Refrigerated Express Lines (A/Asia) Pty Ltd v Australian Meat and Live-Stock Corporation

[1979] FCA 128

FEDERAL COURT OF AUSTRALIA

NEW SOUTH WALES DISTRICT REGISTRY

GENERAL DIVISION

No. of A c t l o n G67 01 1979

TITLE OF ACTION

REFRIGERATED EXPRESS LIivFS (A/ASIA) PTY. LIhIITED

v . AUSTRALIAN MEAT AND LIVE-STOCK CORPORATION

& ORS.

D a t e ( s ) of Hearing 2 3 . 1 1 . 7 9 , 2 9 . 1 1 . 7 9 Judgment 2 9 . 1 1 . 7 9

Counse l and A . Rogers QC.

S o l i c l t o r s f o r K . Mason

APPLICANT	D.	O f f l c e r I n s t r u c t e d by	S l y &	R u s s e l l ,	68 P l t t S t r e e t ,
Sydney

Counse l and G . G . MasteI-nlan Q . C 7

lst & 7 t h ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , ~ d ~ ~ t ~

S o l ~ c l t o r s f o r J . McLaugh l~ n )

RESPONDENTS	i n s t r u c t e d by	Duggan	& Dnylc ,	66 King	S t r e e t
Sydney

A . M . Gleeson Q.C. , ) 2nd and 8 t h Respondent

J . R . T . Il'ood 1

I n s t r u c t e d by Cbsworth & E b s a o r t h , 2

C a s t l e r e a g h S t r e e t , Sydncy

L . J ' prlestley ) 3 r d 9th Rcspondcnts

P . I ie ly )

i n s t r u c t e d by Vbsworth & Ehsivorth

2 C a s t l e r e a g h S t r e e t , Sydney

J ' M ' N ' " l fe Q ' c ' , ) 4 t h , 5 t h , l o t h , 1 1 t h

W . W . C a l d a e l l ) l i e sponden t s

I n s t r u c t e d by	N l c h o l l	&	N l c h o l l ,	9	B l l g h
S t r e e t , Sydney

K ' H ' ) Gth and 1 3 t n Respondca t

D.E. C lav ton )

i n s t r u c t e d by A I l e n A I l e n & I I c r n s l c ~ ~ .

1 9 M a r t l n P l a c c , Sydney

CATCIIWORDS

Discovery and l n t e r r o g a t o r l e s - a c t l o n i o r r e d r e s s of c l v l l

I n j u r y b a s e d on a l l e g e d contravention of Act - whethe r

d e f e n d a n t s s h o u l d b e c x c u s c d i n l l m l n e f rom d i s c o v e r y o r

answering l n t e r r o g a t o r l e s o r l e f t t o o b j e c t t o producing

particular documents o r a n s a e r l n g p a r t l c u l n r q u c s t l o n s .

F l l e No. G67 o r 1979

REFRIGERATED EXPRESS L I N E S ( B I A S I A ) PTY. L Ih l ITCD V. AL'STRAI I . lN

MEAT AND LIVE-STOCK CORPORATION & ORS.

Judgment : 2 9 . 1 1 . 7 9 i n Sydney

- I N TIIE FEDERAL COURT O F A U S T R A L I A ) )

NEW	SOUTH WA1,ES	D I S T R I C T R E G I S T R Y	)	No.	G67 of	1979
)

GENERAL D I V I S I O N )

REFI i IGERATCD C X P R C S S L I K E S (BIASTA) PTP

--

L I M I T E D

A p p l l cant

AUSTRALIAN hlCAT ASD L I V E - S T O C K COR1'ORiITIO;< - .-

First R e s p o n d e n t

A S S O C I A T E D C O N T A I h T H TRASSPORTATTON

( A U S T R A L I d ) I,I!.!ITED

Second l ? ~ s p i ~ n d e u t

AUSTlIALIAN S H I P P I N G CO!I',IISSIO?; ( I ' H ~ I D I S G >S

- h

AUSTIiALIAK	;<AT IOKAL	L I Z E )
T h i r d R c s p o l ~ d c n t
F o u r t h R p s l ' l c . ~ ~ d ~ n t

P A R R E L L L I K E S I K C .

P l f t h R a s p o n d e n t

THADl,.tl NAVIGAT1O:J CO LIt.lITE1) ( ' i ' l i ~ \ l ~ l ~ l ( . ; ,IS

ATLAN'I'THAFlK E \ P H E S S SLHVI Cl . )

S l s t h R e s p o n d c . n t

ROY GEOFFRICY J O N F S

SF~VCII Lh Re.S]~olltlen t

CHRTSTOPIIER CULLLN

X 1 g i 1 t h R e s p c 1 n t l ( - 1 i i

N I G E L TULLOH

N m t h R e s p o n c l c n t

H O R S T GALTCR RI1.K

T c n t h R e s l ) o n c l c n t

EDGAR ALRERT 6NGXLHARDT

E l c v e n t h Rc::],nlltlcn

PETER SHJllilLER

T w e l f t h Respondent

CORAM. Deane J .

Thursday 29 November, 1979 .

REASONS FOR JIJDGMENT

I n t h e s e p r o c e c d l n g s , t h c a p p l l c a n t s e e k s i n j u n c t ~ \ . c

r e l l e f and damages a g a l n s t S I X c o r p o r a t e r e s p o n d c ~ n t s and s1.s

p e r s o n a l r e s p o n d e n t s The p r o c e c d l n g s a r e bast,cl on a l l e g e d

c o n t r a v e n t l o n and invo lvemen t I n c o n t r a v e n t l o n of t h e l>rovl . s ions

oi P a r t I V of t h e T r a d e Practices Act 1974 ("Lhc Act") .

