Blue Mountains Local Environmental Plan 1991 (Amendment No 31) (2006-748) [GG No 183 of 15.12.2006, p 10931] (NSW)

2006 No 748

New South Wales

Blue Mountains Local Environmental

Plan 1991 (Amendment No 31)

under the

Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979

I, the Minister for Planning, make the following local environmental plan under the

Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979. (P01/00453/S69)

FRANK SARTOR, M.P.,

Minister for Planning

Published in Gazette No 183 of 15 December 2006, page 10931	Page 1
2006 No 748

Clause 1 Blue Mountains Local Environmental Plan 1991 (Amendment No 31)

Blue Mountains Local Environmental Plan 1991

(Amendment No 31)

1      Name of plan

This plan is Blue Mountains Local Environmental Plan 1991

(Amendment No 31).

2      Aims of plan

This plan aims to clarify and update Schedule 3 (Environmentally sensitive vegetation units) to Blue Mountains Local Environmental Plan 1991.

3      Land to which plan applies

This plan applies to land within the City of Blue Mountains to which

Blue Mountains Local Environmental Plan 1991 applies.

4 Amendment of Blue Mountains Local Environmental Plan 1991

Blue Mountains Local Environmental Plan 1991 is amended as set out in Schedule 1.

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Schedule 1 Amendment

(Clause 4)

Schedule 3

Omit the Schedule. Insert instead:

Schedule 3 Environmentally sensitive vegetation

units

Note. This Schedule refers to Clause 10.

Note. In this Schedule, some scientific names appear in either italics or bold and italics.

Bold italics are used to denote rare, endangered or dominant species.

Environmentally sensitive vegetation units (that is, significant vegetation communities), for the purposes of this plan, consist of the following naturally occurring plant communities in the City of Blue Mountains Council area. These communities are based not only on the plant species composition, but also upon specific topographic and edaphic (soil) qualities that make vegetation habitats important. The structural formation of the plant communities follows the classification of Specht et al. (1974), cited in clause 8 (References) of this Schedule. Descriptions of the vegetation communities in this Schedule have, in part, been adapted from Keith and Benson (1988), Smith and Smith (1998) and Douglas (2001), also cited in clause 8.

1      Tall Closed-forest/Closed-forest/Low Closed-forest (Rainforest)

(1A) Ceratopetalum apetalum-Doryphora sassafras Rainforest

C e r a t op e t a lu m apeta lu m-D oryphora sassa f ras (Coachwood-Sassafras) Rainforest is found on sedimentary geology at upper and middle altitudes in the Blue Mountains. A variant, the ‘Montane Rainforest’ also occurs on more fertile soils on the slopes of the basalt-capped mountains in the far north of the City. The rainforest on basalt can be very similar both structurally and floristically to rainforest on sedimentary rock where there is significant influence from alluvium derived from the basalt up-slope. As the basalt influence decreases and

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the sedimentary rock becomes more prominent due to erosion, the structure and floristics blend into typical Sydney Sandstone Gallery Rainforest, which tends to be less diverse than rainforest on basalt, particularly in the understorey.

These rainforest communities are replaced at lower altitudes by Backhousia myrtifolia-Ceratopetalum apetalum rainforest (described below). The upper and lower altitude communities intergrade in the Springwood area. Ceratopetalum apetalum-Doryphora sassafras rainforest occurs in sheltered, moist sites that are rarely, if ever, burnt.

The dominant tree species is usually Ceratopetalum apetalum (Coachwood) and/or Doryphora sassafras (Sassafras). Other trees that are common in some stands are Acacia elata (Mountain Cedar Wattle), Acmena smithii (Lilly Pilly), Callicoma serratifolia (Black Wattle), Hedycarya angustifolia (Native Mulberry) and Quintinia sieberi (Possumwood). Backhousia myrtifolia (Grey Myrtle) is usually absent, although sometimes a minor component of the community. The vegetation structure is usually a closed-forest or low closed-forest. There may be a layer of emergent eucalypts above the rainforest canopy in ecotonal or partly disturbed communities. Ferns, vines and epiphytes are usually prominent features of the community.

This community is generally characterised by the occurrence of Ceratopetalum apetalum or Doryphora sassafras with the following assemblage of native plant species. Other species also occur, and not all of the following species are present in every stand of the community, but the list is indicative of the species composition of the vegetation.

Acacia elata	Acmena smithii	Asplenium australasicum
Asplenium	Blechnum	Blechnum
flabellifolium	ambiguum	cartilagineum
Blechnum gregsonii	Blechnum nudum	Blechnum patersonii
Blechnum wattsii	Bursaria spinosa	Callicoma serratifolia

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Calochlaena dubia	Carex appressa	Cassytha pubescens
Centella asiatica	Cephalaralia	Ceratopetalum
cephalobotrys	apetalum
Cissus antartica	Cissus hypoglauca	Clematis aristata
Coprosma	Cyathea australis	Cyathea
quadrifida	leichhardtiana
Cynoglossum	Dendrobium	Dicksonia
latifolium	teretifolium	antarctica
Doodia aspera	Doryphora	Dracophyllum
sassafras	secundum
Elaeocarpus	Elaeocarpus	Eucalyptus oreades
holopetalus	reticulatus
Eucalyptus piperita	Eucalyptus radiata	Fieldia australis
subsp. radiata
Geitonoplesium	Geranium	Gleichenia
cymosum	homeanum	microphylla
Grammitis	Hakea salicifolia	Hedycarya
billardieri	angustifolia
Hydrocotyle	Hymenanthera	Hymenophyllum
peduncularis	dentata	cupressiforme
Juncus planifolius	Lastreopsis	Leptopteris fraseri
acuminata
Leptospermum	Libertia pulchella	Lomandra montana
polygalifolium
Lomatia myricoides	Microsorum	Microsorum
diversifolium	scandens
Morinda	Notelaea longifolia	Notelaea venosa
jasminoides
Pandorea	Parsonsia brownii	Parsonsia
pandorana	leichhardtii
Parsonsia	Passiflora	Pellaea falcata
straminea	cinnabarina

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Pittosporum	Pittosporum	Polystichum
revolutum	undulatum	proliferum
Pyrrosia rupestris	Quintinia sieberi	Rubus hillii
Rubus rosifolius	Smilax australis	Smilax glyciphylla
Stellaria flacida	Stenocarpus	Sticherus flabellatus
salignus
Sticherus lobatus	Syncarpia	Tasmannia insipida
glomulifera
Todea barbara	Tristania neriifolia	Tristaniopsis collina
Tristaniopsis	Tylophora barbata	Urtica incisa
laurina Viola hederacea

(1B)	Backhousia myrtifolia-Ceratopetalum apetalum Rainforest
Backho usia myrtifol ia -Cera tope ta lum apetalu m (Myrtle-Coachwood) Rainforest refers to the community found on sedimentary geology at lower altitudes in the Blue Mountains. It is replaced at middle and upper altitudes by Ceratopetalum apetalum-Doryphora sassafras Rainforest. The two communities intergrade in the Springwood area. Backhousia myrtifolia-Ceratopetalum apetalum Rainforest occurs on relatively fertile soils in sheltered, moist sites that are rarely, if ever, burnt.
Backhousia myrtifolia (Grey Myrtle) is the dominant or co-dominant tree with Ceratopetalum apetalum (Coachwood) or Acmena smithii (Lilly Pilly) or both. Other trees that may be common are Acacia elata (Mountain Cedar Wattle), Callicoma serratifolia (Black Wattle) and Syncarpia glomulifera (Turpentine). Doryphora sassafras (Sassafras) is often present, but not as a dominant. The vegetation structure is usually a closed-forest or low closed-forest. There may be a layer of emergent eucalypts above the dense rainforest canopy in ecotonal or partly disturbed communities. Ferns, vines and epiphytes are usually prominent features of the community.

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This community is generally characterised by the occurrence of Backhousia myrtifolia and Ceratopetalum apetalum along with the following assemblage of native plant species. Other species also occur, and not all of the following species are present in every stand of the community, but the list is indicative of the species composition of the vegetation.

Acacia elata	Acmena smithii	Acrotriche divaricata
Adiantum	Adiantum	Allocasuarina
aethiopicum	hispidulum	littoralis
Allocasuarina	Asplenium	Astrotricha latifolia
torulosa	flabellifolium
Backhousia	Blechnum	Boronia fraseri
myrtifolia	cartilagineum
Callicoma	Calochlaena dubia	Ceratopetalum
serratifolia	apetalum
Cissus hypoglauca	Cyathea australis	Dianella caerulea
Doodia aspera	Doryphora	Elaeocarpus
sassafras	reticulatus
Entolasia stricta	Eucalyptus piperita	Lepidosperma gunnii
Lepidosperma	Lomandra longifolia	Lomandra montana
laterale
Morinda	Notelaea longifolia	Ozothamnus
jasminoides	diosmifolius
Pandorea	Parsonsia straminea	Persoonia mollis
pandorana
Pittosporum	Pittosporum	Prostanthera
revolutum	undulatum	violacea
Pultenaea flexilis	Pyrrosia rupestris	Rapanea variabilis
Schoenus	Smilax australis	Smilax glyciphylla
melanostachys

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Sticherus flabellatus	Syncarpia	Tasmannia insipida
glomulifera
Todea barbara	Tylophora barbata	Zieria smithii

(1C)	Megalong Granite Dry Rainforest (Backhousia myrtifolia)
Within the southern parts of the Blue Mountains in the Megalong Valley are a few small remnants of granite dry rainforest. These communities are generally confined to narrow strips occurring in south-facing rocky slopes and gullies that have survived clearing and where grazing by livestock is minimal. It is evident that the dry rainforest on the granite is strongly allied with that in the Kowmung Wilderness on the Lambie Group.
The dominant species in this community is Backhousia myrtifolia (Myrtle) that occurs as a tall closed-scrub or low closed-forest. Infrequent emergents are mainly Eucalyptus tereticornis (Forest Red Gum) or Brachychiton populneus (Kurrajong). The small tree Rapanea howittiana (Brush Muttonwood) may also occur and it is likely that the larger or more protected sites also support Toona australis (Red Cedar). This community may grade into the Riparian Granite Slope Forest (see community (2O)).
The understorey is dominated by ferns and scattered herbs. Species include the ferns Pellaea falcata var. falcata, P. falcata var. nana and Adiantum aethiopicum, the vines Aphanopetalum resinosum and Marsdenia flavescens, the herbs Parietaria debilis, Hydrocotyle geraniifolia, Sigesbeckia orientalis and Plectranthus parviflorus, the grass Oplismenus aemulus and possibly Ehretia acuminata.
This community is generally characterised by the following assemblage of native plant species. Other species also occur, and not all of the following species are present in every stand of the community, but the list is indicative of the species composition of the vegetation.

Acacia falciformis	Acacia implexa	Acacia obtusifolia
Acacia	Acaena novae-	Adiantum
parramattensis	zelandiae	aethiopicum

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Ajuga australis	Angophora floribunda	Aphanopetalum resinosum
Asplenium	Austrostipa pubescens	Backhousia
flabellifolium	myrtifolia
Blechnum	Brachychiton	Brachycome
cartilagineum	populneus	angustifolia var. angustifolia
Carex appressa	Cassinia arcuata	Centella asiatica
Cheilanthes distans	Desmodium varians	Dianella longifolia
Dianella revoluta	Dichelachne rara	Dichondra repens
Echinopogon	Ehretia acuminate	Entolasia stricta
ovatus
Epilobium	Eucalyptus camphora	Eucalyptus
hirtigerum	eugenioides
Eucalyptus	Eucalyptus tereticornis	Eucalyptus
punctata	viminalis
Exocarpus strictus	Galium propinquum	Geitonoplesium cymosum
Geranium	Geranium retrorsum	Gonocarpus
homeanum	tetragynus
Helichrysum	Hydrocotyle	Indigofera
scorpioides	geraniifolia	australis
Lepidosperma	Lepidosperma viscidum	Leucopogon
gunnii	lanceolata
Leucopogon	Libertia paniculata	Lomandra glauca
virgatus
Lomandra gracilis	Lomandra longifolia	Lomandra multiflora
Lomatia myricoides	Lomatia silaifolia	Luzula flaccida
Marsdenia	Marsdenia rostrata	Microlaena
flavescens	stipoides

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Oplismenus	Oplismenus imbecillis	Pandorea
aemulus	pandorana
Parietaria debilis	Pellaea falcata	Persoonia linearis
Plantago debilis	Plantago gaudichaudii	Plectranthus parviflorus
Poa sieberiana	Polystichum	Poranthera
proliferum	microphylla
Pratia	Pteridium esculentum	Ranunculus
purpurascens	lappaceus
Rapanea	Rubus parvifolius	Rumex brownii
howittiana
Schoenus apogon	Senecio lautus subsp.	Senecio minimus
dissectifolius
Sigesbeckia	Solanum cinereum	Stackhousia
orientalis	viminea
Stellaria flaccida	Stypandra glauca	Toona ciliata
Urtica incisa	Veronica plebeia	Viola betonicifolia
Wahlenbergia stricta

2      Tall open-forest/open-forest

(2A) Moist Basalt Cap Forest (Eucalyptus viminalis-E. blaxlandii- E. radiata subsp. radiata)

The basalt caps of Mt. Wilson, Mt. Tomah, Mt. Bell, Mt. Banks, Mt. Caley and Mt. Hay have weathered to a fertile clay-loam soil. At high altitudes (800–1,000 metres), the summits and slopes of these areas support a tall open-forest variously dominated by Eucalyptus viminalis (Ribbon Gum), E. blaxlandii (Brown Stringybark) and E. radiata subsp. radiata (Narrow-leaved Peppermint). Other canopy species that may be encountered include E. cypellocarpa (Monkey Gum), E. oreades (Blue Mountain Ash) and E. fastigata (Brown Barrel).

