Explanatory Statement
Civil Aviation Act 1988
CASA 25/20 — Direction — use of ADS-B in foreign registered aircraft engaged in private operations Amendment Instrument 2020 (No. 1)
Purpose
This instrument amends CASA 61/14 (as amended) (the original direction). CASA 61/14 was a CASA direction designed to mandate the carriage of serviceable automatic dependent surveillance – broadcast (ADS-B) avionics equipment in foreign registered aircraft when conducting private operations (foreign registered private aircraft) under the instrument flight rules (IFR) n Australian territory.
The purpose of the amendment to the direction (the direction amendment) is to legislate additional equipment standards that will allow foreign registered private aircraft flying under the visual flight rules (VFR), in Australian territory, to use air-to-air surveillance technology in the form of ADS-B. The aim is to reduce the costs of installing air-to-air surveillance technology in VFR aircraft with a view to enhancing the basic VFR safety principle of “see and avoid” for these aircraft. CASA has already legislated the same equipment standards for Australian aircraft flying under the VFR.
Legislation
Section 98 of the Civil Aviation Act 1988 (the Act) empowers the Governor-General to make regulations for the Act and the safety of air navigation.
Under paragraph 174A (1) (c) of the Civil Aviation Regulations 1988 (CAR), CASA may issue instructions specifying the secondary surveillance radar transponder equipment that must be carried on, or installed in, an aircraft before it undertakes a VFR flight.
Relevantly, under subregulation 209 (1) of CAR, the operator and the pilot in command of an aircraft engaged in a private operation (including a foreign registered private aircraft) must comply with the provisions of CAR and with such additional conditions as CASA from time to time directs in the interests of safety.
Under subsection 33 (3) of the Acts Interpretation Act 1901, where an Act confers a power to make, grant or issue any instrument of a legislative or administrative character, the power shall be construed as including a power exercisable in the like manner and subject to the like conditions (if any) to amend or vary any such instrument.
Background
ADS-B is an additional tool for enhancing a pilot’s situational awareness. However, because previously ADS-B equipment must be of the same standard as that required for instrument flight rules (IFR) aircraft, the fitment rate in VFR aircraft is low due to high cost and the absence of compulsion. CASA wishes to increase the rate of fitment without making it compulsory.
The direction amendment will allow VFR aircraft in specific circumstances to use ADS-B OUT equipment (including portable equipment) that meets United States (US) and United kingdom (UK) technical specifications for low cost electronic situational awareness.
The direction amendment will also allow certain light sport, experimental and other aircraft to use ADS-B OUT equipment that is compliant with, but not necessarily authorised under, the strict ADS-B technical standards.
To achieve these outcomes several new equipment configurations are provided for in the direction amendment.
The first equipment configuration is that for a Mode S transponder that is connected to a Class B traffic awareness beacon system (TABS) position source device. The configuration maintains its basic Mode S functionality and is detectable by air traffic services (ATS) secondary surveillance radar (SSR) and traffic collision avoidance systems (TCAS) (see Schedule 3 in the direction amendment).
The second equipment configuration is that for an integrated TABS device that combines a GNSS position source and an ADS-B transmitter as a single device. An integrated TABS device is visible to aircraft ABS-B receiving equipment and aircraft fitted with TCAS, but may not be detected or be useable for surveillance separation by ATS (see Schedule 4 in the direction amendment).
The third equipment configuration is that for an electronic conspicuity (EC) device that combines a GNSS position source and an ADS-B transmitter (and ADS‑B receiving capability, if desired). An EC device is visible to ABS-B receiving equipment (including other EC devices with receiving capability); but unlike an integrated TABS device, is not visible to TCAS and may not be detected or usable for surveillance separation by ATS (see Schedule 5 in the direction amendment).
Under the direction amendment, technically capable transponder and ADS-B equipment would be allowed in certain aircraft. It is also necessary to harmonise inconsistency between relevant rules and the current Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP) particularly in relation to the long-standing AIP requirement for VFR aircraft to carry a Mode A/C transponder for operations above 10 000 ft in Class G airspace.
The direction amendment embodies the legislative changes to the original direction required to implement the proposal.
Direction amendment
Because of its technical nature, details of the direction amendment are set out in Appendix 1.
Incorporations
Various non-legislative international standards documents are incorporated into the direction amendment to support its standard setting, as follows:
- 14 CFR 91.225 being regulation 91.225 of the United States Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) titled Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) Out equipment and use, as in force from time to time.
