Clarke, Peter Geoffrey Webber v New Concept Import Services Pty Ltd

[1981] FCA 217

I N THE FEDERAL COURT OF AUSTRALIA ) )

VICTORIA	DISTRICT	REGISTRY	)	No.	VG.77 of 1 9 8 1
)

GENERAL D I V I S I O N )

- BETWEEN : PETER GEOFFREY WEBBER CLARKE

Prosecutor

-	AND	:	NEW CONCEPT	IMPORT	SERVICES
PTY. LTD.

D e f e n d a n t

O R D E R

JUDGE MAKING ORDER : DAVIESr J -

DATE OF ORDER : 27 A u g u s t 1 9 8 1

WHERE MADE : Melbourne

THE COURT ORDERS THAT :

1. The de fendan t be convic ted of t h e offence charged.

2. T h a t t h e fur ther hear ing o f t h e proceedin'gs be adjourned

t o Wednesday, 3 0 September 1981 , a t 9 . 3 0 a .m. .

I N THE FEDERAL COURT OF AUSTRALIA )

V I C T O R I A	DISTRICT	REGISTRY	)	No.	VG.77	of 1 9 8 1
)

GENERAL D I V I S I O N )

BETWEEN : PETER GEOFFREY WEBBER CLARKE

P rosecu to r

AND - : NEW CONCEPT IMPORT SERVICES

PTY. LTD.

Defendant

REASONS FOR JUDGMENT

27 August 1981 DAVIES, J .

T h i s i s a prosecut lon under s .79 o f t he T rade P rac t i ces Ac t 1 9 7 4

f o r a breach of s.62(1) of t h e A c t . The i n f o r m a t i o n l a i d by Mr.

Peter Geoffrey Webber Clarke , a n o f f i c e r of t he T rade Practices

Commission, a g a i n s t N e w Concept Import Servlces Pty. Ltd. , i n s o

f a r as i t is r e l e v a n t , s t a t e s :

" . . . t h a t on or abou t t he 9 th day o f May 1 9 8 0 i n t h e

S t a t e o f V i c t o r i a , NEW CONCEPT IMPORT SERVICES PTY.

LTD. being a c o r p o r a t i o n w l t h l n the meanlng of the

Trade P rac t l ces Act 1 9 7 4 d l d commit a n o f f e n c e

a g a i n s t s e c t i o n 7 9 by c o n t r a v e n i n g s e c t l o n 6 2 ( l ) ( b )

of t h e s a i d Act i n t h a t , i n t r a d e or commerce, i t

d i d s u p p l y g o o d s t h a t a r e o f a k i n d l i k e l y t o b e

u s e d b y a c o n s u m e r s u c h g o o d s , name ly ,

Hanna-Barbera p l a s t i c bubb-a- loons bemg novel t ies

des lgned fo r b lowing ba l loon l i ke shapes f rom a

s o l u t i o n c o n t a i n i n g a c e t o n e and polyvinyl a c e t a t e ,

be lng of a kind i n r e spec t o f wh ich t he re w a s i n

f o r c e a not ice under sec t ion 62(2D) of the sa id A c t

d e c l a r i n g t h e g o o d s t o b e u n s a f e g o o d s . "

, . . _., -.,. . .. . -_. . .

2.

Sec t ion 6 2 ( 2 D ) p r o v i d e s :

"62.(2D) Where it a p p e a r s t o t h e M i n i s t e r t h a t

goods of a p a r t i c u l a r k i n d w i l l o r may c a u s e i n - ~ u r y

t o persons us ing the goods or t o any o ther persons ,

h e may, by no t i ce unde g o o d s r h i s hand pub l i shed i n goods." t he

G a z e t t e , d e c l a r e t h e t o be unsafe

By n o t i c e g a z e t t e d o n 1 4 June 1 9 7 9 , t h e M l n i s t e r d e c l a r e d cer ta in

goods to be unsafe goods and s p e c i f i e d t h e g o o d s a s :

" N o v e l t i e s , s u c h a s ' A p o l l o C o l o r B a l l o o n s ' ,

'Bl iwing Bal loon ' , 'Blobo Bubb-a-Loons' , ' B l o - i t ' ,

'Loony Ba l loony ' , 'Magic Moon B a l l o o n s ' , 'SSS

B a l l o o n s ' a n d ' S u p e r E l a s t i c B u b b l e P l a s t i c '

des igned for b lowing ba l loon- l ike shapes f rom a

s o l u t i o n c o n t a l n i n g a c e t o n e , p o l y v i n y l ace t a t e

and/or benzene."

