Navigation (Examination of Engineers) Regulations

STATUTORY RULES.

1923. No. 88.

REGULATIONS UNDER THE NAVIGATION ACT 1912-1920.

I, THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL in and over the Commonwealth of Australia, acting with the advice of the Federal Executive Council, do hereby make the following Regulations under the Navigation Act 1912-1920, to come into operation on and from the first day of October, 1923.

Dated this fourth day of July, 1923.

FORSTER,

Governor-General.

By His Excellency’s Command,

AUSTIN CHAPMAN,

Minister of State for Trade and Customs.

NAVIGATION (EXAMINATION OF ENGINEERS) REGULATIONS.

Short title.

1. These Regulations may be cited as the Navigation (Examination of Engineers) Regulations.

Parts.

2. These Regulations are divided into Parts as follows:—

Part I.—Preliminary.

Part II.—General Provisions.

Part III.—Qualifications for, and Subject of, Examinations.

Division 1.—Coast Engineers’ Certificates.

Division 2.—Second and First Class Engineers’ Certificates valid within the British Empire.

Division 3.—Marine Engine-drivers’ Certificates.

Part IV.—Workshop and Sea Service.

Part V.—Rules for the Conduct of Examinations.

Definitions

3. In these Regulations, unless the contrary intention appears:—

“Boilers and Machinery” includes engines and everything connected therewith employed in propelling a ship, and every description of machinery used on a ship for the purposes of the ship or her cargo, and all other apparatus or things attached to or connected therewith, or used with reference to any engine or under the care of the engineer;

“Certificate” means a Certificate of Competency issued under the Act or by the Board of Trade of the United Kingdom, or by a British Possession under Order in Council in accordance with the provisions of the Merchant Shipping Act;

C.16427/21.—Price 1s. 3d.

Certificates are designated “Ordinary” or “Motor” according to whether they relate to service in steam-ships or motor ships.

“On regular watch” means on watch for at least eight hours each day;

“the Act” means the Navigation Act 1912-1920.

Part II.–General Provisional.

4. Service which cannot be verified by proper entries in the articles of agreement of the ships in which the candidates have served shall not be counted. (See also regulation 56.)

Time and place of examinations.

5. Examinations shall be held at the times and places specified in Appendix A to these Regulations, or at such other times or places as the Minister from time to time directs.

Applications for examinations.

6. (1) A candidate for examination shall make application in accordance with Form E.—A.

(2) Subject to regulation 16, the form, properly filled in, and accompanied by the candidate’s certificate of apprenticeship, testimonials, and discharges, shall be lodged with the Superintendent at the port where the candidate desires to be examined at least four clear working days before the date of examination.

(3) The forms shall be obtainable from the Superintendent in any port in which examinations are held.

Gaps in service.

7. Before the acceptance of any application, the Superintendent shall satisfy himself that there are not any gaps in a candidate’s service, during which his conduct is not properly accounted for.

Calculation of service.

8. (1) The candidate’s service, as shown on his discharges, shall be reckoned by the calendar month, i.e., the time included between any given day in any month, and the preceding day of the following month, both inclusive.

(2) The number of complete months from the commencement of the period, ascertained in this way, shall be computed, after which the number of odd days shall be counted.

(3) The day on which the agreement commences, as well as that on which it terminates, shall both be included, and all odd days shall be added together and reckoned at 30 to the month.

Special application.

9. (1) In cases where a candidate is in doubt whether his service complies with the Regulations, and wishes to submit his case for special consideration, he shall submit his discharges, testimonials, certificates (if any) and form of application (properly filled in) to the local Examiner, or if at a port where there is no Examiner, to the Superintendent, and shall pay the prescribed examination fee to the Superintendent.

(2) If necessary, the local Examiner or Superintendent, as the case may be, shall forward the papers with his observations to the Principal Examiner, who may either deal with the case or bring it before the Director.

Age of candidate.

10. Should any doubt exist as to the age of a candidate, he shall be required to produce a certificate of birth or baptism, or other satisfactory evidence of age.

Testimonials: Shore service.

11. (1) All candidates shall produce, in addition to the official discharge certificates, testimonials as to their workshop service and as to their service at sea.

(2) The testimonials as to workshop service shall be signed by the employer, and shall testify to the candidate’s conduct and ability, and state what kind of work he was engaged on (e.g., fitting, erecting, or as the case may be), and for how long he was so engaged (see regulations 54, 55).

Testimonials: Sea service.

12. (1) Testimonials as to service at sea shall testify to the applicant’s sobriety, experience, ability, and general good conduct, and shall cover the whole of the applicant’s sea service.

(2) No application shall be accepted in any case where the applicant does not produce satisfactory testimonials for at least the last eighteen months’ service at sea preceding the date of application to be examined.

(3) The testimonials shall be signed by the Master and Chief Engineer, or in the case of testimonials to Chief Engineers, by the Superintending Engineer, and shall clearly state whether the applicant was on regular watch, and in regular charge of a watch on the main engines or boilers, and also, if not engaged on both engines and boilers, the length of time he served on each separately.

(4) It is desirable that testimonials of candidates shall be indorsed by the Superintending Engineer. If in any case testimonials appear to have been withheld for improper or inadequate reasons, full particulars shall be reported by the Deputy Director to the Director.

Additional provisions as to testimonials.

13. In cases where a testimonial cannot, from any sufficient reason, be obtained from the Master or Chief Engineer of the vessel in which an applicant has served, then, in lieu of the testimonial of the Chief Engineer, that of the Superintending Engineer (or person occupying an equivalent position) of the company or person owning the vessel, may be accepted, and, in lieu of the testimonial required to be given by the Master, that of the Secretary to, or Chairman of, the Board of Directors, or Managing Director of the company owning the vessel, or the owner or managing owner of the vessel may be accepted:

Provided that in every such instance the testimonial shall state either that the facts set forth are in accordance with reports made by the Chief Engineer or the Master, as the case may be, or that the facts therein set forth are within the writer’s personal knowledge.

Penalty for misconduct.

14. Any candidate who, after having signed articles, has failed or refused without reasonable cause to join his ship, or who has deserted his ship, or who has been found by a Court of Marine Inquiry guilty of gross misconduct on board, shall, before being examined, produce satisfactory proof of two years’ subsequent service and good conduct at sea:

Provided that the Minister may, after investigating the matter, direct that a shorter period of extra service and good conduct may be accepted.

Physical defects.

15. (1) The testimonials of candidates who are deaf, or who are labouring under any other obvious physical defect, shall contain specific reference to any such defect, and shall indicate whether it in any way interfered with the efficiency of the candidate as an engineer on watch.

(2) When the modified testimonials are such as to completely satisfy the Examiner that the defect is not such as to interfere with the efficient discharge of the applicant’s duties as engineer, the examination may proceed, otherwise the case must be referred to the Director. Candidates afflicted with nervous impediment to speech may write their answers to vivâ voce questions.

Proof of British nationality.

16. (1) A candidate for a certificate shall not be admitted to examination unless he first produces satisfactory proof that he is a British subject.

(2) Proof of nationality may be made by the production of—

(a) the candidate’s birth certificate or a properly certified copy thereof; or

(b) the candidate’s certificate of naturalization; or

(c) a Certificate of Competency of a lower grade which has been granted to the candidate under these Regulations.

17. (1) If a candidate cannot produce the evidence required by the last preceding regulation, he may furnish, to the satisfaction of the Examiner, other documentary evidence of British nationality.

(2) If any doubt exists as to the candidate’s nationality, the case shall be referred to the Principal Examiner of Engineers for consideration and his decision in the matter shall be final.

Value of certificates.

18. (1) Until the 1st January, 1924, Ordinary Certificates shall entitle the holders to go to sea, in the grades certified, as Engineers of any vessels in the British Mercantile Marine. After that date they shall not be available for service in ships propelled by internal combustion engines unless indorsed for the purpose, as provided for in regulation 31.

(2) Motor Certificates shall entitle the holders to go to sea, in the grades certified, as Engineers of any vessels in the British Mercantile Marine propelled by internal combustion engines using oil, spirit, gas or other similar motive agent; but they are not available for service in steam-ships unless indorsed for the purpose, as provided for in regulation 31.

(3) Extra First Class Certificates are of the highest grade recognised by the Board of Trade, and are granted, after voluntary examination, to holders of First Class Ordinary Certificates, or Indorsements, who are desirous of proving their superior qualifications. Extra First Class Certificates shall be indorsed for Motor service in the circumstances indicated in regulation 31.

Colonial local certificates.

19. (1) The holder of a Colonial Certificate of Competency not granted under the Merchant Shipping Act, or of a Certificate granted after examination on board one of His Majesty’s Ships, who wishes to be examined for a Board of Trade Certificate of the same grade, shall prove that he has performed the amount of service required by these Regulations for that grade, and complied with the conditions laid down as to testimonials.

(2) All Colonial Certificates of Competency, whether local or issued under Order in Council, shall be given up before a further Certificate is issued by the Board of Trade.

Certificates of service.

20. (1) An Officer who is qualified by his practical engineering training and watchkeeping service and has attained the rank of Engineer Lieutenant or Engineer Sub-Lieutenant in His Majesty’s Navy or in the Sea-going Naval Forces of the Commonwealth, or in the Royal Indian Marine, is entitled without examination, if an Engineer Lieutenant, to a Certificate of Service as First Class Engineer, and, if an Engineer Sub-Lieutenant, to a Certificate of Service as Second Class Engineer. These Officers may be examined for Certificates of Competency on the same conditions as Engineers in the Mercantile Marine.

(2) An Officer who has attained the rank of Chief Artificer Engineer in His Majesty’s Navy or in the Royal Australian Navy and who is qualified by his practical engineering training and watch-keeping service is also entitled without examination to a Certificate of Service as Second Class Engineer.

Examination of engine-room artificers.

21. Artificer Engineers, Chief Engine Room Artificers, Engine Room Artificers, and Mechanicians in the Royal Navy or in the Royal Australian Navy may be examined for Certificates of Competency on the same conditions as Engineers in the Mercantile Marine.

Application by Naval Officers.

22. (1) The Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty have directed that applications from officers of the Navy for Certificates of Service, or for permission to be examined for Certificates of Competency, shall, in the case of Officers on the active list, be made through the Commanding Officer to the Secretary to the Admiralty, and, in the case of officers who are on half-pay or who have retired, direct to the Secretary to the Admiralty, who in either case will forward the applications to the Board of Trade.

(2) It is not necessary for applications of Chief or other Engine Room Artificers and Mechanicians, who have left the Royal Navy or the Royal Australian Navy and who desire to be examined for Certificates of Competency as Engineers in the Mercantile Marine, to be forwarded either through their Commanding Officers or through the Admiralty. Men who are still serving in these ratings in the Royal Navy or the Royal Australian Navy shall make their applications through their Commanding Officers.

(3) Applications from Officers of the Royal Australian Navy for Certificates of Service or for permission to be examined for Certificates of Competency shall, in the case of Officers on the active list, be made through the Commanding Officer to the Secretary of the Naval Board, and in the case of Officers who are on half-pay, or who have retired, direct to the Secretary to the Naval Board, who in either case shall forward the applications to the Director of Navigation.

(4) Artificer Engineers, however, being Warrant Officers, shall make their applications in the same manner as that laid down for other Officers of the Royal Navy or the Royal Australian Navy.

Foreign service.

23. (1) The testimonials of service of British Engineers serving in foreign vessels, which cannot be verified in any Mercantile Marine Office, shall be confirmed either by the Consul of the country to which the ship in which the candidate served belonged, or by some other recognised official authority of that country, or by the testimony of some credible person on the spot having personal knowledge of the facts required to be established.

(2) The production, however, of those proofs shall not of necessity be deemed sufficient, but each case shall be decided on its own merits and

if the sufficiency of the proofs given appears to be at all doubtful, the point shall be referred to the Director for his decision.

Issue of certificates.

24. (1) If the candidate passes the examination, he shall receive an authority in accordance with Form E.—O., authorizing the Superintendent to whom it is addressed to deliver the certificate when received by him from the Director.

(2) If a candidate fails at the examination he shall be notified in accordance with Form E.P., and he shall have his testimonials and certificate, if any, returned to him.

Service found to be insufficient.

25. (1) If after a candidate has passed the examination it is discovered, on further investigation, that his services are insufficient to entitle him to receive a certificate of the grade for which he has passed, the certificate shall not be granted to him.

(2) If the Principal Examiner is satisfied that the error in the calculation of the candidate’s services did not occur through any fault or wilful misrepresentation on the candidate’s part, he may either have the fee returned to him or have it placed to his credit.

(3) Should the candidate’s services entitle him to a certificate of a lower grade, it may be granted to him, and the difference, if any, between the fee paid by him for the superior certificate and the fee payable for the inferior certificate shall be returned to him, or placed to his credit.

(4) The superior certificate shall not be granted until the candidate has performed the amount of service in which he was deficient, and has been re-examined in all the subjects, unless the Director of navigation sees fit to dispense with the re-examination.

Fees for Examination.

26. (1) The following fees, respectively, are payable on each occasion on which an applicant presents himself for examination, either for a Certificate of Competency, or for the Indorsement of a Certificate:—

(2) The fee for examination shall be paid to the Superintendent at the time of lodging the application for examination.

(3) If it appears on investigation that the candidate is not eligible, the fee shall either be returned to him, or if he so desires, placed to his credit until he becomes eligible.

(4) If a candidate fails in his examination, no part of the fee he has paid shall be returned to him.

27. If a candidate, prior to examination, or during the course of any examination, offers any sum of money or other thing whatsoever by way of reward or bribe to any examiner or any other person employed under the Act, for the purpose of influencing him in any manner in regard to the examination, the Director may refuse to permit the candidate to be examined, or, if the examination has already commenced, may direct the examiner not to proceed with the examination, and may forfeit any fee paid by him, and may debar the candidate from presenting himself at any future examination for a period not exceeding twelve (12) months from the date of the offer of the bribe or reward.

Renewal of lost or defaced certificates.

28. (1) An application for a certified copy of a certificate issued under the Navigation Act, and which has been lost or destroyed, shall be made in Form E.—T., and shall be lodged with a Superintendent of a Mercantile Marine Office. The declaration as to the circumstances in which the certificate was lost shall also be made by the applicant before the Superintendent.

(2) If, on presentation to a Superintendent, any certificate issued under these Regulations is found to be defaced by use or accident to such an extent as to be illegible, it shall be at once transmitted to the Director, accompanied by an application, duly filled in, when a certified copy having all the effect of the original shall be issued in lieu thereof.

(3) In cases where it is satisfactorily shown that due care had been taken of the original, and that the loss, destruction, or defacement was not due to the fault of the holder, no charge shall be made for the certified copy.

(4) In cases where the Director is not so satisfied, the applicant shall be required to pay a fee of Five shillings before delivery of the copy.

Withdrawal of lower grade certificate on issue of higher grade certificate.

29. When the holder of any certificate passes the examination for a certificate of higher grade, his certificate of the lower grade shall be withdrawn and retained by the Director.

First class without Second.

30. (1) The Minister may see fit to allow an applicant who, in consequence of service abroad, has had no opportunity to obtain a Second Class Certificate to be examined for a First Class Ordinary, or Motor, Certificate, although he does not possess a Certificate of the lower grade, provided he is able to satisfy them as to the satisfactory character of his services; but these shall be ample both as regards length and experience. As a rule, at least four years’ sea service, a fair proportion of which shall have been in a responsible capacity, and qualifying for a First Class Certificate, shall be required; but all applications under this section shall be submitted by the Examiner to the Principal Examiner for consideration.

(2) If any such candidate fails to pass the examination for the First Class Certificate, but passes that for the lower grade, he may be given a Second Class Certificate of Competency, but no part of the fee will

be returned. If he fails in practical knowledge, he may be re-examined for a Second Class Certificate only, subject to the usual regulations relating to such failures.

(3) Until the 1st January, 1924, the holder of a Second Class Ordinary Certificate may be examined for a First Class Motor Certificate without previously obtaining a Second Class Motor Certificate, provided that he proves that he has served for at least 18 months at sea in a capacity qualifying for First Class, in a suitable motor vessel.

Indorsement of certificate.

31. (1) The holder of an Ordinary Certificate may, at any time, have it indorsed to the effect that he is competent for service in the appropriate capacity in motor ships, provided that he proves at least 9 months’ service in foreign or Australian trade, or 13½ months in the limited coast-trade in a qualifying capacity, in motor ships of horsepower not less than that required by these Regulations, and passes the appropriate examination. The holder of a Motor Certificate may have it indorsed for service in steam-ships provided that he proves at least 12 months’ service in foreign or Australian-trade, or 18 months in the limited coast-trade in a qualifying capacity in steam-ships of horsepower not less than that required by these Regulations, and passes the appropriate examination.

(2) Sea service performed in charge of a watch in vessels of the required horse-power whilst holding a Second Class Certificate, either Ordinary or Motor, shall be accepted as qualifying for First Class indorsement of either denomination, provided that in the case of an ordinary indorsement the necessary experience has been gained on both main engines and boilers of a steam-ship. (See regulation 59.)

Part III.—Qualifications for Examinations.

Division 1.—The provision of this division shall apply exclusively to Coast Engineer’s Certificates.

general.

32. (1) The Regulations shall be read as referring exclusively to—

(a) Coastal steam-ships and steam-engines and boilers when referring to qualifying services for Ordinary Certificates or indorsements.

(b) Coastal Motor-ships and Internal Combustion Engines when referring to qualifying service for Motor Certificates or indorsements. (Regulation 38.)

(2) (a) The holder of a Coast Engineer’s Ordinary Certificate may have it indorsed to serve in the same grade in a motor-ship, providing he proves at least thirteen and a half months’ service in a qualifying capacity in a steam-ship of horse-power not less than that required by the regulations and passes an approximate examination.