- EASA AMC 20-24 being Annex II to ED Decision 2008/004/R titled Certification Considerations for the Enhanced ATS in Non-Radar Areas using ADS-B Surveillance (ADS-B-NRA) Application via 1090 MHz Extended Squitter, dated 2 May 2008, of EASA, or a later version as in force from time to time.
- (E)TSO-C88a, being the FAA Technical Standard Order (TSO) and/or European TSO of that name, as in force from time to time.
- (E)TSO-C166B, being the FAA TSO and/or European TSO of that name, as in force from time to time.
- (E)TSO-C199, being the FAA TSO and/or European TSO of that name, as in force from time to time.
- EASA CS-ACNS being Annex I to ED Decision 2013/031/R titled Certification Specifications and Acceptable Means of Compliance for Airborne Communications, Navigation and Surveillance CS-ACNS, dated 17 December 2013, or a later version as in force from time to time.
- RTCA/DO-260B being RTCA Inc. document RTCA DO-260B titled Minimum Operational Performance Standards for 1090 MHz Extended Squitter Automatic Dependent Surveillance – Broadcast (ADS-B) and Traffic Information Services – Broadcast (TIS-B), dated 2 December 2009, unless a later version as in force from time to time is expressly referred to.
- UK CAP 1391 being Civil Aviation Authority of the United Kingdom (CAA) document number CAP 1391 titled Electronic conspicuity devices, 2nd edition, dated April 2018, or a later edition as in force from time to time.
The required currency of incorporated documents is expressed in the definition of each document. Most of the incorporated documents are the “from time to time” versions. This is permissible by virtue of subsection 98 (5D) of the Act under which, despite section 14 of the Legislation Act 2003, a legislative instrument made under the Act or the regulations may apply, adopt or incorporate any matter contained in any instrument or other writing as in force from time to time or as in force or existing at a particular time.
Access to incorporated documents
The European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), a FAA Technical Standard Order and/or European Technical Standard Order ((E)TSO), UK CAA and US Federal Aviation Agency (FAA) documents are available for free, online, from those organisations.
The document RTCA/DO‑260B document is publicly available but at cost and is subject to copyright that belongs to RTCA. This cost should not have an impact on owners and operators of VFR aircraft because the document is relevant only to the technical design of equipment and not its day to day use. Hence, the document is relevant to manufacturers rather than users. For the user, it will be sufficient to ascertain from the equipment supplier that the equipment meets standards of or is authorised to the relevant (E)TSO or RTCA document. This cost is not considered to be unreasonably onerous for manufacturers. Academic and other researchers may obtain free access through university library subscriptions.
CASA has no effective control over these costs and it is considered extremely unlikely that RTCA, as the relevant owner of the intellectual property in the document, would sell CASA the copyright at a price that would be an effective and efficient use of CASA’s appropriated funds, or would otherwise permit CASA to make the document freely available.
CASA has incorporated the document in the instrument for the guidance of equipment manufacturers and suppliers to facilitate CASA’s ADS-B safety proposal for VFR aircraft because no other similar document that serves the same aviation safety purpose is freely available.
CASA has noted the views of the former Senate Standing Committee on Regulations and Ordinances (now the Senate Standing Committee for the Scrutiny of Delegated Legislation) in its report, Parliamentary scrutiny of delegated legislation, tabled out of session on 3 June 2019) that:
The incorporation of material by reference (particularly where that material is not publicly available) has been a longstanding concern for the committee. [para 3.65]
and
The committee appreciates that it may in some cases be costly to provide free, public access to all incorporated Australian and international standards. Nevertheless, the committee reiterates that one of its core functions is to ensure that all persons subject to or interested in the law may readily and freely access its terms. It intends to continue to monitor this issue. Any justification for a failure to provide for public access to incorporated documents, and any action the committee takes in relation to this matter, will be determined on a case-by-case basis. [para 3.75]
CASA appreciates the Committee’s concern and to mitigate the situation as far as currently practicable proposes that where an incorporated document is copyright and not otherwise freely available to the general public, but is available to CASA as a licenced subscriber, CASA will, by prior arrangement, and so far as permitted by its subscription licence, make CASA’s copy available, for in-situ viewing, free of charge, at any office of CASA.