It has Thomas Whit t ingslow f o r 8 cents each, been proved tha t in May 1980 t h e d e f e n d a n t s o l d t o Mr.

6,500 Hanna-Barbera p l a s t l c

bubb-a- loons, each containing a th in b low p ipe o r c y l i n d e r

approximately 3 inches long and a t u b e c o n t a i n i n g a s o l u t i o n .

The p ipe and t h e t u b e of s o l u t l o n w e r e a f f i x e d t o a c a r d on which

a p p e a r e d t h e i n s t r u c t i o n s t h a t t h e u s e r s h o u l d o p e n t h e t u b e ,

squeeze a b a l l o f p l a s t i c s o l u t i o n on t o the end of the p ipe ,

b l o w t h r o u g h t h e p i p e t o i n f l a t e t h e p l a s t i c and p m c h t h e end of

t h e p l a s t i c warnlng, t o seal t h e b a l l o o n . On each k i t appeared the

"NOT A GUM. DO NOT CHEW. DO NOT USE NEAR FIRE.

CONTAINS : POLY VINYL ACETATE, ACETONE ETHYL

ACETATE PLASTIC FORTIFIERS WITH C E R T I F I E D COLOURS."

Evidence was g i v e n t h a t t h e goods had been acqulred by t h e

de fendan t a t 22 c e n t s e a c h f o r a promotion which was unsuccess fu l

and t h a t t h e r e m a l n d e r o f t h e s tock was s o l d t o Mr. Whit t ingslow

who c o n d u c t e d a m u s e m e n t s a t s h o w s a n d l i k e o c c a s i o n s .

Mr. Whit t ingslow used these goods, as the defendant unders tood he

would, a s c o n s o l a t i o n or g ive -away p r l zes i n a game c a l l e d

"Laughing Clowns", i n wh lch each con te s t an t endeavoured t o p l ace

3 .

a b a l l i n t h e mouth of a moving clown' S h e a d . I f s u c c e s s f u l ,

t h e c o n t e s t a n t r e c e i v e d a p r i z e o f s u b s t a n c e ; i f unsuccess fu l ,

c h i l d r e n who were approx ima te ly c o n t e s t a n t s r e c e i v e d a smal l or t oken p r i ze .

Mr. Whi t t i ngs low had t en t ypes o f such sma l l

p r i z e s , o n e of which was the bubb-a-loons k i t . Each c o n t e s t a n t

p a i d 6 0 t h e e f f e c t t h a t e v e r y c h i l d c e n t s t o e n t e r t h e game, and a n o t i c e was d i s p l a y e d t o

would r e c e i v e a p r i z e .

The f i r s t q u e s t i o n IS w h e t h e r t h e s o l u t i o n i n t h e t u b e s

conta ined , "ace tone , po lyvinyl ace ta te and/or benzene" . Each

k i t s p e c i f i c a l l y d e s c r i b e d its c o n t e n t s as c o n t a m i n g , " p o l y v i n y l

a c e t a t e , a c e t o n e , e t h y l a c e t a t e , p l a s t i c f o r t i f i e r s " . An

admission was made t o Mr. Clarke by Mr. Veale , who was a u t h o r i s e d

to speak on behal f o f t h e d e f e n d a n t , t h a t t h e k i t s i n d i c a t e d t h a t

t h e t u b e s c o n t a i n e d p o l y v i n y l a c e t a t e a n d a c e t o n e , e t h y l a c e t a t e

and t h a t t h e y a c c o r d i n g l y would a p p e a r t o f a l l w i t h i n t h e terms

o f t h e Minister's banning order . I n a d d i t i o n , e v i d e n c e was

given by an a n a l y t i c a l c h e m i s t , Mr. K. Maurer , tha t he had

a n a l y s e d t h e s o l u t i o n i n t h e t u b e s o f t h r e e k l t s , E x h i b i t J ,

g i v e n t o him and t h a t t h e s o l u t l o n i n e a c h k l t i n each t ube

con ta lned po lyv iny l ace t a t e , a ce tone , and e thy lace ta t e .