An l s s u e h a s a r l s e n between t h c a p p l l c a n t and t h e

r e s p o n d e n t s a s t o whe the r t h e r e s p o n d e n t s shou l cl be ,?>-cusc d

i n l i m i n c f rom g l v l n g discovery o f docunicnts ;:nd f ~ o i n r~lisrnc~r1ng

i n t e r r o g a t o r i e s . The f a c t t h a t t h e a c t i o n is a n u r g e n t o n e x h l c h

h a s bccn l l s t e d f o r f l n a l h e a r l n g on 1 2 l c c b ~ u a r y 1980 mxkcs I L

desirable t h a t I g l v e my d e c l s l o n on t h e s e p r o c e d u r a l n ~ a t i c r r ;

forthwith. I a m conscious of t h c f a c t t h n t I s h a l l . , i n t h c

r e s u l t , do less t h a n j u s t i c e t o t h e sub:n:sslons oT c o u n s e l \\l10

have a r g u e d t h e q u c s t l o n s b e f o r e mo.

The r e s p o n d e n t s c l a m t h n t t h e y s h o u l d be e s c u s r d ,

g e n e r a l l y and i); l i m i n c , i rom d i s c o v e r y and p roduc Llnn of

documents and a n s w c r l n g interrogatories. I n s u l ~ p o r t v j Lh. l i

c l a m , t h e y p o i n t t o t h e S u b j e c t matter 01 t h e p r o c e c d l n g s and

r e l y upon t h e p r l n c l p l e t h a t a p a r t y t o l l t l g a t l o n ough t n o t

t o be compe l l ed t o p r o v i d e e v i d e n c e a g a l n s t h l m s e l f v:hlch may

be u s e d t o expose hlm t o a p e n a l t y .

S e c t l o n 78 of t h e A c t p r o v t d e s t h a t c r l m l n a l p roceed-

i n g s do n o t l i e a g a i n s t a p e r s o n by r e a s o n o n l y t h a t t h e p e r s o n

h a s c o n t r a v e n e d o r been I n v o l v e d i n a c o n t r a r c n t l o n of P a r t ;V

of t h e Act. S e c t l o n 76 o f t h e A c t p r o v l d e s t h a t , i h c C o u r t

is s a t l s f l e d t h a t a p e r s o n h a s c o n t r a v e n e d , o r h a s a t t c m p t c d

t o c o n t r a v e n e , o r h a s been l n v o l v e d i n s p c c l f l c d u a y s i n

c o n t r a v e n t l o n o f , P a r t IV of t h e Act, t h c Cour t m a y o r d e r t h e

p e r s o n t o pay t o t h c CommoL~tvealth s u c h pecuniary p c n n l i ~ ( n o t

exceeding, i n r e s p e c t o f e a c h a c t o r o m l s s l o n , $ 5 0 , 0 0 0 i n t l ~ c x

c a s c o f a p e r s o n n o t b e ~ n g a body corporate and $ 2 5 0 . 0 0 0 i n

t h c c a s c o r x body c o r p o r a t e ) as t l lc Cour t d e t e r ~ l n e s t o h e

appropriate h a v l n g r e g a r d t o r e l e u a n t matters. By s .77 of t h e

Ac t , p r o c e e d l n g s f o r t h e r c c o v e r y of p e c u n l n r g p c n a l t l c ; . ~ nla::

be I n s t i t u t e d by t h c h l in l s t er o r t h e T r a d e P r a c t l c c s C o r ~ ~ r n ~ s s I on

w i t h l n s l x y e a r s a f t e r t h e r e l e v a n t c o n t r a v r n i l o n .

The p r e s e n t p r o c e e d i n g s do r ~ o t involve any a l l e g a t ' o v

of c r i ~ n l n a l conduc t a g a ~ n s t tlic r e s p u n d e n t s Nor a r e Lhcy

p r o c e e d l n g s f o r t h e r c c o v r r y of a p e c u n l n r y p e p ~ ~ l t y . They

a r e proceedings t o p r e v e n t and r e d r e s s a l l c > g e d c l v l l in.]ury.

A s h a 5 been men t loncd h o u c v c r , the, h a s l s o r t h e p r e s c n t proc<-,dd

l n g s is a l l e g e d c o n t r a v e n t l o n and i n v o l v r m c n t i n c o n t ~ ~ i v e n t l o n

of t h e p r o v l s l o n s o f P a r t I V o l t h c Ac t . The a p p l ~ c s n t will

o n l y h e e n t l t l e d t o s u c c e e d i n t h e p r o c e e d i n g s i f i t e s t ab11s ! l~ , s

a g a l n s t o n e o r more o f t h e r e s p o n d e n t s s u c h c o n t r n v c n t l o n or

s u c h invo lvemen t . I n t h a t s e n s e , t h e p r o c e e d i n g s a r e , i n t h e 3 r

e n t i r e t y , aimed a t e s t a b l l s h l n g a g a i n s t t h e r e s p o n d e n t s , c o n d u c t

which would make them l i a b l e t o t h e imposition o r :% p e n a l t y

p u r s u a n t t o s . 7 6 of t h e A c t i n p r o c c e d l n g s b r o u g h t a t t h e s u l t

o f t h e h l i n l s t e r o r t h e T r a d e Practices Cornmlsslon.