The understorey of the Moist Basalt Cap Forest generally has scattered shrubs including Acacia melanoxylon ,

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A. penninervis, Polyscias sambucifolia, Astrotricha floccosa, Davesia ulicifolia and Leucopogon lanceolatus with occasional tree ferns, Cyathea australis. The ground cover includes numerous herbs and ferns.

The Moist Basalt Cap Forest community is generally characterised by the following assemblage of native plant species. Other species also occur, and not all of the following species are present in every stand of the community, but the list is indicative of the species composition of the vegetation.

Acacia elata	Acacia falciformis	Acacia melanoxylon
Acacia obtusifolia	Acacia penninervis	Acaena novae- zelandiae
Ajuga australis	Angophora costata	Angophora floribunda
Astrotricha floccose	Astrotricha latifolia	Blechnum cartilagineum
Blechnum nudum	Bursaria	Centella asiatica
longisepala
Clematis aristata	Cyathea australis	Daviesia ulicifolia
Dianella caerulea	Dianella longifolia	Doodia aspera
Echinopogon ovatus	Entolasia stricta	Eucalyptus blaxlandii
Eucalyptus	Eucalyptus fastigata	Eucalyptus oreades
cypellocarpa
Eucalyptus radiata	Eucalyptus viminalis	Eustrephus latifolius
subsp. radiata
Geitonoplesium	Geranium	Geranium
cymosum	homeanum	potentilloides
Glycine tabacina	Gonocarpus	Hymenanthera
teucrioides	dentata
Indigofera australis	Leucopogon	Lomandra longifolia
lanceolatus

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Microlaena	Polyscias	Pteridium
stipoides	sambucifolia	esculentum
Pultenaea flexilis	Rapanea howittiana	Smilax australis
Stellaria flaccida	Stellaria pungens	Tylophora barbata
Veronica plebeia	Viola betonicifolia	Viola hederacea

(2B) Blue Mountains Shale Cap Forest (Eucalyptus deanei- E. punctata-Syncarpia glomulifera)

This community includes the Blue Mountains Shale Cap Forest that is listed as an endangered ecological community in Part 3 of Schedule 1 to the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995.

Eucalyptus deanei-E. punctata-Syncarpia glomulifera open to tall open-forest incorporates the vegetation communities found on deep, shale-rich soils on ridges and upper slopes. Within the City, such vegetation occurs only in the lower altitudes whereas it extends to the higher altitudes in the adjoining Hawkesbury City.

Within the City, this community is characterised by Eucalyptus deanei (Mountain Blue Gum), which is dominant or co-dominant with E. punctata (Grey Gum) Syncarpia glomulifera (Turpentine). The form of Blue Mountains Shale Cap Forest that occurs within the City is distinguished from the closely related Sydney Turpentine Ironbark Forest by the presence of E. notabilis (Mountain Mahogany).

Other tree species that may be present include Angophora costata (Sydney Red Gum), A. floribunda (Rough-barked Apple), Eucalyptus piperita (Sydney Peppermint) and E. punctata (Grey Gum). E. piperita is associated with the edge of this community and a relatively low influence from the shale. The typical vegetation structure is tall open-forest, although this may vary depending on site conditions and history. It is generally a wet sclerophyll forest, with soft-leaved plants prominent in the understorey.

This community is generally characterised by the occurrence of Eucalyptus deanei, E. punctata and Syncarpia glomulifera along with the following assemblage of native plant species. Other species also occur, and not all of the following species

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are present in every stand of the community, but the list is

indicative of the species composition of the vegetation.

Acacia elata	Acacia longifolia	Acacia parramattensis
Acianthus exsertus	Adiantum	Allocasuarina
aethiopicum	littoralis
Allocasuarina	Angophora costata	Angophora
torulosa	floribunda
Astrotricha latifolia	Backhousia	Blechnum
myrtifolia	cartilagineum
Blechnum nudum	Bracteantha	Breynia oblongifolia
bracteata
Callicoma	Calochlaena dubia	Cassytha pubescens
serratifolia
Ceratopetalum	Cissus antarctica	Clematis aristata
gummiferum
Dianella caerulea	Dichelachne rara	Dichondra repens
Dodonaea triquetra	Doodia aspera	Echinopogon ovatus
Entolasia marginata	Entolasia stricta	Eucalyptus cypellocarpa
Eucalyptus deanei	Eucalyptus	Eucalyptus notabilis
globoidea
Eucalyptus	Eucalyptus piperita	Eucalyptus punctata
paniculata
Eustrephus latifolius	Geitonoplesium	Geranium solanderi
cymosum
Glycine clandestina	Hakea dactyloides	Hardenbergia violacea
Hibbertia diffusa	Imperata cylindrica	Indigofera australis
Kennedia rubicunda	Lepidosperma	Leucopogon
laterale	lanceolatus

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Lomandra longifolia	Lomatia silaifolia	Microlaena stipoides
Oplismenus aemulus	Oplismenus	Ozothamnus
imbecillis	diosmifolius
Pandorea	Persoonia linearis	Phyllanthus hirtellus
pandorana
Pittosporum	Pittosporum	Platysace lanceolata
revolutum	undulatum
Polyscias	Pratia purpurascens	Pseuderanthemum
sambucifolia	variabile
Pteridium	Pultenaea flexilis	Rubus parvifolius
esculentum
Schoenus	Smilax australis	Smilax glyciphylla
melanostachys
Stypandra glauca	Syncarpia	Telopea
glomulifera	speciosissima
Themeda australis	Tristaniopsis collina	Tylophora barbata

(2C) Sydney Turpentine-Ironbark Forest (Syncarpia glomulifera- Eucalyptus fibrosa-E. crebra)

Sydney Turpentine-Ironbark Forest listed as an endangered ecological community in Part 3 of Schedule 1 to the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995.

Within the City, this community represents a drier and generally lower altitude variant of the Blue Mountains Shale Cap Forest. The primary difference is the general absence of Eucalyptus deanei and E. notabilis and the usual dominance of Syncarpia glomulifera (Turpentine), sometimes along with various ironbark species such as E. fibrosa (Broad-leaved Ironbark), E. crebra (Narrow-leaved Ironbark), and E. beyeriana (Beyer’s Ironbark). The ironbarks can be absent or rare due to their extensive logging for fencing purposes. E. punctata (Grey Gum), E. notabilis (Mountain Mahogany), E. paniculata (Grey Ironbark), E. globoidea (White Stringybark) and E. eugenioides (Thin-leaved Stringybark) may also be present.

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The original distribution of this community and the boundary between it and the Blue Mountains Shale Cap Forest is unclear due to extensive clearing or modification of these vegetation types. The two communities are closely related and may intergrade extensively. In addition, this community intergrades with Shale/Sandstone Complex Forest (described below).

Sydney Turpentine-Ironbark Forest occurs on ridgetop caps of Wianamatta Shale. It may extend onto deeper areas of Hawkesbury Shale within the so-called Mittagong Formation. Sydney Turpentine Ironbark Forest is characterised in the Blue Mountains by the following assemblage of native plant species. Other species also occur, and not all of the following species are present in every stand of the community, but the list is indicative of the species composition of the vegetation.

Acacia decurrens	Acacia falcata	Acacia implexa
Acacia longifolia	Acacia	Allocasuarina
parramattensis	torulosa
Angophora costata	Angophora	Billardiera
floribunda	scandens
Bursaria spinosa	Caesia parvifolius	Cheilanthes sieberi
Corymbia	Daviesia squarrosa	Dianella caerulea
gummifera
Dichelachne rara	Dichondra repens	Echinopogon caespitosus
Entolasia marginata	Entolasia stricta	Eucalyptus beyeriana
Eucalyptus crebra	Eucalyptus	Eucalyptus fibrosa
eugenioides
Eucalyptus	Eucalyptus notabilis	Eucalyptus
globoidea	paniculata
Eucalyptus punctata	Glycine clandestina	Goodenia hederacea

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Hardenbergia	Lepidosperma	Leucopogon
violacea	laterale	juniperinus
Lomandra longifolia	Lomandra	Microlaena
multiflora	stipoides
Oplismenus aemulus	Ozothamnus	Panicum simile
diosmifolius
Pittosporum	Pomax umbellata	Poranthera
undulatum	microphylla
Pratia purpurascens	Pultenaea elliptica	Smilax glyciphylla
Stipa pubescens	Syncarpia	Themeda australis
glomulifera
Tricoryne simplex	Veronica plebeia	Xanthorrhoea media

(2D) Shale Sandstone Transition Forest (Syncarpia glomulifera- Eucalyptus punctata)

Shale Sandstone Transition Forest is listed as an endangered ecological community in Part 3 of Schedule 1 to the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995. Within the City, Shale Sandstone Transition Forest is within the scope of, but not limited by the definition of Shale Sandstone Transition Forest in the Final Determination of the Scientific Committee to list the ecological community in Schedule 1 to the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995.

This community is present primarily on ridgetops but may occur elsewhere on unmapped remnant shale caps or lenses or immediately downslope of shale caps where the soils have been enriched by colluvium. Within the City, it is restricted to the lower altitudes and transitions between or within the Wianamatta and Hawkesbury Group of sediments.

Because it represents a transition from shale-based vegetation to that associated with sandstone environments, this community is inherently highly variable and difficult to define. Variations occur depending on the relative influence of the different geologies as well as due to differences in shelter and rainfall. Any vegetation that is associated with a transition from shale to sandstone is considered to be within the scope of this community, irrespective of the structure or floristics unless it

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this Schedule.

The Shale Sandstone Transition Forest can have considerable

affinities to Sydney Turpentine-Ironbark Forest but generally

has a greater influence from sandstone-oriented species and

less influence from those more affiliated with shale soils. Tree

species that can occur in this Complex include Syncarpia

glomulifera (Turpentine), Eucalyptus punctata (Grey Gum),

E. resinifera (Red Mahogany), E. notabilis (Mountain

Mahogany), E. crebra (Narrow-leaved Ironbark), E. fibrosa

(Broad-leaved Ironbark), E. paniculata (Grey Ironbark),

E. beyeriana (Beyer’s Ironbark), E. globoidea (White

Stringybark), E. sparsifolia (Narrow-leaved Stringybark),

E. eugenioides (Thin-leaved Stringybark) and Angophora

costata (Sydney Red Gum). The stringybarks E. eugenioides

and E. sparsifolia are generally diagnostic of the more

sandstone-influence form of this community.

The understorey can be highly variable depending on the extent

of shale influence and proximity to the Cumberland Plain. Fire

history and the effects of other forms of disturbance can also

significantly affect both the structure and floristics of the

understorey. It can range from grassy and herbaceous to

densely scrubby. In areas close to the Cumberland Plain, the

understorey may include species more typical of that

environment such as Melaleuca nodosa, M. erubescens and

M. thymifolia, especially in areas with slightly impeded

drainage.

can be shown to be part of another vegetation type described in following assemblage of native plant species. Other species also occur, and not all of the following species are present in every stand of the community, but the list is indicative of the species composition of the vegetation.

