1607529 (Refugee)

[2018] AATA 3689

1607529 (Refugee) [2018] AATA 3689 (18 September 2018)

DECISION RECORD

DIVISION:Migration & Refugee Division

CASE NUMBER:  1607529

COUNTRY OF REFERENCE:                  China

MEMBER:Linda Symons

DATE:18 September 2018

PLACE OF DECISION:  Sydney

DECISION:The Tribunal affirms the decision not to grant the applicant a Protection visa.

Statement made on 18 September 2018 at 10:28am

CATCHWORDS
Refugee – Protection visa – China – Religion – Christian – Practice and procedure – Applicant declined hearing invitation – Lack of detail about protection claims in written application – No well-founded fear of persecution – Decision under review affirmed

LEGISLATION
Migration Act 1958, ss 5, 5H, 5K-LA, 36, 65, 499
Migration Regulations 1994, Schedule 2

CASES
MIEA v Guo & Anor (1997) 191 CLR 559
Nagalingam v MILGEA (1992) 38 FCR 191
Prasad v MIEA (1985) 6 FCR 155 at 169 70

Any references appearing in square brackets indicate that information has been omitted from this decision pursuant to section 431 of the Migration Act 1958 and replaced with generic information which does not allow the identification of an applicant, or their relative or other dependant

STATEMENT OF DECISION AND REASONS

APPLICATION FOR REVIEW

1. This is an application for review of a decision made by a delegate of the Minister for Immigration on 2 May 2016 to refuse to grant the applicant a protection visa under s.65 of the Migration Act 1958 (the Act).

2. The applicant, who claims to be a citizen of China, arrived in Australia on 9 October 2011 as the holder of a [temporary] visa. This visa expired on 9 January 2012 and he thereafter remained in Australia as an unlawful non-citizen. On 14 July 2015, he was granted a Bridging visa in association with his application for a Protection visa. On 30 July 2015, he was granted a further Bridging visa with no conditions.

3. The applicant applied to the Department of Home Affairs (the Department) for the visa on 9 July 2015. The delegate refused to grant the visa on the basis that he is not a person in respect of whom Australia has protection obligations. On 26 May 2016, he applied to the Tribunal for a review of that decision.

4. On 15 August 2018, the Tribunal wrote to the applicant and informed him that it had considered the material before it but was unable to make a favourable decision on that information alone. The Tribunal invited him to appear before it on 6 September 2018 at 9.30am to give evidence and present arguments relating to the issues arising in his case. The letter informed the applicant that if he did not attend the scheduled hearing, the Tribunal may make a decision without taking any further action to allow or enable him to appear before it or may dismiss his application for review without any further consideration of the application or information before it.  

5. On 19 August 2018, the Tribunal received an email from the applicant enclosing a Response to Hearing Invitation in which he declined the hearing invitation. In these circumstances, the Tribunal will proceed to make a decision on the review.

6. The issues that arise on review are whether the applicant is owed Australia's protection under the refugee criterion or under the complementary protection criterion.

   CRITERIA FOR A PROTECTION VISA

7. The criteria for a Protection visa are set out in s.36 of the Act and Schedule 2 to the Migration Regulations 1994 (the Regulations). An applicant for the visa must meet one of the alternative criteria in s.36(2)(a), (aa), (b), or (c). That is, he or she is either a person in respect of whom Australia has protection obligations under the ‘refugee’ criterion, or on other ‘complementary protection’ grounds, or is a member of the same family unit as such a person and that person holds a Protection visa of the same class.

8. Section 36(2)(a) provides that a criterion for a protection visa is that the applicant for the visa is a non-citizen in Australia in respect of whom the Minister is satisfied Australia has protection obligations because the person is a refugee.

9. A person is a refugee if, in the case of a person who has a nationality, he or she is outside the country of his or her nationality and, owing to a well-founded fear of persecution, is unable or unwilling to avail himself or herself of the protection of that country: s.5H(1)(a). In the case of a person without a nationality, he or she is a refugee if he or she is outside the country of his or her former habitual residence and, owing to a well-founded fear of persecution, is unable or unwilling to return to that country: s.5H(1)(b).

10. Under s.5J(1), a person has a well-founded fear of persecution if they fear being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, there is a real chance they would be persecuted for one or more of those reasons, and the real chance of persecution relates to all areas of the relevant country. Additional requirements relating to a ‘well-founded fear of persecution’ and circumstances in which a person will be taken not to have such a fear are set out in ss.5J(2)-(6) and ss.5K-LA, which are extracted in the attachment to this decision.