I t is a w e l l e s t a b l l s l i cd principle t h a t a dc rendan t

i n p r o c e e d l n g s which a r e s o l e l y f o r t h e r e c o v e r y 01 a p e c u n l n r p

p e n a l t y s h o u l d n o t be o r d e r e d t o d ~ s c l o s r 1nform:i t lon o r p r o d u c c

documents which may asslst i n e s t s b l l s h l n g h ~ 1 1 3 b 1 1 1 t y t c r s i h e

p e n a l t y ( s e e , g e n e r a l l y , p e r I S ~ R C S J I _ R . V . ~ I ~ ~ o c ~ : i l c + r l I < u r l - I ~ ( . r ~

C o l l l c r i e s (1910) 11 C.L.R. 738 a t pp . 741-748, SLils:~ll t!~ V

hlcGovcrn (1953) 9 0 C.L.R. 336 a t pp . 341-342, Mar1111 v .

T r e a c h e r (1886) l 6 Q . B . D . 5 0 7 ) . Even \$here, as i n t l ~ c prcsc,:lt-

c a s e , t h e p r o c e e d l n g s a r e n o t f o r r e c o v e r y o l a p c n a l r q b u t

t o p r c v e n t and r e d r e s s c l v l l i n j u r y , a p a r t y t o 1111gaz1on

ough t n o t t o b e compe l l ed t o provlclc l n f o r m a t l o n o r p roduce

documents f o r l n s p e c t l o n by t h e o t h e r pa l ' tg i f l.ht, r c s u l t l ! ~ ? r c ~ -

c s t a b l l s h h i s l i a b i l i t y t o a pena l t y i n o t h e r procc-edln:,'s (Dr.1-b\ .-

Corporation v Derbyshire County Council [ IS? ) ; ] )\.C 5 5 0 i t

--

p . 5 5 2 ) .

I n t h e fo rmer c a s e , t h n l 1s t o s a y l n 3 mcrc: action

f o r a p e n a l t y , a c o u r t s h o u l d , i n t h e a b s e n c e of s t a t u t , o r y

p r o v l s l o n t o t h e c o n t r a r y , r e J u s e t o make any ordr-.r a t a l l ,~&:a lnr i

t h e d e f e n d a n t l o r discovery o r product1011 of documents o r p r n -

v l s l o n o f information f o r t h e r c n s o n t h a t t h e \+hol.c a n d avoucd

o b j e c t o f t h e p r o c e ~ d i n g s bein(: 'he i m p o s l t i o n : ~ n d 1 !]c recovr , r$

of a p e n a l t y , a n o r d e r f o r t h e production of d ( ~ c ~ ~ l n c , n t s o r

p r o v i s l o n of i n f o r m a t i o n a g a i n s t t h e d e f e n d a n t c a n , s o f a r a s

t h e p r o s e c u t o r o f t h e a c t i o n is c o n c e r n c d , p r o p e r l v have no

o t h e r l n t e n d e d consequence (see - R . v . Associ.ated N o r t h e r n

Collieries, s u p r a , a t p . 7 4 2 ) . T h i s is a b r o a d and u n q u a l l l l e d

r u l e whose o r l g l n s a r e a p p a r e n t l y t o b e found i n a r e l u c t a n c e

on t h e p a r t o f t h e Cour t o f Chancery t o l e n d t h e a i d of i t s

discovery proceedings t o t h e common i n f o r m e r ( s e c >!esborouj:h

( E a r l o f ) v . Whitwood Urban D i s t r i c t C o u n c i l (1697) 1 2 Q 13.

111 a t p . 1 1 5 , IIeimann v . Thc Commonwealth (1935) 6.1 C.I,.R.

126 a t p . 130).

I n t h e l a t t e r c a s e , t h a t i s i n a c a s e s u c h a s t h e

p r e s e n t where t h e p r o c r e d l n g s a r c n o t f o r t h e r c c o r e r y 01 a

p e n a l t y , t h e r e i s no g e n e r a l r u l e precluding t h e mnklng o f 3 n

o r d e r f o r d i s c o v e r y or ~ n t e r r o g a t o r i e s and t h e r c n 1 1 1 o r d ~ n a r l l v

b e no p r o p c r g round f o r o b j e c t i n g t o a n o r d o r f o r produc:tlon

o f documcnts o r p r o v i s l o n 01 in fo r r . ' a t l on b e l n g made. The parl .?

against whom s u c h a n o r d e r is made 1.s l e f t t o ob.jctct t o p r o d ~ l c -

l n g particular documcnts o r p r o c i d ~ n g p a r l i c u l a r ~ n f o r t n n t l o n

on t h e g round t h a t s u c h production o r p r o v l s l o n may t c n d t o

expose hlm t o a p e n a l t y . ( S e e hlayor o r t 1 1 ~ County I?orouy:h o r

--

Derby v D e r b y s h i r e County C o u n c l l , s u p r a a t p . 553).

I n Spokes v . - G r o s v ~ n o r I I o t e l Conipatlv -- ( [ l 5 9 7 1 2 ( 2 . R . 1-31)

t h e U n i t c d Klngdom Cour t o f Appeal (Lord E-her M . R . , L i n d l c y

and C111 t t y L . J J . ) h c l d t h a t a n o l > j e c t l o n b y a d e f e n d a n t t h a t

t h e d l s c o v c r y o f documents may t e n d t o incriminate hlm cnn o n l y

be t a k e n w i t h t h e p r o d u c t i o n of t h e documents a l l cgcc l t o hnv~ ->

t h a t e f f e c t and n o t t o t h e o r d e r f o r d l s c o v c r y I n t h c c o u r s i

-6-

of hls judgment Lord Esher, M.R., sald (at p. 132)

" I t h i n k we a r c bound by t h e au thc~>?: t : l o f . f7 ii:?..zc:: t3.