(b) The holder of a Coast Engineer’s Motor Certificate may have it indorsed to the effect that he is competent to serve in the same grade in a Coastal motor-ship providing he proves at least eighteen months’ service in a qualifying capacity in a steam-ship of horse-power not less than that required by the regulations and passes an appropriate examination.

(c) Sea service performed in charge of a watch in vessels of the required horse-power, while holding a Second Class Coast Certificate,

either Ordinary or Motor shall be accepted as qualifying service for First Class indorsement of either denomination, provided that in the case of an ordinary indorsement the necessary experience has been gained on both main engines and boilers of a steam-ship.

(d) Workshop service as qualifying service for the various grades of Coast Engineer’s Certificates shall be served in such works as in the opinion of the Principal Examiner of Engineers is such as would afford useful training for Marine Engineers.

Horse-power of coast motor ships not recorded in register.

(3) The horse-power of a motor-ship shall, for the purpose of these Regulations, be measured by brake horse-power.

(a) The equivalents of nominal to brake horse-power, for the purpose of computing the sea-service of a candidate shall be as set out in these Regulations.

(b) In cases where the brake horse-power of the engines of a motor-ship in which a candidate has served is not recorded upon the ship’s register, or if the ship’s register is not available for inspection, the candidate shall supply the Examiner with the following details in order that the horse-power of the engines may be computed for examination purposes. Each case shall be decided on its merits, and the decision of the Principal Examiner in the matter shall be final:—

Diameter of cylinder in inches.

Stroke of piston in inches.

No of cylinders.

Single-acting, two cycle.

Double-acting, four cycle.

Type—Junker, Diesel, other types.

Coastal engineers’ qualifications for examination.

83. A candidate for a Third Class Coast Engineer’s Certificate—

(a) shall be not less than 21 years of age;

(b) shall produce satisfactory testimonials of character and ability (see regulations 10 and 11);

(c) shall have served three years at least in the engine-room and stokehold of a steam-ship, or the engine-room of a motor-ship of the horse-power stated below, and not less than one year in the workshops on fitting or erecting or both where engines and boilers are made, or repaired, or have served one year in a workshop on fitting or erecting or both where internal combustion engines are made or repaired, or have performed such service, which in the opinion of the Principal Examiner of Engineers is equal to the service first mentioned, or hold a First Class Marine Engine-driver’s Certificate in the particular Divisions in which he desires to further qualify, and have served for two and a half years in the engine-room and stokehold of a steam-ship or the engine-room of a motor-ship on a River and Bay vessel of 85 N.N.P., or 480 B.H.P., or a Limited Coast-trade ship of not less than 40 N.H.P. or 226 B.H.P.

Third class coast ordinary.

34. (1) The examination for a Third Class Coast Engineer’s Certificate (Ordinary) shall be such as will satisfy the Examiner of Engineers that the candidate—

(a) is able to write a legible hand, and knows the first four rules of arithmetic; is able to explain the use and principal parts of condensing and non-condensing engines, simple, compound, and triple expansion engines such as are used in River and Bay steam-ships, also the different kinds and arrangements of boilers and their mountings so used, including all valves, cocks, gauges, and connexions in general use;

(b) understands the use of the salinometer, knows how low-pressure boilers can be worked with sea water, and how far the use of it is permissible in the high-pressure boilers, and the cause and effect of incrustation and greasy deposits on boiler heating surfaces, and how to prevent that incrustation; and understands the water gauge;

(c) understands the slide valve, link motion and loose eccentric, the principle and construction of feed pumps and the common pumps about an engine;

(d) knows what defects may appear in any part of the boilers and machinery and knows how such defects are repaired or prevented; and

(e) is able to give a practical explanation of what ought to be done in the event of any derangement in the boilers and machinery and is able to repair any ordinary defect therein.

Third class coast motor.

(2) The examination for a Third Class Coast Engineer’s Certificate (Motor) shall be such as will satisfy the Examiner of Engineers that the candidate—

(a) is able to write a legible hand and knows the first four rules of arithmetic, and to work out simple problems connected with engineering;

(b) is able to explain the use, and the principal parts, of the two and the four cycle oil engines, such as are used in the River and Bay ships, also the different kinds of starting devices and ignition;

(c) is able to explain the purpose and management of the pipes and valves of an oil engine;

(d) is able to explain the chief causes which might render the engine difficult to handle, and how such difficulties can be avoided and remedied;

(e) is familiar with the nature and properties of the various oil and gases used in internal combustion engines, and more particularly with the explosive properties of gas and oil vapour given off from various oils at ordinary temperatures, and the danger of a naked light near such escaping gas;

(f) is aware of the danger of leaks from oil tanks, gas producer pipes and vapourizers escaping into unventilated spaces, such as bilges; and

(g) understands the use of wire gauze diaphragms placed in pipes and connexions to oil tanks for the prevention of explosions.

Second class coast engineer’s certificate.

35. A candidate for a Second Class Coast Engineer’s Certificate—

(a) shall be not less than twenty-one years of age; and

(b) shall have served two years and six months as engineer on watch of a River and Bay steam-ship (or motor-ship) or Limited Coast-trade steam-ship (or motor-ship) of the required horse-power, as specified in Schedule I. of the Act, while holding a Third Class Coast Engineer’s Certificate, and be able to produce testimonials of character and ability for that service to the Deputy Director; or he shall have served two years in a workshop in making or repairing steam engines and boilers or motor engines, and have served two years at sea in the engine-room and stokehold in a River and Bay steam-ship, or in the engine-room of a motor-ship, of not less than 85 nominal horsepower or 480 B.H.P., or in a Limited Coast-trade steamship, or motor-ship, of not less than 40 nominal horsepower, or 226 B.H.P.

Second class coast ordinary.

36. The examination for a Second Class Coast Engineer’s Certificate (Ordinary) shall be such as will satisfy the Examiner of Engineers that the candidate—

(1) (a) is able to write a legible hand and has a knowledge of the simple and compound rules of arithmetic, and their applications in solving simple problems;

(b) has a greater knowledge of all the subjects specified in regulation 34 than that required of a candidate for a Third Class Coast Engineer’s Certificate.

Second class coast motor.

(2) A candidate for a Second Class Coastal Motor Engineer’s Certificate–

(a) shall be able to write a legible hand and to have a knowledge of the simple and compound rules of arithmetic and their application in solving simple problems of engineering;

(b) shall be able to explain the principles upon which oil, gas or other internal combustion engines work;

(c) shall understand the main systems of ignition used in River and Bay ships;

(d) is able to explain the two and four cycle oil engine;

(e) can explain the Diesel and Semidiesel engine;

(f) is familiar with the attention required for the various parts of machinery, also to thoroughly understand the management, and the use of the various pipes and valves associated with an oil ship installation;

(g) shall be able to explain the chief causes which might render the engine difficult to handle, also how such difficulties might be overcome;

(h) shall be able to explain the various methods of starting and reversing;

(i) shall be familiar with the nature and properties of the various oils used in motor ships, and to have a particular knowledge of the explosive vapours given off at atmospheric temperatures, and the explosive mixtures formed by such gases when mixing with definite quantities of air;

(j) shall be particularly conversant with the dangers of explosions should a naked light be brought to such gas or vapour;

(k) shall be familiar with the danger arising from leakages from oil tanks, gas producer pipes, vapourizers and the like, particularly when these leakages pass into bilges and such unventilated spaces;

(l) shall be familiar with the precautions taken against fire and explosions; and

(m) shall be familiar with the action of the wire gauze diaphrams when placed in pipes and connexions to oil tanks, &c., for the purpose of preventing explosions.

First class coast certificate.

37. A candidate for a First Class Coast Engineer’s Certificate—

(a) shall be not less than 22½ years of age; and (b) shall have served two years and six months while holding a Second Class Coast Engineer’s Certificate as Engineer in charge of a steam-ship, or motor-ship in the River and Bay, or Limited Coast-trade, as specified in Schedule I. of the Act, and be able to produce satisfactory testimonials of character and ability for that service to the satisfaction of the Director (see regulations 10 and 11), or shall have served three years in a workshop in making or repairing steam engines and boilers, or motor engines, and have served two years at sea on regular watch on the main engines and boilers, or engine-room of a motor-ship, in a River and Bay steam-ship, or motor-ship, of not less than 85 nominal horse-power, of 480 B.H.P., or in a Limited Coast-trade vessel of not less than 55 nominal horse-power, or 311 B.H.P.

Subjects of examination.

38. (1) The examination for a First Class Coast Engineer’s Certificate (Ordinary) shall be such as shall satisfy the Examiner of Engineers that the candidate—

(a) is able to write a legible hand, and has sufficient knowledge of the simple and compound rules of arithmetic to solve simple problems relating to safety valves, coal consumption, consumption of stores, or as may arise from time to time in connexion with the duties of a First Class Coast Engineer;

(b) is able to take off and calculate indicator diagrams and understands the distribution of the steam in the cylinder as shown thereby; and

(c) has a greater knowledge of all the subjects specified in regulation 34 than that required of a candidate for a Second Class Coast Engineer’s Certificate.

First class coast motor.

(2) A candidate for a First Class Coastal Motor Engineer’s Certificate–

(a) shall display a superior knowledge to the above in all subjects required for Second and Third Class;

(b) shall be able to make a rough sketch illustrating the working parts of his engine;

(c) shall have an elementary knowledge of the reading of indicated diagrams from internal combustion engines;

(d) shall understand the principal parts and the working of an ordinary steam engine;

(e) shall understand the management and construction of a marine boiler;

(f) shall be able to read and test the water gauge of a marine boiler;

(g) shall understand the use of a salinometer, how salt water can be used as feed in a low-pressure boiler, also how far the use of salt water is permissible in a high-pressure boiler, the cause and effect of greasy deposits upon the heating surfaces and how such incrustations can be prevented. In other words, is to have a general practical knowledge of the management of steam plant as may be installed in a River and Bay motor-ship.

39. Engines of which holders of Coast Engineers’ Certificates may take charge:—

(1) The holder of a Third Class Coast Engineer’s Certificate shall be entitled to take charge of the engines of a steamship or motor-ship under 85 nominal horse-power for 480 B.H.P. in the River and Bay trade, or of the engines of a Limited Coast-trade steam-ship or motor-ship under 40 nominal horse-power, or 226 B.H.P., running under 100 miles from place of departure.

(2) The holder of a Second Class Coast Engineer’s Certificate shall be entitled to take charge of the engines of a River and Bay steam-ship or motor-ship under 100 nominal horse-power, or 565 B.H.P., or of the engines of a Limited Coast-trade steam-ship or motor-ship under 55 nominal horse-power, or 311 B.H.P.

(3) The holder of a First Class Coast Engineer’s Certificate shall be entitled to take charge of the engines of a River and Bay steam-ship or motor-ship under 200 nominal horse-power, or 1,130 B.H.P., running under 20 miles from place of departure, or of the engines of a Limited Coast-trade steam-ship or motor-ship under 85 nominal horsepower, or 480 B.H.P.

Division 2.—Qualifications Required for Second and First Class Engineer Valid Within the British Empire.

Second class Engineer

40. A candidate for a Second Class Engineer’s Certificate, whether Ordinary or Motor, shall be not less than 21 years of age.

Workshop service.

(a) A candidate shall have served as apprentice Engineer for four years at least, and prove that during this period he has been employed in the manner set forth in regulation 54.

Service as a journeyman is accepted in lieu of apprenticeship.

If the character of the workshop service performed is not of the standard prescribed, additional service shall be required as explained in regulations 54 and 55.

If the total period of the candidate’s workshop service, as calculated in accordance with these regulations, is less than four years, the candidate may make up the deficiency by service at sea, either—

(1) on day work on board foreign-going or Australian-trade steam-ships of not less than 66 nominal horse-power, and/or motor-ships of not less than 373 brake horsepower, or on regular watch on the main propelling machinery of such ships; or

(2) on regular watch on the main propelling machinery of Limited Coast-trade steam-ships of not less than 66 nominal horse-power, and/or motor-ships of not less than 373 brake horse-power, such service to be counted as equivalent in the case of (1) to two-thirds, and in (2) to four-ninths of service as apprentice Engineer or journeyman.

No day work at sea performed before the age of 21 years will be accepted.

Sea service.

(b) Sea Service—In addition to the four years’ workshop service or the alternative sea service, a candidate shall have served at sea for a period equivalent to 18 months in foreign or Australian trade, as engineer on regular watch on the main propelling machinery of steam-ships of not less than 66 nominal horse-power, and/or motor-ships of not less than 373 brake horse-power.

Time served in the Limited Coast trade is reckoned at two-thirds of the time similarly served in the foreign or Australian trade.

For an Ordinary Certificate, at least two-thirds of the required period of service shall have been performed in steam-ships, and for a Motor Certificate at least two-thirds shall have been performed in motor-ships.

The remainder of the service, in each case, may be performed in either steam or motor ships.

Syllabus of examination.

41. A candidate for a Second Class Certificate, whether Ordinary or Motor, is required—

(a) to write legibly, spell correctly, and express himself generally in creditable English;

(b) to show sufficient knowledge of the metric system, &c., and of mathematics for dealing successfully with simple problems relating to mechanical principles, beams, safety and relief valves, consumption of fuel and stores, capacities of bunkers, tanks, &c., speed of vessels, strength of pipes and receivers subjected to internal pressure, stresses in shafting and other parts of the machinery, &c.;

(c) to be familiar with the physical characteristics of the metals and other materials commonly used by sea-going engineers;

(d) to have a creditable knowledge of the facts relating to steam, heat, combustion, and the formation of smoke;

(e) to understand the use, construction, and principles involved in the action of the pressure gauge, thermometer, barometer, salinometer, and other meters commonly used by engineers on board ship;

(f) to be able to state the causes, effects, and usual remedies for incrustation and corrosion;

(g) to know how to make good the results to the machinery of ordinary wear and tear; how to test the fairness of shafting; how to correct defects due to corrosion, flaws, or accident; and how a temporary or permanent repair could be effected in the event of derangement or total breakdown;

(h) to understand the construction of centrifugal, bucket, and force pumps, the principles on which they act, and the general requirements concerning bilge and ballast pumping systems;

(i) to understand the construction and working of steering engines and gears, electric light engines and dynamos, electric motors, refrigerating machinery, hydraulic machinery, and such internal combustion engines as are used to drive ships’ launches, emergency and auxiliary machinery on board ship;

(j) to be able to apply the indicator, calculate the mean pressure and horse-power, and understand, generally, the fluctuations of pressure in the cylinder as shown by the diagrams obtained;

(k) to have a fair knowledge of the rudiments of projection, and be able to make a dimensioned working drawing of some similar part of the machinery with which he ought to be familiar, or to complete and develop a given example.

Syllabus for ordinary certificate.

42. The candidate shall also be prepared to be examined in the following subjects:—

(a) The methods of constructing marine steam engines and boilers, as used in the workshops, the processes to which the several parts are submitted, or which are incidental to their manufacture, and the methods employed in fitting the machinery on board ship.

(b) The various designs of paddle and screw steam-engines (including turbines) now adopted; the functions of each important part; and the attention required by the different parts of the machinery on board ship.

(c) The methods of testing and altering the setting of the slide valves; and the effect produced in the working of the engines by definite alteration of the valves’ setting.

(d) The construction and working of evaporators, feed heaters and feed filters.

(e) Marine boilers of various modern designs; the manner of staying them, and also of preventing their movement when the vessels in which they are fitted are rolling heavily, &c.; the determination, by calculation, of a suitable working pressure for a boiler of given dimensions.

(f) The use and management of boiler fittings and mountings, with special reference to the water gauges and safety valves; the precautions necessary to be taken when raising steam, and when opening stop valves to admit steam to steam pipes, &c.

(g) The installations generally employed, respectively, for forcing draught, superheating steam, and turning oil fuel; the attention they require when working, and the care necessary for their maintenance in satisfactory condition.

43. For a Motor Certificate.—The candidate, in addition to compliance with regulation 11 is required—

(a) to be able to give a clear explanation of the principles on which oil, gas, or other internal combustion engines work, including the methods of ignition; to point out the differences between them, and to show, by means of sketches and otherwise, that he understands the details of the construction of those in general use;

(b) to be familiar with the various methods of supplying air and fuel to the cylinders of engines of different types; the construction of the apparatus for carburetting, atomizing or gasifying the fuel; the means of cooling the cylinders, pistons, &c.; and the construction and working of the air compressors;

(c) to have a satisfactory knowledge of the methods of constructing marine internal combustion engines as used in the workshops; the processes to which the several parts are submitted, or which are incidental to their manufacture; and the methods employed in fitting the machinery on board ship;

(d) to know what attention is required to be paid to the various parts of the machinery; and to understand the use and management of the different valves, pipes and connexions;

(e) to be able to state and describe the chief causes which make the engines difficult to start, and to explain how he would proceed to remedy any defects arising therefrom; also, to show that he understands the mechanism of the starting and reversing arrangements, and is competent to deal with any defects therein;

(f) to be able to explain the principle, construction, and arrangement of primary and secondary batteries, and induction coils, so far as is necessary for the efficient management of an oil engine;

(g) to possess a good working knowledge of the construction and management of auxiliary steam boilers and machinery;

(h) to be familiar with the nature and properties of the various oils, &c., generally used in internal combustion engines, and to understand what is means by “flash” point; also to have a knowledge of the explosive properties of the gas or vapour given off by these oils, &c., when mixed with a definite quantity of air; and to be thoroughly conversant with the danger of exposing a naked light to such gas or vapour, or of allowing any leaking from the oil tanks, gas producers, pipes, vaporizers, &c., particularly into the vessels’ bilges, and other unventilated spaces;

(i) to understand thoroughly the precautions to be taken against fire or explosion from oil or gas, and how to deal with fire

should it break out; also to be familiar with the action of wire gauze diaphragms, when placed in pipes and connexions to oil tanks, &c., for the purpose of preventing the explosion or ignition of the oil vapour therein.