Acacia brownii	Acacia decurrens	Acacia falcata
Acacia hispidula	Acacia implexa	Acacia linifolia
Acacia myrtifolia	Acacia	Acacia parvipinnula

parramattensis

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Acacia suaveolens	Acacia terminalis	Acacia trinervata
Acianthus exsertus	Adiantum	Allocasuarina
aethiopicum	littoralis
Allocasuarina	Alphitonia excelsa	Angophora bakeri
torulosa
Angophora costata	Angophora	Aristida vagans
floribunda
Arthropodium	Arthropodium minus	Astrotricha latifolia
milleflorum
Baeckea	Banksia serrata	Banksia spinulosa
ramosissima
Billardiera scandens	Bossiaea obcordata	Bossiaea prostrata
Bracteantha	Breynia oblongifolia	Bursaria spinosa
bracteata
Calotis cuneifolia	Carex inversa	Cassytha glabella
Cassytha pubescens	Cheilanthes sieberi	Chenopodium carinatum
Corymbia eximia	Corymbia	Cryptandra amara
gummifera
Cyathochaeta	Cymbopogon	Danthonia tenuior
diandra	refractus
Daviesia mimisoides	Daviesia squarrosa	Daviesia ulicifolia
Desmodium varians	Dianella caerulea	Dianella prunina
Dianella revoluta	Dichondra repens	Dillwynia retorta
Dodonaea triquetra	Doodia aspera	Echinopogon caespitosus
Echinopogon ovatus	Einadia hastata	Entolasia marginata
Entolasia stricta	Eragrostis brownii	Eremophila debilis
Eucalyptus	Eucalyptus	Eucalyptus crebra
agglomerata	beyeriana

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Eucalyptus deanei	Eucalyptus	Eucalyptus fibrosa
eugenioides
Eucalyptus	Eucalyptus notabilis	Eucalyptus oblonga
globoidea
Eucalyptus	Eucalyptus punctata	Eucalyptus
paniculata	resinifera
Eucalyptus	Eucalyptus	Eucalyptus
sclerophylla	sparsifolia	squamosa
Euchiton sphaericus	Eustrephus latifolius	Exocarpos cupressiformis
Exocarpos strictus	Gahnia clarkei	Gahnia radula
Gallium binifolium	Gallium propinquum	Gastrodia sesamoides
Geranium	Glochidion	Glycine clandestina
homeanum	ferdinandi
Glycine tabacina	Gompholobium	Gompholobium
grandiflorum	huegelii
Gonocarpus humilis	Gonocarpus	Gonocarpus
tetragynus	teucrioides
Goodenia	Goodenia hederacea	Goodenia
bellidifolia	heterophylla
Grevillia longifolia	Grevillea	Grevillea sericea
mucronulata
Hakea dactyloides	Hakea salicifolia	Hakea sericea
Hardenbergia	Hibbertia aspera	Hibbertia diffusa
violacea
Hydrocotyle	Hypericum	Hypolepis muelleri
peduncularis	gramineum
Imperata cylindrica	Indigofera australis	Kennedia rubicunda
Kunzea ambigua	Lambertia formosa	Lasiopetalum parviflorum

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Laxmannia gracilis	Lepidosperma	Leptospermum
laterale	polygalifolium
Leptospermum	Leucopogon	Leucopogon
trinervium	juniperinus	lanceolatus
Leucopogon	Leucopogon muticus	Lindsaea
microphyllus	microphylla
Logania pusilla	Lomandra	Lomandra filiformis
cylindrica
Lomandra longifolia	Lomandra multiflora	Lomatia ilicifolia
Lomatia silaifolia	Melaleuca	Mentha satureioides
thymifolia
Microlaena stipoides	Mirbelia rubiifolia	Mitrasacme polymorpha
Morinda	Notelaea longifolia	Olax stricta
jasminoides
Olearia microphylla	Opercularia varia	Oplismenus aemulus
Oplismenus	Oxylobium	Oxylobium scandens
imbecillis	ilicifolium
Ozothamnus	Pandorea	Panicum simile
diosmifolius	pandorana
Patersonia fragilis	Patersonia glabrata	Patersonia longifolia
Patersonia sericea	Persoonia	Persoonia laurina
lanceolata
Persoonia levis	Persoonia linearis	Persoonia mollis
Persoonia	Persoonia pinifolia	Petrophile
myrtilloides	pedunculata
Petrophile pulchella	Phyllanthus	Phyllanthus hirtellus
gasstroemii
Phylotta phylicoides	Pimelea linifolia	Pittosporum revolutum

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Plantago varia	Platylobium	Poa cheelii
formosum
Poa labillardieri	Poa sieberiana	Polyscias sambucifolia
Pomaderris	Pomaderris	Pomax umbellata
ferruginea	intermedia
Poranthera ericifilia	Poranthera	Pratia purpurascens
microphylla
Prostanthera	Pseuderanthemum	Pteridium
linearis	variabile	esculentum
Ptilothrix deusta	Pultenaea	Pultenaea flexilis
ferruginea
Pultenaea retusa	Pultenaea scabra	Pultenaea villosa
Rubus parvifolius	Sigesbeckia	Solanum
orientalis	prinophyllum
Sporobolus creber	Stackhousia	Stackhousia
monogyna	muricata
Stackhousia viminea	Stellaria flaccida	Stipa pubescens
Stipa rudis	Styphelia laeta	Syncarpia glomulifera
Tephrosia	Thelymitra	Themeda australis
brachyodon	pauciflora
Thysanotus	Tylophora barbata	Vernonia cinerea
tuberosus
Veronica plebeia	Wahlenbergia	Xylomelum
gracilis	pyriforme

(2E)	Eucalyptus deanei-E. piperita Tall Open-forest
Eucalyptus deanei-E. piperita Tall Open-forest refers to a vegetation community of mixed tree species composition, including Eucalyptus piperita (Sydney Peppermint), E. deanei (Mountain Blue Gum), Syncarpia glomulifera (Turpentine), Angophora costata (Sydney Red Gum), A. floribunda (Rough-barked Apple), E. punctata (Grey Gum) and E. crebra

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(Narrow-leaved Ironbark). Not all of these species occur in every stand, except for E. deanei, whose presence is characteristic of the community.

The community is found in moist, sheltered sites on the talus slopes below the sandstone escarpments of the Jamison, Kedumba and Grose Valleys. It is replaced further west in the Megalong and Kanimbla Va lleys by Eucalyptus cypellocarpa-E. piperita Tall Open-forest. The community also occurs in some moist, sheltered sites away from the escarpments. The typical vegetation structure is tall open-forest, although this may vary depending on site conditions and history. It is a wet sclerophyll forest, with soft-leaved plants prominent in the understorey.

Eucalyptus deanei-E. piperita Tall Open-forest differs from E. deanei-E. punctata-Syncarpia glomulifera Tall Open-forest in that it occurs on different geology (Illawarra Coal Measures, Shoalhaven Group and Narrabeen Group) and E. deanei is less prominent.

This community is generally characterised by the occurrence of Eucalyptus piperita and E. deanei along with the following assemblage of native plant species. Other species also occur, and not all of the following species are present in every stand of the community, but the list is indicative of the species composition of the vegetation.

Acacia elata	Acacia falciformis	Acacia longifolia
Adiantum	Allocasuarina	Angophora costata
aethiopicum	torulosa
Angophora	Arthropodium	Astrotricha latifolia
floribunda	minus
Banksia spinulosa	Blechnum	Callicoma
cartilagineum	serratifolia
Calochlaena dubia	Carex	Cassytha pubescens
longebrachiata
Ceratopetalum	Clematis aristata	Cyathea australis
apetalum

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Desmodium varians	Dianella caerulea	Dichelachne rara
Dichondra repens	Doodia aspera	Elaeocarpus reticulatus
Entolasia stricta	Eucalyptus crebra	Eucalyptus deanei
Eucalyptus piperita	Eucalyptus punctata	Eustrephus latifolius
Exocarpos	Gahnia sieberiana	Galium propinquum
cupressiformis
Geitonoplesium	Gleichenia	Glycine clandestina
cymosum	microphylla
Hakea dactyloides	Hakea salicifolia	Hibbertia scandens
Hydrocotyle	Indigofera australis	Leptospermum
peduncularis	polygalifolium
Leucopogon	Lomandra longifolia	Lomandra montana
lanceolatus
Melaleuca	Oplismenus aemulus	Pandorea
styphelioides	pandorana
Platylobium	Platysace lanceolata	Plectranthus
formosum	parviflorus
Pratia purpurascens	Pteridium	Rubus parvifolius
esculentum
Smilax australis	Sticherus lobatus	Syncarpia glomulifera
Todea barbara	Tristaniopsis collina	Tylophora barbata

(2F)	Eucalyptus cypellocarpa-E. piperita Tall Open-forest
Eucalyptus cypellocarpa-E. piperita Tall Open-forest is characterised by the presence of E. cypellocarpa (Monkey Gum), occurring in association with one or more of E. piperita (Sydney Peppermint), E. oreades (Blue Mountain Ash) and E. radiata subsp. radiata (Narrow-leaved Peppermint).
The community is found in moist, sheltered sites on the talus slopes below the sandstone escarpments of the western Blue Mountains (Megalong and Kanimbla Valleys). The community

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also occurs in some moist, sheltered sites away from the escarpments, and may occur as far east as Woodford. The typical vegetation structure is tall open-forest, although this may vary depending on site conditions and history. It is a wet sclerophyll forest, with soft-leaved plants prominent in the understorey.

This community is generally characterised by the occurrence of Eucalyptus cypellocarpa and E. piperita along with the following assemblage of native plant species. Other species also occur, and not all of the following species are present in every stand of the community, but the list is indicative of the species composition of the vegetation.

Acacia elata	Acacia longifolia	Banksia cunninghamii
Banksia spinulosa	Blechnum	Callicoma
cartilagineum	serratifolia
Callistemon citrinus	Calochlaena dubia	Cassytha pubescens
Chionochloa pallida	Comesperma	Cyathea australis
ericinum
Dianella caerulea	Empodisma minus	Entolasia marginata
Entolasia stricta	Epacris pulchella	Eucalyptus cypellocarpa
Eucalyptus	Eucalyptus oreades	Eucalyptus piperita
mannifera subsp. gullickii
Eucalyptus radiata	Gahnia sieberiana	Gleichenia
subsp. radiata	microphylla
Gonocarpus	Hakea dactyloides	Hydrocotyle
teucrioides	peduncularis
Leptospermum	Leptospermum	Leucopogon
grandifolium	polygalifolium	lanceolatus
Lomandra longifolia	Lomatia silaifolia	Microlaena stipoides

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Monotoca scoparia	Persoonia mollis	Persoonia myrtilloides
Petrophile pulchella	Platysace lanceolata	Polyscias sambucifolia
Pteridium	Pultenaea flexilis	Pultenaea scabra
esculentum
Todea barbara	Tristaniopsis collina

(2G)	Eucalyptus oreades Open-forest/Tall Open-forest
Eucalyptus oreades Open-forest/Tall Open-forest refers to those vegetation communities dominated by E. oreades (Blue Mountain Ash). A range of other Eucalypts may also occur, most commonly including, E. piperita (Sydney Peppermint), E. cypellocarpa (Monkey Gum) and E. radiata subsp. radiata (Narrow-leaved Peppermint).
The characteristic vegetation structure is tall open-forest, however this can vary depending on site conditions and history. In some places the understorey is shrubby, while in moister sites a ferny understorey can be present. Although typically found in gullies or on sheltered slopes in the upper mountains (Bell to Wentworth Falls), this community also occurs in relatively exposed sites eg ridgetops, where suitable depth of shale provides more fertile conditions and better soil moisture.
Eucalyptus oreades is extremely fire-sensitive, with individual trees readily killed in a major bushfire. Although the capacity of E. oreades to regenerate from seed after fire is indicated by even-aged stands of trees often found in this community, the species will be adversely affected or eliminated entirely by an inappropriate fire regime of frequent burning.
This community is relatively rare outside of the National Park estate and has apparently suffered significant loss due to urbanisation and associated infrastructure, as well as being degraded by weed invasion, changed fire regimes, and stormwater runoff.
Eucalyptus oreades open-forest/tall open-forest is characterised by the following assemblage of native plant species. Other

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species also occur, but the list is indicative of the species

composition of the vegetation.