Labouchere ( J a . B.1 ) . C 5 4 1 t o s a y t 4 a t L;:,- rl:rc,-ri,o,:

may b e p u t . I n Lhat c a s e , Jamcs 5 . J . s,::;s ( Z G . : ' . ? .

a t p. 660): "Nobody was ~ V C P uZZ,-w,>,:' t o c : . ;~>c: : L L G

reZeva?z t q u e s t i o n 5 a c a u s z t h a t qz,zs L i c ~1 ~ o ; ! d c L t o

c r i m i n a t e h i m s c i l f . He mzt;ht ob,:?d: t o a-r.:;>rrd i t , :<:!l

i t was n e v z r a 9round c]' J cmi ! r r ' c~ t? a71 Z. ,!tt-.r)'?i..iL~. f 1 7 , . * 3

01, a ground f o r s t r i k i n g i t c u t , t i i , : t ?hc ~ i ) ! . i ~ , . 2 ' ~ " i $ , : i

i n v o Z v e hzm i x a c r i m z . . . . Of C J ~ ~ I ' . : , ; izc - : ~ z r i r : r . 3 7 , L

. .

o b l i g e d t o answer sue? qut?:;ti,lr:,?, ! , : l : rhe c;!c: .~,~?, . . - 1

were p u t , and co:rZd n o t 5c c . l j rc:c; ' t..." !>! o;?/.

judgment I s a i d ( 5 6 . B . D . a $ p . 6 t i l ) : " I t : { ! : ~ L ; !<LL

d e c i s i c i z ( F i s h c r v . C ; ( S C . . :G511 l o ;JJ 2knL . -

where i n t s ~ ~ r ~ o p a t o r i s c arBL r e l o i ) a l : t , a ! t ; : c? ; l ,~~ : !.,?c n>ls..'t>id

t o t hem mzgh t c r z m i n a z e t h e ; ? c r s ~ n L:?!.-.><?* ;.i: . . . : 7 1 , ! j

. .

m u s t n e v s r t h e 2 c s s bL7 a l l o s r ~ ~ ! , ( z u j ;?L n,'(c'; ~ : . : : : : c , l i

e l e c t w h e t h e r he w i l l nv:,-;.t:r tizer! 61 . i ! o f f ' ; L:,:%?

C o t t o n L . I . s t a t c d ( 3 c.3.D. a z p . C6[?1 t t : z ~ 5;;:

pracCice i s u r i i ~ c i > s a Z t i l a t zi i s .:(? i: t.:,*z;~?;: t.:; .:l:

. .

i n t e r r o g a t o r ? ! , z f r d t van!. , t h a t L ;.c G ~ : ; o L - ? ~ , - , ,:,;z L : ; v;

. ,

t o c r i ~ i n a t c t h e par t? t o ! , . ! ; o ~ i L L : + . z i ! * ! z ! .L. t

i s s a i d t h a t t h i s i s con f ; .n , - i t o i?.Lt71?~o;..?L."';?5; ? : r i

I c a n n o t s c c nny d i n : i ) ? c t z o i ! > o z ~ c f > / : , i . ' - : : - ~ ; : ~ s ::;cx!;! c::

a r e a s k z J i n tJ:c p r d s e n t c c z c a 7 ; d ;:<.:ot~o~-.:: : : ' : l .?:, '-L:,

I -

o f i , z t r ? r r c g a t o r z c s . I t s;c?::s t c ~ I - , , t ; a ~ c::,; .'S c

. .

d i s t i i l c t a u t h L ~ r i ; y t h a t t i l s C : ~ ~ , ~ L ' ~ ; ' i : ?/;I : : , J P : ; , J =

caZZed or. t o icakt. U,: c z f f i d ~ z ' ~ L c f J , : -rp-cvrs ' i - .. ' . . ': ' L

. .

d i s c l n s z r r e 01 t i : s d g c ~ m z ? ~ t ; : KZ; it7r.Z cr,:7-.zvc,~c r : l n

C C , Z ~ . I O ~ bd t a k e n t o t h s sur,p.or~s f ~ r .-l;.;.co~*<r~:/ .'I t:, ic;(-

mcntp , b u t t h c t i ; le ~ l ~ , ~ c . ~ , t i c n 2r111 o i ! i$ :)c: L~i.r*'l ; i , ?I!-

a f f i d a v i t i x ~ ? ! : L E J > " .

Chitty L.J., bid, at pp. 133-134) commented

"Thcrr: a r c two ~ s t h ~ J s o f o?t-,1<?:7.>1:; r ! . . : ? g : 9 r ? ~ ' : , r;i:#> . -

o f t hem r a i s e d i n t h i s a:;;,cdZ i.3 msan;; <),P i~ . t~1 , r ( , :7 i1 to11C~-s , C'!G ::I:: i a i i : t . ~ 7

by d ~ s c o v c r y o f r!nc;r~?~??:t:;. Fa f ( i r c:, : i::- . .

:'3 ~ ~ ~ ! c ~ : r r ! s ' , ~ , 1 . , t . > i . : G

di f,"c~.c,ncc, hs !weafi c h e s s :,:.-t;;<'d:;. c!,z:( <,;- . .

i n t c : r r o g c t o r i a s	i	t	has	h,?61: L9sziz?i.:.:r~ :	' . ; C L $	L	~	I	L , : , , ~ , < , ! -
. .

i o n zhaL t o g i v e t i l e , d i : ; c o s c r y : : ( , ; I . : ; ; ! .. l::.~:~ +L*> . , I Z P

i n c r i m i n a t a t i l e pci7rGr. a ~ l O i i n~:~::: I,: :,;<,?il f7:

a f f i d a v i t zr, answcr .	I n t1.z	c a s e 01- *!icl.c:ct.ts	t:::
. - .

d c J i . n d ~ , i t nay ~ o c n r e t o rai:si: t t h c or.! L:: ice z?: I : , . -

answcr , o r he may ilc1'f: do=:lr,?.'i;ts ire: C ~ L ~ L ~ ~ P C ; , ~ !,!

p r i v i Z z g e , o r hc na:, cZdi.r! t h a t I.2 i c x d t c,:~;.:;i c?:

t o d i s c o v e r the d c [ . a ~ ~ , r ! L s ; b?rz ;7: t i ; . : t c u s c h p !,:rt:;t

do s o i n h i s a f f i d a v i t i t : r~ i l swcz~" .