First-class Engineer—Sea service.

44. A candidate for a First Class Engineer’s Certificate, whether Ordinary or Motor, shall not be less than 22½ years of age.

The candidate shall—

(a) have served at sea in foreign-going or Australian-trade steamships for eighteen months, on regular watch on the main propelling machinery, as Senior Engineer in charge of the whole watch (see regulation 58); or

(b) have served at sea in the Limited Coast trade for two years and three months as First Engineer; or three years as Second Engineer; or three years and nine months as Third or Fourth Engineer being Senior Engineer in charge of the whole watch on the main propelling machinery; or

(c) possess, or be entitled to, a First Class Certificate of Service.

Subject to the provisions of regulations 30 and 31, the whole of the required period of qualifying service must have been performed while in possession of a Second Class Certificate of the same description (Ordinary or Motor) as that for which the candidate wishes to be examined; and it must have been performed in steam-ships of not less than 99 nominal horse-power and/or motor ships of not less than 560 brake horse-power. At least two-thirds of the required service must have been in ships of the type (steam or motor) to which the desired certificate relates; the remainder of the service may have been in either steam or motor ships.

Syllabus of examination.

45. The candidate is required—

(a) to display a superior knowledge of all the subjects specified in regulation 41 and in either regulation 42 or 43 as the case may be;

(b) to show that he understands how to maintain in good working condition any machinery or other appliances which may be placed in his charge; how to provide against defects and break-downs; and also to show that he is competent to carry out or direct any ordinary repairs or renewals that may be required;

(c) to be acquainted with the usual structure of an ordinary steel ship, and understand how to preserve in good condition such parts as the bilges, bunkers, tanks under boilers, &c.;

(d) to be able to recognise from an indicator diagram any irregularity in the working of the engine which it may show, to know how this might be rectified, and to be able to sketch approximately the difference any alteration in the working of the valves, &c., would produce in the diagram;

(e) to be able to make a satisfactory working drawing of one or more of the principal parts of the machinery, or other appliances with which he ought to be familiar, or to complete and develop a given example, and supply the figured dimensions and other particulars necessary to enable the part or parts depicted to be made from the drawing.

C.16427/21.—2

The candidate is also required—

For an ordinary certificate.

(f) to be thoroughly conversant with the principles and practice of surface condensation, superheating, and the working of steam expansively, and with the economical and efficient use of coal and oil fuel.

He is also required—

For a motor certificate.

(g) to know how the flash point of an oil is ascertained and be capable of determining experimentally that of any sample when the necessary apparatus is provided.

46. (1) Extra First Class Engineer.—A candidate for an Extra First Class Engineer’s Certificate must possess a First Class Engineer’s Ordinary Certificate or a First Class Motor Certificate indorsed for service in steam-ships.

(2) Applications, in accordance with Form E.—A., together with the applicants’ testimonials and discharges, must be lodged with the Deputy Director at least fourteen days before the date of the examination.

(3) In addition to the qualifications required in respect of First and Second Class Engineers, a candidate for an Extra First Class Engineer’s Certificate shall pass such examination as will satisfy the Principal Examiner of Engineers that the candidate—

(a) is able to write good English and has sufficient knowledge of elementary mathematics, trigonometry, and other subjects to enable him to work problems in mechanical science; and express himself suitably in reports and business letters connected with his work;

(b) possesses a thorough knowledge of the construction and working of the different forms of marine engines and propellers in all their details, including turbines and the various types of internal-combustion engines, and understands the fundamental principles on which they act, and is able to calculate the strength of the various parts;

(c) is familiar with all the processes employed in the manufacture of machinery in an engineering workshop;

(d) is acquainted with the general principles of theoretical and applied mechanics, and possesses a knowledge of the theory of strain and stress, and is also able to deduce the ordinary rules for the bending of beams and for the twisting and bending of shafts;

(e) is acquainted with the modern theory of heat, and is able to solve questions relating to temperatures, pressures, and volumes, power, economy, and duty in connexion with engines and boilers;

(f) is able to determine, by means of valve diagrams or otherwise, the distribution of steam in the cylinders, and the effect, in a compound engine, on the other cylinders, of alterations in any one cylinder;

(g) understands how to apply the indicator, and is able to draw the proper conclusions from the diagrams, and to construct the approximate diagrams from any given data;

(h) is able to produce a fair working drawing of any part of the machinery, with figured dimensions fit to work from;

(i) understands the theoretical principles governing the action of the screw propeller and the paddle wheel, and is able to estimate numerically the effect in speed of ship and consumption of fuel due to any alteration in pitch, diameter, revolution, and other properties;

(j) is able to give a description of boilers, including those of the water-tube type, and is familiar with the methods used in their manufacture, and is able to show that he possesses a knowledge of the theoretical principles which regulate their construction, and is able to calculate the strength of the various parts, including the riveting, boiler shell, furnaces, flat plates, stays;

(k) understands the general nature of the strains and stresses produced by steam pressure, temperature, and other properties in the various parts of the engines and boilers;

(l) has a knowledge of the principles involved in determining the size of a safety-valve, and in the construction of spring-loaded and dead-weight valves;

(m) possesses a thorough knowledge of the practice and theory of combustion; the chemical composition of fuels; the evaporative duty of fuels of given composition; the production of draught; the effect, in regard to economy, safety, and wear and tear, of increasing or diminishing the proportion of heating surface, of grate bar surface, of area of section of air passages, of area of water surface, of steam space and water capacity;

(n) is able to explain the formation of scale and the precipitation of salt under various conditions, and the precautionary means adopted in respect thereto, both with jet and with surface condensers;

(o) understands the general principles involved in the construction and working of the barometer, thermometer, salinometer, steam and vacuum gauges and other instruments used in the engine-room, and of those used in determining high temperatures and in conducting experiments on heat;

(p) is familiar with the general results obtained from past experience in relation to corrosion, pitting, and galvanic action in boilers, and the use of zinc and soda, and is able to explain the chemical reaction involved and know how to guard against deterioration of the boilers;

(q) thoroughly understands the various causes and conditions which produce water-hammer action in steam pipes, the dangers occasioned thereby and the precautions to be taken against them;

(r) is able to give a variety of illustrations of how defects in the machinery have arisen from accident, imperfect construction, or deterioration, and to show how these defects might have been prevented, and the best way of repairing them;

(s) is familiar with the properties and processes of manufacturing and testing the ordinary materials used in the construction

of machinery, and possesses an intelligent knowledge of the composition and properties of the lubricants, boiler cements, india rubber, and other things in general use in steamers;

(t) understands the causes of spontaneous combustion and the formation of explosive gases in coal holds, and oil tanks, and the precautionary measures proper to prevent accident from these causes;

(u) is acquainted with the fundamental principles and practice of the generation of electricity and its application to various purposes on board ship, and is able to describe and explain the working of the various machines, appliances and instruments used;

(v) is able to explain the construction and working of the refrigerating machinery in use on board ship, the electric-lighting plant, the steering engines, hydraulic and pneumatic engines, the pumps, and all auxiliary machinery placed under the Chief Engineer’s control, and also has a knowledge of the other machines and appliances usually found on board ship,

(w) possesses a knowledge of the stability of floating bodies, and of the laws which govern the rolling of ships, and is able to make calculations as to the effect of filling or emptying ballast tanks, working coal or cargo into or out of the vessel, moving of weights on board, and any other operations to effect the stability of ships; and

(x) possesses a practical knowledge of ship construction and understands the elementary principles involved, and is able to deal with engine and boiler seatings and to supervise and direct any repairs that may be required to an iron or steel ship.

The papers will deal mainly with the subjects in clauses (a) to (x), but they may include questions on any other subjects with which a Marine Engineer should be familiar. If any candidate does not obtain 60 per cent. of the total number of marks allotted for the papers, he will be declared to have failed.

A specimen set of papers set at one of the examinations is given in Appendix E.

Division 3.—Marine Engine-driver’s Certificate.

Marine Engine driver’s examination.

47. (1) Certificates shall be issued for—

(a) Second Class Marine Engine-driver and

(b) First Class Marine Engine-driver.

(2) The examination for both Second and First Class Marine Engine-driver shall be divided into divisions, and each of these divisions into two sub-divisions, as follows:—

Division of certificate.

(3) A candidate may qualify for—

(a) any sub-division;

(b) any division; or

(c) a full certificate.

(4) A certificate shall be issued to the successful candidate indorsed in the sub-division or sub-divisions in which he qualifies, the same certificate shall be further indorsed upon the candidates further qualifying in the other subdivisions.

(5) (a) A candidate holding a Second or First Class Marine Engine-driver’s Certificate, in any sub-division, may further qualify for the other sub-division of that particular division by further examination, and after producing evidence to the satisfaction of an Examiner of Engineers that he has had three months’ practical experience with the type of engine for which he washes to qualify. Such experience may be obtained either ashore or afloat.

(b) A candidate may further qualify in any subdivision or division of the division in which he is not qualified by further examination after service of six months’ experience with the type or types of engines in which he wishes to further qualify. Such experience may be obtained either ashore or afloat.

(c) A candidate may qualify for a Full Certificate for the remaining subdivisions, in which he has not qualified, at one examination, providing he can produce full proof as to his qualifying service.

(6) The holder of a Marine Engine-driver’s Certificate may have his certificate further indorsed as “Electric Marine Motor-driver” by producing satisfactory proof as to his practical experience in such motors and after passing a suitable examination.

(7) A certificate shall be issued to the successful candidate indorsed and officially stamped in the subdivisions or division in which the candidate qualifies. The certificate shall be further indorsed and stamped when the candidate further qualifies in the other subdivisions or divisions.

(8) The certificate for 2nd Class Driver is only valid for the plying limits of the port of issue or for further indorsements thereon.

(9) The holder of a 2nd Class Driver’s Certificate who wishes to operate with the certificate in an area other than that for which the certificate was issued may apply to the Deputy Director or, at outports, the sub-collector, who, upon being satisfied that the holder of the certificate possesses the sufficient local knowledge required, will indorse the certificate on the back thereof, as being valid for the required area. No fee is charged for these indorsements.

48. A candidate for Second Class Marine Engine-driver’s Certificate shall—

(a) be not less than nineteen years of age;

(b) produce written testimonials as to his good character and experience with the type or types of engines in which he wishes to qualify, such experience to be not less than twelve months, six months of which can be shore service, the remaining six months on a motor boat; and

(c) have a knowledge of the rules for the prevention of the collision of vessels, and have the necessary local knowledge to take charge of a motor boat restricted to the prescribed limits.

Examination Second Class Marine Engine-driver.

49. The prescribed examination for a Second Class Marine Engine-driver shall be such that it will satisfy the Examiner of Engineers that the candidate—

(a) is able to write legibly and understand the first four rules of arithmetic as applied to simple problems connected with the work;

(b) is able to give a practical explanation of what should be done in the event of anything going wrong with the engines, and also to demonstrate that he is capable of doing it;

(c) has a working knowledge of his engines and the danger arising from neglect of same, also the care and precautions necessary for safe and efficient working of his engines (and boilers, if any);

Special for steam certificate.

(d) if sitting for a steam certificate, he shall understand the reading of the water-gauge and how to test it; the danger arising from incrustation in the boiler and greasy deposits and how they are to be prevented; also the danger of overheating of the boiler plates due to shortage of water. He shall possess a working knowledge of the engine and boilers of the type specified.

Examination.—First Class marine engine-driver.

50. A candidate for a First Class Marine Engine-driver’s Certificate—

(a) shall be not less than 21 years of age;

(b) shall be able to produce satisfactory testimonials as to his sobriety and general good conduct;

(c) shall furnish proof as to his qualifying service;

(d) shall have had practical experience in the making or repairing of engines, or have performed such service which in the opinion of the Principal Examiner of Engineers is equal to that mentioned; and

(e) shall have had continuous service of at least twelve (12) months in a motor boat, and have been in possession of a Second Class Marine Engine-driver’s Certificate during that period. Provided that he has had at least three months’ practical service with the types of engine of each subdivision in which he is qualifying.

Provided that if a candidate has served two years in a workshop in making or repairing such types of engines for which he wishes to qualify, and has not less than six months’ experience in handling a mechanically propelled boat, he shall be entitled to sit for a First Class Marine Engine-driver in the subdivision or subdivisions for which he is qualified without having previously obtained a Second Class Marine Engine-driver’s Certificate.

Examination subject.

51. The prescribed examination for a First Class Marine Engine-driver’s Certificate shall be such as will satisfy the Principal Examiner of Engineers that the candidate—

(a) is able to explain the use and position of the principal parts of two-cycle and four-cycle motor engines as used in harbor and river motor boats or motor vessels, and the

different arrangements for ignition, reversing, and general working of internal combustion engines;

(b) has a general knowledge of the characteristics of the various fuel oils used in connexion with motor engines;

(c) is able to give a practical explanation of what ought to be done in the event of anything going wrong with the engine, and in such circumstances is able to do it;

(d) is able to write legibly, and understands the first four rules of arithmetic;

(e) is able to explain the principal parts and functions of a Marine steam engine and boiler; and

(f) is able to read and test the water-gauge in all its different arrangements, understand and use a salinometer, and to know how salt water can be used as feed in a low pressure boiler, also how far the use of salt water is permissible in a high pressure boiler, the cause and effect of greasy deposits on heating surfaces, and how to prevent that incrustation.

Range of second class driver’s certificate.

52. (1) A Second Class Marine Engine-driver’s Certificate shall entitle the holder to take charge of a motor boat propelled by machinery of the type in which he is qualified not exceeding 15 tons gross tonnage in any river, lake, or within smooth water limits of any bay, port, or place in the Commonwealth of Australia, such limits to be assigned by the Surveyor or Officer at the port or place where the boat is licensed. Provided that when the number of passengers exceeds fifteen, a competent assistant must be on board whose age must not be less than sixteen years.

Range of first class driver’s certificate.

(2) A First Class Marine Engine-driver’s Certificate shall entitle the holder to take charge of the engines and machinery of a motor boat propelled by machinery of the type in which he is qualified not exceeding 30 nominal horse-power or 170 brake horse-power, in any river, lake, or bay, or within a limit of 3 miles seaward from the entrance of any such river, lake, or bay.

Coast engineers.

53. (1) The examination of candidates for Third Class Coast Certificates shall consist of three parts, namely:—Arithmetic, engineering knowledge questions, and viva voce.

(2) The examination of candidates for both Second and First Class Coast Certificates shall consist of three parts, namely:—Arithmetic, engineering knowledge questions, and viva voce.

Practical workmanship.

(3) A candidate for a Second Class. Coast Engineer’s Certificate, prior to his sitting for examination, shall be required to produce proof to the satisfaction of the Examiner of Engineers as to skill in practical workmanship—

(a) by a testimonial from some credible uninterested person stating the nature of the work done by the candidate, the time so employed, and date and place for verification, if required, the work done to be such as shall afford useful training for a Marine Engineer: or

(b) by submitting some approved work, performed by the candidate himself and vouched for in writing by some credible uninterested person, as being the work of the candidate.

Provided that the Examiner may, if he thinks desirable, call upon the candidate to perform some suitable test or tests in practical workmanship.

(c) and by answering such question to the satisfaction of the Examiner of Engineers, oral and written, upon practical workshop practice.

Marine engine-drivers.

(4) The examination of candidates for Second Class Marine Engine-driver’s Certificates shall consist of three parts, namely:—Practical engineering knowledge, arithmetic and viva voce.

(5) The examination of candidates for First Class Marine Engine-drivers’ Certificates shall consist of three parts, namely:—Arithmetic, engineering knowledge, and viva voce.

Part IV.—Workshop and Sea Service.

Workshop service.

54. (1) A candidate is expected to have served not less than four years as apprentice Engineer or journeyman, at the making or repairing of steam or internal combustion engines such as would be recognised as affording useful training for a marine engineer. For Coastal Engineers’ Certificates a shorter length of workshop service is prescribed.

(2) No time served before the age of fifteen will be counted.

(3) Not less than two years of the apprentice time must have been spent at fitting, erecting, or repairing engines and machinery either in the works or outside.

(4) The remaining two years may be made up of time spent in engine works at fitting, erecting, or repairing engines and machinery, or at one of the other branches of the trade given below, or at an approved technical day school (see regulation 57); the time so spent to count as follows:—

Fitting, erecting, repairing or turning—Full time.

Working in drawing office—Full time up to one year, and beyond one year one-half time.

Brass finishing (good, heavy work)—Full time up to one year, and beyond one year one-half time.

Planing, slotting, shaping, and milling—One-third time.

Boiler-making or repairing—One-half time.

Smith work—One-half time, with a maximum allowance of one year

Coppersmith work—One-third time, with a maximum allowance of six months.

(5) In the event of the apprentice time being extended to five years or more, four years at turning, followed by one year at fitting or erecting, may be accepted as qualifying.

(6) This regulation applies only to works at which the making or repairing of engines, boilers, and other machinery forms part of the regular business for which the works exist.

Other workshop service.

55. (1) Workshop service other than that mentioned in the last preceding regulation may be accepted if it is considered useful training for an engineer, but every such case must be submitted to the Principal Examiner of Engineers for consideration before the candidate is examined.

(2) For each twelve months of the service accepted the candidate must have performed at least an additional three months’ service on marine steam engines or internal combustion engines either in the works or on regular watch in the main engine-room or on day work at sea.

(3) If the service is not altogether satisfactory a longer additional period than that specified may be required.

Workshop service in India.