Legislation Act 2003 (LA)
Under subsection 8 (3) of the LA, a delegated instrument is a legislative instrument if it is registered as such. Consequently, amendments to such an instrument are also legislative instruments. Under subsection 8 (4), an instrument is a legislative instrument if it determines the law or alters the content of the law, and it affects privileges, interests, obligations or rights. The original direction was registered as a legislative instrument. The direction amendment is also legislative in nature within the meaning of subsection 8 (4). The direction amendment is, therefore, a legislative instrument subject to registration, and tabling and disallowance in the Parliament, under sections 15G, and 38 and 42, of the LA.
Consultation
In accordance with section 17 of the LA, and section 16 of the Act, CASA carried out public consultation as follows. CASA published Consultation Document (CD) 1905 AS — New standards for Automatic Dependent Surveillance – Broadcast (ADS-B) equipment for VFR aircraft — on the CASA Consultation Hub from 12 February to 13 March 2020. This consultation invited aircraft owners, pilots, industry stakeholders and other interested parties to comment on the proposed changes to the standards and requirements for ADS-B technology used in aircraft operated under the VFR. This consultation process would also have been known and available to foreign aircraft operators who fly into or in Australia.
CASA received a total of 113 responses from individuals and organisations which produced clear support for the proposals, agreement ranging from 63% to 86% for individual elements. In addition, many accompanying comments were supportive or very supportive.
A small number of suggestions for changes to the proposals were evaluated by CASA for safety implications and agreed to as not inconsistent with safety goals. For example, CASA decided not to exclude from the new equipment configurations (as originally proposed) aircraft in categories of regular public transport (RPT) or charter operations with maximum speed greater than 250 knots and maximum take-off weight greater than 5 700 kg. It was also decided not to exclude (as originally proposed) charter and aerial work category balloons from the eligibility list to use avionics that complies with the relevant TSO but is not necessarily authorised under that TSO (avionics of this type are termed ‘non-TSO’).
Office of Best Practice Regulation (OBPR)
The Office of Best Practice Regulation has made the assessment that a RIS is not required for the direction amendment (OBPR id: 26480).
Statement of Compatibility with Human Rights
The Statement in Appendix 2 is prepared in accordance with Part 3 of the Human Rights (Parliamentary Scrutiny) Act 2011 (the HR Act). The direction amendment is compatible with the human rights and freedoms recognised or declared in the international instruments listed in section 3 of the HR Act and, to the extent that it engages relevant rights, it does so in a reasonable, necessary and proportionate way to promote relevant rights to life, to work and to safe and healthy working conditions.
Commencement and making
The direction amendment commences on the day it is registered. However, it does not take effect until the beginning of 16 July 2020. This is to coincide with the internationally harmonised amendment cycle for the Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP). This will make it possible for information about the new standards to be incorporated into the up-to-date AIP. However, it is also desirable that the instrument be actually made as soon as practicable to allow relevant industry, operators and manufacturers a reasonable period of advance notice and preparation time.
The direction amendment has been made by the Director of Aviation Safety, on behalf of CASA, in accordance with subsection 73 (2) of the Act.
Appendix 1
Details of the direction amendment
1 Name of instrument
Under this section, the instrument is called CASA 25/20 — Direction — use of ADS-B in foreign aircraft engaged in private operations Amendment Instrument 2020 (No. 1).
2 Commencement
Under this section, the instrument commences on the day it is registered. However, it does not take effect until the beginning of 16 July 2020.
3 Amendment of CASA 61/14
Under this section, Schedule 1 amends CASA 61/14 — Direction — use of ADS-B in foreign aircraft engaged in private operations.
Schedule 1 Amendments
[1] Section 3, Definitions
Section 3 is amended so that the list of definitions appearing in Schedule 1 also apply for all of the other Schedules, 1A, 2, 3 4 and 5.
[2] Section 5, Condition, including the Notes
Section 5 is amended to provide that it is a condition for operations under CAR and CASR that a foreign aircraft must conform to the requirements of the applicable Schedules in the instrument
[3] Schedule 1, clause 1, definition of approved equipment configuration, including the Note
This amendment extends the definition of approved equipment configuration for ADS-B transmitting equipment to also include the new equipment approval requirements under new Schedules 3, 4 and 5 for VFR flight.
[4] Schedule 1, clause 1, definition of EASA AMC 20-24
This amendment more accurately defines EASA AMC 20-24. EASA AMC 20-24 contains standards incorporated for the purposes of approved equipment configurations.