Acacia brownii	Acacia obtusifolia	Acacia terminalis
Amperea xiphoclada	Arrhenechthites	Austrodanthonia
mixta	longifolia
Banksia spinulosa	Billardiera scandens	Bossiaea heterophylla
Cassytha glabella	Conospermum	Dampiera stricta
tenuifolium
Daviesia ulicifolia	Dianella caerulea	Dianella longifolia
Dianella prunina	Eucalyptus oreades	Eucalyptus piperita
Eucalyptus radiata	Eucalyptus sieberi	Goodenia
subsp. radiata	bellidifolia
Hakea laevipes	Hibbertia aspera	Hibbertia rufa
Hovea linearis	Leptomeria acida	Leptospermum polygalifolium
Lindsaea	Lomandra gracilis	Lomandra
microphylla	longifolia
Lomandra obliqua	Lomatia silaifolia	Mitrasacme polymorpha
Monotoca scoparia	Olearia erubescens	Patersonia sericea
Persoonia	Persoonia laurina	Persoonia levis
chamaepitys
Persoonia	Phyllota squarrosa	Platylobium
myrtilloides	formosum
Platysace linifolia	Poa sieberiana	Poranthera corymbosa
Pteridium	Stackhousia viminea	Symphionema
esculentum	montanum

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Telopea	Xanthorrhoea media
speciosissima

(2H)	Eucalyptus dalrympleana-E. piperita Tall Open-forest
Eucalyptus dalrympleana-E. piperita Tall Open-forest is characterised by the presence of E. dalrympleana (Mountain Gum), occurring in association with E. piperita (Sydney Peppermint) and E. radiata subsp. radiata (Narrow-leaved Peppermint). In the City, this community appears to be restricted to one small stand at the upper end of Popes Glen Creek, Blackheath, where it occurs on a sheltered, south-facing slope of Narrabeen Group geology. The vegetation structure is variable within this disturbed stand, from tall open-forest to open-forest and woodland. It is a wet sclerophyll forest, with soft-leaved plants prominent in the understorey.
Eucalyptus dalrympleana-E. piperita Tall Open-forest is characterised by the following assemblage of native plant species. Other species also occur, but the list is indicative of the species composition of the community at Blackheath.

Acacia longifolia	Acacia melanoxylon	Arrhenechthites mixta
Baumea rubiginosa	Billardiera scandens	Blechnum nudum
Chionochloa pallida	Cyathea australis	Daviesia ulicifolia
Deyeuxia parviseta	Dianella prunina	Dianella tasmanica
Empodisma minus	Epacris pulchella	Eucalyptus dalrympleana
Eucalyptus piperita	Eucalyptus radiata	Gahnia sieberiana
subsp. radiata
Gleichenia dicarpa	Gonocarpus	Hakea dactyloides
teucrioides
Helichrysum	Leptospermum	Lepyrodia scariosa
scorpioides	polygalifolium
Leucopogon	Lomandra longifolia	Lomatia silaifolia
lanceolatus

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Lycopodium	Microlaena	Olearia erubescens
deuterodensum	stipoides
Persoonia	Poa sieberiana	Polyscias
myrtilloides	sambucifolia
Pteridium	Pultenaea scabra
esculentum

(2I)	Sun Valley Cabbage Gum Forest (Eucalyptus amplifolia)
The Sun Valley Cabbage Gum Forest is listed as an Endangered Ecological Community in Part 3 of Schedule 1 to the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995.
This community is dominated by Eucalyptus amplifolia (Cabbage Gum) that occurs on the diatreme at Sun Valley. An associated tree species is E. eugenioides (Thin-leaved Stringybark). Although there is still good tree cover in the area (remnant trees and regeneration), the understorey of this community has been grossly altered through clearing and grazing. Remaining native understorey species include Acacia parramattensis, Imperata cylindrica, Lomandra longifolia and Pteridium esculentum, but the original composition of the understorey is difficult to assess. Attempts to restore this community at Sun Valley are certainly warranted.
Eucalyptus amplifolia Tall Open-forest is characterised by the following assemblage of native plant species. Other species also occur, but the list is indicative of the species composition of the community at Sun Valley.

Acacia	Adiantum	Agrostis sp.
parramattensis	aethiopicum
Aristida sp.	Arthropodium sp.	Blechnum nudum
Bursaria spinosa	Centella asiatica	Cheilanthes sieberi
Daucus glochidiatus	Daviesia ulicifolia	Dianella aff. caerulea
Dianella caerulea	Dichondra repens	Dillwynia sp.
Doodia aspera	Echinopogon	Entolasia marginata
caespitosus

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Entolasia stricta	Eucalyptus	Eucalyptus
amplifolia	eugenioides
Gallium	Geranium	Geranium solanderi
gaudichaudi	homeanum
Glycine tabacina	Hakea salicifolia	Hardenbergia violacea
Hemarthria	Hibbertia diffusa	Hibbertia
uncinata	fasciculata
Hibbertia linearis	Hypericum	Indigofera australis
gramineum
Juncus usitatus	Kunzea ambigua	Lindsaea linearis
Lomandra longifolia	Microlaena	Persoonia linearis
stipoides
Persoonia	Pittosporum	Poa sp.
oblongata	undulatum
Poranthera	Pratia purpurascens	Pteridium
microphylla	esculentum
Ranunculus	Themeda australis	Veronica plebeia
lappaceus

(2J) Montane Gully Forest (Eucalyptus fastigata-E. cypellocarpa-

E. dalrympleana)

This community is associated with moderate to steep slopes and narrow gorges on the Narrabeen Group and Illawarra Coal Measures below the escarpments around Mount York and north to Bell. There is substantial intergradation with vegetation typical of the sandstone plateau close to the escarpments and with the Eucalyptus cypellocarpa and E. piperita communities between Blackheath and Mount Victoria. The boundary of this community approximates the lower distribution of E. fastigata, E. dalrympleana and E. blaxlandii, and the upper distributional limits of Angophora costata and Syncarpia glomulifera.

Tree species include Eucalyptus fastigata (Brown Barrel), E. cypellocarpa (Monkey Gum), E. dalrympleana (Mountain Gum) with E. oreades (Blue Mountain Ash), E. blaxlandii (Blaxland’s Stringybark), E. radiata subsp. radiata

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(Narrow-leaved Peppermint) and E. sieberi (Silvertop Ash). The understorey is moderately shrubby with Acacia falciformis, A. terminalis, A. buxifolia, Oxylobium ilicifolium and Leptospermum flavescens occurring, together with ferns such as Culcita dubia. Acacia dealbata was more common here than in any other parts of the study area. It appears that E. fastigata occurs primarily in the more sheltered sites with E. dalrympleana relatively common on the lower slopes where this unit blends into remnants of the vegetation found on the edge of the agricultural land around Little Hartley.

Montane Gully Forest is characterised by the following assemblage of native plant species. Other species also occur, but the list is indicative of the major diagnostic species composition.

Acacia buxifolia	Acacia dealbata	Acacia falciformis
Acacia melanoxylon	Acacia terminalis	Acaena novae- zelandiae
Adiantum	Anisopogon	Arrhenechthites
aethiopicum	avenaceus	mixta
Asperula conferta	Blechnum	Centella asiatica
cartilagineum
Clematis aristata	Culcita dubia	Cymbonotus lawsonianus
Dianella caerulea	Echinopogon ovatus	Eucalyptus blaxlandii
Eucalyptus	Eucalyptus	Eucalyptus fastigata
cypellocarpa	dalrympleana
Eucalyptus oreades	Eucalyptus radiata	Eucalyptus sieberi
subsp. radiata
Geranium sp.	Glycine clandestina	Gonocarpus tetragynus
Gonocarpus	Helichrysum	Leptospermum
teucrioides	rutidolepsis	flavescens

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Leptospermum	Leucopogon	Lomandra
morrisonii	lanceolatus	longifolia
Microlaena	Oxylobium	Persoonia linearis
stipoides	ilicifolium
Polyscias	Pratia purpurascens	Pteridium
sambucifolia	esculentum
Pyrrosia repestris	Rubus parvifolius	Syncarpia glomulifera
Veronica calycina	Viola betonicifolia

(2K)	Blue Gum Riverflat Forest (Eucalyptus deanei)
The Blue Gum Riverflat Forest in the Blue Mountains is included within the Sydney Coastal River-Flat Forest listed as an Endangered Ecological Community in Part 3 of Schedule 1 to the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995.
This community is usually restricted to terraces of deep alluvium along larger watercourses of the lower Blue Mountains. Eucalyptus deanei (Mountain Blue Gum) is dominant and may be almost monospecific, with occasional Angophora floribunda (Rough-barked Apple) and a small tree layer which may contain large bipinnate wattles and infrequent Allocasuarina torulosa (She-oak). The understorey is open and often dominated by grasses or ferns (or both) with scattered mesic shrubs becoming denser in the immediate vicinity of the watercourse.
This community superficially resembles the Blue Mountains Shale Cap Forest but the two occur in different positions in the landscape.
This community is generally characterised by the almost monospecific occurrence of Eucalyptus deanei along with the following assemblage of native plant species. Other species also occur, and not all of the following species are present in every stand of the community, but the list is indicative of the species composition of the vegetation.

Acacia implexa	Acacia	Adiantum
parramattensis	aethiopicum

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Allocasuarina	Angophora	Backhousia
torulosa	floribunda	myrtifolia
Blechnum nudum	Breynia oblongifolia	Callicoma serratifolia
Calochlaena dubia	Centella asiatica	Cynodon dactylon
Dichondra repens	Entolasia stricta	Eucalyptus deanei
Geitonoplesium	Glycine tabacina	Imperata cylindrica
cymosum
Kunzea ambigua	Lomandra longifolia	Melaleuca linariifolia
Melia azedarach	Oplismenus sp.	Plectranthus parviflorus
Pratia purpurascens	Pseuderanthemum	Pteridium
variabile	esculentum
Rubus parvifolius	Sigesbeckia	Stellaria flaccida
orientalis
Sticherus flabellatus	Trema aspera	Tylophora barbata
Veronica plebeia

(2L)	Casuarina cunninghamiana ‘River Oak Forest’
The Casuarina cunninghamiana River Oak Forest in the Blue Mountains is included within the Sydney Coastal River-Flat Forest listed as an Endangered Ecological Community in Part 3 of Schedule 1 to the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995.
Narrow bands of River Oak Forest occur on the alluvial banks of the Coxs River. This community also occurs in small, unmapped occurrences along the Hawkesbury-Nepean River. The dominant canopy species is Casuarina cunninghamiana subsp. cunninghamiana (River Oak) with occasional subdominants being Angophora floribunda (Rough-barked Apple) Eucalyptus viminalis (Ribbon Gum) and E. tereticornis (Forest Red Gum), and rarely A. subvelutina (Broad-leaved Apple). Backhousia myrtifolia (Myrtle) can also occur on the sheltered fringes of this community. Along the

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larger tributaries to the east of the Coxs River, the understorey is often dominated by Leptospermum spp.. In these situations, Lomandra longifolia and several sedges can dominate the ground layer.

The understorey is generally sparse because of the mobile nature of the substrate (mobile gravels, sands and large areas of bare granite). The surrounding lands have often been cleared for agriculture and these communities are often highly prone to willow and other weed infestation.

Casuarina cunninghamiana River Oak Forest is characterised by the following assemblage of native plant species. Other species may also occur, but the list is indicative of the species most characteristic of this composition.