To the same effect was t h c d e c i s ~ o n o1 thc Jlo~lsi: 01

Lords i n N a t l o n a l A s s o c l a t l o n o f Operative P l a s t c ~ e r s v - Sr ; i i th les

( [ l 9 0 6 1 A . C . . 4 3 4 ) where it was h e l d t h a t , i n a n ac: t lon f o r

damages where t h e f a c t s a l l e g e d amounted t o a c r l m l n a l c o n s p i r d c y ,

t h e d e f e n d a n t c o u l d n o t r e f u s e t o d i s c o v c r t h e m : ~ t c r i a J d o c u m e ~ i l s

on t h e g round t h a t t h e y may t e n d t o i n c r u n i n a t c h ~ m . Lord

hlacnaghton d e a l t w i t h t h e d e l e n d a n t s s u b m l s s l o n i n pe rempto ry

l a n g u a g e ( i b i d a t p . 4 3 7 ) :

" I t h i n k t i ic Law i s Znid d :>~ ,n , ar-J *; !L , : 7 1 1 ~ ~ . 3 1 5 ? . - ' :>j' +;:C

. -

C o u r t o f Chancery z s c.orrcc:tL:/ d?sc i2 , r pd , i n i , i -

jztdgrnc7~ts o f C o t t o n n7.d ~icr:es L..',;. ? I lZ!;.as+;rz X).

Laboztchere ( 3 2 . 8 . D . F:.,', F ~ i c ' l . Hknt ! ' , l ! tor L . C ~ .

s a y s t h e r e i s : " I t a?wc:/c has 5 ; z r : Lt.)? ~ z L c ~ : . ~ : ~

o f t h e C o u r t o f CI:aiiccr,i, a,:,! t i : a t :r? ' ." ,<:t .~ 'r i s ;:L>:.,,

u?!der t h e i c t o f LF73, s . 25, sxL--;;. ? J , - , ? : f ? , , ~ : d ! ,

t h a t i t i s no o h j e e : i ~ r . t o cr: S?rtdrroyat.ir;l ,;:,<

ground f o r t a k i n g Lhc i n t d l , r o p n t ~ r > y <,/J' t r : i j': l', . :'

. .

r e l e v a n t , t h a t t ; ; e ariswsi9 r.in;:l ;c?::: I (7 L 1 ~ 2 ~ 7 ?,L,,.: I :

t h e p a r t y z c whom i r L.: t r l : i i . i?;:d . 3 ! , L J'

he t h i ~ ~ k s f i t , ' 1 F G . ? ~ ~ s L , iL> G>is.>zi7 oi: c: : , , ~ : i , c - z ~ , . ? ; - r : : r t

t h e answej, Tay te?!;' t o r ~ , i r i i : n l e :",: ' ; 1 i : : p - . . . . :

7       .

t a k e t k d o ! > j c d t i o ? i 0.: 11-c r a : ; : , cr.? i!' i : ,!cp;:: P;-:;..

t h a t o , F j e c t i o n on i i ~ o o ~ i i i i n /,iic ~ ? W : J , ? ,;,?p

n o t tlound t o ai1swc.r. t i l e i n z z ~ r o , - ~ ~ t o r y " .

Itz t h i s p~rr t ; ' c z i7n i~ c u s t C i c ~ ~ . . ;c i.2 i > > ? ~ - ' ~ r . v . - -

-, 9

a i o r y t e n d i n g t o c!rd;nCiiatc ( i~ j '=~, : , !n ; . .L. a, : S

r n e r d y	eaZ ZcJ	u p n ~ i	t o :;ay *r:h:?i;,cr~ ;:L? :,L:	C:,:.*	i l r l l ^ " l ~ ' .	+ C
- .

r e Z c v n n t t o Lhd m ~ l t L i r , f s7i ~ h c ' t : ! c r . , c;,.d ,:- ;.L;$ ,,-,(,V

argued t h a t he i s d i : ! ; i tLeJ t n F,;;!;;, "I i - 2 . r ~ r r t ; l i , ; ' l t :

o f domimei! ls; I :>ziL ,rot t t l l L 5 j t r ::r.;i , 2 L , " : r k

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I t h i ~ J : s~: ,~c: o f Li~dr,! 1 , ~ s ~ ~ - : ; s z L ! ; I Z L : ~ 2 L , : ~ I - Z ~ , < , TT:-

r e " . The aizswer i n :.;> OI) - ' ? :~L)T : L:: . 7 5 : . ~ 1 ' ; " .