11. If a person is found not to meet the refugee criterion in s.36(2)(a), he or she may nevertheless meet the criteria for the grant of the visa if he or she is a non-citizen in Australia in respect of whom the Minister is satisfied Australia has protection obligations because the Minister has substantial grounds for believing that, as a necessary and foreseeable consequence of being removed from Australia to a receiving country, there is a real risk that he or she will suffer significant harm: s.36(2)(aa) (‘the complementary protection criterion’). The meaning of significant harm, and the circumstances in which a person will be taken not to face a real risk of significant harm, are set out in ss.36(2A) and (2B), which are extracted in the attachment to this decision.

    Mandatory considerations

12. In accordance with Ministerial Direction No.56, made under s.499 of the Act, the Tribunal has taken account of policy guidelines prepared by the Department of Immigration – PAM3 Refugee and humanitarian - Complementary Protection Guidelines and PAM3 Refugee and humanitarian - Refugee Law Guidelines – and relevant country information assessments prepared by the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade expressly for protection status determination purposes, to the extent that they are relevant to the decision under consideration.

    CONSIDERATION OF CLAIMS AND EVIDENCE AND FINDINGS

    The applicant’s claims

13. In his application for a Protection visa the applicant made the following claims:

    ·He left China because he became a Christian. He was exiled by his family and was not accepted by his community. He was unable to practise his religion and maintain his relationship with Christ.

    ·When he arrived in Australia in 2011 he found Christ and Cristian beliefs and had freedom to practise again. He would be grateful if he is granted a Protection visa so that he can remain in Australia and continue his commitment to Christ.  

    ·If he returns to China, he will not be accepted by his family or community.

    ·He cannot relocate within China as his relationship with Christ will follow him wherever he goes as the treatment of Christians is the same throughout China.

14. The applicant has provided to the Department a copy of the bio data page of his Chinese passport.

15. The applicant was invited to attend an interview with the Department on 29 April 2016 in relation to his application for a Protection visa. He failed to do so and did not provide the Department with any explanation for his non-appearance.

16. The applicant has not provided the Tribunal with any further evidence.

    Receiving country

17. The applicant claims to be a citizen of China and has provided a copy of his Chinese passport to the Department. In the absence of any evidence to the contrary, the Tribunal finds that he is a citizen of China. The Tribunal finds that China is his receiving country for the purpose of assessing his claims for protection.

    Third country protection

18. There is no evidence before the Tribunal to suggest that the applicant has the right to enter and reside in any safe third country for the purposes of s.36(3) of the Act.

    Assessment of claims

19. The mere fact that a person claims a fear of persecution for a particular reason does not establish the genuineness of the asserted fear or that it is well founded. It remains for the applicant to satisfy the Tribunal that all of the statutory elements are made out. Although the concept of onus of proof is not appropriate to administrative inquiries and decision-making, the relevant facts of the individual case will have to be supplied by the applicant himself in as much detail as is necessary to enable the Tribunal to establish the relevant facts. The Tribunal is not required to make the applicant's case for him. Nor is the Tribunal required to accept uncritically any and all of the allegations made by an applicant. (MIEA v Guo & Anor (1997) 191 CLR 559 at 596, Nagalingam v MILGEA (1992) 38 FCR 191, Prasad v MIEA (1985) 6 FCR 155 at 169 70.)

20. In this case, the applicant's claims are made in the most general terms and they are unsubstantiated. As he did not attend the interview with the Department on 29 April 2016, he did not provide the Department with any further information. As he declined the Tribunal’s hearing invitation, the Tribunal was unable to obtain further details of his claims and to test their veracity. Had the applicant attended the hearing, the Tribunal would have asked him for further details such as what denomination of Christianity he belonged to, how he became a Christian, how he practised his religion in China and how he was rejected by his family and community. The Tribunal would have also ascertained why he is unable to relocate in China away from his family and community.

21. If the applicant had attended the hearing, the Tribunal would have found out why he fears persecution if he returns to China in view of his responses to questions 92 and 95 of his application for a Protection visa that he did not experience harm in China and does not think he will be harmed or mistreated if he returns to China. The Tribunal would have ascertained the details of the ‘treatment of Christians’ he was referring to. The Tribunal would have discussed with him country information in relation to the practise of Christianity in China including the fact that it is the fastest growing religion in the country. The Tribunal would have ascertained why he delayed lodging his application for a Protection visa for almost 4 years after his arrival in Australia.

22. The evidence before the Tribunal is not sufficiently detailed for the Tribunal to be satisfied that the applicant is a Christian and, if he is, why he was unable to practise his religion and maintain his relationship with Christ when he was in China or if he returns to China in the foreseeable future. The Tribunal is also unable to be satisfied how his family and community not accepting his religion amounts to serious harm or significant harm.

    Is the applicant entitled to protection under the refugee criterion?