Acacia floribunda	Acacia	Agrostis avenaceus
parvipinnula
Alisma plantago-	Angophora	Angophora
aquatica	floribunda	subvelutina
Backhousia	Blechnum nudum	Breynia oblongifolia
myrtifolia
Bursaria spinosa	Callistemon	Callistemon
citrinus	paludosus
Casuarina	Cheilanthes distans	Clematis aristata
cunninghamiana subsp. cunninghamiana
Commelina cyanea	Crassula sieberiana	Cynodon dactylon
Cyperus	Eleocharis	Entolasia stricta
sphaeroideus	sphacelata
Eucalyptus	Eucalyptus	Geranium
tereticornis	viminalis	homeanum
Gnaphalium	Hemarthria	Isolepis inundata
involucratum	uncinata
Juncus acuminatus	Juncus caespiticius	Juncus usitatus

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Leptospermum	Leptospermum	Leptospermum
juniperinum	polygalifolium	morrisonii
Lomandra longifolia	Microlaena	Persicaria
stipoides	hydropiper
Persicaria	Ranunculus	Rumex sp.
praetermissa	inundatus
Tristaniopsis laurina	Wahlenbergia gracilis

(2M)	Eucalyptus radiata subsp. radiata-E. piperita Open-forest
This community is only known from a small number of easterly-facing slopes in Katoomba and Leura but may occur elsewhere in the higher Blue Mountains. The dominant canopy trees are Eucalyptus radiata subsp. radiata (Narrow-leaved Peppermint) and E. piperita (Sydney Peppermint). E. sieberi is also present, particularly where this community grades into the common E. sieberi/E. piperita community which tends to occur upslope. E. mannifera subsp. gullickii can occur infrequently, particularly downslope towards adjoining swamp or riparian vegetation.
The understorey is a mix of dry and wet sclerophyll species and may contain species associated with Blue Mountains Swamps where these communities adjoin. The following list is indicative of some of the major diagnostic species.
Acacia terminalis Banksia Banksia spinulosa

cunninghamii

Boronia microphylla	Callicoma	Chionochloa pallida
serratifolia
Dianella tasmanica	Entolasia marginata	Eucalyptus mannifera subsp. gullickii
Eucalyptus oblonga	Eucalyptus piperita	Eucalyptus radiata subsp. radiata
Eucalyptus	Eucalyptus sieberi	Eucalyptus
sclerophylla	sparsifolia

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Lepidosperma	Leptospermum	Persoonia acerosa
laterale	trinervium
Persoonia	Persoonia	Platylobium
chamaepitys	myrtilloides	formosum
Polyscias	Pteridium	Pultenaea glabra
sambucifolia	esculentum
Stellaria pungens

(2N)	Melaleuca styphelioides-M. linariifolia Forest
This community occurs at the base of the slopes below the escarpments surrounding the Megalong, Kanimbla, Jamison and Kedumba Valleys. It is restricted to small alluvial/colluvial deltas perpendicular to the escarpment or to alluvial deposits along ephemeral watercourses running parallel to the escarpment. It is a generally moist forest in which Melaleuca species are dominant and occur under an open canopy of tall Eucalyptus cypellocarpa (Monkey Gum) or less often, E. viminalis (Ribbon Gum), with E. deanei (Mountain Blue Gum) most common east of Narrow Neck Peninsula. Other emergents can include E. crebra (Narrow-leafed Ironbark) and E. punctata (Grey Gum). The understorey is generally depauperate because of shading from the often-dense strata of Melaleuca. In areas subject to or recovering from grazing, it tends to be dominated by unpalatable graminoids and shrubs including Lomandra longifolia and Bursaria species, while in less modified situations there are numerous small climber/twiners such as Desmodium, Eustrephus and Glycine species along with the woody vines Marsdenia, Cissus and Parsonsia, herbs such as Dichondra, Centella and Viola, and a sparse layer of grasses such as Oplismenus species. Occasionally, in sites with more impeded drainage, small sedgeland communities are present, and in particularly moist or sheltered (or both) locations, there can be some intergradation with rainforest assemblages.
This community is generally characterised by the occurrence of the following assemblage of native plant species. Other species also occur, and not all of the following species are present in every stand of the community, but the list is indicative of the range of species composition within this community type.

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Acacia falciformis	Acacia obtusifolia	Acacia parramattensis
Adiantum	Austrostipa	Banksia spinulosa
aethiopicum	pubescens
Billardiera	Blechnum	Bossiaea
scandens	cartilagineum	neo-anglica
Brachycome	Bursaria spinosa	Centella asiatica
angustifolia
Choretrum	Cissus sp.	Clematis aristate
candollei
Desmodium	Dianella caerulea	Dianella longifolia
varians
Dichondra repens	Entolasia stricta	Eucalyptus blaxlandii
Eucalyptus crebra	Eucalyptus	Eucalyptus deanei
cypellocarpa
Eucalyptus piperita	Eucalyptus punctata	Eucalyptus viminalis
Eustrephus	Gahnia melanocarpa	Galium propinquum
latifolius
Geitonoplesium	Geranium	Glycine tabacina
cymosum	homeanum
Gonocarpus	Goodenia hederacea	Hardenbergia
tetragynus	violacea
Helichrysum	Hibbertia aspera	Hibbertia
scorpioides	obtusifolia
Hypericum	Imperata cylindrica	Lagenifera stipitata
gramineum
Leptospermum	Leucopogon	Lomandra glauca
polygalifolium	lanceolata
Lomandra	Lomatia myricoides	Marsdenia
longifolia	flavescens

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Melaleuca	Melaleuca	Microlaena
linariifolia	styphelioides	stipoides
Oplismenus spp.	Pandorea pandorana	Parsonsia straminea
Phyllanthus	Plantago debilis	Platylobium
hirtellus	formosum
Poa labillardieri	Podolobium	Poranthera
ilicifolium	corymbosa
Poranthera	Pratia purpurascens	Pteridium
microphylla	esculentum
Rubus parvifolia	Scaevola	Schoenus apogon
ramosissima
Stackhousia	Veronica plebeia	Viola hederacea
viminea

(2O)	Riparian Granite Slopes Forest
This community is present in the headwaters of ephemeral streams that drain the granite upland of the Megalong Valley down to the Coxs River. The structure is generally an open-forest to woodland with a low, moist and herbaceous understorey in which Stellaria flaccida and S. pungens are prevalent. The small ferns, Asplenium flabellifolium, Cheilanthes sieberi and C. distans may be present with Blechnum nudum scattered along the watercourse. A moist grass layer can dominate the ground stratum and will often contain the herbs, Dichondra repens, Centella asiatica, the twiners Desmodium varians and Glycine species with various Senecio species scattered throughout. The canopy species include Eucalyptus viminalis (Ribbon Gum), E. tereticornis (Forest Red Gum) and Angophora floribunda (Rough-barked Apple) with an occasional subcanopy of Allocasuarina torulosa. A small number of rainforest species may be present, particularly along the watercourse or on the sheltered side of the slope. Examples include Rapanea howittiana, Ficus coronata and Trema aspera. This community can grade into Megalong Granite Dry Rainforest (see community (1C)).
This community is generally characterised by the occurrence of the following assemblage of native plant species. Other species also occur, and not all of the following species are present in

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every stand of the community, but the list is indicative of the

range of species composition within this community type.

Acacia falciformis	Acaena	Adiantum
novae-zelandiae	aethiopicum
Allocasuarina	Angophora	Asplenium
torulosa	floribunda	flabellifolium
Blechnum nudum	Bulbine bulbosa	Bursaria longisepala
Calochlaena dubia	Carex appressa	Carex longebrachiata
Centella asiatica	Cheilanthes distans	Cheilanthes sieberi
Clematis glycinoides	Desmodium varians	Dichondra repens
Doodia aspera	Echinopogon ovatus	Entolasia marginata
Eucalyptus	Eucalyptus viminalis	Eustrephus latifolius
tereticornis
Ficus coronata	Geitonoplesium	Geranium retrorsum
cymosum
Glycine tabacina	Hypericum	Lomandra longifolia
gramineum
Microlaena	Oxalis perennans	Pittosporum
stipoides	undulatum
Pratia purpurascens	Rapanea howittiana	Rubus parvifolius
Senecio linearifolius	Senecio minimus	Smilax glyciphylla
Solanum cinereum	Stellaria flaccida	Stellaria pungens
Stypandra glauca	Swainsona	Trema aspera
galegifolia
Urtica incisa	Wahlenbergia	Wahlenbergia
communis	stricta

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(2P) Megalong Footslopes Forest

This community is found on the footslopes below the escarpments, extending towards the centre of the Megalong Valley until displaced by the vegetation on the granite batholith. Some intergradation of these communities occurs and the outer margin of the Shoalhaven Group supports a community often dominated by Eucalyptus sclerophylla (Hard-leafed Scribbly Gum). Several variants of the forest form are recognised, with structure ranging from open-forest/ woodland to open-forest and canopy species including E. eugenioides (Thin-leafed Stringybark), E. globoidea (White Stringybark) (and hybrids), E. punctata (Grey Ironbark), E. sclerophylla (Hard-leafed Scribbly Gum) and Angophora costata (Sydney Red Gum). At the interface with the adjoining forests that dominate the slopes below the cliffline, a taller variant occurs in which E. cypellocarpa (Monkey Gum) may be present. Such situations can be associated with the existence of Melaleuca styphelioides-M. linariifolia swamp forest.

This community is generally characterised by the occurrence of the following assemblage of native plant species. Other species also occur, and not all of the following species are present in every stand of the community, but the list is indicative of the range of species composition within this community type.

Acacia floribunda	Acacia terminalis	Angophora costata
Banksia spinulosa	Billardiera	Boronia parvifolia
scandens
Bossiaea obcordata	Calytrix tetragona	Cheilanthes distans
Dianella revoluta	Dillwynia retorta	Entolasia stricta
Epacris microphylla	Eucalyptus	Eucalyptus
cypellocarpa	eugenioides
Eucalyptus	Eucalyptus punctata	Eucalyptus
globoidea	sclerophylla
Eucalyptus sieberi	Goodenia	Hakea salicifolia
hederacea

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Hardenbergia	Hibbertia aspera	Hibbertia rufa
violacea
Isopogon	Lagenifera stipitata	Lepidosperma
anemonifolius	viscidum
Leptospermum	Leptospermum	Leucopogon
polygalifolium	trinervium	virgatus
Lissanthe sapida	Lomandra	Lomandra longifolia
cylindrica
Lomandra obliqua	Mirbelia rubioides	Monotoca scoparia
Notelaea ovata	Persoonia laurina	Persoonia levis
Persoonia linearis	Phyllanthus hirtellus	Pimelea linifolia
Poa sieberiana	Pomax umbellata	Poranthera microphylla
Schoenus imberbis	Stylidium	Viola hederacea
graminifolium

(2Q) Megalong Granite Forest/Woodland (Eucalyptus tereticornis-

E. eugenioides)

Much of the undulating granite country supporting this community was cleared for agriculture in the nineteenth century. Fragmented remnants are found in the Coxs River valley at elevations between 250 metres and 850 metres on deep, well-drained sandy soils derived from carboniferous adamellite, granite and grandiorote. Much of the vegetation is now a “derived” woodland (sensu Keith and Benson, 1988) but was probably forest prior to modification by clearing, grazing, rabbits and an altered fire regime.

The most characteristic tree species are Eucalyptus tereticornis (Forest Red Gum) and E. eugenioides (Thin-leaved stringybark) together with E. viminalis (Ribbon Gum). E. dalrympleana subsp. dalrympleana (Mountain Gum) can be locally dominant, particularly on the higher elevations (which are often quite exposed). E. bridgesiana, E. dives, E. rubida and E. camphora are generally rare within this community and are not considered characteristic of it, however Angophora floribunda (Rough-barked Apple) is quite common and extends well beyond the lower slopes and

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watercourses. E. macrorhyncha subsp. macrorhyncha occurs mainly in the western areas of the granite vegetation but is occasionally a significant canopy component. Acacia falciformis can also be a locally significant canopy species and can be present in most variants of the granite communities. The less common eucalypts are generally associated with the complex ecotones on the eastern edges of the granite vegetation or with other very localised conditions.

The understorey of the Megalong Granite Forest/Woodland tends to be low and dominated by grasses, graminoids (particularly Lomandraceae) and herbs, in particular, Astraceae. Climbers such as Desmodium, Glycine and Clematis are often present. Shrubs are either relatively rare or else the shrub layer consists of a small number of common unpalatable species such as Bursaria species and Lissanthe strigosa. The understorey composition can vary greatly depending on the amount of exposure.

This community is generally characterised by the occurrence of the following assemblage of native plant species. Other species also occur, and not all of the following species are present in every stand of the community, but the list is indicative of the major diagnostic species.

