which the aircraft is operating.
TABLE
| Column 1 | Column 2 | Column 3 |
| Aircraft type | Operating height of the aircraft above ground level | Tolerance |
| Powered aircraft | 0 feet to 2,000 feet | ±/- 1 mile |
| operating during | 2,001 feet to 5,000 feet | ±/- 2 miles |
| daylight | 5,001 feet to 10,000 feet | ±/- 4 miles |
| Powered aircraft | 0 feet to 2,000 feet | ±/- 2 miles |
| operating at night | 2,001 feet to 5,000 feet | ±/- 3 miles |
| 5,001 feet to 10,000 feet | ±/- 5 miles |
(5) A pilot referred to in subclause (1) who is using area navigation must apply a tolerance of ±/- 14 miles.
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