23. On the evidence before it, the Tribunal is not satisfied that the applicant has a well-founded fear of persecution for reason of his religion, that there is a real chance that he would be persecuted for this reason and the real chance of persecution relates to all areas of China. Therefore, he does not meet the definition of refugee set out in s.5H of the Act. Accordingly, the Tribunal is not satisfied the applicant is a person in respect of whom Australia has protection obligations under s.36(2)(a) of the Act.

    Is the applicant entitled to protection under the complementary protection criterion?

24. As the Tribunal has found that the applicant does not meet the refugee criterion in s.36(2)(a) of the Act, the Tribunal has considered whether he may nevertheless meet the criterion for the grant of a Protection visa pursuant to the complementary protection criterion.

25. As indicated above, the applicant has failed to provide sufficient details regarding his claims for protection. As the applicant declined the hearing invitation, the Tribunal was unable to obtain further details of his claims and to test their veracity. In view of the above findings and on the evidence before it, the Tribunal is not satisfied that the applicant suffered significant harm in China or that there is a real risk that he will suffer significant harm if he returns to China.

26. On the evidence before it, the Tribunal is not satisfied that there are substantial grounds for believing that, as a necessary and foreseeable consequence of the applicant being removed from Australia to China, there is a real risk that he will suffer significant harm. Therefore, the Tribunal is not satisfied that the applicant is a person in respect of whom Australia has protection obligations under s.36(2)(aa) of the Act.

    CONCLUSION

27. For the reasons given above, the Tribunal is not satisfied that the applicant is a person in respect of whom Australia has protection obligations under s.36(2)(a) or s.36(2)(aa) of the Act.

28. There is no suggestion that the applicant satisfies s.36(2) of the Act on the basis of being a member of the same family unit as a person who satisfies s.36(2)(a) or (aa) of the Act and who holds a Protection visa. Accordingly, the applicant does not satisfy the criterion in s.36(2) of the Act.

    DECISION

29. The Tribunal affirms the decision not to grant the applicant a Protection visa.

Linda Symons
         Member

ATTACHMENT  -  Extract from Migration Act 1958

5 (1) Interpretation
…
cruel or inhuman treatment or punishment means an act or omission by which:

(a)severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person; or

(b)pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person so long as, in all the circumstances, the act or omission could reasonably be regarded as cruel or inhuman in nature;

but does not include an act or omission:

(c)that is not inconsistent with Article 7 of the Covenant; or

(d)arising only from, inherent in or incidental to, lawful sanctions that are not inconsistent with the Articles of the Covenant.

…
degrading treatment or punishment means an act or omission that causes, and is intended to cause, extreme humiliation which is unreasonable, but does not include an act or omission:

(a)that is not inconsistent with Article 7 of the Covenant; or

(b)that causes, and is intended to cause, extreme humiliation arising only from, inherent in or incidental to, lawful sanctions that are not inconsistent with the Articles of the Covenant.

…
torture means an act or omission by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person:

(a)for the purpose of obtaining from the person or from a third person information or a confession; or

(b)for the purpose of punishing the person for an act which that person or a third person has committed or is suspected of having committed; or

(c)for the purpose of intimidating or coercing the person or a third person; or

(d)for a purpose related to a purpose mentioned in paragraph (a), (b) or (c); or

(e)for any reason based on discrimination that is inconsistent with the Articles of the Covenant;

but does not include an act or omission arising only from, inherent in or incidental to, lawful sanctions that are not inconsistent with the Articles of the Covenant.

…
receiving country,  in relation to a non-citizen, means:

(a)a country of which the non-citizen is a national, to be determined solely by reference to the law of the relevant country; or

(b)if the non-citizen has no country of nationality—a country of his or her former habitual residence, regardless of whether it would be possible to return the non-citizen to the country.

…

5J Meaning of well-founded fear of persecution

(1)For the purposes of the application of this Act and the regulations to a particular person, the person has a well-founded fear of persecution if:

(a)     the person fears being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion; and

(b)     there is a real chance that, if the person returned to the receiving country, the person would be persecuted for one or more of the reasons mentioned in paragraph (a); and

(c)     the real chance of persecution relates to all areas of a receiving country.

Note:    For membership of a particular social group, see sections 5K and 5L.

(2)A person does not have a well-founded fear of persecution if effective protection measures are available to the person in a receiving country.

Note:    For effective protection measures, see section 5LA.

(3)A person does not have a well-founded fear of persecution if the person could take reasonable steps to modify his or her behaviour so as to avoid a real chance of persecution in a receiving country, other than a modification that would:

(a)     conflict with a characteristic that is fundamental to the person’s identity or conscience; or

(b)     conceal an innate or immutable characteristic of the person; or

(c)     without limiting paragraph (a) or (b), require the person to do any of the following:

(i)alter his or her religious beliefs, including by renouncing a religious conversion, or conceal his or her true religious beliefs, or cease to be involved in them practice of his or her faith;

(ii)conceal his or her true race, ethnicity, nationality or country of origin;

(iii)alter his or her political beliefs or conceal his or her true political beliefs;

(iv)conceal a physical, psychological or intellectual disability;

(v)enter into or remain in a marriage to which that person is opposed, or accept the forced marriage of a child;

(vi)alter his or her sexual orientation or gender identity or conceal his or her true sexual orientation, gender identity or intersex status.