[5] Schedule 1, clause 1, definition of NIC
This amendment more accurately defines NIC. NIC is a transmission standard.
[6] Schedule 1, clause 1, definition of RTCA/DO-260A
This amendment removes a redundant definition.
[7] Schedule 1, clause 1, definitions
This clause adds various additional definitions, including for the incorporated documents mentioned above, and also in particular the following:
certain light sport, experimental and other aircraft which means any of the following:
(a) a light sport aircraft for which a special certificate of airworthiness has been issued and is in force under regulation 21.186 of CASR;
(b) a light sport aircraft for which an experimental certificate has been issued and is in force under paragraph 21.191 (j) or (k) of CASR;
(c) any other aircraft for which an experimental certificate has been issued and is in force under paragraph 21.191 (g) or (h) of CASR;
(d) an aircraft for which an experimental certificate has been issued and is in force under subregulation 21.190 (1) of CASR;
(e) an aircraft to which any of the following Civil Aviation Orders (CAOs) applies:
CAO 95.4, 95.4.1, 95.8, 95.10, 95.12, 95.12.1, 95.32, 95.53, 95.54 or 95.55;
(f) a Part 103 aircraft within the meaning of regulation 103.005 of CASR.
(A Note explains that Part 103 of CASR commences on 25 March 2021 (see regulation 2 of the Civil Aviation Legislation Amendment (Parts 103, 105 and 131) Regulations 2019); and that paragraph (f) is permitted by subsection 98 (5D) of the Civil Aviation Act 1998.)
Class A TABS means TABS functionality relating to transponder function, altitude source function, and ADS-B OUT function, in accordance with (E)TSO-C199, as in force from time to time.
Class B TABS means TABS functionality relating to position source function, in accordance with (E)TSO-C199, as in force from time to time.
Class B TABS position source device means a device with a Class B TABS functionality.
integrated TABS device means a device with integrated Class A TABS and Class B TABS functionality.
[8] Schedule 1, clauses 3 to 8, inclusive
For ease of reference, this amendment replaces the whole of the previous version of these clauses. Although Schedule 2 is also amended by the direction amendment, Schedule 2 essentially contains the existing ADS-B standards while Schedules 3, 4 and 5 contain the new equipment standards for equipment in VFR aircraft.
3This clause adds reference to new equipment standards in Schedules 3, 4 and 5 for VFR flight. It is also designed to ensure that any administrative standards (as distinct from a technical standard) included in the Schedule 5 must be complied with.
4This clause sets out the content of what serviceable ADS-B transmitting equipment operated in Australian territory must transmit.
5This clause sets out when serviceable ADS-B transmitting equipment must be operated as follows:
(a) for equipment that complies with an approved equipment configuration set out in existing Schedule 2 (as amended) — continuously during the flight in all airspace and at all altitudes, unless the pilot is directed or approved otherwise by ATC; and
(b) for equipment that complies with the new approved equipment configuration set out in new Schedules 3, 4 and 5 — continuously during the flight, within the airspace and within the altitude limits specified for the flight in the applicable Schedule, unless the pilot is directed or approved otherwise by ATC.
6The clause deals with when an aircraft carries ADS-B transmitting equipment which does not comply with an approved equipment configuration.
7Under this clause, ADS-B transmitting equipment need not be deactivated for certain ADS-B test flights.
8Under this clause, an aircraft operated in an IFR operation, or in any operation at or above FL290 must carry serviceable ADS-B transmitting equipment that complies with the approved equipment configuration set out in Schedule 2.
9Under this clause, if an aircraft is operated in a VFR operation below FL290 it may carry serviceable ADS-B transmitting equipment that complies with the approved equipment configuration set out in Schedule 2, or in one of the new Schedules 3, 4 and 5.
10This clause provides some exceptions to the requirement in clause 8 to carry ADS‑B.
11Under this clause, ADS-B transmitting equipment must allow the pilot to activate and deactivate transmission during flight.
12Under this clause, a requirement under Schedules 3, 4 and 5 that an approved equipment configuration for ADS-B transmitting equipment be authorised in accordance with a specific TSO or ETSO does not apply to the ADS‑B transmitting equipment carried on certain light sport, experimental and other aircraft provided that:
(a) the equipment configuration that is carried provides the pilot, other aircraft and ATC with the same transponder and surveillance capability as would be provided if the equipment were expressly authorised in accordance with the specific TSO or ETSO; and
(b) the pilot or the operator has a statement of conformance (however described) from the equipment manufacturer stating the particular standard or standards of the TSO or ETSO with which the equipment conforms.