Lord James o f H e r e f o r d u s e d ldngungr n h ~ c h !\as o n l )

m a r g i n a l l y less s t r o n g ( ~ b l d , a t pp . 437-8)

I1 . *

Thc argumcr? d:. +;is: E ( i r , ,L j U , , - .,! L;>,:J:, , ! L , :

r ~ a S L 3 ea1,r:! Llzc ci'i(:ifii07:.- oj' thd ' ~ u i ~ : c 7 5 1 ~ ? 2 1 o *.7.,1

p o s z t i o n o f n h s u r d i r . / . V:? \ z~~? ,m, : i i i :uL::; / ; ) i f 2 , . L - - ) , ~ ! * : ;

a c t i n n cu;7(1hLa o f ; I C V < ~ ~	trv	as;:^^.:.:,	~ r . , : .	o f	, ~ j i .	, ' : l
, , .

wouZd bc cr ,~t . , inaZ, 7:o OI.~'. .I . fc-r J : ' s I . : : ! ' ~ ~ ' ! L ' c ? ~ : ~ : L.<

o b c T i l ~ t s , a / : : I L : ~ in.:f..xr:.:.. L:; . :1:, : I : G>:

a c ! i o i i h r o ~ g 1 1 t j.17~ l i b d l -L7k,<r2 , ? : s c ~ * < , ~ : I L.~L.- U - J

i t would ? c s u f f i c i t : r , z fc7r :;I,? ar:ll:?,i d . , ~ ~ . :: t ..:;:(!.7

t h e d i s c o ; ) ~ - r y wa.7 so:cght s:.m;,i:, t c ~ c k c ; ,*rv,?wt-~~ ,:l:!

s a y , " T h i s i s an a c t i o n i n wit ich n rr iml i ia i ! a::yz,..'

may p r e s e n t i t s e l f , and t h e r ~ f ~ , r a I in i ' i : i i t ; lcr? ):L)!

t o answer	o r make	d i s c o v d r y " .	JL?	i ~ :	ail	#-:.:iioi:	! ? ; L e
. .

t h l s t h e r e s h o u l d b e an e x t z r e Z g x e ~ ) i j C , ~ c ! - i ' , : :5

d i s c o v e r y , w i t h o u t good cauori ;or i t , l c;>t i . 110~ .

I n t h e i n s t a n c e s g i v a n t h c r e a s o n ~ : i l : . C ~ u r t c 0;' f i q7 , ! i t y

would n o t r e l i e v e i n a c t i o x s o f for ; ' (>i txr>c tr,zd r.:,!22 L -

i e s was n o t made v e r y c l e a r aL f h c 3 u r , b x r 2 s;zu!c. L!

suppose i t u a s t h i s , Lhat ciia c'our:; oj" !^qu,lty : ' ~ . P J

s o a v e r s e t o a c t i o n s o f t h a t i tutu~,o. ~ L , L I ' J b ~ . i ' ~ : : J ; t rit

a l l t h a t t h e y zozcld izot as . s i s l f l z a ~ ~ ! , ,zi:3 ~ i r z iac f~ , l d~

t h e y d i d n o t a l l o w d i s c o v d r y ~ L I ?,c L - 2 f a i n c J . 3 z c l < i .

t h e a c t i o n we a r e d t 3 a l i ~ l g w i i h i!e,rc no ;zc,:;r nctlc:,o'

o b j e c t i o i i c a n pos s ibZ> t c f o u ~ ~ d . lf ti:,.:; n ~ ~ g i ~ r ~ i c i i t

were a c t e d up072 t h e i r r ~ u r z i t y J120r1 ~ ~ C P O > Z I , I ! I J ~ , ~ ! , , : ;,c:

i n f i n i t e l y f u r t h e r , a s Llas pi)Li,Lc?d o:i: i n t / . F c~.7:i,.-,?

o f t h c a rgumen t , t h a v 2:: acL-or~CcL? G-) a , ; . i , ;>: ( , s~ . 2-2

a w i t i ~ e s s sa!ys, " I decZi.tz :-o ci>:ni.l<.?' ?;: l ; . , ; : ~ ~ ~ : . t ; ~ i :

b e c a u s e i t L I O U Z ~ te ' ld t o crim7i;.rtd rnC?,'' 1 , - ,?:L::; ):S !-

. .

e s c a p e by s o suyzng u ~ i 2 ~ j . s ; Z J C.IE s , : ; i : . ; , ~ :-hi C.):: I , ;

t h a t t h e r e i s i . easonai .2~ gri.uiL,l fc,' ?:I,. r,! , . , ; L * : ( , -.

b e i n g made.	Here	a27	t h a ;	the	Jof~i:~r'rr; .:	- ,-	r ~ s i : ~ . :	i.,
- -

do i s t o make a ctat?me:iiL aizr! .:ay, "lm;:lb W ? . : : ! :> ! 12

cr-lrninate me	i f I	g i v e nil al;,-,'el.".	c	I	L : ; , ! ; I
, .

s t a t e m e n t t h e Cour t : : i i l hdve f,o <!.-c? 2:srtl ;,.c ,;l::;;?2 ;,

g i v e n . But Lhe ar$2cmr?i:t go:>; F : . c ~ f:mi;:ci ' T ; : ~ L P ~

and r s t i z s zc;~oiz t h e i z ~ t u r ~ i S J : j r d :r"ztor. I t s ; ! j : , : L

g i v i n g immzoii i2 from mukind ~ 7 i i ~ 7 : . : : ( , - 1 3 " .