(4)If a person fears persecution for one or more of the reasons mentioned in paragraph (1)(a):

(a)     that reason must be the essential and significant reason, or those reasons must be the essential and significant reasons, for the persecution; and

(b)     the persecution must involve serious harm to the person; and

(c)     the persecution must involve systematic and discriminatory conduct.

(5)Without limiting what is serious harm for the purposes of paragraph (4)(b), the following are instances of serious harm for the purposes of that paragraph:

(a)     a threat to the person’s life or liberty;

(b)     significant physical harassment of the person;

(c)     significant physical ill‑treatment of the person;

(d)     significant economic hardship that threatens the person’s capacity to subsist;

(e)     denial of access to basic services, where the denial threatens the person’s capacity to subsist;

(f)    denial of capacity to earn a livelihood of any kind, where the denial threatens the person’s capacity to subsist.

(6)In determining whether the person has a well‑founded fear of persecution for one or more of the reasons mentioned in paragraph (1)(a), any conduct engaged in by the person in Australia is to be disregarded unless the person satisfies the Minister that the person engaged in the conduct otherwise than for the purpose of strengthening the person’s claim to be a refugee.

5K  Membership of a particular social group consisting of family

For the purposes of the application of this Act and the regulations to a particular person (the first person), in determining whether the first person has a well‑founded fear of persecution for the reason of membership of a particular social group that consists of the first person’s family:

(a)     disregard any fear of persecution, or any persecution, that any other member or former member (whether alive or dead) of the family has ever experienced, where the reason for the fear or persecution is not a reason mentioned in paragraph 5J(1)(a); and

(b)     disregard any fear of persecution, or any persecution, that:

(i)the first person has ever experienced; or

(ii)any other member or former member (whether alive or dead) of the family has ever experienced;

where it is reasonable to conclude that the fear or persecution would not exist if it were assumed that the fear or persecution mentioned in paragraph (a) had never existed.

Note: Section 5G may be relevant for determining family relationships for the purposes of this section.

5L  Membership of a particular social group other than family

For the purposes of the application of this Act and the regulations to a particular person, the person is to be treated as a member of a particular social group (other than the person’s family) if:

(a)     a characteristic is shared by each member of the group; and

(b)     the person shares, or is perceived as sharing, the characteristic; and

(c)     any of the following apply:

(i)the characteristic is an innate or immutable characteristic;

(ii)the characteristic is so fundamental to a member’s identity or conscience, the member should not be forced to renounce it;

(iii)the characteristic distinguishes the group from society; and

(d)     the characteristic is not a fear of persecution.

5LA  Effective protection measures

(1)For the purposes of the application of this Act and the regulations to a particular person, effective protection measures are available to the person in a receiving country if:

(a)     protection against persecution could be provided to the person by:

(i)the relevant State; or

(ii)a party or organisation, including an international organisation, that controls the relevant State or a substantial part of the territory of the relevant State; and

(b)     the relevant State, party or organisation mentioned in paragraph (a) is willing and able to offer such protection.

(2)A relevant State, party or organisation mentioned in paragraph (1)(a) is taken to be able to offer protection against persecution to a person if:

(a)     the person can access the protection; and

(b)     the protection is durable; and

(c)     in the case of protection provided by the relevant State—the protection consists of an appropriate criminal law, a reasonably effective police force and an impartial judicial system.

..

36Protection visas – criteria provided for by this Act

…

(2A)A non‑citizen will suffer significant harm if:

(a)     the non‑citizen will be arbitrarily deprived of his or her life; or

(b)    the death penalty will be carried out on the non‑citizen; or

(c)     the non‑citizen will be subjected to torture; or

(d)    the non‑citizen will be subjected to cruel or inhuman treatment or punishment; or

(e)     the non‑citizen will be subjected to degrading treatment or punishment.

(2B)However, there is taken not to be a real risk that a non‑citizen will suffer significant harm in a country if the Minister is satisfied that:

(a)     it would be reasonable for the non‑citizen to relocate to an area of the country where there would not be a real risk that the non‑citizen will suffer significant harm; or

(b)    the non‑citizen could obtain, from an authority of the country, protection such that there would not be a real risk that the non‑citizen will suffer significant harm; or

(c)     the real risk is one faced by the population of the country generally and is not faced by the non‑citizen personally.

…