58. Workshop service in India is in no case to be taken as equivalent to more than four-fifths of the same period of service in Australia.

Technical schools.

57. (1) Time spent after the age of 15 at a technical day school (recognised by the Director as suitable) where there is an engineering laboratory, may be taken into account and accepted as equivalent to workshop service, at the ratio of three years in the technical school to two in workshop service, provided that the applicant has taken the full engineering course, and can produce the Principal’s certificate for regular attendance at all the approved classes and for satisfactory progress.

(2) Time spent in attending evening classes in engineering at approved technical schools will similarly be allowed to count under the following conditions:—

(a) Each candidate claiming an allowance for time spent in attending evening classes at a technical school must produce a certificate signed by the Principal of the school to the effect that he has attended regularly at a definite class or classes, which should be specified, and has made satisfactory progress. The certificate must also state the total number of hours spent by the candidate in attending each class.

(b) Time spent by the candidate in attending such classes as have a direct bearing on the training of a marine engineer will be reckoned at the ratio of such number of hours to one day as the Director determines. The total number of days so obtained will then be accepted in lieu of a certain fraction of the same period of workshop service. That fraction will be fixed for each school at the time of approval.

(c) A candidate who has attended a technical school in the evening, while being employed as an apprentice or journeyman engineer during the day, must, in order that the school time may be accepted, produce satisfactory proof that he has spent the full working day in the works at which he is employed before attending the school. That proof will usually take the form of a statement in the testimonial as to workshop service given by the employer.

(d) Allowance will only be given for classes attended after the candidate has reached the age of 15.

(3) Time spent in foreign technical schools will not be recognised.

Sea service.

58. The sea service required by these Regulations is, unless otherwise stated, service performed in foreign-going ships, Australian-trade ships, or limited coast-trade ships propelled by engines of at least the nominal horse-power specified for the respective grades of certificate, and calculated in accordance with the provisions laid down in the next succeeding regulation.

Nominal horse-power.

59. The nominal horse-power, as given on the vessel’s Certificate of Registry, may in all cases be accepted by the Examiners, or it may be determined by the following formula:—

Where H. = heating Surface of main boilers in square feet measured down to the level of the fire bars, but excluding the front tube plate.

D = Square of diameter of low pressure cylinder, or sum of squares of diameters of cylinders in non-compound engines, measured in inches.

S. = Length of stroke of engines in inches.

P. = Pressure of main boilers in pounds per square inch.

Service in the Limited Coast trade is regarded as being equivalent to two-thirds of the same period of time served in the foreign or Australian trade, except where other allowances are specified.

Qualifying sea service defined.

In the case of candidates for first class certificates qualifying sea service is service on regular watch on the main engines or boilers as senior engineer in charge of the whole watch.

Provided, however, that when three or four engineers are on watch at the same time the service of any one of them may be allowed to count, provided a certificate from the Superintending Engineer is produced stating that the applicant was in charge of a watch on a definite section of the main engines or boilers in a separate compartment of the ship.

During the whole of the period claimed, candidates must have been in possession of Second Class Certificates.

In the case of candidates for Second Class Certificates qualifying sea service means service as engineer on regular watch, on the main engines or boilers.

In no case will time spent in clerical or day work be allowed to count as watch-keeping service.

All candidates for Ordinary Certificates, including those for First Class Certificates, who have not been in charge of the whole of a watch, but qualify under this regulation as the second or third senior of the watch, and have been in charge of a section of the machinery only, will be required to have served at sea on regular watch on both the main engines and the boilers, not less than six months being spent on each.

Marine technical schools.

60. (1) A candidate for either a Second Class or a First Class Ordinary or Motor Certificate who, within two years from the date of application to be examined, has attended an approved course, comprising general mathematical and scientific instruction at a technical school recognised by the Director as suitable for the training of Marine Engineers, will be allowed to count time so spent as equivalent to sea service in the ratio of three months at the technical school to two months at sea.

(2) Time so spent cannot be accepted as equivalent to more than one-sixth of the total sea service required for either certificate, but a candidate who has been allowed to count such time on examination for a Second Class Certificate will not be debarred from counting similar subsequent time on applying for examination for a First Class Certificate.

(3) In every case in which an allowance is made for time spent at a Marine technical school, the candidate will be required to produce the Principal’s certificate for continuous and regular attendance at all the approved classes and for satisfactory progress.

(4) The candidate must also produce his class note books, which will be forwarded to the Principal Examiner of Engineers, in order that the Examiner may satisfy himself that the candidate has followed the approved course of instruction, and that the remission of sea service claimed may be allowed accordingly.

(5) Application for examination of candidates claiming remission of sea service should be made at least fourteen days before they desire to sit.

Names on articles.

61. In all cases the candidates’ names must have been duly entered on the ship’s articles as engineers in their proper ratings (see also regulation 9).

River and bay service.

62. Service as engineer on regular watch on a River and Bay ship of not less than the required horse-power may be accepted under the following conditions for either an Ordinary or a Motor Certificate:—

(a) The service will only count half as much as sea service, i.e., every two months of River and Bay service is only equivalent to one month’s foreign-going sea or Australian trade service.

(b) Candidates for Second Class Certificates must prove, in addition to the River and Bay service, at least three months’ qualifying service at sea in a Foreign-going or Australian trade ship of not less than the horse-power specified in regulation 40, or four and a half months’ similar service in the Limited Coast trade.

(c) Candidates for First Class Certificates must prove, in addition to the River and Bay service in vessels of not less than the horse-power specified in regulation 44, at least six months’ qualifying service at sea with a Second Class Engineer’s Certificate in Foreign-going or Australian trade vessels of not less than the horse-power specified, or nine months’ similar service in the Limited Coast trade.

Service in auxiliary screw ships.

63. (1) Service as engineer performed on board auxiliary screw whalers, and other vessels with auxiliary power of not less than that required for a Second Class Engineer’s Certificate, may be allowed to count as qualifying for examination for a Second Class Engineer’s Certificate of Competency to the extent of one-half the time the vessel is actually at sea.

(2) If the candidate is able to prove that the main engines were running longer than this, he will be allowed to count the whole of the extended time.

Service in dredgers, fishing boats, tug boats, or pilot vessels.

64. (1) Service in sea-going dredgers, fishing boats, or tug boats, and in sea-going pilot vessels when on their station, or when going to or returning from their station, may be accepted under the following conditions:—

(a) Two months of that service is only equivalent to one month’s qualifying service in a foreign-going or Australian trade ship.

(b) Candidates for Second Class Certificates may perform all their sea service in sea-going dredgers, fishing boats, tug boats, or pilot vessels, but they must have been on regular watch on the main propelling machinery, and the horsepower of the vessels must not be less than that required by regulation 40.

(c) Candidates for First Class Certificates must, while in possession of a Second Class Certificate, have served in vessels of at least the horse-power required by regulation 44, and have been in charge of the whole of a watch on the main machinery; and

(d) they must, in addition, have served in a qualifying capacity for at least six monthes in a Foreign-going or Australian trade ship, or nine months in a Limited Coast-trade vessel.

(2) Where an engineer is employed on a fishing or other vessel and is required to do stoking or other work not usually performed by an engineer in the Mercantile Marine, that service will not be accepted as qualifying.

(3) When service on fishing boats is claimed as qualifying for a certificate as engineer, it must be shown that it is of a similar nature to that performed by engineers in the Mercantile Marine.

Service in yachts.

65. (1) Service performed in yachts, either within or beyond Limited Coast trade limits, may be accepted as equivalent to two-thirds of the time performed in foreign-going or Australian trade vessels, provided that the candidate’s name is entered on the vessel’s articles, and that he can prove to the satisfaction of the Director that the time claimed was actually served at sea.

(2) Candidates for Second Class Certificates may perform all their service in yachts, but the candidate must have been on regular watch on the main machinery, and the vessel must be of not less than the horsepower by regulation 40.

(3) Candidates for First Class Certificates must have served on vessels of the horse-power required by regulation 44, and must have been in regular charge of the main machinery, and must have served for at least three months in a qualifying capacity on board a foreign-going or Australian trade ship.

(4) The additional service will, however, not be required in the case of a candidate who has served for 27 months as first engineer, or for three years as second engineer, of a yacht of the requisite power.

Part V.—Conduct of the Examinations.

Strangers not admitted.

66. No persons shall be allowed in the rooms during the examinations, other than those whose duties require them to be present.

No instructors shall be allowed on the premises.

Commencement and duration of examinations.

67. The examinations shall, as a rule, commence at 10 a.m., and may be continued from day to day until all the candidates are examined.

Candidates to be punctual.

68. Candidates are required to appear at the examination room punctually at the time appointed.

Candidates’ places.

69. Candidates shall be so placed as to prevent one copying from another, and no communication whatever between the candidates should be allowed.

Tables to be cleared.

70. Before commencing the examination, the tables and desks shall be cleared of all scraps of paper, or books that are not used in the examination, and care shall be taken that the candidates while in the examination room do not have in their possession any book or paper, except as specified in regulations 74 and 75. A sheet of blotting paper shall be issued to each candidate with the first examination paper, and it must be returned to the Examiner when the last paper is completed each day. The Examiner shall be careful to see that the blotting paper has not been used by the candidate in solving his problems, or for conveying information to other candidates.

Drawing instruments.

71. Drawing boards and T squares shall be provided by the Navigation Service, but the applicants will have to bring with them any drawing instruments they may require.

Examination papers—when to be opened.

72. The examiner shall personally distribute the examination questions to the candidate at the commencement of the examination. He shall take special precautions that no unauthorized person has access to the papers.

Order of examinations

73. (1) At the examinations for First and Second Class Ordinary and Motor Certificates, papers on Practical Mathematics, Drawing, and Engineering Knowledge are given, and the candidates are finally questioned verbally on their Practical Knowledge.

(2) Mathematics and Drawing are omitted in the case of examination for the indorsement of a certificate for converse service in the same grade.

(3) Each paper on Practical Mathematics and Engineering Knowledge may contain six questions. According to present arrangements, the papers are usually distributed in the following order:—

Rules to be observed during the examination.

74. I. Candidates shall not have with them any books, notes, memoranda or paper other than that supplied for use at the examination. If any candidate has brought any such notes, &c., with him, he shall hand them to the Examiner before beginning his work.

II. Perfect silence shall be observed during the examination.

III. Candidates are advised to read the questions carefully, and to confine their attention to the problems as presented, without dealing with extraneous matter. This advice is applicable to all parts of the examination, but especially to the Drawing.

IV. The numbers of the questions to which the working; has reference shall be clearly indicated, but the questions themselves shall not be copied. All work shall be done in ink, except as specified on the subject-paper for Drawing.

V. Suitable recognition shall be given for clear statements, reasoning and calculations in solving the problems.

VI. Candidates shall be required to write a report, or letter, in which English composition and legible handwriting will be taken into account; and bad grammar, faulty spelling and errors of punctuation will be discredited.

VII. Additional sheets of paper shall be provided by the Examiner, if required. Only one side shall be used, and the candidate shall sign his name, and write the port and date, at the foot of each sheet. These particulars shall also be given on the cover of each answer-book and on each sheet of drawing paper used.

VIII. Reference to the mathematical tables provided for the purpose is allowed, except in respect of questions which distinctly state that such reference is not permissible.

IX. Candidates may, if they wish, use slide-rules for checking their calculations, but in each case the full working necessary for arriving at the result shall be shown in ink, otherwise no significance will be attached to the answer.

X. The question papers and mathematical tables, which are the property of the Navigation Service, shall not be written upon or defaced in any way.

XI. No candidate shall leave his seat or the examination room without permission; and if he leaves the room he shall not be permitted to go on with any sheet or problem which he had in hand before leaving the room.

XII. Candidates shall not communicate with each other or use any unfair means.

XIII. A candidate guilty of any breach of these rules shall be subjected to all the penalties of failure, and may be excluded from further examination for such period as the Director may decide.

Mathematical tables (Rule VIII.).

75. (1) All candidates for examination may use the examination room book of logarithms, which shall always be kept under the charge of the Examiner, who shall be careful to observe that it is not used to conceal memoranda prepared for these examinations. No other books shall be allowed unless the question set specially states that a book may be referred to.

(2) All candidates may, however, be allowed to use their own tables of four-figure logarithms if they so desire.

(3) In allowing the use of such tables, Examiners shall be particularly careful to see that they contain no notes, formulae, or other information, either printed or written, apart from the actual tables of logarithms and trigonometrical ratios; and, before the commencement of the examination, any tables which the candidates propose to use shall be examined to see that no other matter is contained in them.

Leaving examination room (Rule XI.).

76. In the event of a candidate being permitted to leave the room, the Examiner shall substitute other questions for those which have not been attempted.

Penalty for breach of rules (Rule XIII.).

77. The circumstances attending any breach of the rules or regulations, or any disorderly or improper conduct in or about the examination room, shall be reported immediately to the Principal Examiner of Engineers, who will in due course advise the Examiner as to any penalty the Director may decide to inflict.

Marking worked papers.

78. (1) The value of the work done in all four sections of the First and Second Class examinations (Practical Mathematics, Drawing, Engineering Knowledge, Verbals) may be assessed and recorded in accordance with the following scale:—

(2) In order to pass, a candidate’s work shall be “Good” in all four sections, but it must be “Good” or “Superior” in Verbals. A “Consider” in either the Practical Mathematics, Drawing or Engineering Knowledge paper may be counterbalanced by a “Superior” in any of the other sections. Two “Considers” or one “Weak” shall entail failure.

Verbals.

79. (1) The Examiner shall deal with practical, rather than theoretical, questions in this division of the examination, and no candidate shall be failed in the verbal examination without having been well cross-questioned on the points on which failure takes place.

(2) Questions on the management of engines and boilers at sea, the duties of the supervising engineer, the work to be done to the engines, boilers and auxiliary machinery in port, and the periodical examinations of the working parts, shall form part of the verbal examination.

(3) It is considered of great importance that candidates for examination shall have an extensive knowledge of the particulars of actual casualties which have occurred at sea, and be able to state how these might have been prevented, and how they were remedied.

(4) Should a candidate have had no personal experience of any defects, and be unable to describe casualties to machinery which may have occurred in the experience of others, he shall be closely questioned as to his knowledge of boiler and engine construction and repair.

(5) As it is possible for a candidate to obtain pass marks in Practical Mathematics, although apparently unable to calculate horsepower from indicator diagrams, strength of boiler seams, &c., and, further, as a drawing may be passed as such although containing faults of a practical description, Examiners shall, as far as practicable, scrutinize the worked papers, and in each candidate’s verbal examination include questions on such practical deficiencies as may appear in his papers.

(6) The points on which a candidate fails in verbals must be included in the Examiner’s report.

Examination results.

80. The results of examinations should be communicated to all candidates.

Voluntary retirement to be discouraged.

81. Voluntary retirement from any examination should be discouraged. Each First and Second Class candidate should be taken through the whole examination, at least on first presenting himself, in order that his ability in all four sections of the examination may be ascertained and recorded.

Failure in examination.

82. (1) Failure in a number of questions involving fundamental principles, or in subjects ignorance of which might lead an engineer to do something actually unsafe in the management of any part of a ship’s machinery (e.g., questions on manipulation and reading of the water-gauge, the danger of fire and explosion in motor vessels, &c.), shall be regarded as failure in practical knowledge, and any candidate so failing may not present himself for re-examination until he can produce proofs of six months’ further service at sea in a qualifying capacity, as engineer on watch on the main engines or boilers of a foreign-going ship, or its equivalent in the home trade (nine months), subsequent to the date of failure.

(2) In cases of failure, other than failure in practical knowledge, the candidate may present himself for re-examination at any time, but if he fails three times in any part or parts of the examination within any period of three months, he will not be re-examined until after a lapse of three months of the last failure.

(3) In any cases of failure the re-examination must embrace all the subjects.

Reports of examinations.

83. Reports of examinations, together with the candidates’ applications duly completed, their lower grade certificates, if any, and all examination papers, should be sent to the Principal Examiner of Engineers as soon as the examinations are finished. The candidates’ discharges and testimonials, except such as are directly addressed to the Examiners, should be returned to them.

Reg. 5.

APPENDIX A.

Places and Times of Examination.

Note.—Fourteen days’ notice is necessary from candidates desiring to sit for Extra First Class Engineers’ Certificates or to sit for any grade of Motor Certificate.

The days of examination in above table are liable to alteration without notice, and candidates are advised to ascertain the actual date of examination when making application for examination at the Mercantile Marine Office.

APPENDIX B.

SPECIMEN SET OF PAPERS FOR MARINE ENGINE-DRIVERS ENGINEERING KNOWLEDGE.

Form to be filled in at the examination by the candidate.

Subdivision.....................

Date..........................

Port........................

Candidate’s Name in full................................................

Answer Sheet.

(a) Do not deface or make any marks on this paper.

(b) The questions are not to be copied. Be careful to number the answers corresponding with the question. Number the sheets used in the top right-hand corner, and sign all sheets at the bottom right-hand corner.

(c) All loose sheets are to be pinned, in their order, to this Form, including the Question Sheet.

(d) The following five questions bear upon the Candidate’s practical knowledge, and must be answered in the order given.

Question 1.—State what workshop experience you have had. Give the dates as near as possible, the type of work upon which you were personally employed, and time so employed.

Question 2.—With what type of engines and boiler, if any, and in what capacity, have you been employed ashore? State length of service and date as near as possible.

Question 3.—With what type of engines (and boilers, if any) have you been employed afloat, and in what capacity? State length of service and date as near as possible.

Question 4.—What machinery defects have come under your notice ashore?

Question 5.—What machinery defects have come under your notice afloat?

The following set of questions are specimens of those used at examinations for Ordinary Certificates (Steam). Appropriate questions of similar standard are used at examinations for Motor Drivers’ Certificates.

