Statement of Principles concerning frostbite (Reasonable Hypothesis) (No. 37 of 2026)

EXPLANATORY STATEMENT

STATEMENT OF PRINCIPLES CONCERNING

FROSTBITE

(REASONABLE HYPOTHESIS) (NO. 37 OF 2026)

VETERANS' ENTITLEMENTS ACT 1986

MILITARY REHABILITATION AND COMPENSATION ACT 2004

1.              This is the Explanatory Statement to the Statement of Principles concerning frostbite (Reasonable Hypothesis) (No. 37 of 2026).

Background

1.              The Repatriation Medical Authority (the Authority), under subsection 196B(8) of the Veterans' Entitlements Act 1986 (the VEA), repeals Instrument No. 11 of 2018 (Federal Register of Legislation No. F2018L00013) determined under subsection 196B(2) of the VEA concerning frostbite.
2.              The Authority is of the view that there is sound medical-scientific evidence that indicates that frostbite and death from frostbite can be related to particular kinds of service. The Authority has therefore determined pursuant to subsection 196B(2) of the VEA a Statement of Principles concerning frostbite (Reasonable Hypothesis) (No. 37 of 2026).  This Instrument will in effect replace the repealed Statement of Principles.

Purpose and Operation

1.              The Statement of Principles will be applied in determining claims under the VEA and the Military Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 2004 (the MRCA).
2.              The Statement of Principles sets out the factors that must as a minimum exist, and which of those factors must be related to the following kinds of service rendered by a person:

 operational service under the VEA;

 peacekeeping service under the VEA;

 hazardous service under the VEA;

 British nuclear test defence service under the VEA;

 warlike service under the MRCA;

 non-warlike service under the MRCA,

before it can be said that a reasonable hypothesis has been raised connecting frostbite or death from frostbite, with the circumstances of that service. The Statement of Principles has been determined for the purposes of both the VEA and the MRCA.

1.              This Instrument results from an investigation notified by the Authority in the Government Notices Gazette of 28 August 2025 concerning frostbite in accordance with section 196G of the VEA. The investigation involved an examination of the sound medical-scientific evidence now available to the Authority, including the sound medical-scientific evidence it has previously considered.
2.              The contents of this Instrument are in similar terms as the repealed Instrument.  Comparing this Instrument and the repealed Instrument, the differences include:

• specifying a day of commencement for the Instrument in section 2; and
• revising the factor in subsection 9(2) concerning inability to obtain appropriate clinical management

Incorporation

1.              This Instrument refers to The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification (ICD-10-AM), Tenth Edition, effective date of 1 July 2017, copyrighted by the Independent Hospital Pricing Authority, ISBN 978-1-76007-296-4.

The reference to the ICD-10-AM in this instrument is included for contextual and explanatory purposes only. Although not incorporated by reference, information about the ICD-10-AM can be obtained upon application in writing to the Repatriation Medical Authority either via our website at www.rma.gov.au or postal address GPO Box 1014, Brisbane, Queensland 4001.

Consultation

1.              Prior to determining this Instrument, the Authority advertised its intention to undertake an investigation in relation to frostbite in the Government Notices Gazette of 28 August 2025, and circulated a copy of the notice of intention to investigate to a wide range of organisations representing veterans, service personnel and their dependants. The Authority invited submissions from the Repatriation Commission, the Military Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission, organisations and persons referred to in section 196E of the VEA, and any person having expertise in the field. No submissions were received for consideration by the Authority in relation to the investigation.

Human Rights

1.          This instrument is compatible with the Human Rights and Freedoms recognised or declared in the International Instruments listed in Section 3 of the Human Rights (Parliamentary Scrutiny) Act 2011.  A Statement of Compatibility with Human Rights follows.

Finalisation of Investigation

1.          The determining of this Instrument finalises the investigation in relation to frostbite as advertised in the Government Notices Gazette of 28 August 2025.

References

1.          A list of references relating to the above condition is available on the Authority's website at: www.rma.gov.au. Any other document referred to in this Statement of Principles is available on request to the Repatriation Medical Authority at the following address:

Email:    info@rma.gov.au

Post:      The Registrar

Repatriation Medical Authority

GPO Box 1014

BRISBANE    QLD    4001

Statement of Compatibility with Human Rights

(Prepared in accordance with Part 3 of the Human Rights (Parliamentary Scrutiny) Act 2011)

Instrument No.:   Statement of Principles No. 37 of 2026

Kind of Injury, Disease or Death: frostbite

This Legislative Instrument is compatible with the human rights and freedoms recognised or declared in the international instruments listed in section 3 of the Human Rights (Parliamentary Scrutiny) Act 2011.

Overview of the Legislative Instrument

1. This Legislative Instrument is determined pursuant to subsection 196B(2) of the Veterans' Entitlements Act 1986 (the VEA) for the purposes of the VEA and the Military Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 2004 (the MRCA).  Part XIA of the VEA requires the determination of these instruments outlining the factors connecting particular kinds of injury, disease or death with service such being determined solely on the available sound medical-scientific evidence.

2. This Legislative Instrument:-

• facilitates claimants in making, and the Repatriation Commission and the Military Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission in assessing, claims under the VEA and the MRCA respectively, by specifying the circumstances in which medical treatment and compensation can be extended to eligible persons who have frostbite;
• facilitates the review of such decisions by the Veterans' Review Board and the Administrative Appeals Tribunal;
• outlines the factors which the current sound medical-scientific evidence indicates must as a minimum exist, before it can be said that a reasonable hypothesis has been raised, connecting frostbite with the circumstances of eligible service rendered by a person, as set out in clause 5 of the Explanatory Statement;
• replaces Instrument No. 11 of 2018; and
• reflects developments in the available sound medical-scientific evidence concerning frostbite which have occurred since that earlier instrument was determined. 

3. The Instrument is assessed as being a technical instrument which improves the medico-scientific quality of outcomes under the VEA and the MRCA. 

Human Rights Implications

4. This Legislative Instrument does not derogate from any human rights. It promotes the human rights of veterans, current and former Defence Force members as well as other persons such as their dependents, including:

• the right to social security (Art 9, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights; Art 26, Convention on the Rights of the Child and Art 28, Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities) by helping to ensure that the qualifying conditions for the benefit are 'reasonable, proportionate and transparent'[1];
• the right to an adequate standard of living (Art 11, ICESCR; Art 27, CRC and Art 28, CRPD) by facilitating the assessment and determination of social security benefits;
• the right to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health (Art 12, ICESCR and Art 25, CRPD), by facilitating the assessment and determination of compensation and benefits in relation to the treatment and rehabilitation of veterans and Defence Force members;
• the rights of persons with disabilities by facilitating the determination of claims relating to treatment and rehabilitation (Art 26, CRPD); and
• ensuring that those rights "will be exercised without discrimination of any kind as to race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status" (Art 2, ICESCR).

Conclusion

This Legislative Instrument is compatible with human rights as it does not derogate from and promotes a number of human rights.

Repatriation Medical Authority

[1] In General Comment No. 19 (The right to social security), the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights said (at paragraph 24) this to be one of the elements of ensuring accessibility to social security.