In h i s f i n a l a d d r e s s , Mr. T. Ginnane , counse l for the defendant ,

s u b m i t t e d t h a t there was n o p r o o f t h a t t h e k i t s ana lysed by Mr.

Maurer were p a r t o f the goods so ld by t he de fendan t t o Mr.

Whitt ingslow. B u t t h e r e a r e i n e v i d e n c e , as Exh ib l t F , f ou r

k i t s which were produced by Mr. C l a r k e t o Mr. Veale and admit ted

by Mr. Veale t o have been examples o f the goods so ld by the

d e f e n d a n t t o Mr. Whi t t i ngs low in May of 1 9 8 0 . Orie o f t hose k i t s

c o n t a i n s a n o t e o r commas, endorsement which, a f t e r a l e t t e r w h i c h

a p p e a r s i n i n v e r t e d s t a t e s :

"SAMPLE COLLECTED FROM I N G R I D B E Z J A K O F

WHITTINGSLOW NOMINEES P/L AT 9 . 4 0 am 3 MARCH 1981."

That endorsement 1s fol lowed b y w h a t a p p e a r s t o b e t h e i n i t i a l s

of a Mr. Clarke and Mr. Thomas Whitt ingslow and a f u r t h e r se t of

f i g u r e s i n i n v e r t e d commas, i n t h i s c a s e , "TWGS". A s t h a t k i t

4.

was produced by Mr. Clarke t o Mr. Vea le , t oge the r w l t h a

s t a t emen t made by Mr. Whitt ingslow, i t can ha rd ly be doub ted t ha t

t h e s r g n a t u r e s C l a r k e and Whi t tmgs low a re t hose o f Mr. C la rke ,

t h e o f f i c e r o f t h e T r a d e P r a c t l c e s Commission who gave evidence

i n t h e s e p r o c e e d i n g s , and of M r . Whit t ings low, the purchaser o f

f rom admit ted by Mr. Veale the de fendan t . I n any even t , t he k i t s were

t he goods

to have been examples of the goods sold.

The t h r e e k i t s be ing Exh ib l t J , which were analysed by Mr.

Maure r , appea r t o be i den t i ca l w i th t he k i t s i n E x h i b l t F, even

t o t h e t h a t I have set out e x t e n t t h a t e a c h h a s above e n d o r s e d upon i t a n o t e similar t o

and on whrch t h e s i g n a t u r e s o f a Mr.

Clarke and a Mr. Whi t t i ngs low a l so appea r , wh ich s igna tu res

appea r be i den t i ca l . t o These t h ree k i t s , E x h i b i t J , were

r ece ived i n ev idence w i thou ob jec t lon . t Mr. G i n n a n e s t a t e d t h a t

he had no d e c i d e d o n t h e b a s i s o f t h e e v i d e n c e b e f o r e t h e c o u r t , n o t o n t h e o b j e c t i o n t o t h e t e n d e r . The case mus t t he re fo re be

bas i s o f o b j e c t i o n ev idence as it may have been i f o b j e c t i o n had been t a k e n

and i f t h e h a d b e e n u p h e l d . If objec t lon had been

t a k e n t o t h e t e n d e r , i t may have been proper f o r t h e C o u r t t o

i n s l s t upon s t r i c t p r o o f t h a t t h e goods analysed by Mr. Maurer

were goods sold by the defendant to Mr. Whitt lngslow. O r it may

have been proper to requi re ev idence to be ca l led compar lng the

analysed k i t s and the wr i t t en endor semen t s w l t h t h e k i t s i n

Exh ib i t F. However, as o b j e c t i o n was n o t t a k e n t o t h e t e n d e r ,

it is n e c e s s a r y t h a t I should compare the k i t s I n E x h i b i t J w i t h

t h e k i t s i n E x h l b i t F t o a s c e r t a i n w h e t h e r t h e y a r e i d e n t i c a l a n d

whether t he re fo re t hey were pa r t o f t he goods so ld by t h e

d e f e n d a n t t o Mr. Whit t ingslow o r conta ined ident ica l components .

I may have r ega rd t o t he wr l t t en and pr lnted endorsements on the

k i t s . Hearsay evidence, i f n o t o b j e c t e d t o , may be r e l i ed upon .

I n t h l s c a s e , it is proper to have regard to what i s wr i t ten on

t h e e x h i b i t , f o r i f ob jec t lon had been taken , Mr. Clarke or Mr.