Acacia falciformis	Acacia implexa	Acacia obtusifolia
Acacia	Acaena novae-	Adiantum
parramattensis	zelandiae	aethiopicum
Ajuga australia	Angophora	Asplenium
floribunda	flebellifolium
Austrostipa	Blechnum	Brachycome
pubescens	cartilagineum	angustifolia var. angustifolia
Bursaria spinosa	Carex appressa	Cassinia arcuata
Centella asiatica	Cheilanthes distans	Clematis aristata
Cymbopogon	Desmodium varians	Dianella longifolia
refractus
Dianella revoluta	Dichelachne rara	Dichondra repens

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Doodia aspera	Echinopogon	Echinopogon ovatus
caespitosus
Entolasia stricta	Epilobium	Eucalyptus
hirtigerum	bridgesiana
Eucalyptus	Eucalyptus	Eucalyptus dives
camphora	dalrympleana
Eucalyptus	Eucalyptus	Eucalyptus punctata
eugenioides	macrorhyncha
Eucalyptus rubida	Eucalyptus	Eucalyptus viminalis
tereticornis
Exocarpos	Exocarpus strictus	Galium propinquum
cupressiformis
Geitonoplesium	Geranium	Geranium retrorsum
cymosum	homeanum
Geranium solanderi	Glycine microphylla	Glycine tabacina
Gnaphalium sp.	Gonocarpus	Helichrysum
tetragynus	scorpioides
Hydrocotyle	Hypericum	Imperata cylindrica
geraniifolia	gramineum
Indigofera australis	Lepidosperma	Lepidosperma
gunnii	viscidum
Leucopogon	Leucopogon	Libertia paniculata
lanceolata	virgatus
Lissanthe strigose	Lomandra glauca	Lomandra gracilis
Lomandra longifolia	Lomandra	Lomatia myricoides
multiflora
Lomatia silaifolia	Luzula flaccida	Marsdenia rostrata
Microlaena	Oplismenus	Pandorea
stipoides	imbecillis	pandorana
Pellaea falcata	Persoonia linearis	Plantago debilis

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Plantago	Plectranthus	Poa labillardieri
gaudichaudii	parviflorus
Poa sieberiana	Polystichum	Poranthera
proliferum	microphylla
Pratia purpurascens	Pteridium	Ranunculus
esculentum	lappaceus
Rapanea howittiana	Rubus parvifolius	Rumex brownii
Schoenus apogon	Senecio lautus ssp.	Senecio minimus
dissectifolius
Sigesbeckia	Solanum cinereum	Stackhousia viminea
orientalis
Stellaria flaccida	Stypandra glauca	Themeda australis
Urtica incisa	Veronica plebeia	Viola betonicifolia
Wahlenbergia stricta

3      Low Open-forest

Melaleuca linariifolia Low Open-forest

Melaleuca linariifolia Low Open-forest is found on sandy alluvial soils along certain creeks in the lower Blue Mountains, in which the low paperbark tree, M. linariifolia (Snow-in-summer), dominates the vegetation. This creekline vegetation is associated with creeks on deep alluvial sand deposits, rather than the sandstone substrates more typical of Blue Mountains creeks. The typical vegetation structure is a narrow band of low open-forest or low closed-forest along the creek. Occasional emergent Eucalyptus or Angophora trees may be present above the Melaleuca canopy.

This community is generally characterised by the occurrence of Melaleuca linariifolia along with the following assemblage of native plant species. Other species also occur, and not all of the following species are present in every stand of the community, but the list is indicative of the species composition of the vegetation.

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Acacia longifolia	Acacia rubida	Adiantum aethiopicum
Blechnum nudum	Blechnum wattsii	Callicoma serratifolia
Callistemon citrinus	Calochlaena dubia	Cyathea australis
Cyperus	Eleocharis	Entolasia marginata
polystachyos	sphacelata
Entolasia stricta	Gahnia clarkei	Gleichenia dicarpa
Hydrocotyle	Hypolepis muelleri	Imperata cylindrica
peduncularis
Isolepis inundata	Juncus continuus	Juncus planifolius
Juncus usitatus	Kennedia rubicunda	Leptospermum polygalifolium
Melaleuca	Microlaena stipoides	Pittosporum
linariifolia	undulatum
Pteridium	Schoenus	Typha orientalis
esculentum	melanostachys

4 Woodlands

(4A)

Eucalyptus mannifera subsp. gullickii Alluvial Woodlands

These woodlands are found on alluvial soils along certain creeks in the upper Blue Mountains, in which Eucalyptus mannifera subsp. gullickii (Brittle Gum) is the dominant tree species or co-dominant with E. radiata subsp. radiata (Narrow-leaved Peppermint). The association of the community with creekside alluvium is a critical feature in its definition, since E. mannifera subsp. gullickii and E. radiata subsp. radiata may also be common species in other communities in the upper Blue Mountains. The vegetation structure is woodland or open-forest. E. mannifera subsp. gullickii occurs in some sites as a sparse tree layer (an open-woodland) over swamp vegetation, but such stands are better classified within the Blue Mountains swamp communities rather than as E. mannifera subsp. gullickii Alluvial Woodland.

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Two forms of Eucalyptus mannifera subsp. gullickii Alluvial Woodland may be distinguished. At higher altitudes (Mount Victoria-Blackheath), E. mannifera subsp. gullickii is the main tree species and the community is termed E. mannifera subsp. gullickii woodland. At slightly lower a l ti tudes (Katoomba-Leura), E. mannifera subsp. gullickii and E. radiata subsp. radiata are co-dominant and the community is termed E. mannifera subsp. gullickii-E. radiata subsp. radiata Woodland.

This community is generally characterised by the occurrence of Eucalyptus mannifera subsp. gullickii along with the following assemblage of native plant species. Other species also occur, and not all of the following species are present in every stand of the community, but the list is indicative of the species composition of the vegetation.

Acacia dealbata	Acacia melanoxylon	Acacia terminalis
Baeckea linifolia	Banksia	Banksia spinulosa
cunninghamii
Blechnum nudum	Boronia	Caustis flexuosa
microphylla
Chionochloa pallida	Dampiera stricta	Deyeuxia parviseta
Dillwynia retorta	Empodisma minus	Entolasia stricta
Epacris spp.	Eucalyptus	Eucalyptus
blaxlandii	mannifera subsp. gullickii
Eucalyptus radiata	Gahnia sieberiana	Gleichenia dicarpa
subsp. radiata
Gonocarpus	Grevillea	Hakea dactyloides
teucrioides	acanthifolia
Helichrysum	Hibbertia	Lepidosperma
scorpioides	serpyllifolia	laterale
Leptospermum	Leptospermum	Leptospermum
continentale	grandifolium	juniperinum

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Leptospermum	Leptospermum	Lepyrodia scariosa
polygalifolium	trinervium
Leucopogon	Lomandra filiformis	Lomandra longifolia
lanceolatus
Microlaena	Mirbelia	Olearia erubescens
stipoides	platylobioides
Persoonia	Pimelea linifolia	Poa sieberiana
myrtilloides
Polyscias	Pteridium	Stipa pubescens
sambucifolia	esculentum
Stipa rudis	Styphelia tubiflora	Tetrarrhena turfosa

(4B)	Eucalyptus sclerophylla Bench Woodland
Eucalyptus sclerophylla Bench Woodlands occur on dry sandy alluvial benches along certain creek systems in the lower Blue Mountains. This community may also occur on higher benches on a mix of alluvial and colluvial soils. E. sclerophylla (Hard-leaved Scribbly Gum) is the dominant tree species sometimes co-dominant with Angophora bakeri (Narrow-leaved Apple). The typical vegetation structure is woodland, although this may vary depending on site conditions and history. The association between this community and alluvial or colluvial soils is a critical feature in its definition, since E. sclerophylla is also the dominant tree species in another, more common vegetation community, with a different understorey, that occurs on northern and western aspects on sandstone geology in the middle and upper Blue Mountains. The E. sclerophylla trees in the latter community tend to be smaller than those in the E. sclerophylla Bench Woodland.
This community is generally characterised by the occurrence of Eucalyptus sclerophylla along with the following assemblage of native plant species. Other species also occur, and not all of the following species are present in every stand of the community, but the list is indicative of the species composition of the vegetation.

Acacia brownii Acacia rubida Acacia ulicifolia

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Angophora bakeri	Aristida benthami	Aristida vagans
Baeckea virgata	Banksia oblongifolia	Banksia serrata
Banksia spinulosa	Bossiaea	Bossiaea obcordata
heterophylla
Bossiaea	Cassytha glabella	Cassytha pubescens
rhombifolia
Caustis flexuosa	Conospermum	Corymbia eximia
longifolium
Corymbia	Cyathochaeta	Dampiera stricta
gummifera	diandra
Daviesia corymbose	Dillwynia	Entolasia stricta
floribunda
Epacris pulchella	Eriostemon	Eucalyptus notabilis
hispidulus
Eucalyptus piperita	Eucalyptus	Eucalyptus
sclerophylla	sparsifolia
Grevillea buxifolia	Grevillea	Hakea dactyloides
mucronulata
Hakea sericea	Hovea linearis	Imperata cylindrica
Isopogon	Lambertia formosa	Lepidosperma
anemonifolius	laterale
Leptospermum	Leptospermum	Leptospermum
arachnoides	parvifolium	polygalifolium
Leptospermum	Lepyrodia scariosa	Lomandra brevis
trinervium
Lomandra filiformis	Lomandra glauca	Lomandra longifolia
Lomandra obliqua	Melaleuca	Melaleuca
linariifolia	thymifolia
Mirbelia rubiifolia	Monotoca scoparia	Panicum simile
Persoonia hirsuta	Persoonia laurina	Persoonia oblongata

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Petrophile pulchella	Phyllota phylicoides	Pimelea linifolia
Platysace	Pteridium	Ptilothrix deusta
linearifolia	esculentum
Schoenus villosus	Stipa pubescens	Stylidium graminifolium
Themeda australis	Xanthorrhoea media

(4C) Kowmung Wilderness Complex

This Complex includes open-forest, open-forest/woodland and woodland communities. It has been included in the Woodland section because most of the vegetation is of a woodland structure.

Most of this Complex occurs in Kanangra-Boyd National Park with some areas in Blue Mountains National Park. A relatively small area occurs outside these reserves in the far south of the Megalong Valley. Small areas of dry rainforest and riparian complex are present within the Kowmung Wilderness Complex.

Indicative canopy species include Eucalyptus crebra (Narrow-leafed Ironbark), E. tereticornis (Forest Red Gum), E. punctata (Grey Gum), E. viminalis (Ribbon Gum), E. melliodora (Yellow Box), E. eugenioides (Thin-leafed Stringybark) and Angophora floribunda (Sydney Red Gum). The understorey can be very open and grassy/herbaceous or can sometimes have a relatively well developed shrub layer in which Bursaria species can be prevalent. Small twiners and Cheilanthes species (Poison Rock Ferns) can be characteristic of the ground stratum as can numerous Senecio species and other daisies.

This community is generally characterised by the occurrence of the following assemblage of native plant species. Other species also occur, and not all of the following species are present in every stand of the community, but the list is indicative of the species composition.

Acacia	Acacia falciformis	Acacia implexa
clunies-rossiae

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Acacia	Adiantum	Agrostis avenaceus
parramattensis	aethiopicum
Angophora	Brachychiton	Brachycome
floribunda	populneus	multifida
Breynia oblongifolia	Bursaria spinosa	Calotis hispidula
Carex appressa	Carex	Cayratia clematidea
gaudichaudiana
Cheilanthes distans	Cheilanthes sieberi	Choretrum candollei
Clematis aristata	Clerodendrum	Commelina cyanea
tomentosum
Crassula sieberiana	Desmodium	Desmodium varians
brachypodum
Dianella laevis	Dianella revoluta	Dichelachne sp.
Dichondra repens	Echinopogon ovatus	Einadia sp.
Entolasia stricta	Eucalyptus crebra	Eucalyptus eugenioides
Eucalyptus fibrosa	Eucalyptus punctata	Eucalyptus tereticornis
Gahnia aspera	Gastrodia	Geitonoplesium
sesamoides	cymosum
Geranium	Glycine clandestina	Glycine tabacina
homeanum
Gnaphalium	Gonocarpus	Goodenia
involucratum	teucrioides	hederacea
Hardenbergia	Helichrysum	Hypericum
violacea	adnatum	gramineum
Leucopogon	Lissanthe sapida	Lissanthe strigosa
lanceolata
Lomandra glauca	Lomandra longifolia	Lomandra multiflora

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Luzula flaccida	Microlaena	Notelaea longifolia
stipoides
Notodanthonia sp.	Olearia viscidula	Opercularia hispida
Oplismenus	Oxalis perennans	Pellaea falcata
imbecillis
Persoonia linearis	Plantago debilis	Plectranthus parvifolius
Poa sieberiana	Podolobium	Pomax umbellata
ilicifolium
Pratia purpurascens	Pteridium	Rubus parvifolius
esculentum
Schoenus apogon	Senecio diaschides	Senecio lautus
Senecio	Sigesbeckia	Solanum cinereum
quadridentatus	orientalis
Stackhousia viminea	Stellaria flaccida	Stephania japonica
Stypandra glauca	Themeda australis	Trema aspera
Urtica incisa	Veronica plebeia	Viola betonicifolia
Wahlenbergia	Wahlenbergia
gracilis	stricta

(4D)

Redgum Swamp Woodland (Eucalyptus tereticornis)

This community is dominated by Eucalyptus tereticornis (Forest Redgum) and is known only from a small example between Megalong Creek and Nellies Glen Road in the central eastern Megalong Valley. This site is associated with a swamp ephemeral drainage line that generally defines the ecotone between the vegetation on the lower Shoalhaven Group of sediments and that on the Carboniferous Granite, which dominates the Megalong Valley. Adjoining communities include an example of Coxs River Swamp, the so-called Megalong Forest of Keith and Benson (1988) and the Megalong Granite Forest and woodland. The understorey has been modified by grazing and was probably cleared in the past to facilitate this use.