[9] After Schedule 1
This amendment inserts a new Schedule 1AA containing CASA’s Instructions for Mode A/C SSR transponder equipment that must be carried on certain aircraft before they undertake a VFR flight.
1For subregulation 174A (1) of CAR, this clause specifies the SSR transponder equipment that must be carried on certain aircraft before they undertake a VFR flight.
2Under this amendment, a serviceable Mode A and Mode C SSR transponder must be carried on an aircraft that:
(a) was manufactured before 6 February 2014; and
(b) has not been modified by having its transponder installation replaced on or after that date; and
(c) operates under the VFR and within ATC radar coverage, in Class A airspace below FL290, in Class B airspace, or in Class C airspace.
A Note explains that carriage of a Mode A and Mode C transponder does not remove the requirement to obtain CASA approval to operate in Class A airspace: see subregulation 99AA (3) of CAR.
3Under this amendment, clause 2 does not apply if the aircraft carries serviceable Mode S transponder that meets the standards set out in in Schedule 1A.
4Under this amendment, a serviceable Mode A and Mode C SSR transponder must be carried on an aircraft that:
(a) was manufactured before 6 February 2014; and
(b) has not been modified by having its transponder installation replaced on or after that date; and
(c) has an engine-driven electrical system capable of continuously powering a transponder; and
(d) operates under the VFR in Class E airspace, or above 10 000 ft AMSL in Class G airspace.
5Under this amendment, clause 4 does not apply if the aircraft carries:
(a) a serviceable Mode S transponder that meets the standards set out in in Schedule 1A; or
(b) a serviceable integrated TABS device that meets the standards set out in Schedule 4.
A Note explains that Civil Aviation Order 20.18 Amendment Instrument 2020 (No. 1) repealed instrument CASA 316/98 which contained the previous instructions under subregulation 174A (1) of CAR in relation to carriage of transponders
[10] Schedule 1A, clause 2, Note 1 and Note 2
This amendment, in effect, retains Note 1 but removes the now redundant Note 2. (See also subclause 9C.10 below.)
[11] After Schedule 1A, clause 8
9This new clause provides that, subject to new clause10, if Mode S transponder equipment incorporates ADS-B functionality, the equipment must comply with the applicable approved equipment configuration required under Schedule 1 for ADS-B transmitting equipment.
10This new clause provides that, for clauses 2 and 9, a requirement that the equipment be authorised in accordance with a specific TSO or ETSO does not apply to Mode S transponder equipment carried on certain light sport, experimental and other aircraft provided that:
(a) the equipment configuration that is carried provides the pilot, other aircraft and ATC with the same transponder and surveillance capability as would be provided if the equipment were expressly authorised in accordance with the specific TSO or ETSO; and
(b) the pilot or the operator has a statement of conformance (however described) from the equipment manufacturer stating the particular standard or standards of the TSO or ETSO with which the equipment conforms.
[14] Schedule 2, the heading
This amendment gives existing Schedule 2 a more informative heading to show that the Schedule sets the approved equipment configuration for ADS-B transmitting equipment for both IFR and VFR flight. In other words, Schedule 2 provides equipment standards for VFR flight if so chosen or required, however Schedules 3, 4 and 5 provide VFR aircraft with somewhat less onerous alternatives.
[15] Schedule 2, Part A
This amendment provides for a standing approval of certain equipment for IFR and VFR flight. Thus, an equipment configuration for ADS-B transmitting equipment is approved if it complies with the standards specified in Part B or Part C of Schedule 2.
[16] Schedule 2, clause 6, including the heading and Note
This amendment repeals the duplication of a requirement already provided for.
[17] Schedule 2, paragraphs 7 (a) and (b)
For both IFR and VFR aircraft, this amendment broadens the alternative criteria for an approved equipment configuration for aircraft manufactured on or after 8 December 2016 relevantly to include a configuration that has been approved or accepted by:
1the national aviation authority (NAA) of a recognised country, as meeting the standards of EASA AMC 20-24 or EASA CS-ACNS; or
2the FAA, as meeting the standards of 14 CFR 91.225 for 1090 Megahertz (MHz) Extended Squitter ADS‑B.