Whi t t ings low, ne i ther o f whom had been released, could have been

r e c a l l e d t o g i v e f u r t h e r e v i d e n c e .

5 .

As t h e g o o d s E x h i b i t s i n F and 3 appea r t o be i d e n t i c a l

p r o p r i e t a r y g o o d s , a s t h e g o o d s i n E x h i b i t J c o n t a i n a

hand-wr i t t en endor semen t s imi l a r t o t ha t appea r ing on one of the

k i t s i n Exh ib i t F , and as the hand-wr i t t en endor semen t s s t a t e

t ha t t he goods were co l l ec t ed from Ingrid Bezjak of Whit t ingslow

Nominees Pty. Limited a t 9.40 am on 3 March 1981 and conta ln

s i g n a t u r e s which appear to be the s igna tures o f Mr. Clarke and

Mr. Whitt ingslow, I am s a t i s f l e d beyond r easonab le doub t t he k i t s

t h a t were analysed by Mr. Maurer were some o f t h e k i t s s o l d by

t h e d e f e n d a n t t o Mr. Whitt ingslow. I am t h e r e f o r e s a t i s f i e d

beyond r easonab le doub t t ha t t he so lu t ion i n t he goods so ld by

t h e d e f e n d a n t t o Mr. Whi t t i ngs low in May 1980 conta ined po lyvinyl

a c e t a t e , a c e t o n e and e t h y l a c e t a t e .

Mr. G i n n a n e f u r t h e r s u b m i t t e d t h a t t h e t e r m s o f t h e d e c l a r a t i o n

g a z e t t e d on 1 4 June 1979 were so u n c e r t a i n t h a t t h e d e c l a r a t i o n

was vo ld o r , i f i t d id have a meaning, t h a t i t r e q u l r e d t h e

s o l u t l o n c o n t a i n b o t h a c e t o n e and benzene. The term "and/or" is

n o t a r e c o g n i s e d d i c t i o n a r y term. Never the l e s s i t i s a term

which is in popular use . It p r o v i d e s f o r t h e s i t u a t i o n whereby

t h e c o n j o l n e d terms may be a p p l i e d e i t h e r c u m u l a t i v e l y o r I n t h e

a l t e r n a t i v e . It f o l l o w s t h a t w h a t e v e r d i f f i c u l t i e s t h e r e may be

w i t h t h e t e r m s o f t h e d e c l a r a t i o n , t h e d e c l a r a t i o n d o e s n o t

r e q u i r e t h a t t h e s o l u t i o n m u s t contain benzene. The term

"and /o r " appea r s be fo re t he word "benzene". The word "o r "

app l l e s t o i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e d e c l a r a t l o n t h a t t he t e rm "benzene" . Nor i s I t , I t h i n k , a proper

t h e s o l u t i o n is t o c o n t a i n

a l l t h r e e or a l t e r n a t i v e l y o n l y o n e o f t h e t h ree e l emen t s . The

te rm "and/or" sugges ts t h a t a combinat ion of two e lements i s

p e r m l s s l b l e .

I r e a d t h e e x p r e s s l o n a s r e q u i r i n g t h a t t h e s o l u t i o n c o n t a i n a l l

t h ree e l emen t s , a ce tone , po lyv iny l ace t a t e and benzene ; o r

a l t e r n a t l v e l y , t h a t i t c o n t a i n a c e t o n e and e l t h e r p o l y v m y l

a c e t a t e o r benzene. I t h l n k t h a t t h i s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n i s c l e a r

and t h a t it is no t necessa ry t o cons ide r wha t migh t be t he

6 .

consequence i f t h e d e c l a r a t i o n were e i t h e r u n c e r t a l n or ambiguous

i n t h i s r e g a r d . When t h e d e c l a r a t i o n i s r e a d i n t h i s s e n s e , t h e

subjec t goods , which conta ln bo th ace tone and po lyvinyl ace ta te ,

come w i t h i n t h e d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e g o o d s o f w h i c h t h e d e c l a r a t i o n

speaks.

T h e s u b j e c t g o o d s w e r e n o v e l t i e s d e s i g n e d f o r b l o w i n g

bal loon-l ike shapes f rom a s o l u t i o n c o n t a i n i n g a c e t o n e , p o l y v i n y l

acetate and/or benzene. No witness s a i d t h a t t h e s u b l e c t g o o d s

were of the same kind as t h e named n o v e l t i e s . N e v e r t h e l e s s , a s

no issue was r a i s e d by Mr. G i n n a n e r e s p e c t i n g t h i s , a s Mr.