MARINE ENGINE-DRIVERS.

SECOND CLASS.

Navigation Knowledge.

Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea.

He must know the lights and shapes required to be carried and shown by all types of vessels when navigating the waters in which the motor-boat certificate will ply, the sound signals during fog or when indicating action, and the steering and sailing rules.

SECOND CLASS—GAS.

1. What are the fuels used in connexion with a suction gas producer plant?

2. Name the principal parts of a suction gas producer.

3. Describe the four-cycle gas engine.

4. What is the main difference between an oil engine and a gas producer plant?

5. How would you proceed to get the plant ready to start away?

6. What is a right-hand propeller? How is it secured to the shaft?

7. What gas is burned in the engines of a producer plant?

8. State the precautions necessary when operating a gas plant.

9. What defects may arise when operating a suction gas plant?

10. Name the principal parts of a gas producer engine.

SECOND CLASS—OIL.

1. What is meant by an internal combustion engine? Name various types.

2. Describe a four-cycle oil engine in detail.

3. Describe the usual types of ignition as found in a small marine motor.

4. Name some faults which might possibly develop in an oil engine. Explain how they could be remedied.

5. What danger arises from the leakage of petroleum gas, particularly into unventilated spaces?

6. What is the danger of bringing a naked light in close proximity to an oil engine? What is the use of a gauze diaphragm?

7. Why should the bilges of an oil engine be well ventilated? What danger might arise if this is not attended to?

8. Describe the various forms of silencers used. Does a silencer reduce the power of the engine?

9. What is meant by half compression?

10. What is meant by advancing and retarding the spark?

SECOND CLASS-CONDENSING (STEAM).

1. Explain how you would blow through and scum a boiler.

2. What is meant by 26 inches of vacuum?

3. How may the vacuum be destroyed?

4. Test a water gauge. Make a rough lined sketch and mark the cocks and valves A, B, C, &c.; to assist you in explaining.

5. How is steam admitted to the cylinders?

6. What might be the cause of overheating of a combustion chamber or a furnace crown, and what damage might arise from such?

7. Describe lap, lead, and travel of an ordinary slide valve.

8. Is an ordinary air pump single acting or double acting? Explain the action of an air pump.

9. What is scale? How can it be prevented and removed? What is the danger associated with scale?

10. Explain how you would proceed to raise steam, starting with a cold boiler.

FIRST CLASS—GAS.

1. Name the parts of a suction gas producer plant.

2. What is the clearance of a gas engine? How does it differ from the clearance in a steam engine?

3. State how you would proceed to get a suction gas producer plant ready to start under way.

4. What fuel is used in a gas producer plant? How is it fed to the generator?

5. What is a scrubber, and why is it necessary?

6. Describe a generator of a gas producer plant.

7. What gas is generated in a gas producer?

8. How is the engine manipulated to put the vessel astern? Describe the gear.

9. What precautions are necessary when working a gas producer?

10. What is the difference between a gas producer engine and a steam engine?

FIRST CLASS—OIL.

1. Describe the action of an ordinary two-stroke oil engine.

2. What kind of oil is usually employed in oil motors? Name the special precautions which are to be taken with each type, and is it necessary to have one special oil for a special type of engine?

3. What precautions are necessary to guard against fire or explosion in an oil-propelled vessel? What is the use of a gauze diaphragm?

4. What defects may arise during working of an oil engine which may lead to the engine suddenly stopping?

5. In a carburetter. Of what does it consist? How does it work?

6. How is the speed of the engine modified? How is the vessel propelled?

7. What is flash point? What is the flash point of ordinary commercial kerosene?

8. If the rings of a piston became stuck fast in the grooves, how would you proceed to free them?

9. How is the water circulated in a water-cooled cylinder? What is the best temperature to maintain in the discharge water?

10. Name the parts of an oil engine and state their uses.

FIRST CLASS—CONDENSING.

1. What pumps are required with a condensing engine?

2. What is the advantage of condensing?

3. How are tubes secured in a steam boiler? How many types of tubes are there?

4. How are main stays fitted to a boiler?

5. What is lap, lead, and travel of a slide valve? About what were they in your last engine?

6. What precautions are necessary in blowing down or scumming a boiler?

7. Describe a steam piston of a L.P. cylinder.

8. Steam cylinders are usually bell-mouthed. Why is this?

9. What is a screw propeller? How is it secured to the shaft?

10. If the piston was placed at half-stroke, what would then be the position of the crank?

SPECIMEN SET OF PAPERS IN ARITHMETIC FOR MARINE ENGINE-DRIVERS FOR STEAM OR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES.

The following set of questions are types of those given at the examination for Marine Engine-drivers in either steam or internal combustion engines.

SECOND CLASS.

1. What is meant by a plank 6’ 3” × 2”?

2. What saving is there in using 6 gallons of oil at 1s. 7d. per gallon as against 5½ gallons at 1s. 6d. a gallon, the conditions being the same as regards power and efficiency? Answer—£              s.              d.

3. From a bar of round steel 16 feet long it is proposed to cut out a number of lengths each 5 inches long. How many of these lengths will there be? Give the length of the odd piece remaining. Answer—Number, and length of odd piece.

4. The distance between two places is 48 miles. The average speed is 8½ miles per hour. What will be the length of the run in hours and minutes? Answer—Hours and minutes.

5. In the above question, you started at 11.30 a.m., at what time did you reach your destination?

6. What timber would be required to cover in a sun-deck of ¾-inch tongue and groove boarding 8 inches wide? The sun-deck measures 9 feet 6 inches wide and 20 feet long. Answer—No. feet of 8 inches wide.

7. A counter reads 00375 at starting. You run four hours and a quarter, and the counter then reads 00630. What was the average revolution per minute? Answer—Revolutions per minute,

8. A tank contains 4 gallons of oil per inch of height. The tank is 18 inches high. A sounding is taken, and it is found that the measurement of oil is 4¼ inches. How many gallons of oil would you order to just fill the tank?

9. On a small pleasure boat the passengers carried per run are 50. There are three trips per day, the fares per passenger being 2s. 6d. per head. What is the day’s takings? Answer—£              s.              d.

10. You have a salary of one man at 10s. per day, a boy at 7s. 6d. per day, and one man acting as driver and captain at 12s. 6d. per day. Referring to Question 9, what was the amount left per day to cover running expenses and profit? Answer—£              s.              d.

FIRST CLASS.

1. Write in figures four feet eight and a half inches.

2. What does 60° F. mean?

3. The cubical contents of a cylindrical tank is found as follows:—

Area of top or bottom in feet or inches multiplied by height in feet or inches. (Keep all in feet or all in inches.)

Note.—The area is found by first measuring the internal diameter and multiplying it by itself, that is, square the diameter. This result, multiplied by 11/14, will give the area. Thus:—D2 × 11/14 = Area.

The inside measurement of a cylindrical tank is 18½ inches, the height is 20 inches; there are 1,728 cubic inches in a cubic foot; how many cubic feet of oil will the tank contain? Answer—Cubic feet.

4. In the above question, if one cubic foot be equal to 6¼ gallons, how many gallons of oil will the above tank hold when full? Answer—Gallons.

5. In an ordinary lever safety valve loaded at the end by means of a salter or spring balance, the total area of the valve is 9½ square inches, the boiler pressure 120 pounds per square inch, the distance from the fulcrum to the spring balance is 15 inches, and from the fulcrum to the centre of the valve is 3 inches. To what load must the spring balance be set to be sure that the valve will lift when the boiler pressure exceeds 120 pounds per square inch? Answer—Boiler pressure in lbs.

6. (a) At 2 a.m. the engine container indicated 008577, at 7 o’clock p.m. the same day the counter indicated 084567. What has been the speed of the engines during that time?

(b) In the above question, there was a six-wheel counter used. What is the highest number that the counter can register, starting from 000000?

7. A cubic foot of fresh water weighs 62½ lbs. You have a square tank measuring 4 feet by 6 feet by 3½ feet high. What is the weight of the water contained in the tank? Answer—Weight in pounds.

8. A paddle float is 5 feet 4 inches in length and 2 feet 9 inches broad. What is the area of this float in square inches?

9. One pipe is 2” in diameter, and another pipe is 6” in diameter. How many times larger in area is the 6” than the 2” pipe?

Note.—To compare the area of two cylindrical pipes square their diameter, that is, multiply the diameter by itself, and then compare them.

10. Note—A column of water 2⅓ feet high gives approximately a pressure of 1 lb. per square inch at the base.

Therefore, to find the total pressure upwards upon the tank top it is necessary to find the area of the tank top in inches and to multiply this area by the load per square inch due to the pressure exerted by the column of water.

A ship’s tank 4 feet wide by 7 feet long was to be filled with fresh water. A hose was securely fitted to the filling pipe and led up to the tank ashore, 10 feet above the level of the top of the tank in the ship. The ship’s tank was filled and the water overflowed from the top of the hose. What would be the total load upon the tank top tending to burst it upwards?

APPENDIX C.

SPECIMEN SET OF PAPERS FOR COASTAL ENGINEERS.

ENGINEERING KNOWLEDGE.

Form to be filled up by all candidates at the examination.

Port...........................

Date...........................

Class for which examined...........

Candidate’s Name.................

(1) Questions A, B, C, D, and E shall be answered in their order; other questions may be answered in any order.

(2) All loose sheets used are to be numbered in the top right-hand corner and signed at the bottom of the page.

(3) All loose sheets are to be pinned in their order to this form, including Question Sheet.

(4) All papers issued to the candidate are to be returned pinned to this form, including Question Sheet.

A.—Where, how long, and in what capacities did you serve in works at the making or repairing of engines and boilers?

B.—Where, how long, and in what capacities did you serve in works on shore other than at making or repairing of engines and boilers?

C.—How long have you served in the engine-room at sea, and in what capacities?

D.—With what description of engines have you served at sea? What sizes were the engines?

E.—With what description of boilers have you served at sea?

The following questions are specimens of those used at examinations for Ordinary Certificates. Appropriate questions of similar standard are used at examinations for Motor Certificates:—

THIRD CLASS.

1. What is the difference between a “dry uptake” and a “wet uptake”? Which requires more repairs, and why?

2. Describe a riveted stay. State where such stays are used.

3. Blow-off cocks are sometimes fitted with a spanner guard. Describe how the guard is formed, and its purpose.

4. Describe your method of thoroughly testing the water gauge system to satisfy yourself that all cocks and pipes are clear.

5. What is the construction of a surface condenser? Explain how the tubes are fixed, and how they are kept tight.

6. Describe a loose eccentric. State in what type of engine it is in general use.

7. What is the object of condensing the steam?

8. How long would you allow for raising steam from cold water in a small marine boiler? State size of boiler.

9. If there was a leak in the hull so that the bilge pumps and donkey pump would not keep down the water, what would you do?

10. Describe a common D slide valve, and explain its action upon the distribution of steam in the cylinder.

SECOND CLASS.

1. When an engine is stopped in harbor with steam up, what connexions are to be shut and what connexions are to be open?

2. Explain the actions of any mechanical lubricating system.

3. With a condensing engine, what cocks or valves are on the skin of the ship in the engine room and in the stokehold?

4. Name the parts of an engine in their order, and state their functions, through which the energy of the steam in the boiler is transmitted to the screw propeller.

5. What is a feed escape valve? How is it loaded? Where should it be placed? Where should the escape water flow?

6. What is meant by horse-power, indicated horse-power, brake or shaft horsepower, nominal horse-power?

7. What precautions should be taken before removing the manhole door from a boiler?

8. Where are steel forgings generally used in a marine engine?

9. What is salting and scaling? Explain clearly how you would work with a leaking condenser when you are unable to stop to overhaul the condenser.

10. What is the danger of letting the water in a boiler get too low, particularly in a heavily-listed ship?

FIRST CLASS.

1. What is meant by scaling of a boiler? What is the difference between salting and scaling? How is the density of a boiler ascertained? What is the maximum density to which a boiler should be worked in the event of salt water entering with the feed?

2. In the event of a condenser tube leaking, state what should be done as regards the extra feed to the boilers, assuming that you cannot stop to repair the condenser. In such a case, what would be the density you would allow the boiler water to rise to before blowing or scumming? State your reasons fully.

3. Briefly explain the construction of a cylindrical marine boiler. State the parts which are worked hot, and how they are afterwards treated.

4. If the engines of the steamer are suddenly stopped, what valves and cocks are to be shut, and what connexions are to be left open?

5. What are expansion joints? Where are they necessary? What attention do they require? What other arrangement is sometimes adopted in lieu of an expansion joint, and what danger might arise due to water collecting in such an arrangement? Go into details how the packing is fitted, and what precautions are necessary to insure that the joint does not blow out.

6. How would you find the pitch of a screw propeller? What is the taper of a propeller shaft? What is the objection to having a less taper than this, and also a greater taper?

7. Feed pump relief valve. What is its construction? Where is it placed? Describe how a relief valve may be set when under way at sea.

8. Give an account of the modern adaption of gearing engines.

9. Explain the economy of a surface condensing engine.

EXAMINATION OF COASTAL ENGINEERS IN PRACTICAL WORKSHOP TESTS.

The regulations for examination of Engineers require by section 53 (3) that the candidate for Second Class Coast Engineer’s Certificate prior to sitting for his examination should be required to give proof to the satisfaction of the Examiner of Engineers as to his skill and practical workmanship.

As a guide to the examiner, and in addition to the requirements of section 53, the candidate shall answer the following questions in writing on practical workshop practice.

The following set of questions are types of those given at the examination for Second Class Coastal Engineers in practical workshop tests.

SECOND CLASS.

1. You have a flange for a pipe 6” diameter to bore out and fit. This flange is to be set up in a lathe, turned out, faced, and a thread cut to fit the pipe. The thread is to be V-shaped, 14 threads to the inch. The lathe has a leading screw of 4 threads to the inch, and a set of train wheels ranging from 20 to 100 rising by 5’s. Describe in detail how you would set this work in the lathe and execute the job as stated.

2. Make a rough sketch of the vernier caliper gauge for measuring in inches and parts of an inch, and explain how it is used.

3. What is a box square, surface plate, surface gauge, and limit gauge? Explain the principle upon which they are constructed, and give details of how they are used.

4. How would you set an H.P. slide valve taking steam on the inner edge, and exhausting the outer?

5. Briefly describe the different types of shaping machines, planing machines, milling machines, and drilling machines, and state the class of work for which they are specially employed.

6. The stud securing the dead plate to the furnace has broken off. State how you would proceed to renew these studs, the tools you would require, and how they would be used to replace the new stud.

7. How would you proceed to forge and temper a flat chisel? Sketch a cross-cut chisel, a diamond-point chisel, and a foal-foot chisel.

8. What is the method adopted when bending a copper pipe to enable it to retain its circular section? Describe how the flanges are brazed to a 2½-inch copper pipe, stating the gear and all details of the process.

SPECIMEN SETS OF PAPERS IN PRACTICAL MATHEMATICS FOR COASTAL ENGINEERS.

The following questions are specimens of those used at examinations for Ordinary Certificates (Steam). Appropriate questions of similar standard are used at examinations for Coastal Motor Certificates.

THIRD CLASS.

1. The counter reading at the beginning of the watch at 4 a.m. was 39100. The engines were running at 60 revolutions per minute. What would be the reading of the counter at the end of the watch, 8 a.m.?

2. The distance between two places is known to be 112 nautical miles. The steaming time is 9 hours 51 minutes. What has been the average speed in knots per hour? Answer—Knots per hour.

3. For a repair you have purchased 4 cwt, 3 qrs. 10 lbs. of bolts and nuts, for which the amount of £14 11s. 10d. is charged. What is the cost per pound? Answer in £ s. d.

4. What is the grate-area of a boiler with three furnaces, each furnace being 3 feet 5 inches wide and 5 feet 6 inches long? The heating surface is 32 times greater than the fire-grate surface, i.e., there are 32 square feet of heating surface for every foot of fire-grate surface. State the area of the heating surface in feet. Answers—(1) Area of fire-grate in feet. (2) Area of heating surface in feet.

5. You are feeding the boiler with sea water containing 5 ounces of solid matter to the gallon. If three-eighths of the total feed is blown out, what will be the density of the boiler in ounces per gallon? Answer—Density in ounces per gallon.

6. In a ship with double bottom one of the tanks was used for fresh water. The length of the tank was 42 feet 6 inches and breadth 37 feet, and depth 3 feet. Find the weight of water in the tank. Note.—Take one cubic foot of fresh water as weighing 62½ lbs. Answer in tons.

7. There are 4 Ramsbottom rings in an H.P. piston. The diameter of the cylinder is 20 inches. The depth of the rubbing surface is ¾ inch. What is the total rubbing surface of the piston ring?

8. A vessel burns 63 tons of coal in six days, costing £2 2s. 6d. per ton. What would the total cost and the cost of coal per day be? Answers—(1) Total cost. (2) Cost per day.

9. A steam cylinder is 24 inches in diameter. The main steam pipe is 8 inches in diameter. What is the ratio of the piston area to the area of the main steam pipe?

10. A dead weight safety valve is loaded with a weight of 400 lbs. The diameter of the valve is inches. At what pressure will the valve lift? Note.—The area of the valve equals diameter squared multiplied by 11/14ths or Area = D2 × 11/14. Answer in lbs.

SECOND CLASS.

1. The engines are running at 64 revolutions per minute. At 5.30 a.m. the counter stood at 987600. At what time by the clock will the counter stand at 041879?

2. A vessel is put down 3 inches in draught in salt water by an addition of 40 tons of coal placed on board. What is the area of the hull at the new water level? Answer in square feet.