[18] Schedule 2, paragraph 8 (a) and (b)
For both IFR and VFR aircraft, this amendment broadens the alternative criteria for an approved equipment configuration for aircraft manufactured before 8 December 2016 relevantly to include a configuration that has been approved or accepted by:
1EASA as meeting the standards of EASA AMC 20-24; or
2the FAA as meeting the standards of 14 CFR 91.225 for 1090 Megahertz (MHz) Extended Squitter ADS-B.
[19] After Schedule 2
This amendment inserts the new Schedules 3, 4 and 5 to set approved equipment configurations for VFR flight.
Schedule 3 contains the approved equipment configuration for Mode S transponder using the Class B TABS position source device (as defined above) but only for VFR flight below FL290 only.
Schedule 4 contains the standards for an approved equipment configuration using Integrated TABS device (as defined above) for VFR flight below FL290 only.
Schedule 5 contains the standards for an approved equipment configuration using an EC device for VFR flight below FL290 only. An EC device must meet the technical specifications in UK CAP 1391 and use a Class B TABS position source that complies with the performance standards specified in (E)TSO-C199.
An EC device must also meet certain administrative standards:
(a) it must have a statement of compliance (however described) from the EC device manufacturer certifying that the device meets the requirements mentioned in clauses 1 to 5 (a declaration of capability and conformance to the requirements in clauses 1 to 5 or a declaration; and
(b) the pilot in command of an aircraft that uses an EC device must carry the declaration, or a copy of it, on board the aircraft; and
(c) an EC device model must not be operated in a transmit mode anywhere in Australia unless it is listed on the CASA website as an EC device model for which the manufacturer has made a valid declaration.
Appendix 2
Statement of Compatibility with Human Rights
Prepared in accordance with Part 3 of the
Human Rights (Parliamentary Scrutiny) Act 2011
CASA 25/20 — Direction — use of ADS‑B in foreign registered aircraft engaged in private operations Amendment Instrument 2020 (No. 1)
This legislative instrument is compatible with the human rights and freedoms recognised or declared in the international instruments listed in section 3 of the Human Rights (Parliamentary Scrutiny) Act 2011.
Overview of the legislative instrument
The purpose of CASA 25/20 — Direction — use of ADS-B in foreign registered aircraft engaged in private operations Amendment Instrument 2020 (No. 1) (the direction amendment) is to legislate appropriate equipment standards that will allow visual flight rules (VFR) aircraft voluntarily to use a broader range of air‑to‑air surveillance technology in the form of Automatic Dependent Surveillance – Broadcast (ADS-B) than was previously available. The aim is to reduce the costs of installing air‑to‑air surveillance technology in VFR aircraft with a view to enhancing the basic VFR safety principle of “see and avoid”.
Human rights implications
The direction amendment may engage the following human rights:
- the right to life under Article 6 and the right to privacy and reputation under Article 17 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (the ICCPR);
- the right to work under Article 6 (1) and the right to safe and healthy working conditions under Article 7 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (the ICESCR).
Right to life under the ICCPR
Right to safe and healthy working conditions under the ICESCR
The direction amendment may engage these rights. This engagement is in the context of CASA’s statutory purpose. The aim of CASA and its regulatory framework, including in the direction amendment, is to uphold aviation safety by prescribing appropriate equipment for aircraft.
It is, therefore, a threshold requirement for all CASA legislative instruments that they preserve, promote and enhance aviation safety. The direction amendment promotes the right to life under Article 6 of the ICCPR by legislating options for safer conditions for certain VFR aircraft. This will minimise the risk of accidents and prevent accidental death. For Article 7 of the ICESCR, the direction amendment also then promotes the right to safe and healthy working conditions for pilots of VFR aircraft.
Human rights implications
The direction amendment is compatible with the human rights and freedoms recognised or declared in the international instruments listed in section 3 of the Human Rights (Parliamentary Scrutiny) Act. To the extent that the instrument does engage any of the applicable rights or freedoms it does so positively to promote the right to life under the ICCPR and the right to safe and healthy working conditions under the ICESCR.
Conclusion
This legislative instrument is compatible with human rights, and to the extent that it engages relevant rights, it does so in a reasonable, necessary and proportionate way to promote relevant rights.
Civil Aviation Safety Authority