V e a l e ' s r e c o r d of i n t e r v i e w c o n t a i n s a n t e r m s a d m i s s i o n t h a t t h e

s u b j e c t g o o d s " . . . w o u l d a p p e a r t o f a l l w l t h l n t h e o f t h e

Minister's banning order , .. ." and a s o n e o f t h e s p e c i f i c g o o d s

mentioned i n t h e d e c l a r a t i o n i s "bubb-a-loons", I c o n c l u d e t h a t

i t is d e c l a r a t i o n . b e y o n d d o u b t t h a t t h e g o o d s s a t i s f i e d t h e terms o f t h e

It was fu r the r submi t t ed by Mr. G i n n a n e t h a t t h e t r a n s a c t i o n

between the defendant and M r . W h i t t l n g s l o w d i d n o t f a l l w i t h i n

t h e t e r m s o f s . 6 2 ( l ) ( b ) w h l c h p r o v i d e s :

" 6 2 . ( 1 ) A c o r p o r a t i o n s h a l l n o t , t r a d e i n or

commerce , supply goods tha t a re in tended to be

used , or a r e o f a k i n d l i k e l y t o b e u s e d , b y a

consumer	i f t he	goods	a r e	o f	a	kind -
.....

( b ) i n r e s p e c t of which t h e r e is i n f o r c e a n o t i c e

under	t h i s	s e c t i o n	d e c l a r i n g	t h e	g o o d s	t o	b e
unsafe	goods."

Mr. Ginnane submi t ted tha t the sublec t goods were no t in tended to

be used and were not of a k l n d l i k e l y t o b e u s e d b y a consumer.

He s u b m i t t e d t h a t t h e r e f e r e n c e t o a "consumer" requi res one to

have r ega rd t o t he terms o f s.4B which p rov ides t ha t a person

s h a l l be t aken t o have acqu i r ed pa r t l cu la r goods a s a consumer If

and o n l y i f t h e d e t a i l e d p r o v i s i o n s o f t h e s e c t i o n a r e met.

1 .

I would n o t d i s p u t e t h a t t h e u s e o f t h e term "consumer" i n

s . 6 2 ( 1 ) r e q u r r e s o n e t o h a v e r e g a r d t o agd t o g l v e e f f e c t t o t h e

terms of s . 4 B . Mr. Ginnane, however , then sought to draw an

i n f e r e n c e t h a t t h e terms o f s . 4 B app ly on ly t o commerc la l

t r a n s a c t i o n s and n o t t o c i r c u m s t a n c e s s u c h a s t h o s e i n w h i c h Mr.

Whl t t i ngs low d i s t r ibu ted t he sub jec t goods as p r i zes , wh ich

c i rcumstance he sa id d id no t amount t o a commerc ia l t ransac t ion .

M r . Ginnane submitted; "...it 1s c l e a r p a r l i a m e n t d i d n o t i n t e n d

t o r e g u l a t e g i f t s o r g r v e aways."

Mr. G i n n a n e s o u g h t t o d r a w t h i s i n f e r e n c e f i r s t f r o m t h e

d e f i n i t i o n o f t h e word " a c q u i r e " i n s . 4 ( 1 ) which provides :

" 4 . ( 1 )	I n	t h i s	Act,	u n l e s s	t h e	c o n t r a r y	i n t e n t i o n
appears	-

' a c q u i r e ' i n c l u d e s -

( a ) i n r e l a t i o n t o g o o d s - a c q u i r e by way of

purchase, exchange or t a k i n g o n l e a s e ,

o n h i r e o r on hire-purchase;" .

B u t t h i s d e f i n i t i o n , i n my view, i s n o t a l i m i t i n g d e f i n i t i o n b u t

r a t h e r a d e f i n i t i o n which expands the ordinary meaning of the

word t o i n c l u d e m a t t e r s s u c h as l e a s i n g and h i r l n g , which i n t h e

ord inary use o f l anguage may n o t c o n s t l t u t e a n a c q u i s i t r o n .