3. When coaling, ten buckets weighing 63, 60, 70, 58, 62, 68, 67, 72, 72, 65 net, weighing 400 lbs. per bucket, were taken in in all. What weight of coal will this approximately amount to? Answer in tons cwt. qrs. lbs.

4. The fitted part of a coupling bolt is 5½ inches long. It is 3 inches in diameter at one end and 2½ inches in diameter at the other end. What is the taper per foot? Answer—Taper per foot in inches.

5. Note.—A square foot of iron plate ⅛ inch thick weighs 5 lbs. What is the weight of a boiler plate 6’ 6” long by 3’ 6” wide and ½ inch thick? Answer—Weight in lbs.

6. The diameter of a cylinder is 62 inches, length of stroke 4 feet, revolutions 56 per minute. The mean effective pressure per square inch is 12.2 lbs. per square inch. Work out the indicated horse-power. Answer—I.H.P.

7. Three gallons of oil at 2s. 6d. per gallon is substituted for 4 gallons at 2s. per gallon. What is the difference of cost over a running period of 12 days? Answer in £              s.              d.

8. An oil tank is 2.5 feet by 3 feet rectangular and 6 feet deep. The level of the oil falls 30” in 50 days. What is the rate of oil consumption in gallons per day? Answer in gallons.

9. Two side bunkers are each 10’ 6” wide by 12’ 6” high. The first carries 30 tons of coal, the second 45 tons of coal. What would be the length of each bunker? Note.—Take 45 cubic feet of coal per ton. Answer—Length in feet.

10. The piston of a steam engine is 30” in diameter. The steam pressure at the beginning of the stroke is 62 lbs. per square inch. The crank pin is 8” in diameter. What would be the length of the crank pin to insure the oil pressure does not exceed 700 lbs per square inch? Answer—Length in inches.

FIRST CLASS.

1. By mistake a Centigrade thermometer has been supplied instead of a Fahrenheit. Convert 89 degrees Centigrade to the corresponding reading on the Fahrenheit scale. Answer—Degrees Fahrenheit.

2. A bar of wrought iron 1” in diameter is fractured by twisting by a weight of 800 lbs. placed at a leverage of 12”. The crank shaft is 6” in diameter and the throw of the shaft is 18”. What would be the load in pounds on the crank pin to fracture the shaft?

Note.—In working this problem remember that the strength of shaft to twisting is in proportion to the diameter cubed.

3. Work out the indicated horse-power from the set of indicator cards and data as supplied. Answer—I.H.P.

4. If 20 tons of water at 120° F. were mixed with 10 tons of water at 80° F., what would be the resultant temperature? Assume there are no heat losses. Answer—Degrees Fahrenheit.

5. The diameter of a lever loaded safety valve is 3”, the length of the lever from the fulcrum to the centre of the weight is 3½ inches. A weight of 20 lbs. is placed upon this lever. Allow 3 pounds per square inch of valve area to compensate for the effect and weight of the lever and the valves. What distance from the fulcrum would the weight be placed so that the valve will just lift to 65 lbs. per square inch boiler pressure? Answer in inches.

6. A vessel on different voyages takes into shipment 50 tons of coal of which 5 per cent. is ash, 30 tons of coal of which 2.5 per cent, is ash, 45 tons of coal of which 3 per cent. is ash. Find the average per cent. of ashes in the whole. Answer—Per cent.

7. The lifting gear of the cylindrical cover consists of a lever and screw tackle gear. There are 4 threads to the inch on the screw. The lever operating the screw is 18 inches from the centre of the screw to the point where the force of 50 lbs. is applied. Allow a loss of 6 per cent, for friction. Find the total pressure exerted to lift the cover.

Note—= Bending Moment = B.M.

= Resisting Moment to Bending = R.M.

Then RM = BM

W = Weight in lbs. at centre of beam.

L = Length of beam in feet between supports.

D = Depth of beam in inches.

B = Breadth of beam in inches.

S = Stress set up in beam.

9. A beam 18 feet between supports has a weight of 4 tons suspended at its centre. The beam is 3” wide and 10” deep. State (a) the load at each support; (5) maximum stress set up in the fibre of the beam. Answer—(a) lbs.; (b) lbs.

9. Note.—Assume that the consumption varies as the square of the speed.

The speed of a vessel is 9½ knots, with a coal consumption of 30 tons per day. It is proposed to reduce the consumption to 20 tons per day. What would be the speed of the vessel with the reduced consumption? Answer—Speed in knots.

10. A steam winch heaves up 6 cases of cargo weighing 200 lbs. each to a height of 30 feet in 15 seconds. What horse-power did the winch develop? Answer—Horse-power.

APPENDIX D.

CERTIFICATES OF IMPERIAL VALIDITY.

SPECIMEN SETS OF PAPERS IN PRACTICAL MATHEMATICS.

The following questions are specimens of those used at examinations for Ordinary Certificates. Appropriate questions of similar standard are used at examinations for Motor Certificates.

SECOND CLASS.

First Paper.

Do not deface or make any marks whatever on this paper.

Memoranda to be used in working the problems will be found on the first page of the answer book.

Do not copy the questions, but be careful to work the problems on the appropriate numbered pages of the answer book.

1. The pitch of a propeller is 17.5 feet. If the speed of the ship is 15.2 knots, find the number of revolutions per minute, the slip being 11 per cent.              (7 marks.)

2. A vertical cylindrical tank 27 inches in diameter, and 5 feet 4 inches high is filled with oil. Subsequently 2 gallons of oil per day are drawn from the tank for a period of 57 days. Find the depth of oil remaining.              (7 marks.)

3. The rotor drum of a marine turbine is 3 feet 7 inches in external diameter, and the mean blade velocity at 605 revolutions per minute is 7,200 feet per minute. Find the blade height.              (7 marks.)

4. Sketch a steel piston rod crosshead of the detachable type to the following dimensions, and calculate its weight:—Height 12 inches; length 12 inches; width 12 inches; two gudgeon pins each 6½ inches in diameter and 7¼ inches long; hole for piston rod tapering throughout from 6½ inches in diameter at top to 6 inches diameter at bottom.              (10 marks.)

5. A safety valve is 3 inches in diameter and is loaded by means of a weight of 41 lbs. placed at the end of a lever. The distance from the fulcrum to the centre line of the valves is 2¾ inches, and from the fulcrum to the centre line of the weight 25 inches. The lever weighs 3 lbs. and its centre of gravity is 11 inches from the fulcrum. The valve weighs 2 lbs. Find the pressure per square inch at which the steam will blow off.              (10 marks.)

6. A vessel is floating in water of which the density is 1,015 by the hydrometer. If her draught is increased by 1.75 inches when 80 tons of coal are put on board, what is the area of the water-plane in square feet?              (7 marks.)

Second Paper.

If g = 32.2 feet per second, what will be the velocity of a body after it has fallen through 320 feet?

(6 marks.)

8. If the weight of a sample of sea water is found by the hydrometer to be 1,025 ounces per cubic foot, what percentage of error would there be in the common assumption that the weight of salts, &c., in solution is 5 ounces per gallon?              (6 marks.)

9. A surface feed heater is supplied with steam at a temperature of 380° F and the water in the hotwell is at 124° F. If the heater uses .08 lbs. of steam per pound of feed water, what is the temperature of the water after passing through the heater?              (10 marks.)

10. A cylindrical steam drum 50 inches in internal diameter has dished ends welded on. The material at the weld is uniformly ½ inch thick. If the internal pressure is 200 lbs. per square inch, find (a) the total force tending to blow the end off, and (b) the stress per square inch on the material of the weld.              (10 marks.)

11. Note.—The working pressure to be allowed on a plain cylindrical furnace made of steel, with the longitudinal joint welded, may be found by the formula:—

where T denotes the thickness of the plate in inches, L denotes the length

in feet, D denotes the diameter in inches,

provided that it does not’ exceed that found by the following formula:—

What pressure should be allowed on a steel furnace of the above description, 39 inches in diameter, and 6 feet 6 inches long, made of plate 9-16 inch thick?              (10 marks.)

12. The table of a planing machine weighs 15 cwt., its travel is 8 feet 3 inches, and the coefficient of friction is 0.104. What amount of work in foot-lbs. is lost in each double stroke owing to friction?

(10 marks.)

FIRST CLASS.

First Paper.

Do not deface or make any marks whatever on this paper.

Memoranda to be used in working the problems will be found on the first page of the answer book.

Do not copy the questions, but be careful to work the problems on the appropriate numbered pages of the answer book.

1. In a certain four stroke cycle oil engine the air admission valve is open for 0.59 of a revolution of the crank. Through how many degrees does the crank turn while this valve is closed?              (4 marks.)

2. The inside diameter of a boiler is 12 feet and the greatest height of the steam space above the surface of the water is 3 feet 6 inches. What is the breadth of the surface of the water?              (6 marks.)

3. On Monday at noon the counter stood at 899342. The engines continued to run at full speed, making 79 revolutions per minute, until 4 p.m. on Tuesday, when the speed was reduced. At noon on Wednesday the counter stood at 099024. What were the average revolutions per minute whilst running at reduced speed?              (6 marks.)

4. A metal pipe is 11 feet long over all, 6 inches in external diameter, and the metal is 0.47 inch thick. There is a flange at each end 11 inches in diameter, and 0.76 inch thick. If the specific gravity of the material is 8.8, what is the weight of the pipe in pounds?              (12 marks.)

5. A weight of 5½ tons is raised by means of a screw jack, the pitch of the screw being ½ inch. If a force of 51 pounds is required at the end of the lever in order to turn the screw, and 61 per cent. of the power is lost in friction, what is the length of the lever?              (10 marks.)

6. A vessel is loaded to a draught of 20.4 feet, and the area of the load water-plane is 12,600 square feet. The underwater portion is divided by planes parallel to the load water-plane, and 5.1 feet apart, of the following areas:—12,000 8,300, 3,100, and 0 square feet respectively. Find the displacement in tons, using. Simpson’s Rule.              (10 marks.)

Second Paper.

7. If the boiler feed water contains 2.5 per cent. of its weight of salt in solution, what is the weight of this feed water in ounces per gallon? Any other impurities may be neglected.              (7 marks.)

8. An engine of 2 feet 2 inches stroke has a mean piston speed of 510 feet per minute. What is the mean speed of the travel of the valve, if the eccentricity of the sheave is 3⅛ inches?              (7 marks.)

9. The diameter of the piston is 60 inches, the body of the piston rod is 9 inches diameter, and 7½ inches diameter at the bottom of the thread, and this is the diameter of the tail rod. What is the tensile stress per square inch on the piston rod at the smallest part, if the maximum pressure is 62 lbs. and back pressure 15 lbs. per square inch? Allow for the areas of both the rods.              (10 marks.)

10. If the actual horse-power transmitted by a tunnel shaft is 3,700 when making 75 revolutions per minute, what is the mean shearing stress upon the bolts, per square inch? There are six bolts in each coupling, 3½ inches in diameter and placed at 11 inches radius.              (10 marks.)

11. A twin screw vessel steams at 18 knots with both engines fully opened out. Calculate approximately what speed you would expect to attain with one engine, the other being rendered unless by the total loss of its propeller. The relative efficiency of the propellers may be neglected. (8 marks.)

12. The diameters of the cylinders of a triple expansion engine are respectively 12 inches, 20 inches, and 32 inches; the stroke is 2 feet, and the revolutions per minute 140. The mean effective pressures are respectively 75 lbs., 39 lbs., and 15.5 lbs. per square inch. What is the total Indicated Horse Power developed, and what is the mean effective pressure referring all to the low pressure cylinder?              (10 marks.)

APPENDIX E.

EXAMINATION IN WORKING DRAWING.

The subjects for examination in drawing given for Second Class will be of a more simple character than those for First Class. The general requirements will, however, be similar.

The candidate will be expected to show that he is capable of making a dimensioned drawing of a part of the machinery, such that, if the drawing were sent home from a foreign port, the part in question could, if necessary, be accurately reproduced and the new article fitted in place on board the ship on her return, without alteration.

SPECIMEN PAPERS FOR BOTH ORDINARY AND MOTOR EXAMINATION.

SECOND CLASS.

General Instructions.

1. Draw the object clearly in pencil, but insert the dimension arrow-heads and figures in ink.

2. Working drawings to scale are required, and not pictorial representations.

3. Insert all the dimensions necessary for the construction of the object in the workshops, including those given in the question, and those purposely omitted.

4. Dimensions may be given in feet and inches, or in metrical units.

5. Do not draw more parts than are specified below.

6. The diagram to which the question refers is printed on the back of this sheet.*

7. Credit will be given for correct projection.

8. The material of which different parts are to be made should be indicated on the drawing.

9. You must not have with you any books, notes, photographs, or paper other than that supplied to you for use at this examination.

* Not reproduced.

Michell Thrust Block.

Draw, to a scale of 3 inches to the foot—

(a) a complete end view of the main casting illustrated; and

(b) a complete plan.

FIRST CLASS.

General Instructions (as for Second Class).

Michell Thrust Block.

Draw, to a scale of 3 inches to the foot—

(a) a complete end view of the main casting illustrated; and

(b) a complete plan.

Also sketch, or draw to scale, one of the pivoted bearing pads for a thrust block of this, or similar, design.

APPENDIX F.

SPECIMEN SETS OF PAPERS IN ENGINEERING KNOWLEDGE.

Form to be filled up by all candidates at the examination.

Port................... Class for which examined................................

Date.................. Candidate’s Name…........................................

A. Give an account of your technical education up to date, mentioning the names of any technical schools you have attended, with the length of time spent at each, and the engineering or science subjects studied by you.

B. Write a list of the TEXT BOOKS you have read on:—

(1) Marine Engineering.

(2) Heat and Steam.

(3) Applied Mechanics.

(4) Other engineering or science subjects.

The following questions are specimens of those used at examinations for Ordinary Certificates. Appropriate questions of similar standard are used at examinations for Motor Certificates:—

SECOND CLASS.

First Paper.

Do not deface or make any marks whatever on this paper.

The questions are not to be copied. The answers should be written on paper which will be provided if required.

All the questions should be attempted.

1. Write a report addressed to a Shipowner or Superintendent, describing defects to engines and boilers which have come under your notice (or about which you have received information), the causes of the defects and the methods of repair adopted, and suggesting preventive measures.

Note.—Attention should be paid to composition, spelling and punctuation, as it is important that a Second or Chief Engineer should be able to write technical reports in good English.

2. Explain clearly what is meant by the term “efficiency” as applied to engines and machines.

3. Describe the low-pressure cylinder cover for a large inverted type marine engine. What governs the shape of the lower surface? Why are the ribs placed on the upper side instead of underneath? How is the cover kept in a central position?

4. Upon what are the main engines seated, and how are they secured in the ship? Describe how the engines are put into the ship, and how the proper position and alignment are ensured.

5. Describe, with sketches, the manner in which the blades are fitted in rotor and casing of a marine steam turbine.

6. Describe a double-ported slide valve and explain its action.

Second Paper.

7. Describe the construction and use of a salinometer, and state how it is graduated. Why must the instrument be used at a stated temperature?

8. Describe, in your own words, the several effects which take place in succession on applying heat to a lump of ice enclosed in a cylinder. Distinguish between the steam generated when in the saturated, dry saturated, and superheated condition. State also the quantity of heat per pound of ice required to effect the various changes.

9. Describe the different types of safety valves in general use, stating their merits and demerits. What are the main requirements for an efficient safety valve on a marine boiler?

10. What is the difference between Mechanical Clearance and Clearance Volume in an engine cylinder? How does the latter affect the expansion and compression of the steam?

11. Describe briefly, with sketches, any system of burning oil fuel in a boiler furnace used in the mercantile marine.

12. What is a dynamo? Describe its various parts, and explain its action.

FIRST CLASS.

First Paper.

Do not deface or make any marks whatever on this paper.

The questions are not to be copied. The answers should be written on form provided, or extra paper which will be provided if required.

All the questions should be attempted.

1. Write a report addressed to a Shipowner or Superintendent, describing defects to engines and boilers which have come under your notice (or about which you have received information), the causes of the defects and the methods of repair adopted, and suggesting preventive measures.

Note.—Attention should be paid to composition, spelling, and punctuation, as it is important that a Second or Chief Engineer should be able to write technical reports in good English.

2. Name the parts of the marine engine which are frequently made of cast steel. Explain why certain parts formerly made of forged iron or steel, or of cast brass, can now with advantage be made of cast steel.

State the average ultimate tensile strength of cast steel, and the corresponding percentage elongation.

3. Compare the relative merits and demerits of independent air pumps, and air pumps worked by the main engine. What is a vacuum augmenter?

4. Sketch and describe the construction of a rotor for a marine steam turbine engine, mentioning the materials of which the different parts are made.

5. Explain how the thrust of the propeller is transmitted to the hull of a ship. Illustrate your answer by means of an outline sketch of the seating and double bottom. Indicate the manner in which the block is prevented from moving in a fore and aft direction.

6. Explain the action of a double-ported slide valve, illustrating your answer by means of sketches of the valve in different positions relative to the ports.

Second Paper.

7. Define the “total heat of formation” of steam at one temperature, from water at another temperature, and explain how this total is made up.

What is meant by the “dryness fraction” of steam?

8. What is the difference between impulse and reaction turbines? Explain how the expansion of the steam is effected in steam turbine engines.

9. Describe the different types of safety valves in general use, stating their merits and demerits. What are the main requirements for an efficient safety valve on a marine boiler?

10. Describe how you would prepare the main boilers for hydraulic test, and how the test is applied. What inspections would you make before, during and after the application of the water pressure?

11. Describe briefly, with sketches, any system of burning oil fuel in a boiler furnace used in the mercantile marine.

12. Describe the ammonia process of refrigeration.

APPENDIX G.