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The understorey has been modified by grazing and was probably cleared in the past to facilitate this use. Leptospermum species are dominant along the drainage line and in the more swampy sections which lack open water. Drier areas are dominated by grasses with little or no shrub layer and a relatively sparse tree canopy. This community is threatened by small size, grazing, weed invasion, rabbits and recreational vehicle use.

Redgum swamp woodland is broadly characterised by the following assemblage of diagnostic plant species. Other species may also occur, and not all of the following species are present in every stand of the community.

Acacia floribunda	Agrostis avenaceus	Callistemon sp. nov. Megalong Valley
Carex inversa	Centella asiatica	Dichelachne sp.
Dichondra repens	Eucalyptus	Grevillea
tereticornis	acanthifolia
Hydrocotyle	Hypericum	Juncus sp.
laxiflora	gramineum
Juncus usitatus	Leptospermum	Leptospermum
juniperinum	obovatum
Leptospermum	Lomandra longifolia	Melaleuca
polygalifolium	linariifolia
Microlaena	Notodanthonia sp.	Pratia
stipoides	purpurascens
Schoenus apogon	Stackhousia viminea

5 Heath/scrub/sedgeland/fernland

(5A)	Blue Mountains Heath and Scrub
Blue Mountains Heath and Scrub consists of a well-developed shrub layer, with no tree layer or only a sparse layer of scattered low trees, sometimes with a mallee habit (low, multi-stemmed shrub eucalypts). It occurs primarily in exposed sites with very shallow soils on Narrabeen Group and Hawkesbury Sandstone geology. Typical situations are cliff

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tops and high, rocky ridges, especially on the westerly aspect and with skeletal soils. The vegetation structure is typically an open-heath, less often a closed-heath, and may be interspersed with patches of open-scrub or closed-scrub formed by stands of mallees or Leptospermum species. It is also typically interspersed with areas of bare rock. It can occur on the fringes of or within so-called hanging swamps and in such situations it can also intergrade with vegetation of the Riparian Complex. There is also considerable intergradation between forms of woodland to open-woodland with a Eucalyptus sclerophylla canopy with Blue Mountains Heath and Scrub forming the understorey in such communities.

Blue Mountains Heath and Scrub has a mixed and variable species composition. Common shrub species include Allocasuarina distyla, A. nana, Banksia ericifolia, Epacris microphylla, Eucalyptus stricta, Hakea laevipes, H. teretifolia, Kunzea capitata, Leptospermum trinervium and Petrophile pulchella. Common herb and sedge species include Actinotus minor, Platysace linifolia, Lepidosperma filiforme, L. viscidum, Lepyrodia scariosa, Ptilothrix deusta and Schoenus villosus.

Two forms of Blue Mountains heath have been distinguished (Keith and Benson 1988, Smith and Smith 1995 a–e): montane heath above about 850–900 metres elevation and lower Blue Mountains heath below this level. The two forms intergrade between Wentworth Falls and Katoomba. Montane heath is characterised by the presence of high altitude species such as Allocasuarina nana, Darwinia taxifolia and Phyllota squarrosa, while lower Blue Mountains heath is characterised by the presence of low altitude species such as Allocasuarina distyla, Darwinia fascicularis and Phyllota phylicoides. However, most of the more common heath plants occur across the full altitudinal range.

It is also possible to distinguish two forms of lower Blue Mountains heath: a Hawkesbury Sandstone form at lower altitudes (chiefly in the Faulconbridge to Woodford area), and a Narrabeen Sandstone form at intermediate altitudes (Hazelbrook to Wentworth Falls). The Hawkesbury Sandstone

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form is characterised by species such as Acacia oxycedrus, Baeckea brevifolia and Eucalyptus burgessiana that are absent from heath on Narrabeen Sandstone.

In the prolonged absence of fires, the heath shrubs grow taller and thicker, transforming the vegetation from an open-heath to a closed-scrub, especially in relatively moist and sheltered sites. These communities may be floristically similar to the closed- heaths described above but are structurally unique. Shrubs including Banksia ericifolia, B. serrata, B. spinulosa, Hakea laevipes, H. teretifolia and a range of Leptospermum species may all attain heights of up to 8 metres over a generally grassy, herbaceous understorey. In locally moist areas, the fern Gleichenia dicarpa may become common in the ground stratum.

In the Megalong Valley, forms of heath occur which are floristically and geologically distinct from those others within the scope of the Blue Mountains Heath description. The majority of Megalong Valley Heath is associated with the Shoalhaven Group of sediments with a rare exception associated with the Carboniferous Granite. Dominant species of the heath include Leptospermum trinervium , L. polygalifolium, L. juniperinum, Isopogon anemonifolius, Hakea salicifolia, H. sericea and Banksia spinulosa while the locally uncommon shrub Mirbelia pungens may also be present.

Only one example is known of heath occurring on granite within the Megalong Valley, however other examples are likely to occur outside the City, west of the Coxs River. This example is dominated by a relatively low-growing shrubby Acacia which has not been able to be identified but is apparently related to Acacia floribunda.

Considered as a whole, Blue Mountains Heath and Scrub is characterised by the following assemblage of native plant species. Other species also occur, and not all of the following species are present in every stand of heath, but the list is indicative of the species composition of the vegetation.

Acacia baueri Acacia floribunda Acacia oxycedrus

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Acacia suaveolens	Actinotus helianthi	Actinotus minor
Allocasuarina	Allocasuarina nana	Angophora
distyla	floribunda
Anisopogon	Austrostipa	Baeckea brevifolia
avenaceus	pubescens
Baeckea densifolia	Baeckea	Banksia ericifolia
ramosissima
Banksia serrata	Banksia spinulosa	Bossiaea heterophylla
Bulbine	Bursaria spinosa	Callistemon citrinus
semibarbata
Calytrix tetragona	Cassytha glabella	Caustis flexuosa
Cheilanthes sieberi	Chionochloa pallida	Correa reflexa
Corymbia	Cyathochaeta	Dampiera purpurea
gummifera	diandra
Dampiera stricta	Danthonia tenuior	Darwinia fascicularis
Daviesia	Dianella caerulea	Dichelachne rara
corymbosa
Dillwynia	Dillwynia retorta	Diuris sulphurea
floribunda
Dodonaea	Entolasia stricta	Epacris
boroniifolia	microphylla
Epacris obtusifolia	Epacris pulchella	Eriostemon obovalis
Eucalyptus	Eucalyptus	Eucalyptus
apiculata	burgessiana	dalrympleana
Eucalyptus	Eucalyptus	Eucalyptus
gregsoniana	ligustrina	mannifera subsp. gullickii
Eucalyptus moorei	Eucalyptus	Eucalyptus rubida
multicaulis

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Eucalyptus	Eucalyptus stricta	Gahnia aspera
sparsifolia
Galium	Gleichenia dicarpa	Gonocarpus
propinquum	teucrioides
Goodenia	Goodenia	Grevillea arenaria
bellidifolia	hederacea
Hakea dactyloides	Hakea laevipes	Hakea propinqua
Hakea salicifolia	Hakea sericea	Hakea teretifolia
Helichrysum	Hemigenia	Hypericum
scorpioides	purpurea	gramineum
Isopogon	Kunzea capitata	Lambertia formosa
anemonifolius
Leionema	Lepidosperma	Lepidosperma
lachnaeoides	filiforme	urophorum
Lepidosperma	Leptocarpus tenax	Leptospermum
viscidum	arachnoides
Leptospermum	Leptospermum	Leptospermum
continentale	juniperinum	parvifolium
Leptospermum	Leptospermum	Leptospermum
petraeum	polygalifolium	trinervium
Lepyrodia scariosa	Leucopogon	Leucopogon
esquamatus	microphyllus
Lindsaea linearis	Lomandra glauca	Lomandra longifolia
Lomandra	Micromyrtus ciliata	Mirbelia baueri
multiflora
Mirbelia pungens	Mirbelia rubiifolia	Mitrasacme polymorpha
Monotoca ledifolia	Monotoca scoparia	Patersonia sericea
Petrophile	Phyllota phylicoides	Phyllota squarrosa
pulchella

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Platysace lanceolata	Platysace	Pseudanthus
linearifolia	divaricatissimus
Ptilothrix deusta	Pultenaea elliptica	Restio fastigiatus
Schoenus apogon	Schoenus	Schoenus imberbis
ericetorum
Schoenus villosus	Stipa pubescens	Stylidium lineare
Thelionema	Themeda australis	Tricoryne elatior
caespitosum
Velleia perfoliata	Woollsia pungens

(5B) Blue Mountains Swamps

A range of swamps occurs within the City. Swamp vegetation develops on poorly drained sites where the soil is waterlogged for prolonged periods. Several variants are recognised and are described below.

In the City, swamps occur, not only in low-lying sites on valley floors (‘valley swamps’), but also in the headwaters of creeks and on steep hillsides (‘hanging swamps’). Some swamps represent a combination of valley swamp and hanging swamp. The upper boundary of the swamp is often clearly defined by the outcropping of a layer of claystone. Groundwater seeps along the top of the impermeable claystone layer, reaching the surface where the claystone protrudes, thus forming a swamp on the hillside below. Other swamps receive their water supply from feeder streams rather than groundwater, or from a combination of the two.

Blue Mountains Swamps vary greatly in their structure and plant species composition, ranging from closed-sedgeland or closed-fernland to open-heath or closed-heath, sometimes open-scrub or closed-scrub. The shrub-dominated swamps are similar in vegetation structure to some of the forms of Blue Mountains Heath and Scrub, but they differ in species composition and ecological function, and are more appropriately classified with the sedge and fern-dominated

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swamps. However, in many instances the botanical boundary between Blue Mountains Swamp and Blue Mountains Heath and Scrub communities is unclear or can only be defined at a small scale as the two vegetation types can intergrade extensively.

Common shrubs in the Blue Mountains Swamps that occur on the sandstone plateaux include Acacia ptychoclada, Baeckea linifolia, Banksia ericifolia, Callistemon citrinus, Epacris obtusifolia, Grevillea acanthifolia, Hakea teretifolia, Leptospermum grandifolium , L. juniperinum and L. polygalifolium. Common sedges include Empodisma minus, Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus, Lepidosperma limicola and Xyris ustulata. The main fern species is Gleichenia dicarpa. The swamps of the plateaux include communities described by Keith and Benson (1988) and Benson and Keith (1990) as Blue Mountains Sedge Swamps and Newnes Plateau Shrub Swamps.

The Kurrajong Fault Swamps are valley swamps that occur in the lower Blue Mountains on sandy alluvial deposits associated with the Kurrajong Fault. Common shrubs are Acacia rubida, Callicoma serratifolia, Callistemon citrinus, Leptospermum juniperinum and Melaleuca linariifolia. Common species in the understorey are Baumea rubiginosa, Gahnia clarkei, Gleichenia dicarpa and Schoenus melanostachys.

The Coxs River Swamps are another variant encompassed by this community. These swamps occur on the clayey organic sediments derived from the Illawarra Coal Measures where creeks drain at the base of the escarpment. They support a simple flora dominated by Leptospermum obovatum, L. juniperinum and Grevillea acanthifolia with a dense ground cover of Carex and Juncus species.

The Megalong Swamps occur under much the same circumstances as the Coxs River Swamps but differ considerably in both structure and floristics. The Coxs River Swamps tend to occur as scrub, open-scrub and low open-scrub to wet heath with a prominent sedge layer, while the Megalong Swamps are closed to tall closed-scrub dominated by Leptospermum juniperinum and L. polygalifolium with an undescribed shrub Melaleuca sp. Megalong Valley, C. citrinus

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Eucalyptus camphora

and infrequent emergents of and assemblage of native plant species. Other species also occur, and not all of the following species are present in every swamp, but the list is indicative of the species composition of the vegetation.

Melaleuca linariifolia.