The t e rms and r t is clear f rom "acqu i re" and " supp ly" a r e de f ined rn a similar manner,

p rov i s ions such a s t hose o f s . 65 t ha t t he

term "supply" i s i n t e n d e d t o comprehend t h e supp ly o f goods to a

person who is merely a p a s s r v e r e c i p i e n t . T h e r e f o r e , no

i n f e r e n c e c a n be drawn from the u s e i n s . 4 B o f t h e word

"acquired", which 1s indeed a common word of the Englrsh language

w i t h a very wide meaning.

M r . Glnnane next sought to d raw h is in ference f rom the re fe rence

i n s . 4 B t o a " p r i c e " , a term of commerce. B u t t h e s e c t i o n makes

p r o v l s i o n f o r t h e c a l c u l a t i o n o f a " p r i c e " i n a case where the

r e l e v a n t t r a n s a c t i o n d o e s n o t i t se l f d e t e r m i n e t h e " p r i c e " . Of

t h e s e p r o v i s i o n s , t h e terms of paragraph 4 B ( 2 ) ( d ) a p p l y e q u a l l y

8.

a s w e l l impl ica t ion t o a g i f t a s t o a commerc ia l t ransac t ion . Therefore no ,

can be d rawn from t h e u s e o f t h e word " p r i c e "

l imi t ing t he o rd lna ry mean lng of the t e rms used in s.4B.

Mr. Ginnane next sought to d raw an intended in ference f rom the p rovis ions

o f P a r t V which he said were to apply only to commercial

t r a n s a c t i o n s . A s I have po in t ed ou t , s.65 d e a l s s p e c i f i c a l l y

with t h e s u p p l y o f i n s o l i c i t e d g o o d s and s.54 d e a l s w i t h t h e

o f f e r of g i f t s , p r i z e s o r o t h e r f r e e i t e m s . I see n o t h i n g i n

t h e p r o v i s i o n s o f P a r t V w h i c h j u s t l f y t h e r e a d i n g down of t h e

terms o f s.4B o r , f o r t h a t matter, wh ich sugges t t ha t t he t ype o f

business which was conducted by Mr. Whit t ings low's company was

no t i n t ended t o be comprehended by t he p rov i s ions o f D iv i s lon 1

o f P a r t V.

Mr. Ginnane next submit ted that the subject goods had no va lue

because it was u n l a w f u l t o s u p p l y them i n t r a d e o r commerce. He

subml t t ed t ha t t he p rov i s lons o f s.4B t h e r e f o r e d i d n o t a p p l y .

A s c e n t s the goods were so ld by the defendant to Mr. Whlttingslow f o r 8

e a c h , i t seems d i f f i c u l t t o c o n c l u d e t h a t i n f a c t t h e y had

no value. B u t even i f t h e i r v a l u e was n i l , t h a t would n o t

p r e c l u d e t h e o p e r a t i o n o f S .4B. Sec t ion 4B prov ides , i n t e r

a l i a , t h a t :

"4B. (1) For the purposes o f t h i s A c t , u n l e s s t h e

c o n t r a r y i n t e n t l o n a p p e a r s -

( a ) a pe r son sha l l be t aken have t o acqu i r ed

p a r t i c u l a r	g o o d s	a s	a	consumer	i f , and	only
i f -

(i) t h e p r i c e o f t h e goods did not exceed

the p re sc r ibed amoun t ; " .

That i s $15,000. Even i f t h e p r i c e b e deemed t o b e n i l b e c a u s e

the va lue o f t he goods was n l l , t h i s p r o v i s i o n was s a t i s f i e d , f o r

t h e p r i c e n i l d id not exceed the prescr ibed amount .

I t fo l lows , i n my o p i n i o n , t h a t t h e r e was a supp ly by t he

d e f e n d a n t t o Mr. Whi t t ings low of goods tha t were in tended to be

9.

used and which were of a k ind l l ke ly t o be u sed by a consumer.

It was n o t s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e supply was n o t a s u p p l y i n t h e

cour se of t r a d e o r commerce and c l e a r l y it was. The supply was

o f goods i n r e spec t o f wh lch t he re was i n f o r c e a not lce under

s.62 d e c l a r i n g t h e goods t o unsafe be goods. There was,

t h e r e f o r e , a breach of s.62(1).

T h e r e f o r e , t h e d e f e n d a n t w l l l be convicted.

I cer t i fy that this and the K.. .

preceding pages are a true copy of the Reasons for Judgment herein of

h i s Honour Mr. Justice Davies .

........ ...... &LW+, ABB6EiBE