SPECIMEN SET OF PAPERS SET IN THE EXTRA FIRST CLASS EXAMINATION.

First Day.—10 a.m. to 1 p.m.

Note.—Candidates are not permitted to attempt more than three questions in this paper.

1. A four-way junction-piece is formed by the intersection of two flanged pipes, of the same dimensions, which cross each other at right-angles at mid-length, their axes being in the same plane. The external and internal diameters are 10 inches and 8 inches, respectively, and the length 20 inches, including the flanges, which are each l¼ inches thick and 16 inches in diameter.

What is the weight, if made of cast-iron, having a specific gravity of 7⅛?

It is to be noted, with regard to the figure bounded by the lines of intersection of the cylindrical surfaces, that all sections in planes parallel to the plane of the axes are squares. Full marks for a correct answer will be given only if the volume at this part is determined by means of the calculus.

(55 marks.)

2. The horizontal base of a pyramid is of triangular form, having sides which measure 10 feet, 8 feet, and 5 feet, respectively. The flat sides of the pyramid are so inclined that each edge is at an angle of 30 degrees relative to a vertical line passing through the apex.

What is the volume of the pyramid, expressed in cubic feet? (50 marks.)

3. What, precisely, is the effect on (1) copper, and (2) cast-iron of prolonged exposure to superheated steam, and in what respect is the strength of the material influenced?              (45 marks.)

4. It was said that, in the naval engagement in the North Sea, on the 24th January, 1915, H.M.S. Lion opened fire at a range of 18,000 yards, and began hitting the German ships at 17,000 yards, the guns being so elevated as to throw the projectiles to a height of about 6,000 feet.

Assuming these figures to be correct, and the trajectory to be parabolic, as in vacuo, what would be (1) the muzzle velocity of the projectile, (2) the time occupied in the flight of the projectile, and (3) the angle of the gun? Also, (4) what is the greatest range possible with this muzzle velocity, under the conditions assumed?              (45 marks.)

First Day.—1.30 to 4 p.m.

Note.—Candidates are not permitted to attempt more than three questions in this paper.

5. A rectangular iron feed tank, weighing 1½ hundredweights, is 4 feet long, 2 feet broad, and for a depth of 2 feet contains water which, together with the tank, is at a temperature of 60 degrees Fahrenheit. Saturated steam at a temperature of 220 degrees Fahrenheit is exhausted into the tank through a pipe, the orifice of which is below the surface of the water. After 50 pounds weight of this steam has passed into the tank and become condensed, the temperature of the water is found to have been raised to 103.5 degrees, and the average temperature of the tank to 103 degrees Fahrenheit.

If 5 per cent. of the total heat of the wet steam was lost by radiation, &c., what was the dryness fraction?

Specific heat of iron = 0.113. (40 marks.)

6. A cylinder cover is suspended from a carriage on a supporting beam across the engine room. The total weight of the portable parts concerned is 2,500 pounds, and the resistance to their movement along the beam when level is 140 pounds. If the vessel is so heeled as to give the beam a slope, longitudinally, of 1 in 25, what force, applied in the direction requiring the minimum effort, is necessary to move the load (1) up the incline, and (2) down the incline?

Make clear your reasoning by constructing a triangle showing the relative magnitude and direction of the forces in operation in each case, and state what would be the least angle of the beam to permit the travelling weight to run down the incline by gravitation alone.              (45 marks.)

7. In mooring a steamer alongside the quay, one of the hawsers is paid in by a steam winch, around the warping drum of which it is coiled three times, the free end then being hauled in, at the rate of 30 feet per minute, by a man exerting a pull of 10 pounds. If this force is just sufficient to prevent slipping, and the co-efficient of friction is 0.3, what is (1) the tension on the rope on the other side of the drum, and (2) the brake horse-power given out by the winch?              (55 marks.)

8. Make a sketch showing in detail the construction of a chemical fluid extincteur suitable for dealing with fires arising from the leakage of petrol or other inflammable spirit. State what chemicals are employed, how they operate, and the internal pressure you would expect to be generated if the outlet was closed while the apparatus was in operation.              (40 marks.)

Second Day.—10 a.m. to 1 p.m.

Note.—Candidates are not permitted to attempt more than three questions in this paper.

9. What is meant by the “candle power” of a gas flame or electric lamp, and what experiments would you make to determine it?

An incandescent electric lamp has a filament 3 inches long and gives a candle power of 10 with a current of 100 volts. What length of filament would be required, if made of the same material and kept at the same temperature, to produce a candle power of 20 by the application of 150 volts.

(35 marks.)

10. How would you determine the direction in which the current is flowing through any wire in an electric light installation?              (30 marks.)

11. The bending movement due to a weight suspended from an ordinary davit when the vessel is heeled outward, is

W (S cos θ + H sin θ) = W × L,

where W = weight,

S = span of davit,

H = height of davit above the upper support,

θ = angle of heel, from the vertical, and

L = horizontal distance between the axis of the davit where supported and the vertical line of force.

Investigate this expression, and explain why it should be equated to the modulus of the section cut by a plane normal to the axis of the davit, whatever its inclination relative to the vertical line of force may be.

A boat, which with its equipments, occupants, blocks and falls, weight 91 cwts., is suspended from a pair of davits turned outboard and heeled at an angle of 15 degrees. The diameter of the davits is 6½ inches at the upper support, the height about this part is 9 feet, the total height from the heel or step is 11½ feet, and the span is 6 feet. Each davit weighs 10 cwts., the centre of gravity being distant from the centre of the step 6½ feet longitudinally and 1 foot transversely. It is supported by a cast steel socket, of the form and general dimensions indicated in the figure, into which it fits loosely. This casting weighs 6½ cwts., and its centre of gravity is 11½ inches from the base line, and 2½ inches in-board from the axis. It is secured by seven l½-inch bolts, placed as shown, each having a net sectional area where screwed of 0.894 square inch.

Assuming that each davit sustains half the weight of the boat, &c., i.e., 45½ cwts., determine (1) the maximum stress, in tons per square inch, on the socket at the section AB, and (2) the nature and intensity of the stress in the holding-down bolts.              (55 marks.)

12. An irregular casting, weighing 20 tons, is lifted by means of a heavy chain sling and a lighter tripping chain, passed over the hook of a crane. The length of each portion of the sling is 7 feet, and the length of the tripping chain is 10 feet, from the single point of suspension to positions corresponding to the angular points of an isosceles triangle having a base of 8 feet and an apex in the same horizontal plane and 10 feet in a normal direction from the base, one portion of the chain sling extending to one end of the base, the other portion of equal length to the other end of the base, and the tripping chain to the apex.

Determine the tension on the chains due to the load of 20 tons. (45 marks.)

Second Day.—1.30 to 4 p.m.

Note.—Candidates are not permitted to attempt more than three questions in this paper.

13. A perfectly balanced square plate is free to revolve about one of its diagonals, which is held vertically, and in this position the plate is drawn through still water. What position will the plate assume relative to the direction of motion? A correct answer, if unaccompanied by an explanation of your reasoning, will not be credited.              (30 marks.)

14. Two vessels are approaching each other on courses which converge at an angle of 120 degrees, one vessel being 15 miles from the point of intersection of the courses, and travelling with a velocity of 20½ miles per hour, while the other is 7 miles from the point of intersection, and is moving at the rate of 7½ miles per hour.

How long will it take the vessels to arrive at the positions in which they are nearest to each other, and what is then the distance between them?              (55 marks.)

15. A tug boat is to be built for sea service, but the draught will be restricted by the depth of water in the harbour where the vessel will coal; and, while it is desired that the draught aft should be as great as is possible, consistently with the size of the vessel, it is required that this draught be constant, whether the bunker coals are on board or not.

From the following particulars, determine the position in which the centre of gravity of the coals must be in order to fulfil this condition.

Length of vessel, 90 feet; displacement, without coals on board, 210 tons; centre of flotation, 1 foot abaft the mid-length position; longitudinal metacentric height, 69.6 feet; tons per inch immersion, 3; weight of coals, 24 tons.              (55 marks.)

16. A coal-laden ship has a displacement of 2,000 tons, and a metacentric height of one foot. In smooth water she has no list, but she encounters a heavy sea, and rolls 30 degrees from the vertical on each side, thereby shifting 50 tons of coal 10 feet transversely to starboard. To what extent will the rolling of the vessel on each side be affected by the displacement of this weight, and at what inclination will she be when at rest?              (45 marks.)

Third Day.—10 a.m. to 4 p.m.

Make a scale drawing of one of the following subjects:—

(a) A flexible coupling suitable for connecting the pinion shaft to the rotor spindle of a geared turbine, the diameter of the spindle at the coupling being, say, 6 inches.

Or,

(b) The gear for working the steam slide-valve of a donkey pump without an eccentric, or equivalent eccentric, showing the valve and cylinder valve-face. The name of the maker should be given.

A pencil drawing, only, is required, but it should contain sufficient views and figured dimensions to enable all parts to be made therefrom, the material of which these parts are formed also being indicated. The dimensions and arrowheads should be clearly written in ink, and special care should be observed regarding cleanliness and neatness generally.              (120 marks.)

Fourth Day.—10 a.m. to 2 p.m.

Assume that you are a Superintending Engineer and require a new vertical donkey boiler, together with all necessary mountings and fittings, to supply about 25 pounds of steam per minute at a pressure of 100 pounds per square inch. Draft a specification of the boiler, &c., mentioning the tests and inspection during construction for which provision is to be made. Then write a letter to a firm of Engineers and Boilermakers asking for quotation of price, and date when delivery might be expected; and a further letter accepting their offer.

Special care should be observed regarding the arrangement, style of expression, writing, spelling, punctuation, and neatness, for which marks will be awarded, as well as for the technical knowledge displayed.

A rough draft may, if desired, first be made, but in that case it must be clearly marked “Rough draft,” and must be handed in with the finished copy, and you should be careful to allow yourself sufficient time to make the fair copy.              (100 marks.)

End of Examination.

APPENDIX H.

READING THE WATER-GAUGE.

Notwithstanding that the reading of the water-gauge is made a special feature in the examination of Engineers, many boiler casualties result from the Engineer of the watch either not understanding the construction of the water-gauge fittings or not satisfying himself by actual trial that the cocks, pipes, &c., are clear.

Unless a candidate under examination is able to prove that he understands how to verify the indications of the water-gauge, he should not be passed in practical knowledge, and, as failure in practical knowledge involves the candidate going to sea for another six months before being eligible for re-examination, the Examiner should explain to such candidate his error, after failing him, in order to prevent further casualties resulting from his want of knowledge on this subject.

The sketches, Figures 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, Plate I., represent the usual methods of attaching water-gauge mountings to marine boilers, the smoke-boxes being omitted, for convenience, from Figures 3, 4 and 5. The important features in each gauge and the method of verifying its indications are dealt with separately in the following remarks.

Referring to Figure 1 only.

In this case the water-gauge cocks are attached direct to the boiler, and the accuracy of the gauge when the boiler is under steam can be tested as follows:—

First—Let B remain open, then close cock D and open cock E, and if steam issues it proves that cock B and the passage through the top fitting and gauge glass are clear. If no steam or water issues, either cock B or the passage through the top fitting and gauge glass is choked and the gauge cannot act properly until the obstruction is removed.

Second.—Close cock B and open D and E, and if water issues, cock D is clear. If no water or steam issues, either cock D or the passage from the boiler through the lower fitting is choked and must be cleared before the gauge can act properly.

Referring to Figure 2 only.

In this case the gauge cocks are attached to a bent pipe of comparatively large diameter (at least 3 inches in the bore), the upper end of which communicates with the steam space, and the lower end with the water space of the boiler. Owing to the bore of the pipe being large, it is not likely to become choked or stopped under the ordinary conditions of working. The water-gauge is, therefore, in practically the same condition as if it were attached direct to the boiler, as in Figure 1. This gauge, when at work, is tested in precisely the same manner as the one shown in Figure 1.

Screw plugs are inserted at P.P. and Q.Q., by the removal of which the apertures in the pipe can be cleared, if necessary, by the insertion of a wire or rod when steam is down.

Referring to Figure 3 only.

In this gauge there is an open communication from A to C through the column Y, and in order to “blow through the glass” it is only necessary to shut cocks D and B alternately, keeping E open. But to “blow through the water-gauge,” including the pipes H and I, it is necessary, after blowing through the glass as described above, to shut A and C alternately, at the same time keeping B, D and E open for such time as will insure the complete discharge of the contents of the gauge and its connexions. When B, D and C are clear and A choked, the steam lodging in the glass and in the pipe I leading from column Y to A becomes condensed and the water flowing through C to take its place rises in column Y and in the glass to a level above that of the water in the boiler. In other words, the gauge shows a false level. If now E be opened and water is blown out, then on E being again closed the water in the gauge will rise higher than before and be still further misleading. On the other hand, when B, D and A are clear and C choked, the water, if any, in the glass is trapped and no longer rises and falls with the water in the boiler or with the motion of the vessel; it, however, slowly rises in the glass owing to the condensation of the steam in the upper part of the gauge until such time as E is opened, when the whole of the water In the glass is blown out; and on E being closed, the glass does not show any water, notwithstanding that the water in the boiler may be at the proper level. When the test cocks T.T.T. are attached to column Y, as shown in Figure 3, they cease to be reliable when either cock A or C or the pipe in connexion therewith is choked, or nearly choked.

Referring to Figure 4 only.

Sometimes the water-gauge fittings are arranged as shown in Figures 4 and 5, with no passage up the column, the central portion (N) of the column being simply a pillar or connecting piece of any convenient section between the upper and lower portions to which the cocks B and D are attached.

By this arrangement double communications are obviated and there is no need for what is known as “double shut off” in testing the accuracy of the gauge. When, however, the gauges are constructed in this manner, the cocks B and D are unreliable as test cocks in the event of there being no glass in the gauge. This feature should be carefully noted. Moreover, when in working

condition, the reduction of pressure in the glass which arises when E is opened causes the water in pipe H to rise above its normal level. This objectionable feature should also be noted.

Referring to Figure 5 only.

Sometimes there is a bend, L, in the steam pipe I leading from cock A to cock B. This has occasionally escaped observation when new boilers have been fitted on board ship. In most cases this bend arises from the pipe being led in an abnormal direction to escape other pipes, beams or fittings near the smoke box. With such a bend the condensed steam collects in the pipe and falls to the bottom of the bend, and in time it completely fills the pipe from J to K. The steam from K down to the level of the water in the glass is thereby trapped and, as condensation proceeds, leads to a reduction of pressure in the pipe below that of the boiler and an equivalent rise of the water in the bend and also in the gauge glass. When the vessel is quiescent the water in the gauge glass increases in height until cock E is opened or until the pressure in the boiler is so much in excess of that in the lower part of pipe I as to cause the water in the bend to be blown into the gauge glass. In either case instantaneous change of water level in the glass ensues.

In the ordinary course of working, the phenomenon described above is more or less modified by the presence of air in the upper part of the gauge and by the rise and fall of the water in the boiler and gauge glass arising from the rolling or pitching motions of the vessel.

Other Special Points to be Noted.

When the cocks A and C are omitted, as in Figure 2, it is owing to the bore of the stand pipe being sufficiently large to enable it to be regarded as part of the boiler. Such pipes require, however, to be examined and cleared at intervals by passing a rod through the holes provided for the purpose at P.P. and Q.Q.

Cocks at A and C are not necessary for the testing of gauges arranged as shown in Figures 4 and 5. Examiners ought, however, to make sure that candidates are aware of the impossibility of testing the reliability of the indications of water-gauges arranged as in Figure 3 when the cocks A and C are absent, and of the effect which the choking of cock A or C, or pipe H or I, has on the indications of the test cocks T.T.T. attached to column Y.

Probably more than half the steamers afloat are fitted with water-gauges as shown in Figures 3 and 4, and it is therefore specially important that engineer candidates should thoroughly understand their construction, the principle on which they act, and the steps which must be taken to keep them in an efficient condition.

When fitting a gauge glass into its place, it is specially important that it should not be placed so high as to prevent a clearing rod being inserted at G, Figures 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. This defect, especially if it occurs in a water-gauge attached to a boiler subject to priming, permits a rapid accumulation of scum around the top of the glass and results in the choking of the orifice leading from cock B to the gauge glass in each of the figures.

When a gauge glass is too short, or is placed either too high or too low in the fittings, it is also liable to become choked by the packing material being forced over its ends by the glands whilst being screwed up.

The use of unsuitable or insecure internal pipes in connexion either with the ordinary glass gauge cocks of the description shown in Figure 1, or with test cocks which are jointed to the boiler itself, should also be carefully guarded against.

Boiler casualties have resulted from the cocks B and D having the parts wrongly placed as shown in Figure 6, Plate II. In one case of that kind, which forms the subject of Report No. 208 under the Boiler Explosions Acts, the engineer in testing the water-gauge omitted to see that the passages in the cocks B and D were clear when the handles were in their proper working positions This defect could easily have been discovered if proper attention had been paid to the condition of the cocks. A defect of this nature may be due to faulty construction originally, or to the handle of the cock having been overstrained, and the neck twisted. Whether the passages in the plugs are fair and clear can, however, be verified in a few minutes. As an illustration, the water cock D, Figure 6, Plate II., can be verified by blowing through E with B shut and then moving the handle of D to one side until it is just closed, and then to the

other side until it is again just closed; the proper working position of the handle is about equally distant from each of the above positions. The other cocks can be verified in the same manner.

Another serious casualty occurred through the handle of the cock A, Figure 3, having been twisted from its original position relatively to the orifice of the cock, resulting in the cock being shut when apparently open.