, These s t r o n g l y worded s t a t c m c r , t s p l a l n l y c. . i ; tabllsh

t h e g e n e r a l r u l e t h a t a p a r t y t o p r o c c e d l n g s i~ , l i l c i~ arc: f o r

c l v l l r e d r e s s and n o t f o r a p e n a l t y ough t n o t u r d l n s r l l y br

e x c u s e d , i n Zimivic, Irom g l v i n y d ~ s c o v c r y o r ansi l .or lng In t c , c rog -

a t o r l c s b u t s h o u l d be l e f t t o o b j e c t t o producing p u r t l . c u l n t

documents o r answering particular q u c s t l o n s 011 t h e ty'nliud ~ l i : ~ t

s u c h p r o d u c t ~ o n o r answer migh t t e n d l o expose 1111~ t o 1131>11

t o a p e n a l t y ( s e e a l s o Egg and E K ~ P u l p -- hli~rk-ling -

Eonrd .- v . l i -- 11 . -

Korp	Tocumnl	T r a d l n g Co	P t y .	L l m l t c d	-	8 A n c ~ r . 11 965:	V . R .	37s
--

a t pp . 379-381, C a s t l c m a l ~ y P e r h x n s L l m I l ud - v . Qucf?n S L ? ' c e l

- --

H o t e l s L l m l t e d (No. 2) (1969) G3 Q . D L.R 397 :~t pp 399-3403.

Tha t g e n e r a l approach i s n o t however, a s a m a t t e r o f l aw ,

necessarily appropriate t o a l l c l r c u l n s t n n c e s (scae p e r L l n d l e y

L . J . , M a r t l n v . T r e a c h e r , s u p r a , a t p . l R v . -- dsboc l a ~ c t l --

N o r t h e r r C o l l l e r l e s , s u p r a , a t pp . 742-743) . I C c ~rcunl- t : in~.(~. l ;

a r o s e where t h e o n l y means o f p r o t e c t i n g t h e r i g h t against

self-incrimination and s e l f - p e n a l l z a t l o n i w r e t n e x c u s e a p a r t y

i n Zimine f rom d i s c o v e r y o r i n t e r r o g a t o r i e s , s u c h c i r c u m s t a n c e s

s h o u l d , i n my v iew, b e s e e n as c x c e p t l o n a l and a s j u s t i f y l n p a

d e p a r t u r e f rom t h e g e n e r a l r u l e . I n p a r t i c u l a r , i f ~t a p l x a r e d

t o t h e c o u r t t h a t t h e maklng of a n a f f i d a v i t o r d ~ s c o v e r y a s

d i s t i n c t f rom p r o d u c i n g t h e documents r e f e r r e d t o i n s u c h a n

affidavit would t e n d t o e s p o s e a p a r t y t o a p e n a l t y , any o r d c r

f o r d i s c o v e r y s h o u l d be a d j u s t e d t o t h e e x t e n t n c c c s s a r y t o

p r e c l u d e t h a t t e n d e n c y I t ~ s , p e r h n p s , c o n c e i v a b l c t h a t c l rcum-

s t a n c e s c o u l d a r l s c u h e r e t h e merc making o f an o r d c r Tor

interrogatories mlgh t have a s i n i l l a r t e n d e n c y . Thc c a s e s a b u r e

t h e maklng o f a n o r d e r f o r d l s c o r e r g o r l n t e r r o g n t o r ~ e s a l l ] , ~ n

i t s e l f , l n v o l v c e x p o s l n g a p a r t y t o s c l f - l n c r ~ m l n a t l o n o r s c x i r -

penalization m u s t , however, b e r a r e I n d e e d i n v1 rw o f tllr 1 nci.

t h a t t i l e p a r t y w i l l r ema ln e n t l t l e d t o r c f u s c t o answer question\

a s k e d o r p r o d u c e documents d i s c o r e r c d i f t h e a n s w e r s o r p r u d ~ . c i -

i o n mlgllt t e n d t o i n c r i m ~ n a t c . him o r e s p o s c him t o a p e n n l t j .

I t was submitted on b e h a l f o f t h e r e s p o n d e n t s t h a t a

g e n e r a l o r d e r e x c u s i n g t h e r e s p o n d e n t s i?: Zz'rl;:.nc rrom discovery

of docuinents o r a n s w e r i n g i n t e r r o g a t o r l c s w a s j u s L i f l e d i n i h e

p r e s e n t matter f o r t h e r e a s o n t h a t t h e whole b a s ~ s o f t h e p r c s r n t

a c t i o n f o r injunctive r e l l e f and dan~ages w a s a l l e g e d c o n t r a v r n t l o n

and l n v o l v e m r n t i n c o n t r a v e n t i o n of t h e p r o v i s l n n s of par^ I t

of t h e A c t . I n t h e s e c i r c u m s t a n c e s , ~t u n s s n l d , t h e o n l y

p u r p o s e o f discovery o r l n t e r r o g a t o r l e s a o u l d be t o p r n v ~ d c >

e v l d c n c e which would t e n d t o r s t a b l l s h t l l c = a l l c g e d con trarc?n 1.1 on

and lnvo lvemcn t i n contravention o f t h c A c t w h i c h , li r s t a b l i s h r d ,

would i n e v i t a b l y t e n d t o r e n d e r t h c r e s p o n d e n t s l l a b l c t o a

p e n a l t y a t t h e s u i t o f t h e M i n l b t e r o r t h c T r a d e P r a c t i c e s

Cornmisslon. I t f o l l o w e d , it was s a l d , t h a t t h e o r d i n a r y approach

appropriate t o p r o c e e d i n g s o t h e r t h a n proceedings f o r a p e n a l t y

s h o u l d n o t b e f o l l o w e d and t h e r e s p o n d e n t s s h o u l d b e g r a n t e d

t h e g e n e r a l immunlty from discovering documents o r a n s u e r l n g

i n t e r r o g a t o r l e s t o which t h c y would b e e n t ~ t l e d i n p r o c e e d ~ n g s

f o r a p e n a l t y .

Whlle I can s e e g r e a t f o r c e i n t h e r e s p o n d c n i s ' argument.