Acacia ptychoclada	Acacia rubida	Actinotus minor
Almaleea incurvata	Baeckea linifolia	Banksia ericifolia
Banksia oblongifolia	Bauera rubioides	Baumea rubiginosa
Blandfordia	Blechnum	Blechnum nudum
cunninghamii	cartilagineum
Burnettia cuneata	Callicoma	Callistemon citrinus
serratifolia
Carex spp.	Celmisia longifolia	Dampiera stricta
Dillwynia	Drosera binata	Drosera spatulata
floribunda
Empodisma minus	Epacris microphylla	Epacris obtusifolia
Epacris paludosa	Eucalyptus	Eucalyptus copulans
camphora
Eucalyptus	Eucalyptus moorei	Gahnia clarkei
mannifera subsp. gullickii
Gahnia sieberiana	Gleichenia dicarpa	Gleichenia microphylla
Gonocarpus	Goodenia	Grevillea
micranthus	bellidifolia	acanthifolia
Gymnoschoenus	Hakea dactyloides	Hakea teretifolia
sphaerocephalus
Hibbertia cistiflora	Isopogon	Juncus spp.
anemonifolius

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Kunzea capitata	Lepidosperma	Lepidosperma
filiforme	forsythii
Lepidosperma	Leptocarpus tenax	Leptospermum
limicola	continentale
Leptospermum	Leptospermum	Leptospermum
grandifolium	juniperinum	obovatum
Leptospermum	Leptospermum	Lepyrodia scariosa
polygalifolium	squarrosum
Leucopogon	Lindsaea linearis	Melaleuca
esquamatus	linariifolia
Melaleuca sp.	Mirbelia rubiifolia	Notochloe microdon
Megalong Valley
Olearia quercifolia	Patersonia sericea	Petrophile pulchella
Pimelea linifolia	Ptilothrix deusta	Pultenaea divaricata
Schoenus brevifolius	Schoenus	Schoenus villosus
melanostachys
Selaginella	Sprengelia	Symphionema
uliginosa	incarnata	montanum
Tetrarrhena juncea	Tetrarrhena turfosa	Xanthosia dissecta
Xyris juncea	Xyris ustulata

(5C) Pagoda Rock Complex

Within the City, this community occurs only in the far northwest near Bell. It occurs primarily outside the City on the Newnes Plateau where it is exemplified in Gardens of Stone National Park.

Benson and Keith (1990) list three structural divisions within this Complex: open-heath of Allocasuarina nana, Leptospermum arachnoides, Lepidosperma viscidum, Platysace lanceolata and Banksia ericifolia; open-mallee scrub of Eucalyptus laophila which is not known from the City of Blue Mountains; and woodland of E. sieberi (Silvertop Ash), E. piperita (Sydney Peppermint) and E. oblonga (Sandstone Stringybark). This mosaic of communities

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Heath.

The following species typically occur within this complex.

intergrades with the higher altitude variant of Blue Mountains species are present in every stand of the community.

Acacia dorothea	Acacia terminalis	Allocasuarina distyla
Allocasuarina nana	Banksia ericifolia	Boronia microphylla
Daviesia latifolia	Dillwynia retorta	Eucalyptus piperita
Eucalyptus	Eucalyptus sieberi	Eucalyptus
sclerophylla	sparsifolia
Hakea dactyloides	Lepidosperma	Leptospermum
viscidum	arachnoides
Platysace lanceolata

(5D)

Lagoon Vegetation (Glenbrook Lagoon)

Lagoon Vegetation (Glenbrook Lagoon) is the wetland vegetation associated with Glenbrook Lagoon. This waterbody is the only naturally occurring upland lagoon in the City, although wetland vegetation has also developed around artificially created water bodies such as Wentworth Falls Lake and Woodford Lake. Glenbrook Lagoon consists of an area of open water with submerged aquatic vegetation, surrounded by extensive reedbeds dominated by the large sedges Lepironia articulata and Eleocharis sphacelata. Fringing the reedbeds is a narrow band of low paperbark trees Melaleuca linariifolia. Native wetland plants recorded at Glenbrook Lagoon include the following species. Other species are also likely to be present.

Acacia rubida	Agrostis avenacea	Baumea articulata
Callistemon citrinus	Callistemon linearis	Centella asiatica
Cynodon dactylon	Eleocharis	Epilobium
sphacelata	billardierianum

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Gratiola	Gratiola peruviana	Hydrocotyle
pedunculata	peduncularis
Isachne globosa	Juncus	Juncus usitatus
holoschoenus
Lepidosperma	Lepironia articulata	Leptospermum
longitudinale	polygalifolium
Ludwigia peploides	Melaleuca	Melaleuca
linariifolia	thymifolia
Myriophyllum	Nymphoides	Paspalum distichum
variifolium	geminata
Persicaria decipiens	Persicaria strigosa	Philydrum lanuginosum
Phragmites	Rumex brownii	Schoenoplectus
australis	validus
Typha domingensis	Typha orientalis	Vallisneria gigantea
Viminaria juncea

6      Blue Mountains Riparian complex

Blue Mountains Riparian Complex refers to the narrow bands of vegetation found along perennial and non-perennial watercourses in the Blue Mountains. It applies to those sections of the creek where there are distinct differences between the creekside vegetation and the adjacent vegetation further from the creek. Riparian (creekline) vegetation can be diverse and variable in structure and composition. It typically consists of species that are restricted to the immediate creekside environment plus other species from the adjacent vegetation communities. Common shrubs and low trees characteristic of riparian vegetation in the Blue Mountains include Acacia rubida, Baeckea linifolia, Bauera rubioides, Callicoma serratifolia , Callistemon citrinus, Lep tospermum polygalifolium, Lomatia myricoides, Tristania neriifolia and Tristaniopsis laurina. Ferns tend to be a major component of the riparian vegetation, and include Blechnum nudum, Calochlaena dubia, Gleichenia microphylla, Sticherus

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flabellatus and Todea barbara. Common sedges and rushes include Gahnia sieberiana, Juncus planifolius and Schoenus melanostachys. Pockets of rainforest, swamp and moist cliffline (waterfall) vegetation are often present along the creeks and add to the floristic diversity of the riparian vegetation.

Blue Mountains Riparian Complex is characterised by the following assemblage of native plant species. Other species also occur, and not all of the following species are present along every creek, but the list is indicative of the species composition of the vegetation. The list does not include Eucalyptus species. Although a variety of eucalypts may occur along the creeks, they generally reflect the composition of the adjacent vegetation community rather than the riparian vegetation itself.

Acacia elata	Acacia linifolia	Acacia longifolia
Acacia obtusifolia	Adiantum	Austromyrtus
aethiopicum	tenuifolia
Backhousia	Baeckea linifolia	Bauera rubioides
myrtifolia
Blechnum	Blechnum	Blechnum nudum
ambiguum	cartilagineum
Blechnum patersonii	Blechnum wattsii	Boronia fraseri
Bossiaea lenticularis	Callicoma	Callistemon citrinus
serratifolia
Calochlaena dubia	Centella asiatica	Ceratopetalum apetalum
Cissus hypoglauca	Dodonaea multijuga	Drosera spathulata
Entolasia marginata	Entolasia stricta	Eriostemon myoporoides
Gahnia clarkei	Gahnia sieberiana	Gleichenia dicarpa
Gleichenia	Gonocarpus	Grevillea longifolia
microphylla	teucrioides

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Grevillea sericea	Hibbertia saligna	Imperata cylindrica
Juncus planifolius	Leptospermum	Leptospermum
marginatum	polygalifolium
Lepyrodia scariosa	Lomandra fluviatilis	Morinda jasminoides
Notelaea longifolia	Persoonia mollis	Phebalium squamulosum
Pteridium	Schoenus	Smilax glyciphylla
esculentum	melanostachys
Sticherus flabellatus	Sticherus lobatus	Syncarpia glomulifera
Todea barbara	Triglochin procera	Tristania neriifolia
Tristaniopsis laurina

7      Blue Mountains Escarpment Complex

Blue Mountains Escarpment Complex refers to the distinctive vegetation communities associated with moist, sheltered rock faces, the escarpments and other extensive outcroppings of sandstones in the Blue Mountains. The habitat of this vegetation varies from rock crevices, ledges, caves and the talus at cliff bases through to isolated rock outcrops. The vegetation consists of a diverse mixture of moist cliffline vegetation, heath, swamp, rainforest, mallee and forest communities that can vary on a very small scale.

Species found in the moist sites include Alania endlicheri, Baeckea linifolia, Blechnum ambiguum, B. wattsii, Callicoma serratifolia, Dracophyllum secundum, Drosera binata , Epacris reclinata, Gleichenia microphylla, G. rupestris, Leptospermum rupicola, Sprengelia monticola and Todea barbara. Where a tree canopy is present, it can contain elements of various communities but Eucalyptus oreades (Blue Mountain Ash) is by far the most common. E. piperita (Sydney Peppermint), E. sieberi (Silvertop Ash) and a range of mallees, particularly the common E. stricta (Mallee Ash), can also be locally prevalent.

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Blue Mountains Escarpment Complex is characterised by the following assemblage of native plant species. Other species also occur, and not all of the following species are present in every stand of the community, but the list is indicative of the species composition of the vegetation.

Acrophyllum	Adenochilus	Alania endlicheri
australe	nortonii
Baeckea linifolia	Bauera rubioides	Blechnum ambiguum
Blechnum gregsonii	Blechnum wattsii	Bossiaea lenticularis
Callicoma	Dracophyllum	Drosera binata
serratifolia	secundum
Empodisma minus	Entolasia marginata	Epacris coriacea
Epacris crassifolia	Epacris hamiltonii	Epacris muelleri
Epacris reclinata	Eucalyptus oreades	Eucalyptus piperita
Eucalyptus stricta	Euphrasia	Gahnia sieberiana
bowdeniae
Gleichenia dicarpa	Gleichenia	Gleichenia rupestris
microphylla
Goodenia decurrens	Goodenia	Grammitis
rostrivalvis	billardieri
Isopogon fletcheri	Lepidosperma	Leptopteris fraseri
evansianum
Leptospermum	Leptospermum	Lepyrodia scariosa
polygalifolium	rupicola
Lindsaea	Lomandra montana	Lycopodium laterale
microphylla
Melaleuca squamea	Microstrobos	Pterostylis pulchella
fitzgeraldii
Rimacola elliptica	Rupicola apiculata	Rupicola sprengelioides

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Scaevola hookeri	Schoenus	Smilax glyciphylla
melanostachys
Sprengelia	Sticherus flabellatus	Sticherus lobatus
monticola
Sticherus tener	Stylidium productum	Todea barbara

8 References

Benson, D.H. and Keith, D.A. (1990) The natural vegetation of the Wallerawang 1:100,000 map sheet. Cunninghamia, 2 (2): 305–336.

Douglas, S.M. (2001) Native vegetation of Areas 1 to 5 in Blue Mountains City local government area. Ecological Surveys and Planning P/L. Hornsby.

Keith, D.A. and Benson, D.H. (1988). The natural vegetation of the Katoomba 1:100 000 map sheet. Cunninghamia, 2: 107–44.

King, D.P. (1994). Soil landscapes of the Katoomba 1:100,000 sheet. Department of Conservation and Land Management, Sydney.

Smith, P. and Smith, J. (1995a). Flora and Fauna Study for Blue Mountains Environmental Management Plan—Study Area 1: Bell to Medlow Bath. P & J Smith Ecological Consultants, Blaxland.

Smith, P. and Smith, J. (1995b). Flora and Fauna Study for Blue Mountains Environmental Management Plan—Study Area 2: Katoomba to Wentworth Falls. P & J Smith Ecological Consultants, Blaxland.

Smith, P. and Smith, J. (1995c). Flora and Fauna Study for Blue Mountains Environmental Management Plan—Study Area 3: Bullaburra to Linden. P & J Smith Ecological Consultants, Blaxland.

Smith, P. and Smith, J. (1995d). Flora and Fauna Study for Blue Mountains Environmental Management Plan—Study Area 4: Faulconbridge to Hawkesbury Heights. P & J Smith Ecological Consultants, Blaxland.

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Smith, P. and Smith, J. (1995e). Flora and Fauna Study for Blue Mountains Environmental Management Plan—Study Area 5: Warrimoo to Lapstone. P & J Smith Ecological Consultants, Blaxland.

Smith, P. and Smith, J. (1998). Sensitive Vegetation Units in the City of the Blue Mountains. Unpublished report to Blue Mountains Conservation Society, Residents Against Improper Development, Coalition of Residents for the Environment, Springwood-Winmalee Action Group, Peter Dodd and Lyndal Sullivan. P & J Smith Ecological Consultants.

Specht, R.L., Roe, E.M. and Boughton, V.H. (1974). Conservation of Major Plant Communities in Australia and Papua New Guinea. Aust. J. Bot. Supp. Series, No 7. CSIRO Editorial and Publishing Unit, Melbourne.

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