When a water-gauge, that is clear in all its parts, has been thoroughly blown through, the water in the glass rises above the level at which it formerly stood, immediately the drain cock E is closed, but if left undisturbed for a time it gradually falls to its former position. The amount of rise which occurs on these occasions depends chiefly on the temperature of the contents of the boiler and on the length of the pipes by which column Y is connected top and bottom to the boiler, but in cases where the gauge is of the description illustrated in Figures 3, 4 and 5, it amounts in high pressure boilers to about 4 inches, while the time occupied by the water in returning to its former level ranges from 30 to 40 minutes. The cause of this rise is twofold, namely, (a) the displacement of the comparatively cold water in pipe H by hotter and proportionately lighter water from the boiler, and (b) a slight condensation of the steam and a corresponding fractional reduction of pressure in pipe I. The cause of the gradual subsidence of the water in the glass to its former level is also of a dual character, namely, (a) the cooling of the water in pipe H, and (b) the diminution in the condensation of steam in pipe I owing to the collection therein of air released from the steam condensed.

These results will, however, be somewhat modified if the water in the boiler is of higher density than in pipe H, and this will nearly always be the case owing to the condensation of the steam in the glass and upper fittings of the water gauge, causing the water in the lower part to be fresher than that in the boiler.

The Examiner should impress upon candidates the necessity for periodically blowing through the water-gauge on each boiler (no matter what the form may be) in a systematic and thorough manner, and, in cases where a boiler is fitted with two water-gauges, of keeping both in constant use; finally, he should further impress upon them the necessity for keeping the water-gauges well-lighted, clean, and in all respects efficient.

APPENDIX I.

EXAMINATION OF MASTERS AND MATES IN STEAM.

These examinations are provided for the purpose of giving Masters and Mates who are possessed of Certificates of Competency an opportunity of undergoing a voluntary examination as to their practical knowledge of the use and working of the steam engine. The indorsement of a Master’s or Mate’s Certificate for “Steam” does not, however, imply that he is qualified to perform the duties of an Engineer.

The examination is open to any person who holds a Certificate of any grade in the Foreign, Australian, or limited coast trade, or as Master of his own pleasure yacht.

Applicants should fill up the form of application, form E.—A., pay the fee of £1 10s., and deposit their Certificates and testimonials with the Superintendent, who will inform them when and where to attend to be examined. The usual testimonials for sobriety and good conduct for at least the last 18 months preceding the date of application to be examined must be produced, and at least a week’s notice of the applicant’s intention to sit for examination should be given.

If the candidate passes, form E.—A., together with a written report of the examination and the candidate’s Certificate, should be sent to the Principal Examiner of Engineer The words “Certified to have passed in Steam,” with the date and place of examination, will be entered on the Certificate and its counterpart, and the Certificate will be sent to the Superintendent of the Mercantile Marine Office of the port named in the form E.—A., and will be delivered to the candidate in the usual manner.

If the candidate fails to pass, his Certificate will be returned to him at once, but he may not present himself for re-examination until the expiration of three months from the date of failure.

The examination is for the most part vivâ, voce, and extends to a general knowledge of the practical use of coal and oil fuel, the working of steam engines (including turbines) and boilers, and of the various valves, fittings, and pieces of machinery connected with them, and of the way in which electric lighting is carried out on board ship.

Candidates must—

(a) Have a thorough grasp of the construction of the steam engine and boiler, to enable them to understand the nature and importance of any defect which may be reported to them by the Chief Engineer.

(b) Know the names and understand the uses of the various parts of engines and boilers, and their connecting pipes, valves, cocks, &c.

(c) Have a knowledge of the strength of materials, of the principal repairs required in connexion with engines, boilers and pipes, and how these repairs are accomplished.

(d) Be able to form an independent opinion as to a break-down, and the consequent propriety or impropriety of proceeding under steam with temporarily repaired or defective machinery.

(e) Understand how to estimate approximately the reduction of fuel required for reduced speed, and be able to satisfy themselves as to the sufficiency of the coal or other fuel on board for the voyage.

(f) Have an intelligent grasp of the general run of pipes and connexions in the engine-room, the working of cocks, the opening and closing of cocks and valves, and know how mistakes of importance may be made and how best to guard against such mistakes.

(g) Be capable of being left in charge of the feeding of a set of boilers, understand the working of the water gauge, and be able to guard against being misled by false indications of the gauge glass.

(h) Understand the operations of blowing down and surfacing, the reasons for such practices and the danger which may result from the neglect of them in certain circumstances.

A Master or Mate presenting himself for examination in Steam must be understood to have made up for his want of practical experience by reading about the steam engine. He ought, therefore, to show that he intelligently understands the rationale of its action. Under this head he should be able to state approximately the quantity of heat required in the formation of steam, the relation of “latent” heat to “sensible” heat, how much steam can be raised by the combustion of one pound of fuel, what horse-power measure is, what indicated horse-power is, what is the action of the slide valve, the course of the steam through the engine, the advantage of working expansively, and how the expansive action is shown by the indicator diagram.

He should know the uses of the various parts of the engines and dynamos used for electric lighting, and how they and the cables are fitted in the hull; how wires are jointed, insulated and cased; why it is desirable that they should be led along places which are dry and accessible; what “short circuiting” is and what are the causes which produce it; what is its danger in coal bunkers and petroleum carrying steamers; what are the uses of switches and cut-outs, and why it is so important to prevent short circuiting taking place.

Candidates will be required to give written answers to sixteen out of twenty questions in Engineering Knowledge. These questions will not be difficult, theoretical, or book questions, but such as any man of ordinary capacity who has a fair amount of practical knowledge of the use and working of the steam engine ought to answer.

If a candidate refers to any book, paper or memorandum, or obtains information from another candidate or any other person during the examination, he will be treated as having failed, will forfeit his fee, and will be excluded from further examination for such period as the Director may determine.

The Examiners will report, in the case of failure, the nature of the question or questions that decided the failure, or the point in the management of the engines or boilers in which the candidate was deficient.

Applicants for the voluntary examination need not necessarily have served on board steam-ships; all that is required is that they shall have a practical knowledge of the use and working of the steam engine.

Practical knowledge is best gained in the engine-room; and the examination of an officer who does not produce official evidence of service in steamships, and of experience of engines, must necessarily be more searching than in the case of one who produces evidence of such service and experience.

The answers to the questions in Engineering Knowledge are frequently given by candidates as learned by rote from a book. Candidates should, therefore, be asked such vivâ voce questions as will necessitate answers in different words, so as to discover whether they have the root of the matter in them.

A large part of the vivâ voce examination should be conducted on board a steamer, preferably one with which the candidate is unacquainted. He should be told to look about and try to find out the arrangement of the machinery without assistance, and the Examiner should be in the engine-room to see that this independent examination is properly carried out. When the candidate reports that he thinks he knows the arrangement, the Examiner will question him on the uses of the parts, get him to point out the different cylinders, pumps, valves, condenser, &c.; also the dynamo, its field magnets, armature, commutators, brushes, cables, &c. The candidate must show that he understands the run of the pipes in the bilges, not necessarily that he has gone over every one of them but he ought to be directed to trace, at least, one important range of pipes, and thoroughly to satisfy the Examiner that he could be safely trusted to manipulate the valves or cocks in connexion therewith. It will not often be practicable for the candidate actually to work engines under steam, but he must satisfy the Examiner that he knows how to do so, and that he is aware of the precautions to be taken in regard to water in the cylinders, &c. It is most important that a candidate should show that, in the event of an accident depriving him of the assistance of Engineers, he knows what to do to take his vessel safely to an anchorage, or to stop the engines and proceed under sail alone.

The examination of a Mate in steam is the same as that of a Master. The knowledge required has no reference to the Mate’s position.

A Mate may be examined, but such examination implies, that the Mate may one day be a Master, when the possession of the knowledge will, possibly, be an advantage to him in the discharge of his duties.

APPENDIX J.

Technical Schools recognised by the Board of Trade.

The following is a list of Technical Schools attendance at which is recognised by the Minister as affording remission of some period of the service required to qualify a candidate for examination for a Certificate of Competency as Engineer.

(I.) Day Classes.

When nothing is stated to the contrary, time spent in attending the day classes in Mechanical Engineering of a recognised Technical School is accepted as equivalent to workshop service in the ratio of three years of the former to two of the latter, provided the applicant was over 15 years of age (or 14 years of age in the case of students at Junior Technical Schools) and can produce the Principal’s certificate for continuous and regular attendance at all the approved classes and for satisfactory progress. Such time cannot as a rule be accepted as equivalent to more than two years’ workshop service.

(a) Name of School or Institution (for Seniors).

Belfast.—Municipal Technical Institute, Belfast.

*Birmingham.—University of Birmingham.

†Birmingham.—City of Birmingham Municipal Technical School, Suffolk-street, Birmingham. (Afternoon Classes.)

‡Bombay.—Victoria Jubilee Technical Institute, Bombay.

Bradford.—Municipal Technical College, Bradford.

Brighton.—Municipal Technical College, Brighton.

Bristol.—Merchant Venturers Technical College, Bristol.

Bristol.—University College, Bristol.

Cardiff.–The Technical College, Cardiff.

Cardiff.—University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire, Cardiff.

§§ Devonport.—Royal Naval Engineering College, Devonport.

Edinburgh.—Heriott-Watt College, Edinburgh.

‡‡Glasgow.—Royal Technical College, Glasgow.

‡‡Glasgow.—James Watt Engineering Laboratories, Glasgow University.

Huddersfield.—Huddersfield Technical College, Huddersfield.

Hull—Municipal Technical School, Hull.

Leeds.—The University of Leeds.

Liverpools—The Faculty of Engineering, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool.

London.—Battersea Polytechnic, London, S.W.

London.—Central Technical College, London, S.W.

London.—City and Guilds Technical College, Finsbury, London, E.G.

London.—East London College (University of London), Mile End-road, London, E.

††London.—Electrical Standardising, Testing and Training Institution, Southampton Row, London, W.C.

*London.—King’s College, Strand, London, W. C.

†London—Northampton Polytechnic Institute, Clerkenwell, London, E.G.

London.—Polytechnic School of Engineering, Regent-street, London, W.

‡ London.—St. Olave’s Grammar School, London, S.E.

London.—South Western Polytechnic, Manresa-road, Chelsea, London, S.W.

London.—University College, Gower-street, London.

Manchester.—Manchester Municipal School of Technology, Manchester.

Manchester.—Owens Technical College, Manchester.

Newcastle-on-Tyne.—Armstrong College, Newcastle-on-Tyne.

§ Newcastle-on-Tyne.—Rutherford Technical College, Newcastle-on-Tyne.

‡ Oundle.—Engineering Department of Oundle School, Northants.

|| Poona.—College of Engineering, Poona, Bombay.

Portsmouth.—Portsmouth Municipal College, Portsmouth.

Salford.—Royal Technical Institute, Salford.

Sheffield.—University of Sheffield, Sheffield.

Sibpur.—Civil Engineering College, Sibpur, Bengal.

Southampton.—Hartley University College, Southampton.

Sunderland.—Sunderland Technical College, Sunderland.

Swansea.—Swansea Technical College, Swansea.

‡ Tonbridge.—Engineering Department of Tonbridge School.

West Ham.—Municipal Technical Institute, West Ham.

(b) Name of School or Institution (for Juniors).

¶ Cardiff.—City of Cardiff Day Preparatory Technical School, Cardiff.

‡ Dublin.—Pembroke Day Trades Preparatory School, Ringsend, Co. Dublin.

¶ Exeter.—Junior Engineering and Technical School of University College, Exeter.

** London.—Beaufoy Institute, Junior Day Technical School, Lambeth.

**London.—Borough Polytechnic Day Technical School for Boys, 103 Borough-road, E.C.

**London.—Hackney Institute, Junior Day Technical School, Dalston-lane, N.E.

**London.—Leyton Engineering and Trade School, Leyton Technical Institute, Leyton, E.10.

**London.—London County Council School of Engineering and Navigation, Day Technical School for Boys, Poplar, E.

**London.—Paddington Technical Institute, Junior Day Technical School.

**London—Woolwich Polytechnic, Junior Day Technical School.

**Londonderry.—Municipal Day Trades Preparatory School, Londonderry.

*Two-thirds of time to count, with a maximum of two years for three-year students, and two years and eight months for four-year students who have spent three summer sessions in the works of a maker of steam engines, for which no separate allowance is claimed.

†Two-thirds to count, with a maximum of two years eight months.

‡ One-third of time to count, with a maximum of one year.

§ A complete session to count as four months.

║ Half time to count with a maximum of 18 months.

¶ One-sixth, only, of the time to be counted.

** One-third, only, of the time to be counted.

†† Half, only, of the time to be counted.

‡‡ A complete session to count as six months.

§§ Time to count in full up to three years, or in the case of students who were in training in or before September, 1908, up to four years under the following conditions:—

(a) A certificate of practical workmanship and good conduct must be produced.

(b) A student must have been at least 20 on completion of his training,

(c) Any deficiency in workshop service to be made good by service as engine fitter in shops where steam engines are made and repaired.

*Newport (Mon.).—Newport Technical College and Institute (in reference only to junior classes), Newport (Mon.).

*Plymouth.—Municipal Technical School, Junior Day Technical School, Plymouth.

*Smethwick.—Municipal Technical School, Junior Day Technical School, Smethwick.

(II.) Evening Classes.

Time spent in attending Evening Classes in Engineering at approved Technical Schools is accepted as equivalent to workshop service, five hours in the classes being reckoned as equivalent to one day, and two-thirds of the number of days so obtained counting as workshop service, subject to the provisions laid down in regulation 57.

Name of School or Institution.

Belfast.—Municipal Technical Institute, Belfast.

† Birmingham.—City of Birmingham Municipal Technical School, Suffolk-street, Birmingham.

Brighton.—Municipal Technical College, Brighton.

Bristol.—Merchant Venturers Technical College, Bristol.

‡ Cardiff.—City of Cardiff Technical Schools.

Dundee.—Dundee Technical College, Dundee.

Edinburgh.—Heriott-Watt College, Edinburgh.

Glasgow.—Royal Technical College, Glasgow.

Greenock.—Greenock Technical School, Greenock.

Huddersfield.—Huddersfield Technical College, Huddersfield.

Leeds.—University of Leeds.

Leith.—Leith Technical College, Leith.

Liverpool.—Municipal Central Technical School, Liverpool.

London.—Battersea Polytechnic, London, S.W.

London.—Borough Polytechnic Institute, 103 Borough-road, London, S.E.

London.—London County Council School of Engineering and Navigation, Poplar, E.

London.—Northampton Polytechnic Institute, Clerkenwell, E.C.

London.—The Polytechnic School of Engineering, 307, 309, and 311 Regent-street, London, W.

London.—South Western Polytechnic Institution, Manresa-road, Chelsea, S.W.

Londonderry.—Municipal Technical School, Londonderry.

Manchester.—The Manchester Municipal School of Technology, Manchester.

Newcastle-on-Tyne.—Armstrong College, Newcastle-on-Tyne.

Newcastle-on-Tyne.—Rutherford Technical College, Newcastle-on-Tyne.

Preston.—Harris Institute, Preston.

Salford.—Salford Royal Technical Institute, Salford.

Sheffield.—Department of Applied Science, University of Sheffield, St. George’s-square, Sheffield.

Southampton.—Hartley University College, Southampton.

South Shields.—The Marine School, South Shields.

Swansea.—Swansea Technical College, Swansea.

West Hartlepool.—West Hartlepool Technical College.

(III.) Marine Technical Schools.

When nothing is stated to the contrary, time spent at a Technical School recognised as suitable for the training of Marine Engineers will, subject to the provisions laid down in regulation 60 of the Regulations, be allowed to count as sea service in the ratio of three months at the Technical School to two months at sea, time so spent not to be accepted as equivalent to more than one-sixth of the total sea service required for a certificate.

Name of School or Institution.

Aberdeen.—Robert Gordon’s Technical College, Aberdeen.

Cardiff.—The Technical College, Cardiff.

Greenock.—Watt Memorial School, Greenock.

§ Leith—Leith Nautical College, Leith.

Liverpool.—Central Municipal Technical School, Byrom-street, Liverpool.

South Shields.—The Marine School, South Shields.

* One-third, only, of the time to be counted.

† Afternoon classes also count in the same proportion.

‡ Time spent by students of the Electrical Engineering Department on work similar to that in the Mechanical Engineering Department to count as equivalent.

§ Half only, of the time to be counted.

APPENDIX K.

——

List of Other Colonial Engineers’ Certificates issued under Order in Council, which are of the same force as those granted by the Board of Trade or under the Navigation Act 1912-20.

* The Engineers’ Certificates specified in this list as having Imperial validity do not include any Motor Certificates or Motor Indorsements.

† The Steam Navigation Board was superseded by the Marine Board on the 21st December, 1888. See Order in Council of 23rd November, 1893.

‡ The Marine Board was superseded by the Department of Navigation on the 17th March, 1900.

APPENDIX L.

——

Table showing the Requirements as to Service necessary to Qualify for Examination for Certificates of Competency.

Note.

It must be clearly understood that the amount of service laid down in the Regulations for each grade of certificate of competency is the absolute minimum, and that, when the character of the workshop service is not up to the standard expected, or the sea service has been performed in the home or coasting trade, additional service is required to give it equivalent value. The sea service mentioned in the table has reference only to that performed in foreign-going or Australian trade vessels.

* W. Signifies Watchkeeper with main propelling machinery.

S.W. Signifies Senior Watchkeeper

† N. Signifies Nominal horse-power.

B. Signifies brake horse-power.

APPENDIX M.

——

The following Books are recommended for Study by Intending Candidates for Examination for Certificates of Competency as Engineers in the Mercantile Marine.

INDEX.

————

INDEX—continued.

Printed and Published for the Government of the Commonwealth of Australia by Albert J. Mullett, Government Printer for the State of Victoria.