I am u n a b l e t o a c c e p t i t . I n my v i e w , t h e o n l y c l r c u m s t a n c p s

which would w a r r a n t a d e p a r t u r e i n t h e p r e s e n t c a s e Trom t h c

o r d i n a r y approach t h a t a p a r t y s h o u l d be l e t t t o O b j e c t t o

p r o d u c t i o n o f p a r t l c u l n r documents o r t o ansmer lng p x r t l c u l a r

interrogatories would bc t h a t i t a p p e a r e d t h a t t h c a c t u a l

discovery, a s d l s t i n c t f rom production f o r i n s p e c t i o n , o f doca-

rnen t s o r t h c a c t u a l o r d e r Tor i n t c b r r o g a t o r i e s would tend t o uxpos.?

t h e p a r t y o r d e r e d t o make d i s c o v c r y o r a n s z c r i n t e r i - o j i a t o r ~ c s

t o liability Lo a p e n a l t y . N o t a i t h s t a n d l n g t h e argument t o

t h e c o n t r a r y advanced on b c h a l 1 o l t h c . r c s l ) o n d e n t s , I arli unable.

t o sce t h a t e i t h e r a n 0rdc.r j o r d i s c o v e r y o r a n o r d e r f o r

i n t e r r o g a t o r l e s ~ o u l d , i n t h e p r e s c ~ n t c a s e , I n I t s e l f have o?,

be d i r e c t l y p r o d u c t ~ v e of t h a t e f l e c t . I n t h o s c c ~ r c u m s t a n c e s ,

I c o n s i d e r s h o u l d b e t h e o r d i n a r y approach s h o u l d a p p l y and t h e rcspondcnt: .

i c f t to o b j e c t t o p r o d u c i n g p a r t i c u l a r documents o r

a n s w c r l n g p a r t i c u l a r i n l c r r o g a t o r i e s .

I s h o u l d , p c r h a p s , add t h a t i f , i n r e l a t i o n t o ;iny

p a r t ~ c i i l a r document o f w i ~ i c h d i s c o v c r y i s r c c l u ~ r e d by a r c ~ s p o n d ~ ~ : i t

t h e v iew is t a k e n t h a t t o d e s c r i b e l t by r e f e r e n c e t o iLs n a t u r e

o r c o n t e n t s would t e n d t o r e n d e r t h a t r c s p o n d c n t l i a b l e t o a

p e n a l t y , t h a t c i r c u m s t a n c e i n i t s e l f would j u s t l f y l e s s p r e c i s l u n

i n t h e d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e document t h a n would o t h e r w l s e b e

a p p r o p r i a t e . I n c i r c u m s t a n c e s where l a c k o f precision 01

d e s c r i p t i o n would n o t , i n t h e v i e w o f t h e p a r t l c u l a r r c s p o n d c n t ,

s u f f i c e t o a v o l d a t endency t o e s p o s e t o a p e n a l t y , a n a p p l i c a t -

Ion t o rnodlfy t h e o r d e r f o r d l s c o v c r y c o u l d of c o u r s e b e ~ n a d e

t o t h e C o u r t .

I would a l s o add t h a t t h e l a c t t h a t t h e whole b a s ~ s

o f t h e p r e s e n t p r o c e e d l n g s 1s a l l e g e d c o n t r a v e n t ~ o n and

involvement i n contravention o f t h e provisions of P a r t I V of

t h e A c t w i l l , i n my v i e w , b e r e l e v a n t i f and ahcn t h e Cour t

comes t o r u l e upon any d l s p a t c d I s s u e s b e t s e e n t h e p a r t l e s as

t o whe the r t h e p r o d u c t i o n f o r l n s p e c t l o n of p a r t i c u l n r doc:blnr~lL\

s h o u l d be o r d c r c d o r t h e a n s w e r i n g 01 p s r t l c u l a r J nl .c:r~-ogniorl rs

s h o u l d b e e n f o r c e d . I n o t h c r w o r d s , it 5cerns t o mu, a s :]L

p r e s e n t a d v l s e d , t h a t i n p r o c c c d l n g s where t h e w h O l ~ b a s i s of

t h e a c t l o n is a l l e g c d c o n t r a v c n t l o n o f an A c t p u n i s h a b l e IIV

a p e n a l t y , t h e p a r t y a g a i n s t whom t h e p r o c e e d l n g s a r c broughl

w l l l have n l i g h t e r onus i n p c r s u s d i n g t h e Cour t t h ~ r t l i c p r o -

d u c t i o n cf p a r t l c u l a r documents or t h e a n s N e r l n g o f p n r t i c u l . ? r

i n t e r r o g a t o r i e s may t e n d t o expose h ~ m t o a p e n a l t y t h a n u c u l d

o t h e r w l s e be t h e case.

F l n a l l y , I s h o u l d mcn t ion t h a i i t w a s s111~rnl t tcd on

b e h a l f o f t h e r e s p o n d e n t s t h a t t h e p r c s r n t proceedings w e r e

a k i n t o p r o c e e d i n g s f o r t h e r e c o v e r y o l a p e n a l t y i o r t h e

r e a s o n t h a t t h e Cour t c o u l d Impose p c n n l t l e s p u r s u n n t t o 5 . 7 6

of the Act in the event that any of the alleged contraventions

or involvement in contravention of the Act be established. I

do not agreeMwlth that submission. In my view, penaltics

pursuant to s.76 of the Act can only be Imposed by thc Court

in proccedlngs by the Allnlster or the Comn~lssion pursuant to

s . 7 7 .

In the result, I do not propose to make ordc-rs pur:.uant

to Ordcr 15 Rule 3(1) or Order 16 Rule 3(1) grantlng the

respondents immunity in ZZmine from dlscovcry or ~ntt+rrogato~ L L - S